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has been called "cascade logic": each time new evidence becomes available, a conspiracy theory is able to dismiss it by claiming that even more people must be part of the cover-up. Any information that contradicts the conspiracy theory is suggested to be disinformation by the alleged conspiracy. Similarly, the continued lack of evidence directly supporting conspiracist claims is portrayed as confirming the existence of a conspiracy of silence; the fact that other people have not found or exposed any conspiracy is taken as evidence that those people are part of the plot, rather than considering that it may be because no conspiracy exists. This strategy lets conspiracy theories insulate themselves from neutral analyses of the evidence, and makes them resistant to questioning or correction, which is called "epistemic self-insulation".
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underrepresented demographics. However, as of 2019, many governmental websites do not take full advantage of the available information-sharing opportunities. Similarly, social media accounts need to be used effectively in order to achieve meaningful communication with the public, such as by responding to requests that citizens send to those accounts. Other steps include adapting messages to the communication styles used on the social media platform in question, and promoting a culture of openness. Since mixed messaging can support conspiracy theories, it is also important to avoid conflicting accounts, such as by ensuring the accuracy of messages on the social media accounts of individual members of the organization.
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black-and-white world in which good is struggling against evil. The general public is cast as the victim of organised persecution, and the motives of the alleged conspirators often verge on pure maniacal evil. At the very least, the conspirators are said to have an almost inhuman disregard for the basic liberty and well-being of the general population. More grandiose conspiracy theories portray the conspirators as being Evil
Incarnate: of having caused all the ills from which we suffer, committing abominable acts of unthinkable cruelty on a routine basis, and striving ultimately to subvert or destroy everything we hold dear.
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consumers a seat at the table to mend their mistrust in institutions. Regarding the challenges of this approach, Pierre has said, "The challenge with acknowledging areas of uncertainty within a public sphere is that doing so can be weaponized to reinforce a post-truth view of the world in which everything is debatable, and any counter-position is just as valid. Although I like to think of myself as a middle of the road kind of individual, it is important to keep in mind that the truth does not always lie in the middle of a debate, whether we are talking about climate change, vaccines, or antipsychotic medications."
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people who value critical thinking, this can be affirmed and then redirected to encourage being more critical when analyzing the conspiracy theory. 3) Approaches demonstrate empathy, and are based on building understanding together, which is supported by modeling open-mindedness in order to encourage the conspiracy theorists to do likewise. 4) The conspiracy theories are not attacked with ridicule or aggressive deconstruction, and interactions are not treated like an argument to be won; this approach can work with the general public, but among conspiracy theorists it may simply be rejected.
1124:. More generally, belief in conspiracy theories is associated with holding extreme and uncompromising viewpoints, and may help people in maintaining those viewpoints. While conspiracy theories are not always present in extremist groups, and do not always lead to violence when they are, they can make the group more extreme, provide an enemy to direct hatred towards, and isolate members from the rest of society. Conspiracy theories are most likely to inspire violence when they call for urgent action, appeal to prejudices, or demonize and scapegoat enemies.
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threatening subversives. Rogin cites examples from the Red Scares of 1919, to McCarthy's anti-communist campaign in the 1950s and more recently fears of immigrant hordes invading the US. Unlike
Hofstadter, Rogin saw these "countersubversive" fears as frequently coming from those in power and dominant groups, instead of from the dispossessed. Unlike Robert Jewett, Rogin blamed not the counterculture, but America's dominant culture of liberal individualism and the fears it stimulated to explain the periodic eruption of irrational conspiracy theories. The
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912:. Their arguments often take the form of asking reasonable questions, but without providing an answer based on strong evidence. Conspiracy theories are most successful when proponents can gather followers from the general public, such as in politics, religion and journalism. These proponents may not necessarily believe the conspiracy theory; instead, they may just use it in an attempt to gain public approval. Conspiratorial claims can act as a successful rhetorical strategy to convince a portion of the public via
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1954:
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simple corrections, and can be adapted to the specific values held by individuals and cultures. These narratives may depict personal experiences, or alternatively they can be cultural narratives. In the context of vaccination, examples of cultural narratives include stories about scientific breakthroughs, about the world before vaccinations, or about heroic and altruistic researchers. The themes to be addressed would be those that could be exploited by conspiracy theories to increase
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effective to use these strategies in advance, informing people that they could encounter misleading information in the future, and why the information should be rejected (also called inoculation or prebunking). While it has been suggested that discussing conspiracy theories can raise their profile and make them seem more legitimate to the public, the discussion can put people on guard instead as long as it is sufficiently persuasive.
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result in legitimizing them. In this context, possible interventions include carefully selecting which conspiracy theories to refute, requesting additional analyses from independent observers, and introducing cognitive diversity into conspiratorial communities by undermining their poor epistemology. Any legitimization effect might also be reduced by responding to more conspiracy theories rather than fewer.
790:. The conspiracy is believed to have broad goals, usually conceived as securing control of a country, a region, or even the entire world. The goals are sweeping, whilst the conspiratorial machinery is generally simple: a single, evil organization implements a plan to infiltrate and subvert existing institutions. This is a common scenario in conspiracy theories that focus on the alleged machinations of
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bicycle-sharing programs. In the case of public communications by government officials, factors that improve the effectiveness of communication include using clear and simple messages, and using messengers which are trusted by the target population. Government information about conspiracy theories is more likely to be believed if the messenger is perceived as being part of someone's
1431:, as of 2020 most researchers believe that backfire effects are either unlikely to occur on the broader population level, or they only occur in very specific circumstances, or they do not exist. Brendan Nyhan, one of the researchers who initially proposed the occurrence of backfire effects, wrote in 2021 that the persistence of misinformation is most likely due to other factors.
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refer to a variety of hypotheses in which those convicted in the conspiracy were in fact the victims of a deeper conspiracy. There are also attempts to analyze the theory of conspiracy theories (conspiracy theory theory) to ensure that the term "conspiracy theory" is used to refer to narratives that have been debunked by experts, rather than as a generalized dismissal.
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can fool the entire world, but so incompetent that even the unskilled conspiracy theorists can find mistakes they make that prove the fraud. At some point, the number of alleged conspirators, combined with the contradictions within the alleged conspirators' interests and competence, becomes so great that maintaining the theory becomes an obvious exercise in absurdity.
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to the acceptance of larger and more extensive theories because the hardened neural pathways are already present. Repetition of the "facts" of conspiracy theories and their connected lies simply reinforces the rigidity of those pathways. Thus, conspiracy theories and dehumanizing lies are not mere hyperbole, they can actually change the way people think:
839:("Who benefits?"), jumping to the conclusion that a posited beneficiary is responsible for covertly influencing events. On the other hand, the "deep" conspiracy theorist begins with a hunch and then seeks out evidence. Rothbard describes this latter activity as a matter of confirming with certain facts one's initial paranoia.
1579:, discussing the usage of "conspiracy theory" in contemporary American culture, holds that this term is used for a belief that explains an event as the result of a secret plot by exceptionally powerful and cunning conspirators to achieve a malevolent end. According to Barkun, the appeal of conspiracism is threefold:
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part of our present understanding of the way that US intelligence works and neither thus qualify as 'conspiracy theories' anymore. The point here is that when we employ the term 'conspiracy theory' in actual language use, we are implicitly assuming and implying that the claims advanced by the theory are not true.
460:, can act with near-perfect competence and secrecy. The causes of events or situations are simplified to exclude complex or interacting factors, as well as the role of chance and unintended consequences. Nearly all observations are explained as having been deliberately planned by the alleged conspirators.
1394:, giving patients all the relevant information without imposing decisions on them, to ensure that they have a sense of control. Improving access to healthcare also reduces medical conspiracism. However, doing so by political efforts can also fuel additional conspiracy theories, which occurred with the
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suggests that people who believe conspiracy theories have difficulty rethinking situations. Exposure to those theories has caused neural pathways which are more rigid and less subject to change. Initial susceptibility to believing the lies, dehumanizing language, and metaphors of these theories leads
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This enemy seems on many counts a projection of the self; both the ideal and the unacceptable aspects of the self are attributed to him. A fundamental paradox of the paranoid style is the imitation of the enemy. The enemy, for example, may be the cosmopolitan intellectual, but the paranoid will outdo
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argue that even if a posited cabal behind an alleged conspiracy is almost always perceived as hostile, there often remains an element of reassurance for theorists. This is because it is a consolation to imagine that difficulties in human affairs are created by humans, and remain within human control.
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TĂĽrkay Salim Nefes underlines the political nature of conspiracy theories. He suggests that one of the most important characteristics of these accounts is their attempt to unveil the "real but hidden" power relations in social groups. The term "conspiracism" was popularized by academic Frank P. Mintz
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to understand exactly what people believe, and the reasons they give for those beliefs. This allows messaging to focus on the specific concerns that people identify, and on topics that are easily misinterpreted by the public, since these are factors which conspiracy theories can take advantage of. In
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in 1996, much of the opposition centered on promoting a procedural objection to the report's creation. Specifically, it was claimed that part of the procedure reflected a conspiracy to silence dissenters, which served as motivation for opponents of the report and successfully redirected a significant
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Swami, Viren; Coles, Rebecca; Stieger, Stefan; Pietschnig, Jakob; Furnham, Adrian; Rehim, Sherry; Voracek, Martin (2011). "Conspiracist ideation in
Britain and Austria: Evidence of a monological belief system and associations between individual psychological differences and real-world and fictitious
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It also seems to be the case that the way we normally use the term conspiracy theory excludes instances where the theory has been generally accepted as true...Just as the
Watergate scandal is now part of the official account of the Nixon administration, the NSA monitoring practices are arguably also
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in outlining intellectual virtues (such as humility, caution and carefulness) and intellectual vices (such as gullibility, carelessness and closed-mindedness). Whereas intellectual virtues help in reaching sound examination, intellectual vices "impede effective and responsible inquiry", meaning that
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Additional research suggests that "delusional ideation" is the trait most likely to indicate a stronger belief in conspiracy theories. Research also shows an increased attachment to these irrational beliefs leads to a decreased desire for civic engagement. Belief in conspiracy theories is correlated
1632:, unpredictable, or otherwise inexplicable events. According to Berlet and Lyons, "Conspiracism is a particular narrative form of scapegoating that frames demonized enemies as part of a vast insidious plot against the common good, while it valorizes the scapegoater as a hero for sounding the alarm".
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can be counterproductive. For example, since conspiracy theories can reinterpret disconfirming information as part of their narrative, refuting a claim can result in accidentally reinforcing it, which is referred to as a "backfire effect". In addition, publishing criticism of conspiracy theories can
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In public health campaigns, information retention by the public is highest for loss-framed messages that include more extreme outcomes. However, excessively appealing to catastrophic scenarios (e.g. low vaccination rates causing an epidemic) may provoke anxiety, which is associated with conspiracism
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Methods of refutation which have shown effectiveness in various circumstances include: providing facts that demonstrate the conspiracy theory is false, attempting to discredit the source, explaining how the logic is invalid or misleading, and providing links to fact-checking websites. It can also be
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The typical approach of conspiracy theories is to challenge any action or statement from authorities, using even the most tenuous justifications. Responses are then assessed using a double standard, where failing to provide an immediate response to the satisfaction of the conspiracy theorist will be
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describes conspiracy theory as a "form of popular knowledge or interpretation". The use of the word 'knowledge' here suggests ways in which conspiracy theory may be considered in relation to legitimate modes of knowing. The relationship between legitimate and illegitimate knowledge, Birchall claims,
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Conspiracy beliefs are widespread around the world. In rural Africa, common targets of conspiracy theorizing include societal elites, enemy tribes, and the
Western world, with conspirators often alleged to enact their plans via sorcery or witchcraft; one common belief identifies modern technology as
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emulates
Communist cells and quasi-secret operation through "front" groups, and preaches a ruthless prosecution of the ideological war along lines very similar to those it finds in the Communist enemy. Spokesmen of the various fundamentalist anti-Communist "crusades" openly express their admiration
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have sometimes had mixed results, but are generally considered ineffective. An example of this is the use of images that showcase disturbing health outcomes, such as the impact of smoking on dental health. One possible explanation is that information processed via the fear response is typically not
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Public exposure to conspiracy theories can be reduced by interventions that reduce their ability to spread, such as by encouraging people to reflect before sharing a news story. Researchers Carlos Diaz Ruiz and Tomas
Nilsson have proposed technical and rhetorical interventions to counter the spread
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Conspiracy theories are a subset of false beliefs, and generally implicate a malevolent force (e.g., a government body or secret society) involved in orchestrating major events or providing misinformation regarding the details of events to an unwitting public, in part of a plot towards achieving a
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too analyzed this paranoid style of politics that has occurred throughout
American history. Conspiracy theories frequently identify an imaginary subversive group that is supposedly attacking the nation and requires the government and allied forces to engage in harsh extra-legal repression of those
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is allegedly responsible for the 9/11 terrorist attacks, and the
Democratic party did not pursue exposing this alleged plot, that must mean that both the Democratic and Republican parties are conspirators in the alleged plot. It also assumes that the alleged conspirators are so competent that they
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Conspiracism serves the needs of diverse political and social groups in
America and elsewhere. It identifies elites, blames them for economic and social catastrophes, and assumes that things will be better once popular action can remove them from positions of power. As such, conspiracy theories do
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Researchers have recommended that public policies should take into account the possibility of conspiracy theories relating to any policy or policy area, and prepare to combat them in advance. Conspiracy theories have suddenly arisen in the context of policy issues as disparate as land-use laws and
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Conspiracy theories are a fundamental component of a wide range of radicalized and extremist groups, where they may play an important role in reinforcing the ideology and psychology of their members as well as further radicalizing their beliefs. These conspiracy theories often share common themes,
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is used by conspiracy theorists: both evidence against the conspiracy and an absence of evidence for it are re-interpreted as evidence of its truth, whereby the conspiracy becomes a matter of faith rather than something that can be proved or disproved. The epistemic strategy of conspiracy theories
91:
observes "This interpretation relies on the notion that, the stronger the evidence against a conspiracy, the more the conspirators must want people to believe their version of events." As a consequence, the conspiracy becomes a matter of faith rather than something that can be proven or disproven.
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A conspiracy theory is not merely one candidate explanation among other equally plausible alternatives. Rather, the label refers to a claim which runs counter to a more plausible and widely accepted account... invariably at odds with the mainstream consensus among scientists, historians, or other
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campaigns. A key characteristic of communication strategies to address medical conspiracy theories is the use of techniques that rely less on emotional appeals. It is more effective to use methods that encourage people to process information rationally. The use of visual aids is also an essential
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can be disproven by a single perceived deficiency, even though such events are extremely rare. In addition, both disregarding the claims and attempting to address them will be interpreted as proof of a conspiracy. Other conspiracist arguments may not be scientific; for example, in response to the
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deceit, it is even harder to step out of that path — which is how fanatics are born. Instead, these people will seek out information that confirms their beliefs, avoid anything that is in conflict with them, or even turn the contrasting information on its head, so as to make it fit their beliefs.
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Hofstadter also noted that "sexual freedom" is a vice frequently attributed to the conspiracist's target group, noting that "very often the fantasies of true believers reveal strong sadomasochistic outlets, vividly expressed, for example, in the delight of anti-Masons with the cruelty of Masonic
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This is additionally supported by the fact that conspiracy theories have a number of disadvantageous attributes. For example, they promote a negative and distrustful view of other people and groups, who are allegedly acting based on antisocial and cynical motivations. This is expected to lead to
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Some psychological scientists assert that explanations related to conspiracy theories can be, and often are "internally consistent" with strong beliefs that had previously been held prior to the event that sparked the conspiracy. People who believe in conspiracy theories tend to believe in other
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Conspiracy theories often make use of complicated and detailed arguments, including ones which appear to be analytical or scientific. However, belief in conspiracy theories is primarily driven by emotion. One of the most widely confirmed facts about conspiracy theories is that belief in a single
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Another approach is based on viewing conspiracy theories as narratives which express personal and cultural values, making them less susceptible to straightforward factual corrections, and more effectively addressed by counter-narratives. Counter-narratives can be more engaging and memorable than
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In addition, when the government communicates with citizens to combat conspiracy theories, online methods are more efficient compared to other methods such as print publications. This also promotes transparency, can improve a message's perceived trustworthiness, and is more effective at reaching
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One approach describes conspiracy theories as resulting from a "crippled epistemology", in which a person encounters or accepts very few relevant sources of information. A conspiracy theory is more likely to appear justified to people with a limited "informational environment" who only encounter
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Conspiracy theories can divert attention from important social, political, and scientific issues. In addition, they have been used to discredit scientific evidence to the general public or in a legal context. Conspiratorial strategies also share characteristics with those used by lawyers who are
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rather than conspiracy theory. Bjerg (2016) writes: "the way we normally use the term conspiracy theory excludes instances where the theory has been generally accepted as true. The Watergate scandal serves as the standard reference." By contrast, the term "Watergate conspiracy theory" is used to
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The issue of conspiracism versus rational criticism is a tough one, and some people (Jodi Dean, for example) argue that the former is simply a variety of the latter. I don't accept this, although I certainly acknowledge that there have been conspiracies. They simply don't have the attributes of
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The theory of Dr. Sankey as to the manner in which these injuries to the chest occurred in asylums deserved our careful attention. It was at least more plausible that the conspiracy theory of Mr. Charles Reade, and the precautionary measure suggested by Dr. Sankey of using a padded waistcoat in
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Some researchers have suggested that conspiracy theories could be partially caused by psychological mechanisms the human brain possesses for detecting dangerous coalitions. Such a mechanism could have been useful in the small-scale environment humanity evolved in but are mismatched in a modern,
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People formulate conspiracy theories to explain, for example, power relations in social groups and the perceived existence of evil forces. Proposed psychological origins of conspiracy theorising include projection; the personal need to explain "a significant event a significant cause;" and the
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In general, people do reject conspiracy theories when they learn about their contradictions and lack of evidence. For most people, corrections and fact-checking are very unlikely to have a negative impact, and there is no specific group of people in which backfire effects have been consistently
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reduces the number of information sources available to the population, which may lead people to support conspiracy theories. Since the credibility of conspiracy theories can be increased if governments act dishonestly or otherwise engage in objectionable actions, avoiding such actions is also a
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Characteristics of successful strategies for reaching conspiracy theorists have been divided into several broad categories: 1) Arguments can be presented by "trusted messengers", such as people who were formerly members of an extremist group. 2) Since conspiracy theorists think of themselves as
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England has had quite enough to do in Europe and Asia, without going out of her way to meddle with America. It was a physical and moral impossibility that she could be carrying on a gigantic conspiracy against us. But our masses, having only a rough general knowledge of foreign affairs, and not
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In addition to psychological factors such as conspiracist ideation, sociological factors also help account for who believes in which conspiracy theories. Such theories tend to get more traction among election losers in society, for example, and the emphasis of conspiracy theories by elites and
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Unfortunately, research into this brain wiring also shows that once people begin to believe lies, they are unlikely to change their minds even when confronted with evidence that contradicts their beliefs. It is a form of brainwashing. Once the brain has carved out a well-worn path of believing
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Psychological motives for believing in conspiracy theories can be categorized as epistemic, existential, or social. These motives are particularly acute in vulnerable and disadvantaged populations. However, it does not appear that the beliefs help to address these motives; in fact, they may be
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Joseph Pierre has said that mistrust in authoritative institutions is the core component underlying many conspiracy theories and that this mistrust creates an epistemic vacuum and makes individuals searching for answers vulnerable to misinformation. Therefore, one possible solution is offering
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Interventions that reduce feelings of uncertainty, anxiety, or powerlessness result in a reduction in conspiracy beliefs. Other possible strategies to mitigate the effect of conspiracy theories include education, media literacy, and increasing governmental openness and transparency. Due to the
418:, which proponents of the theory use as evidence of CIA motive and intention, does not contain the phrase "conspiracy theory" in the singular, and only uses the term "conspiracy theories" once, in the sentence: "Conspiracy theories have frequently thrown suspicion on our organisation [
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in the United States of the late 20th and early 21st centuries. The general predisposition to believe conspiracy theories cuts across partisan and ideological lines. Conspiratorial thinking is correlated with antigovernmental orientations and a low sense of political efficacy, with conspiracy
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Conspiracy theorizing in the workplace can also have economic consequences. For example, it leads to lower job satisfaction and lower commitment, resulting in workers being more likely to leave their jobs. Comparisons have also been made with the effects of workplace rumors, which share some
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view conspiracy theorizing as typically nonpathological, given that unfounded belief in conspiracy is common across both historical and contemporary cultures, and may arise from innate human tendencies towards gossip, group cohesion, and religion. One historical review of conspiracy theories
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unnaturally somewhat exaggerating the space which we occupy in the world's eye, do not appreciate the complications which rendered such a conspiracy impossible. They only look at the sudden right-about-face movement of the English Press and public, which is most readily accounted for on the
1332:, in which many sources of reliable information are available, and government sources are known to be credible rather than propaganda. Additionally, independent nongovernmental organizations are able to correct misinformation without requiring people to trust the government. The absence of
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concluded that "Evidence suggests that the aversive feelings that people experience when in crisis—fear, uncertainty, and the feeling of being out of control—stimulate a motivation to make sense of the situation, increasing the likelihood of perceiving conspiracies in social situations."
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The malevolent intent assumed by most conspiracy theories goes far beyond everyday plots borne out of self-interest, corruption, cruelty, and criminality. The postulated conspirators are not merely people with selfish agendas or differing values. Rather, conspiracy theories postulate a
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Sociologist Theodore Sasson has remarked, "Conspiracy theories explain disturbing events or social phenomena in terms of the actions of specific, powerful individuals. By providing simple explanations of distressing events—the conspiracy theory in the Arab world, for example, that the
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magazine argues that Wall Street traders are among the most conspiracy-minded group of people, and ascribes this to the reality of some financial market conspiracies, and to the ability of conspiracy theories to provide necessary orientation in the market's day-to-day movements.
1398:(Obamacare) in the United States. Another successful strategy is to require people to watch a short video when they fulfil requirements such as registration for school or a drivers' license, which has been demonstrated to improve vaccination rates and signups for organ donation.
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Conspiracy theories are often commonly believed, some even being held by the majority of the population. A broad cross-section of Americans today gives credence to at least some conspiracy theories. For instance, a study conducted in 2016 found that 10% of Americans think the
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There are psychological mechanisms by which backfire effects could potentially occur, but the evidence on this topic is mixed, and backfire effects are very rare in practice. A 2020 review of the scientific literature on backfire effects found that there have been widespread
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People with strong convictions will have a hard time changing their minds, given how embedded a lie becomes in the mind. In fact, there are scientists and scholars still studying the best tools and tricks to combat lies with some combination of brain training and linguistic
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was already dead before his compound in Pakistan was attacked makes the same person more likely to believe that he is still alive. One conclusion from this finding is that the content of a conspiracist belief is less important than the idea of a coverup by the authorities.
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As evidence that undermines an alleged conspiracy grows, the number of alleged conspirators also grows in the minds of conspiracy theorists. This is because of an assumption that the alleged conspirators often have competing interests. For example, if Republican President
1250:. From the perspective of people within these networks, disconnected from the information available to the rest of society, believing in conspiracy theories may appear to be justified. In these cases, the solution would be to break the group's informational isolation.
5412:
Robertson, Lockhart; Association of Medical Officers of Asylums and Hospitals for the Insane (London, England); Medico-psychological Association of Great Britain and Ireland; Royal Medico-psychological Association (April 1870). Maudsley, Henry; Sibbald, John (eds.).
1813:: "Maybe I am taking conspiracy theories too seriously, but I am worried to detect, in those mad mixtures of knee-jerk disbelief, punctilious demands for proofs, and free use of powerful explanation from the social neverland, many of the weapons of social critique."
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is "completely true" and 20–30% think it is "somewhat true". This puts "the equivalent of 120 million Americans in the 'chemtrails are real' camp". Belief in conspiracy theories has therefore become a topic of interest for sociologists, psychologists and experts in
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has suggested that the popularity of conspiracy theories in the Arab world is "the ultimate refuge of the powerless". Al-Mumin Said has noted the danger of such theories, for they "keep us not only from the truth but also from confronting our faults and problems".
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observed. Presenting people with factual corrections, or highlighting the logical contradictions in conspiracy theories, has been demonstrated to have a positive effect in many circumstances. For example, this has been studied in the case of informing believers in
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about statements by actual experts and witnesses. One possibility is that criticism is most likely to backfire if it challenges someone's worldview or identity. This suggests that an effective approach may be to provide criticism while avoiding such challenges.
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analyses. Robert Blaskiewicz comments that examples of the term were used as early as the nineteenth century and states that its usage has always been derogatory. According to a study by Andrew McKenzie-McHarg, in contrast, in the nineteenth century the term
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Harry G. West and others have noted that while conspiracy theorists may often be dismissed as a fringe minority, certain evidence suggests that a wide range of the U.S. maintains a belief in conspiracy theories. West also compares those theories to
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of the late 20th and early 21st centuries. They are widespread around the world and are often commonly believed, some even held by the majority of the population. Interventions to reduce the occurrence of conspiracy beliefs include maintaining an
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Conspiracy theories are unsubstantiated, less plausible alternatives to the mainstream explanation of the event; they assume everything is intended, with malignity. Crucially, they are also epistemically self-insulating in their construction and
5415:"The Report of a Quarterly Meeting of the Medico-Psychological Association, held in London at the Royal Medico-Chirurgical Society, by permission of the President and Council, on the 27th January, 1870. [in Part IV. Psychological News.]"
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Real conspiracies, even very simple ones, are difficult to conceal and routinely experience unexpected problems. In contrast, conspiracy theories suggest that conspiracies are unrealistically successful and that groups of conspirators, such as
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A conspiracy theory may take any matter as its subject, but certain subjects attract greater interest than others. Favored subjects include famous deaths and assassinations, morally dubious government activities, suppressed technologies, and
1987:, he used the term "the conspiracy theory of society" to denote the idea that social phenomena such as "war, unemployment, poverty, shortages ... the result of direct design by some powerful individuals and groups". Popper argued that
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It is possible that conspiracy theories may also produce some compensatory benefits to society in certain situations. For example, they may help people identify governmental deceptions, particularly in repressive societies, and encourage
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attempting to discredit expert testimony, such as claiming that the experts have ulterior motives in testifying, or attempting to find someone who will provide statements to imply that expert opinion is more divided than it actually is.
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If a cabal can be implicated, there may be a hope of breaking its power or of joining it. Belief in the power of a cabal is an implicit assertion of human dignity—an unconscious affirmation that man is responsible for his own destiny.
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A conspiracy theory can be defined as an unverified and relatively implausible allegation of conspiracy, claiming that significant events are the result of a secret plot carried out by a preternaturally sinister and powerful group of
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is prevalent amongst conspiracy theorists. This projection, according to the argument, is manifested in the form of attribution of undesirable characteristics of the self to the conspirators. Historian Richard Hofstadter stated that:
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of the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Exposure to conspiracy theories in news media and popular entertainment increases receptiveness to conspiratorial ideas, and has also increased the social acceptability of fringe beliefs.
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where every belief is supported by other conspiracist beliefs. In addition, conspiracy theories have a "self-sealing" nature, in which the types of arguments used to support them make them resistant to questioning from others.
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characteristics with conspiracy theories and result in both decreased productivity and increased stress. Subsequent effects on managers include reduced profits, reduced trust from employees, and damage to the company's image.
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Grimes's study did not consider exposure by sources outside of the alleged conspiracy. It only considered exposure from within the alleged conspiracy through whistleblowers or through incompetence. Subsequent comments on the
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product of various kinds and stages of thought disorder, such as paranoid disposition, ranging in severity to diagnosable mental illnesses. Some people prefer socio-political explanations over the insecurity of encountering
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reports. Conspiracy theory conversely posits the existence of secretive coalitions of individuals and speculates on their alleged activities. Belief in conspiracy theories is associated with biases in reasoning, such as the
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him in the apparatus of scholarship, even of pedantry. ... The Ku Klux Klan imitated Catholicism to the point of donning priestly vestments, developing an elaborate ritual and an equally elaborate hierarchy. The
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simply "suggests a plausible postulate of a conspiracy" and "did not, at this stage, carry any connotations, either negative or positive", though sometimes a postulate so-labeled was criticized. The author and activist
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Strategies to address conspiracy theories have been divided into two categories based on whether the target audience is the conspiracy theorists or the general public. These strategies have been described as reducing
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Barkun has adopted this term to refer to how the synthesis of paranoid conspiracy theories, which were once limited to American fringe audiences, has given them mass appeal and enabled them to become commonplace in
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2003: "The essence of conspiracy beliefs lies in attempts to delineate and explain evil. At their broadest, conspiracy theories 'view history as controlled by massive, demonic forces.' ... For our purposes, a
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scenarios in the United States of the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Barkun notes the occurrence of lone-wolf conflicts with law enforcement acting as proxy for threatening the established political powers.
1557:. Similarly, they depict the public as ignorant and powerless against the alleged conspirators, with important aspects of society determined by malevolent forces, a viewpoint which is likely to be disempowering.
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part of these strategies. Since conspiracy theories are based on intuitive thinking, and visual information processing relies on intuition, visual aids are able to compete directly for the public's attention.
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for conspiracy theories. Both approaches can be used at the same time, although there may be issues of limited resources, or if arguments are used which may appeal to one audience at the expense of the other.
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Conspiracy theories may be emotionally satisfying, by assigning blame to a group to which the theorist does not belong and so absolving the theorist of moral or political responsibility in society. Likewise,
1148:, and most of the effort spent by conspiracy theorists is inherently misdirected. The most dangerous conspiracy theories are likely to be those that incite violence, scapegoat disadvantaged groups, or spread
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has said that, "captive minds; ... resort to conspiracy theory because it is the ultimate refuge of the powerless. If you cannot change your own life, it must be that some greater force controls the world."
13251:
1204:
Other approaches to reduce the appeal of conspiracy theories in general among the public may be based in the emotional and social nature of conspiratorial beliefs. For example, interventions that promote
64:; it refers to a hypothesized conspiracy with specific characteristics, including but not limited to opposition to the mainstream consensus among those who are qualified to evaluate its accuracy, such as
14645:
4842:
Prematunge, Chatura; Corace, Kimberly; McCarthy, Anne; Nair, Rama C.; Pugsley, Renee; Garber, Gary (2012). "Factors influencing pandemic influenza vaccination of healthcare workers—A systematic review".
1541:, exposure to conspiracy theories immediately suppresses personal feelings of autonomy and control. Furthermore, they also make people less likely to take actions that could improve their circumstances.
448:. Conspiracy theorists see themselves as having privileged access to socially persecuted knowledge or a stigmatized mode of thought that separates them from the masses who believe the official account.
2010:
for the conspirators, in contrast to conspiracy theories which often posit grand, sinister organizations, or world-changing events, the evidence for which has been erased or obscured. As described by
726:, historically, traditional conspiracism has entailed a "theory", but over time, "conspiracy" and "theory" have become decoupled, as modern conspiracism is often without any kind of theory behind it.
440:
conspiracies that have specific characteristics. For example, conspiracist beliefs invariably oppose the mainstream consensus among those people who are qualified to evaluate their accuracy, such as
970:, which often claims that there is a conspiracy of scientists suppressing their views. If they successfully find a platform to present their views in a debate format, they focus on using rhetorical
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1909:
A vaccination conspiracy would require a minimum of 22,000 people (without drug companies) and would be exposed within at least 3.15 years and at most 34.78 years depending on the number involved;
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Each person may endorse conspiracy theories for one of many different reasons. The most consistently demonstrated characteristics of people who find conspiracy theories appealing are a feeling of
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people to think of situations where they are in control, and ensuring that decisions by society and government are seen to follow procedural fairness (the use of fair decision-making procedures).
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6017:
Enders, Adam M.; Smallpage, Steven M.; Lupton, Robert N. (9 July 2018). "Are All 'Birthers' Conspiracy Theorists? On the Relationship Between Conspiratorial Thinking and Political Orientations".
1906:
would require a minimum of 29,083 people (published climate scientists only) and would be exposed within 26.77 years, or up to 405,000 people, in which case it would be exposed within 3.70 years;
399:, the political scientist Lance deHaven-Smith wrote that the term entered everyday language in the United States after 1964, the year in which the Warren Commission published its findings on the
9089:
6060:
Sweek, Joel (October 2006). "Michael Barkun. A Culture of Conspiracy: Apocalyptic Visions in Contemporary America. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003. xii+243 pp. $ 24.95 (cloth)".
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Precedent set by official government-sanctioned conspiracy theories for propaganda, such as claims of German infiltration of the U.S. during World War II or the debunked claim that
812:. For Barkun, such theories link multiple alleged conspiracies together hierarchically. At the summit is a distant but all-powerful evil force. His cited examples are the ideas of
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conspiracy theory tends be correlated with belief in other conspiracy theories. This even applies when the conspiracy theories directly contradict each other, e.g. believing that
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a belief that some covert but influential agency (typically political in motivation and oppressive in intent) is responsible for an unexplained event". It cites a 1909 article in
11477:
7951:"A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Psychological Research on Conspiracy Beliefs: Field Characteristics, Measurement Instruments, and Associations With Personality Traits"
6933:
Lazić, Aleksandra; Žeželj, Iris (18 May 2021). "A systematic review of narrative interventions: Lessons for countering anti-vaccination conspiracy theories and misinformation".
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The claim that Atchison was the originator of the repeal may be termed a recrudescence of the conspiracy theory first asserted by Colonel John A. Parker of Virginia in 1880.
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rejection of authority. They state that among both the left-wing and right-wing, there remains a willingness to use real events, such as Soviet plots, inconsistencies in the
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A conspiracy theory can be local or international, focused on single events or covering multiple incidents and entire countries, regions and periods of history. According to
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Birchall 2006: "What we quickly discover ... is that it becomes impossible to map conspiracy theory and academic discourse onto a clear illegitimate/legitimate divide."
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movements on both the left and right, coined the term "fusion paranoia" to refer to a political convergence of left-wing and right-wing activists around anti-war issues and
1657:
Inquiry into possible motives behind the accepting of irrational conspiracy theories has linked these beliefs to distress resulting from an event that occurred, such as the
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in the media. They may claim to be presenting a legitimate alternative viewpoint that deserves equal time to argue its case; for example, this strategy has been used by the
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website point out that these calculations must exclude successful conspiracies since, by definition, we don't know about them, and are wrong by an order of magnitude about
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410:
Whether the CIA was responsible for popularising the term "conspiracy theory" was analyzed by Michael Butter, a Professor of American Literary and Cultural History at the
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The term 'conspiracy theory' did not exist as a phrase in everyday American conversation before 1964. ... In 1964, the year the Warren Commission issued its report,
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It is much more difficult to convince people who already believe in conspiracy theories. Conspiracist belief systems are not based on external evidence, but instead use
9249:"Extracts from "The Open Society and Its Enemies Volume 2: The High Tide of Prophecy: Hegel, Marx and the Aftermath" by Karl Raimund Popper (Originally published 1945)"
1981:, where every event is generally perceived as being intentional and planned, greatly underestimating the effects of randomness and unintended consequences. In his book
1937:
The term "truth seeker" is adopted by some conspiracy theorists when describing themselves on social media. Conspiracy theorists are often referred to derogatorily as "
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In 2013, 97% of peer-reviewed climate science papers that took a position on the cause of global warming said that humans are responsible, 3% said they were not. Among
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10013:(eds.). "The deliverance of the administrative state: Deep state conspiracism, charismatic demonology, and the post-truth politics of American Christian nationalism".
8196:
Douglas, Karen; Sutton, Robbie (2008). "The hidden impact of conspiracy theories: Perceived and actual influence of theories surrounding the death of Princess Diana".
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described conspiracy theories as the "exhaust fumes of democracy": the unavoidable result of a large amount of information circulating among a large number of people.
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claimed to prove a conspiracy. Any minor errors in the response are heavily emphasized, while deficiencies in the arguments of other proponents are generally excused.
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results has been monitored and studied, showing significant variation across different topics, and a general absence of reputable, high-quality links in the results.
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grandeur", the humiliation of perceiving Turkey as part of "the malfunctioning half" of the world, and a "low level of media literacy among the Turkish population."
577:. Whether the Web has increased the prevalence of conspiracy theories or not is an open research question. The presence and representation of conspiracy theories in
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The widespread belief in conspiracy theories has become a topic of interest for sociologists, psychologists, and experts in folklore since at least the 1960s, when
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60:, implying that the appeal of a conspiracy theory is based in prejudice, emotional conviction, or insufficient evidence. A conspiracy theory is distinct from a
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argues in favor of a model that contrasts "deep" conspiracy theories to "shallow" ones. According to Rothbard, a "shallow" theorist observes an event and asks
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8957:
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McKenzie-McHarg, Andrew (2019) "Conspiracy Theory: The Nineteenth-Century Prehistory of a Twentieth-Century Concept", pp. 78, 76. In Joseph E. Uscinski (ed)
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in the Arab world, and as rhetoric to distinguish themselves from similar groups, although they may not have believed the conspiratorial claims themselves.
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Darwin, Hannah; Neave, Nick; Holmes, Joni (1 June 2011). "Belief in conspiracy theories. The role of paranormal belief, paranoid ideation and schizotypy".
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argues that conspiracy theorists hold their beliefs due to flaws in their thinking and more precisely, their intellectual character. He cites philosopher
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guests the same year, this was presented as a false balance between the two viewpoints, with 31% of invited guests believing it was happening and 69% not.
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Connolly, Jennifer M.; Uscinski, Joseph E.; Klofstad, Casey A.; West, Jonathan P. (2019). "Communicating to the Public in the Era of Conspiracy Theory".
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11441:
2717:. a belief that some covert but influential agency (typically political in motivation and oppressive in intent) is responsible for an unexplained event"
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reforms that took place throughout the history of the Ottoman Empire and the Turkish Republic, have put forward many conspiracy theories to defame the
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van Prooijen, Jan-Willem; Jostmann, Nils B. (17 December 2012). "Belief in conspiracy theories: The influence of uncertainty and perceived morality".
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Conspiracy theories typically justify themselves by focusing on gaps or ambiguities in knowledge, and then arguing that the true explanation for this
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recent cases of mania with general paralysis—in which mental condition nearly all these cases under discussion were—seemed to him of practical value.
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addition, discussions with focus groups and observations of the group dynamics can indicate which anti-conspiracist ideas are most likely to spread.
923:. In contrast, any evidence that directly supports their claims is generally of low quality. For example, conspiracy theories are often dependent on
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were planned by the Israeli Mossad—they deflect responsibility or keep people from acknowledging that tragic events sometimes happen inexplicably."
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1779:, "Those events that are most important are hardest to understand because they attract the greatest attention from myth makers and charlatans."
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2577:"From the unbelievable to the undeniable: Epistemological pluralism, or how conspiracy theorists legitimate their extraordinary truth claims"
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estimated the time it would take for a conspiracy to be exposed based on the number of people involved. His calculations used data from the
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Nefes, Turkay (2018). "Framing of a Conspiracy Theory: The Efendi Series". In Asprem, Egil; Dyrendal, Asbjørn; Robertson, David G. (eds.).
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self-defeating, acting to make the situation worse instead. For example, while conspiratorial beliefs can result from a perceived sense of
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which focuses mostly on the public, long-term behavior of publicly known institutions, as recorded in, for example, scholarly documents or
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1619:. The research suggests that the smaller the minority believing in a specific theory, the more attractive it is to conspiracy theorists.
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11501:
4115:
Douglas, Karen M.; Uscinski, Joseph E.; Sutton, Robbie M.; Cichocka, Aleksandra; Nefes, Turkay; Ang, Chee Siang; Deravi, Farzin (2019).
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believers perceiving a governmental threat to individual rights and displaying a deep skepticism that who one votes for really matters.
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12186:
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2188:. Conspiracism labels people's attitudes as well as the type of conspiracy theories that are more global and historical in proportion.
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6116:
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Simelela, Nono; Venter, W. D. Francois; Pillay, Yogan; Barron, Peter (2015). "A Political and Social History of HIV in South Africa".
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2093:. Conspiracism is an important phenomenon in understanding Turkish politics. This is explained by a desire to "make up for our lost
56:
by powerful and sinister groups, often political in motivation, when other explanations are more probable. The term generally has a
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11125:
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216:
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8036:
5588:"'You're going to call me a Holocaust denier now, are you?': George Monbiot comes face to face with his local conspiracy theorist"
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and attacking perceived flaws in the mainstream account, while avoiding any discussion of the shortcomings in their own position.
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In conspiracy theories, the conspirators are usually claimed to be acting with extreme malice. As described by Robert Brotherton:
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are "rational explanations subject to disproof". Instead, he proposed the terms "conspiracy fiction" and "conspiracy fantasist".
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A conspiracist belief can be described as 'the unnecessary assumption of conspiracy when other explanations are more probable'.
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The term "conspiracy theory" is itself the subject of a conspiracy theory, which posits that the term was popularized by the
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1465:
in the 1980s. According to Mintz, conspiracism denotes "belief in the primacy of conspiracies in the unfolding of history":
500:, as well as numerous theories pertaining to alleged plots for world domination by various groups, both real and imaginary.
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is the belief that an organization made up of individuals or groups was or is acting covertly to achieve a malevolent end."
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Historian Kathryn S. Olmsted cites three reasons why Americans are prone to believing in government conspiracies theories:
11339:
8664:
van Prooijen, Jan-Willem, and Van Vugt, Mark (2018) "Conspiracy theories: Evolved functions and psychological mechanisms"
2825:
It is a contention of this book that conspiracy theorists fail to apply the principle of Occam's razor to their arguments.
1353:. Official representatives may be more effective if they share characteristics with the target groups, such as ethnicity.
772:. This refers to limited and well-defined events. Examples may include such conspiracies theories as those concerning the
75:
Conspiracy theories tend to be internally consistent and correlate with each other; they are generally designed to resist
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Cziesche, Dominik; JĂĽrgen Dahlkamp; Ulrich Fichtner; Ulrich Jaeger; Gunther Latsch; Gisela Leske; Max F. Ruppert (2003).
4250:(eds.). "Religion in the Mirror of the Other: The Discursive Value of Cult-Atrocity Stories in Mediterranean Antiquity".
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7019:"Disinformation and Echo Chambers: How Disinformation Circulates on Social Media Through Identity-Driven Controversies"
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3161:(October 2016). Campion-Vincent, VĂ©ronique; Renard, Jean-Bruno (eds.). "Conspiracy Theories as Stigmatized Knowledge".
1991:
was founded on conspiracy theories which drew on imaginary plots which were driven by paranoid scenarios predicated on
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20:
11999:
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Interventions that address medical conspiracy theories by reducing powerlessness include emphasizing the principle of
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12182:
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Nefes, TĂĽrkay Salim (2013). "Political parties' perceptions and uses of anti-Semitic conspiracy theories in Turkey".
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9601:"An Enemy Old and New: The Dönme, Anti-Semitism, and Conspiracy Theories in the Ottoman Empire and Turkish Republic"
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7457:"Does it take one to know one? Endorsement of conspiracy theories is influenced by personal willingness to conspire"
3871:"Does it take one to know one? Endorsement of conspiracy theories is influenced by personal willingness to conspire"
3366:"Does it take one to know one? Endorsement of conspiracy theories is influenced by personal willingness to conspire"
584:
One conspiracy theory that propagated through former US President Barack Obama's time in office claimed that he was
436:, which refers to any covert plan involving two or more people. In contrast, the term "conspiracy theory" refers to
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argued that the terms "conspiracy theory" and "conspiracy theorist" are misleading, as conspiracies truly exist and
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their existence, even under conditions that would be theoretically favorable to observing them. Due to the lack of
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Psychologists usually attribute belief in conspiracy theories to a number of psychopathological conditions such as
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The "Benevolent Conspiracies" are angelic forces that work behind the scenes to improve the world and help people.
488:" terrorism. Among the longest-standing and most widely recognized conspiracy theories are notions concerning the
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Nefes, TĂĽrkay S (2013). "Political parties' perceptions and uses of anti-Semitic conspiracy theories in Turkey".
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document purporting to be a Jewish plan for world domination, is commonly read and promoted in the Muslim world.
1942:
1606:, while the conspiracy theorists in the know can congratulate themselves on penetrating the plotters' deceptions.
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The "Enemy Outside" refers to theories based on figures alleged to be scheming against a community from without.
452:
describes a conspiracy theory as a "template imposed upon the world to give the appearance of order to events".
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those who are prone to believing in conspiracy theories possess certain vices while lacking necessary virtues.
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aids in reducing belief in conspiracy theories, in part because it emphasizes rational and critical cognition.
1302:
Authority-based corrections and fact-checking may backfire because personal worldviews cannot be proved wrong.
319:
7887:
Bensley, D. Alan; Lilienfeld, Scott O.; Rowan, Krystal A.; Masciocchi, Christopher M.; Grain, Florent (2020).
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Stojanov, Ana; Halberstadt, Jamin (2020). "Does lack of control lead to conspiracy beliefs? A meta-analysis".
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1406:, such as perceptions of vaccine risk, lack of patient empowerment, and lack of trust in medical authorities.
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The "Enemy Within" finds the conspirators lurking inside the nation, indistinguishable from ordinary citizens.
100:—belief in conspiracy theories—may be psychologically harmful or pathological. Such belief is correlated with
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13013:
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4389:"Conspiracy Theory in Turkey: Politics and Protest in the Age of "Post-Truth" by Julian de Medeiros (review)"
3386:
2872:"Belief in conspiracy theories: The predictive role of schizotypy, Machiavellianism, and primary psychopathy"
2084:
1978:
1490:. The propensity to believe in conspiracy theories is strongly associated with the mental health disorder of
1487:
1453:
989:
618:"A group of Satan-worshipping elites who run a child sex ring are trying to control our politics and media" (
196:
109:
9505:
8651:
3295:"What Are Conspiracy Theories? A Definitional Approach to Their Correlates, Consequences, and Communication"
2471:
Birchall 2006: "e can appreciate conspiracy theory as a unique form of popular knowledge or interpretation,
1650:
may reinforce the belief. In a context where a conspiracy theory has become embedded within a social group,
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are more resistant to conspiracy theories. Methods to promote empowerment include encouraging people to use
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3591:"Social Psychological Origins of Conspiracy Theories: The Case of the Jewish Conspiracy Theory in Malaysia"
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Barron, David; Furnham, Adrian; Weis, Laura; Morgan, Kevin D.; Towell, Tony; Swami, Viren (January 2018).
3988:"It's a conspiracy: Covid-19 conspiracies link to psychopathy, Machiavellianism and collective narcissism"
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as "the theory that an event or phenomenon occurs as a result of a conspiracy between interested parties;
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9568:"COMMON SENSE WANTED - Resilence to 'post-truth' and its predictors in the new media literacy index 2018"
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in the general public are likely to be effective. Another approach is to intervene in ways that decrease
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Conspiracies and Conspiracy Theory in Early Modern Europe: From the Waldensians to the French Revolution
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The Skeptics' Guide to the Universe: How to Know What's Really Real in a World Increasingly Full of Fake
8936:
The Skeptics' Guide to the Universe: How to Know What's Really Real in a World Increasingly Full of Fake
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The Skeptics' Guide to the Universe: How to Know What's Really Real in a World Increasingly Full of Fake
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Third Reich Nazi anti-Semitic propaganda poster entitled Das jĂĽdische Komplott ("The Jewish Conspiracy")
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2713:"the theory that an event or phenomenon occurs as a result of a conspiracy between interested parties;
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Oliver, J. Eric, and Thomas J. Wood. "Conspiracy theories and the paranoid style(s) of mass opinion".
7078:"Mistrust and misinformation: A two-component, socio-epistemic model of belief in conspiracy theories"
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Wood, Gordon S. "Conspiracy and the paranoid style: causality and deceit in the eighteenth century".
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2184:(1967) notes that a similar phenomenon could be found in North America during the time preceding the
1564:, unhappiness or dissatisfaction with their situation, an unconventional worldview, and a feeling of
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The Transformation of Turkey: Redefining State and Society from the Ottoman Empire to the Modern Era
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Belief in conspiracy theories is generally based not on evidence, but in the faith of the believer.
411:
36:, as seen on the US $ 1 bill, has been perceived by some to be evidence of a conspiracy linking the
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13329:
12935:
12619:
12513:
12418:
12355:
12166:
12055:
12023:
11893:
11669:
11453:
11245:
11028:
11011:
9763:
9408:
5492:"'Things are not what they seem to be': A proposal for the spectrum approach to conspiracy beliefs"
3657:
2197:
1703:
1682:
1479:
1436:
880:
868:
695:
530:
497:
101:
9460:
9062:
8329:
8248:
6779:
5934:
5773:
4436:
3261:
2936:
2129:
1057:, motivated by conspiracy theories, caused an estimated 330,000 deaths from AIDS, while belief in
15932:
15889:
15771:
15761:
15249:
15113:
15052:
14854:
14738:
14683:
14601:
14353:
14035:
13974:
13745:
13473:
13467:
13167:
13043:
12654:
12649:
12629:
12543:
12212:
12156:
12122:
12011:
11583:
11459:
11107:
10960:
10885:
9915:
9437:
7110:
4738:"QAnon reshaped Trump's party and radicalized believers. The Capitol siege may just be the start"
3661:
3595:
2700:
2531:
2321:
1568:. While various aspects of personality affect susceptibility to conspiracy theories, none of the
1137:
1105:
1058:
920:
224:
93:
14000:
11513:
11417:
10498:
9248:
6529:
1753:
leaders tends to increase belief among followers who have higher levels of conspiracy thinking.
1379:
evaluated rationally, which may prevent the message from being linked to the desired behaviors.
1317:
Give believers of conspiracies an "exit ramp" to dis-invest themselves without facing ridicule.
1140:. However, real conspiracies are normally revealed by people working within the system, such as
16086:
15629:
15591:
15556:
15281:
15022:
14938:
14515:
14383:
14296:
14271:
14261:
14119:
13822:
13689:
13571:
13511:
13374:
12244:
12134:
12117:
11465:
11381:
11315:
11221:
11156:
10986:
10645:
9938:
5976:
5386:
4247:
2014:, history is instead "moved by the broad forces and large structures of human collectivities".
2007:
1821:
1651:
1642:
Some psychologists believe that a search for meaning is common in conspiracism. Once cognized,
1585:
852:
509:
itself being a form of sorcery, created with the goal of harming or controlling the people. In
336:
on January 11, 1863. He used it to refer to claims that British aristocrats were intentionally
12571:
10568:
8584:"Scientists find a link between low intelligence and acceptance of 'pseudo-profound bulls***'"
7657:"The Relationship Between Schizotypal Facets and Conspiracist Beliefs via Cognitive Processes"
7613:
Barron, David; Morgan, Kevin; Towell, Tony; Altemeyer, Boris; Swami, Viren (1 November 2014).
7522:"The relationship between schizotypal facets and conspiracist beliefs via cognitive processes"
6555:
6491:
Birchall, Clare (2006). "Cultural studies on/as conspiracy theory". In Birchall, Clare (ed.).
6342:
5414:
4375:
Conspiracy theories often function as popular conduits of ethno-religious hatred and conflict.
3501:
Lewandowsky, Stephan; Gignac, Gilles E.; Oberauer, Klaus (2 October 2013). Denson, Tom (ed.).
1775:
Sociological historian Holger Herwig found in studying German explanations for the origins of
323:
as the earliest usage example, although it also appeared in print for several decades before.
15974:
15779:
15568:
15364:
15286:
15271:
15166:
15098:
15090:
15027:
14983:
14953:
14918:
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14520:
14505:
14398:
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13969:
13964:
13857:
12983:
12839:
12502:
12207:
12202:
12141:
12107:
11923:
11765:
11619:
11589:
11429:
11209:
11203:
8777:
Forging the Collective Memory: Government and International Historians through Two World Wars
8775:
7277:
5697:"There's a conspiracy theory that the CIA invented the term 'conspiracy theory' – here's why"
2708:
2689:
2676:
explanations for important events that involve secret plots by powerful and malevolent groups
2201:
2140:
of 1920, a popular belief in Turkey that dangerous internal and external enemies, especially
1806:
1620:
1478:—belief in conspiracy theories—can be harmful or pathological, and is highly correlated with
1234:
relationship between conspiracy theories and political extremism, the academic literature on
963:
817:
400:
327:
11863:
10201:
10063:
9865:
7018:
6096:
5971:
5861:
3835:
Barron, David; Morgan, Kevin; Towell, Tony; Altemeyer, Boris; Swami, Viren (November 2014).
15693:
15261:
14510:
14470:
14141:
14052:
13947:
13740:
13669:
13425:
13420:
13310:
13048:
12902:
12844:
12811:
12596:
12234:
12197:
11974:
11827:
10981:
9309:
8995:
8761:
8482:
Dagnall, Neil; Drinkwater, Kenneth; Parker, Andrew; Denovan, Andrew; Parton, Megan (2015).
8296:
7888:
7705:
Dagnall, Neil; Drinkwater, Kenneth; Parker, Andrew; Denovan, Andrew; Parton, Megan (2015).
7313:
5972:"Google chemtrails: A methodology to analyze topic representation in search engine results"
3718:
3514:
2883:
2634:
2475:
address what this might mean for any knowledge we produce about it or how we interpret it."
2278:
2221:
1966:
1889:
1754:
1658:
1647:
1194:
1085:
935:
924:
901:
8559:
8542:
7400:
Nefes, Türkay S. (2012). "The History of the Social Constructions of Dönmes (Converts)*".
7062:
7057:
2277:
Distrust fostered by the government's spying on and harassment of dissenters, such as the
1365:
Successful methods for dispelling conspiracy theories have been studied in the context of
8:
16021:
15756:
15586:
15374:
15291:
15228:
14978:
14606:
14440:
13750:
13384:
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11681:
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10896:
10024:
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8979:
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4742:
3669:
2185:
1877:
1826:
1810:
1513:
1499:
1395:
1279:
Expose sources that insert and circulate conspiracy theories on social media (flagging).
1206:
1190:
884:
861:
601:
Belief in conspiracy theories in the United States, December 2020 – NPR/Ipsos poll, ±3.3%
541:
292:
283:
256:
128:
92:
Studies have linked belief in conspiracy theories to distrust of authority and political
88:
10636:
Pigden, Charles (1995). "Popper Revisited, or What Is Wrong with Conspiracy Theories?".
10575:
9313:
8999:
7317:
7167:
7132:
7061: This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the
4536:"Prevention of mother-to-child transmission in South Africa: an ever-changing landscape"
3722:
3518:
3317:
3294:
2887:
2137:
1717:
for the dedication, discipline, and strategic ingenuity the Communist cause calls forth.
1312:
Rebuttals must spring from an epistemology that participants are already familiar with.
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4719:
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2728:
2667:
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2228:
2159:
2125:
2006:
Historically, real conspiracies have usually had little effect on history and have had
1900:
would require the involvement of 411,000 people and would be exposed within 3.68 years;
1767:
1713:
1591:
Second, they do so in an appealingly simple way, by dividing the world sharply between
1424:
1101:
967:
939:
354:
332:
248:
80:
79:
either by evidence against them or a lack of evidence for them. They are reinforced by
14015:
12952:
12659:
6646:
4809:
2224:
attacks, to support the existence of unverified and ongoing large-scale conspiracies.
2133:
513:, one widely published conspiracy theory claims that a number of events including the
15899:
15581:
15062:
15042:
15010:
14891:
14869:
14792:
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14611:
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13652:
13642:
13023:
12993:
12581:
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12102:
10991:
10747:
10683:
10667:
10622:
10601:
10556:
10527:
10475:
10456:
10437:
10431:
10397:
10387:
10384:
UFO: The Inside Story of the US Government's Search for Alien Life Here—and Out There
10366:
10351:
10293:
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10006:
9991:
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9767:
9738:
9624:
9481:
9350:
9023:
8869:
8832:
8781:
8632:
8564:
8523:
8505:
8464:
8429:
8421:
8417:
8371:
8300:
8254:
8213:
8146:
8098:
7990:
7972:
7930:
7918:
7867:
7842:
7830:
7809:"Conspiracy theories and the conspiracy mindset: implications for political ideology"
7793:
7781:
7746:
7728:
7679:
7637:
7595:
7552:
7544:
7479:
7475:
7435:
7413:
7383:
7341:
7302:"Why the backfire effect does not explain the durability of political misperceptions"
7265:
7172:
7154:
7050:
7038:
6994:
6958:
6950:
6908:
6858:
6806:
6753:
6749:
6561:
6496:
6470:
6412:
6373:
6346:
6335:
6236:
6214:
6181:
6139:"Even If It's 'Bonkers,' Poll Finds Many Believe QAnon And Other Conspiracy Theories"
6108:
6077:
6046:
6034:
5867:
5827:
5769:
5656:
5629:
5597:
5525:
5513:
5438:
5430:
5355:
5275:
5239:
5235:
5222:
Sunstein, Cass R.; Vermeule, Adrian (2009). "Conspiracy Theories: Causes and Cures".
5173:
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5097:
5055:
5025:
4978:
4946:
4928:
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4723:
4711:
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4622:
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4497:
4463:
4400:
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4313:
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4228:
4210:
4138:
4074:
4056:
4017:
3965:
3893:
3889:
3814:
3796:
3754:
3736:
3673:
3650:
Radnitz, Scott (2021), "Citizen Cynics: How People Talk and Think about Conspiracy",
3632:
3614:
3550:
3532:
3503:"The Role of Conspiracist Ideation and Worldviews in Predicting Rejection of Science"
3422:
3414:
3406:
3398:
3394:
3350:
3338:
3330:
3322:
3257:
3212:
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3192:
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2614:
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2404:
2387:
2233:
2217:
2064:
2041:
1643:
1612:
1561:
1546:
1403:
1173:
1080:. People who believe in health-related conspiracy theories are less likely to follow
984:
913:
909:
876:
526:
392:
148:
33:
14730:
10879:
7691:
7564:
6676:
Bigliardi, Stefano (July–August 2020). "Who's Afraid Of Conspiracy Theory Theory?".
5251:
4517:
2780:
2549:
Hidden Religion: The Greatest Mysteries and Symbols of the World's Religious Beliefs
927:, despite its unreliability, while disregarding objective analyses of the evidence.
875:
Theories involving multiple conspirators that are proven to be correct, such as the
15181:
15156:
15005:
14973:
14898:
14580:
14281:
14240:
14202:
14124:
14094:
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13892:
13494:
13112:
12907:
12644:
12639:
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12413:
12393:
12288:
12038:
11065:
11001:
10892:
10655:
10544:
10523:
10311:
10214:
10112:
10028:
9969:
9951:
9655:
9612:
9317:
9013:
9003:
8820:
8622:
8614:
8554:
8513:
8495:
8456:
8413:
8225:
8205:
8158:
7980:
7962:
7908:
7900:
7820:
7773:
7736:
7718:
7675:
7671:
7629:
7587:
7540:
7536:
7491:
7471:
7409:
7371:
7331:
7321:
7255:
7247:
7162:
7144:
7089:
7030:
6986:
6942:
6900:
6794:
6745:
6736:
DiFonzo, Nicholas; Bordia, Prashant; Rosnow, Ralph L. (1994). "Reining in rumors".
6614:
6606:
6460:
6206:
6171:
6069:
6026:
5985:
5757:
5503:
5381:
5373:
5231:
5163:
5147:
4936:
4920:
4852:
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4701:
4612:
4603:
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4547:
4489:
4451:
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4202:
4128:
4064:
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4007:
3999:
3905:
3885:
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3804:
3788:
3744:
3726:
3665:
3622:
3604:
3540:
3522:
3475:
3434:
3390:
3312:
3245:
3184:
3098:
3080:
2951:
2909:
2891:
2844:
2758:
2740:
2651:
2604:
2594:
2415:
2193:
2037:
1663:
1391:
1235:
1210:
1089:
946:
905:
856:
719:
10032:
9659:
6904:
4856:
1494:. Conspiracy theories once limited to fringe audiences have become commonplace in
750:
The "Enemy Below" features the lower classes working to overturn the social order.
747:
The "Enemy Above" involves powerful people manipulating events for their own gain.
207:, motivated by conspiracy theories, caused an estimated 330,000 deaths from AIDS.
15789:
15576:
15340:
15176:
14988:
14596:
14564:
14450:
14425:
14114:
14079:
14074:
13990:
13922:
13842:
13815:
13805:
13800:
13735:
13484:
13415:
13394:
13182:
13162:
12892:
12791:
12606:
11675:
11595:
11483:
11115:
11060:
10739:
10707:
Sunstein, Cass R., and Adrian Vermeule. "Conspiracy theories: Causes and cures".
10514:
Nefes, Türkay Salim (2012). "The history of the social constructions of Dönmes".
10373:
9947:
9874:
9827:
9801:
9475:
9432:
9008:
8697:
8290:
8128:
7857:
7825:
7808:
7251:
6990:
6980:
6852:
6798:
6406:
6367:
6264:
5821:
5650:
5623:
5315:
5269:
4972:
4761:
4608:
3731:
3527:
3382:
2896:
2801:
2729:"Measuring Belief in Conspiracy Theories: The Generic Conspiracist Beliefs Scale"
2381:
2313:
2296:
referenced numerous conspiracy theories for convincing his supporters to endorse
2260:
2060:
1988:
1835:
1802:
1785:
1595:. They trace all evil back to a single source, the conspirators and their agents.
1508:
1457:
1428:
1337:
1038:
1030:
829:
723:
180:
11747:
9820:
Captain America and the Crusade Against Evil: The Dilemma of Zealous Nationalism
8806:"Why Has Critique Run out of Steam? From Matters of Fact to Matters of Concern."
8681:"What Donald Trump, Vladimir Putin and Viktor Orbán Understand About Your Brain"
7655:
D, Barron; A, Furnham; L, Weis; Kd, Morgan; T, Towell; V, Swami (January 2018).
6289:
5761:
5136:"Belief in conspiracy theories: Basic principles of an emerging research domain"
4759:
4455:
4037:"Conspiracy theories as part of history: The role of societal crisis situations"
3249:
2955:
1805:
have been appropriated by those he describes as conspiracy theorists, including
536:
Conspiracy theories once limited to fringe audiences have become commonplace in
270:
Conspiracy theories once limited to fringe audiences have become commonplace in
15869:
15751:
15379:
15032:
14812:
14802:
14765:
14761:
14570:
14545:
14535:
14530:
14495:
14490:
14465:
14158:
14099:
13932:
13897:
13695:
13637:
13627:
13538:
13506:
13501:
12897:
12482:
12330:
12016:
11994:
11543:
10955:
10935:
10659:
9704:"Lozan Antlaşması'nın 100. Yılında Komplo Teorileri ve Gizli Maddelerin İzinde"
9509:
8209:
7633:
7591:
7201:"People Drawn to Conspiracy Theories Share a Cluster of Psychological Features"
7149:
6104:
5583:
4617:
4003:
3855:
3571:
3158:
3085:
2527:
2493:
2357:
2241:
2175:
2094:
1938:
1926:
1869:
1855:
1851:
1678:
1602:
unknown or unappreciated by others. For conspiracy theorists, the masses are a
1576:
1565:
1554:
1415:
1222:
1149:
1096:, can result in reduced vaccination rates and have been linked to outbreaks of
1081:
1050:
1034:
931:
897:
762:
562:
522:
514:
449:
424:], for example, by falsely alleging that Lee Harvey Oswald worked for us."
364:
200:
184:
132:
76:
10401:
9789:
Transparency and Conspiracy: Ethnographies of Suspicion in the New World Order
9279:
The Origins of the Korean War, Vol. II, The Roaring of the Cataract, 1947–1950
8601:
Douglas, Karen M.; Sutton, Robbie M.; Cichocka, Aleksandra (7 December 2017).
7855:
7034:
6946:
6160:"Will Reality Bite Back: Conspiratorial Fictions and the Assault on Democracy"
6030:
5863:
Transparency and conspiracy: ethnographies of suspicion in the new world order
5508:
5491:
5442:
4907:
Douglas, Karen M.; Sutton, Robbie M.; Cichocka, Aleksandra (1 December 2017).
4706:
4683:
4493:
4344:
3792:
1953:
1694:
complex society and thus "misfire", perceiving conspiracies where none exist.
16070:
16011:
15969:
15359:
14963:
14903:
14659:
14455:
14286:
14230:
14109:
14057:
14005:
13852:
13790:
13785:
13647:
13632:
13594:
13430:
12801:
12566:
12069:
11295:
10945:
10940:
10379:
10297:
10218:
10149:
Voodoo Histories: The Role of the Conspiracy Theory in Shaping Modern History
10075:
10040:
10010:
9965:
9956:
9867:
Real Enemies: Conspiracy Theories and American Democracy, World War I to 9/11
8873:
8618:
8568:
8509:
8500:
8468:
8425:
7976:
7967:
7922:
7834:
7785:
7732:
7723:
7641:
7599:
7548:
7158:
7042:
6954:
6912:
6757:
6610:
6474:
6449:"Belief in Conspiracy Theories and Susceptibility to the Conjunction Fallacy"
6202:
A Lot of People Are Saying: The New Conspiracism and the Assault on Democracy
6185:
6112:
6081:
6038:
5601:
5434:
5320:. John Cook, Center for Climate Change Communication, George Mason University
5243:
5159:
4932:
4924:
4864:
4817:
4715:
4626:
4559:
4551:
4501:
4404:
4362:
4305:
4281:
4214:
4142:
4060:
4052:
3800:
3740:
3618:
3609:
3536:
3418:
3402:
3334:
3326:
3196:
3188:
3094:
3019:
2963:
2905:
2858:
2833:"Belief in Conspiracy Theories and Susceptibility to the Conjunction Fallacy"
2803:
Voodoo Histories: The Role of the Conspiracy Theory in Shaping Modern History
2754:
2745:
2663:
2618:
2599:
2576:
2439:
2433:
2375:
2237:
2141:
2068:
2011:
1730:
1671:
1588:
cannot. They appear to make sense out of a world that is otherwise confusing.
1521:
1375:
1366:
1247:
1141:
1112:
even among groups that would otherwise be fundamentally opposed, such as the
1077:
959:
589:
578:
240:
14646:
An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural
12445:
10548:
10202:"Bridging the Great Divide: Conspiracy Theory Research for the 21st Century"
9674:"In Turkey, conspiracy theories about the Peace Treaty of Lausanne run riot"
8092:
7375:
7326:
6979:
Hardin, Russell (7 January 2002). "The Crippled Epistemology of Extremism".
6712:"Fox News defends global warming false balance by denying the 97% consensus"
3056:"Medical conspiracy theories: Cognitive science and implications for ethics"
2204:
attribute the enduring popularity of conspiracy theories in the U.S. to the
1850:, thereby inaugurating an unrivaled period of people actively preparing for
1838:, which he said were motivated by a shared belief in conspiracism or shared
391:
in order to discredit conspiratorial believers, particularly critics of the
52:
is an explanation for an event or situation that asserts the existence of a
15611:
15505:
15397:
15057:
14525:
14445:
14403:
14343:
14235:
14186:
14069:
13887:
13832:
13780:
13770:
13760:
13730:
13659:
13548:
13192:
12776:
12751:
12731:
12558:
12487:
12477:
12403:
12378:
12325:
12176:
11698:
11166:
11148:
11087:
10910:
9983:
9893:
9540:
9084:
9027:
8801:
8636:
8527:
8433:
8217:
7994:
7750:
7683:
7556:
7483:
7345:
7269:
7176:
7094:
7077:
6962:
6249:
6228:
6200:
5592:
5517:
5177:
4950:
4872:
4825:
4642:
4577:
4509:
4232:
4078:
4021:
3962:"Conspiracy Theorists Have a Fundamental Cognitive Problem, Say Scientists"
3936:"Conspiracy Theorists Really Do See The World Differently, New Study Shows"
3897:
3818:
3758:
3701:"The Effects of Anti-Vaccine Conspiracy Theories on Vaccination Intentions"
3636:
3554:
3426:
3342:
3112:
2923:
2772:
2445:
2351:
2309:
2236:
has also been used to bestow legitimacy to other conspiracy theories, with
2032:
culture and politics. Variants include conspiracies involving colonialism,
1839:
1798:
1333:
1329:
1263:
Interventions to counter the spread of conspiracy theories on social media
1243:
1113:
1054:
1046:
1042:
848:
734:
656:
638:
574:
288:
279:
204:
192:
188:
12064:
9616:
7236:"Searching for the Backfire Effect: Measurement and Design Considerations"
6176:
6159:
5990:
4206:
1929:, which remained a secret far longer than Grimes' calculations predicted.
1284:
Diminish the source's capacity to monetize conspiracies (demonetization).
15904:
15384:
15369:
15213:
14928:
14879:
14849:
14430:
14191:
13917:
13907:
13775:
13725:
13531:
12531:
12383:
11787:
11161:
11092:
11016:
10863:
10433:
Architects of Fear: Conspiracy Theories and Paranoia in American Politics
10318:
9230:
9152:
9114:"'Rabbit hole of a conspiracy cult': 'Cooker' watching a new ACT pursuit"
8359:
8325:
8050:
almost superhuman power and cunning that conspiracists attribute to them.
8028:
4596:"Tracking QAnon: how Trump turned conspiracy-theory research upside down"
3290:
2301:
2209:
2055:
1974:
1776:
1762:
1611:
This third point is supported by research of Roland Imhoff, professor of
1599:
1592:
1538:
1461:
1383:
1213:, and specifically to improve feelings of personal hope and empowerment.
1186:
457:
244:
235:, at a time when three million people in the country were suffering from
57:
10722:
7913:
7133:"Investigating conspiracy theories in the light of narrative persuasion"
6210:
4289:
3576:
Chasing Phantoms: Reality, Imagination, and Homeland Security Since 9/11
2448: – Belief or behavior that is considered irrational or supernatural
2128:, an important peace treaty for the country, and the republic's founder
87:
absence of evidence for it are misinterpreted as evidence of its truth.
16031:
15481:
15457:
15188:
15047:
15037:
15000:
14933:
14908:
14670:
14500:
14480:
14475:
14363:
14358:
14333:
14328:
14218:
14153:
14084:
13959:
13927:
13867:
13664:
13521:
13349:
13344:
12816:
12388:
11989:
11984:
11806:
11143:
10905:
10873:
10769:
10675:
8170:
7432:
The Liberty Lobby and the American Right: Race, Conspiracy, and Culture
6518:"Just because you're paranoid, doesn't mean they're not out to get you"
6257:
5395:
5029:
4133:
4116:
3487:
2727:
Brotherton, Robert; French, Christopher C.; Pickering, Alan D. (2013).
2671:
2427:
2293:
2282:
2121:
2089:
Conspiracy theories are a prevalent feature of culture and politics in
1996:
1847:
1780:
1629:
1525:
1495:
1491:
1145:
1014:
972:
813:
660:
537:
485:
445:
433:
271:
164:
160:
140:
124:
120:
69:
61:
53:
41:
28:
15517:
10794:
8460:
7777:
5151:
4388:
2251:
Genuine government overreach and secrecy during the Cold War, such as
1941:" in Australia. The term "cooker" is also loosely associated with the
379:
16026:
16016:
15735:
15426:
14948:
14864:
14839:
14834:
14555:
14373:
14323:
14291:
14266:
14131:
13937:
13912:
13877:
13679:
13622:
13526:
13366:
13259:
12869:
12721:
11171:
10996:
10925:
10915:
10618:
Conspiracy: How the Paranoid Style Flourishes and Where It Comes From
7904:
7863:
7615:"Associations between schizotypy and belief in conspiracist ideation"
6465:
6448:
5904:"There's a Damn Good Chance Your Neighbor Thinks Chemtrails Are Real"
3837:"Associations between schizotypy and belief in conspiracist ideation"
2849:
2832:
2369:
2286:
2252:
2117:
1992:
1117:
1069:, at a time when 3 million people in the country were suffering from
1026:
1010:
799:
441:
260:
176:
156:
65:
8162:
7233:
5846:
Adam M. Enders, "Conspiratorial Thinking and Political Constraint".
5377:
3479:
2655:
2533:
A Culture of Conspiracy: Apocalyptic Visions in Contemporary America
2436: – Pseudoscholarship that attempts to distort historical record
1916:
would require 714,000 people and would be exposed within 3.17 years.
239:. Conspiracy theories are a significant obstacle to improvements in
16051:
16041:
15937:
15766:
14313:
13872:
13847:
13795:
13755:
13674:
12975:
11023:
10920:
10579:
9842:
Ronald Reagan, the Movie and Other Episodes in Political Demonology
8824:
8684:
6073:
4273:
3705:
2297:
2205:
2163:
2113:
2072:
2003:. He also noted that conspirators very rarely achieved their goal.
1962:
1831:
1667:
1483:
1350:
1121:
1022:
951:
834:
555:
368:
295:, and reducing feelings of uncertainty, anxiety, or powerlessness.
275:
172:
116:
105:
8086:
7856:
Michal Bilewicz; Aleksandra Cichocka; Wiktor Soral (15 May 2015).
1977:
described the central problem of conspiracy theories as a form of
1328:
The primary defense against conspiracy theories is to maintain an
1307:
Enlist spokespeople that can be perceived as allies and insiders.
1076:
Conspiracy theories are a significant obstacle to improvements in
15731:
Media censorship and disinformation during the Gezi Park protests
15596:
15467:
14886:
14859:
14797:
14460:
14393:
14303:
14256:
14223:
12074:
12060:
11300:
11120:
10950:
10237:
Harvard and the Unabomber: The Education of an American Terrorist
10107:
2378: – Idea which departs from accepted scholarship in the field
2345:
2033:
1922:
1603:
1116:
conspiracy theories found among political extremists on both the
1100:. Health-related conspiracy theories often inspire resistance to
570:
264:
144:
14560:
13563:
10783:
10472:
Empire of Conspiracy: The Culture of Paranoia in Postwar America
10193:
Conspiracy Encyclopedia: The Encyclopedia of Conspiracy Theories
8904:
7886:
5358:
The Repeal of the Missouri Compromise: Its Origin and Authorship
4796:
Glick, Michael; Booth, H. Austin (2014). "Conspiracy ideation".
4634:
4297:
3410:
3204:
2632:
Goertzel, Ted (December 1994). "Belief in conspiracy theories".
2354: – Concept that the human mind can be altered or controlled
2144:, are "conspiring to weaken and carve up the Turkish Republic".
255:. Other effects of conspiracy theories include reduced trust in
16036:
14368:
13315:
12239:
8023:
8021:
8019:
6372:. State University of New York Press, Albany. pp. 98–100.
4332:
2090:
2000:
1550:
1070:
1066:
1062:
872:
is closer than common dismissals of conspiracy theory contend.
236:
232:
228:
10450:
8481:
7704:
3578:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. 10.
2100:
There are a wide variety of conspiracy theories including the
1961:
found that majorities in only 9 of 17 countries believed that
1009:
Historically, conspiracy theories have been closely linked to
596:
leadership, continued to question Obama's citizenship status.
588:. Former governor of Arkansas and political opponent of Obama
155:
Historically, conspiracy theories have been closely linked to
15830:
13942:
13489:
13187:
10868:
9416:
Report by Center for Religious Freedom of Freedom House. 2006
5683:
published five stories in which 'conspiracy theory' appeared.
4760:
Dominique Brossard; James Shanahan; T. Clint Nesbitt (2007).
4114:
2328:
2227:
In his studies of "American political demonology", historian
1289:
Slow down the circulation of conspiracy theories (algorithm)
637:"Several mass shootings in recent years were staged hoaxes" (
619:
510:
208:
8016:
6890:
6369:
Conspiracy Panics: Political Rationality and Popular Culture
4841:
2870:
Jonason, Peter Karl; March, Evita; Springer, Jordan (2019).
14943:
10738:
9477:
Conspiracy Theories in the Arab World: Sources and Politics
8916:
8402:
7612:
5051:
Enemies Within: The Culture of Conspiracy in Modern America
4684:"The Apocalypse and Political Discourse in an Age of COVID"
3834:
3181:
International Council for Philosophy and Humanistic Studies
2687:
2442: – Unscientific claims wrongly presented as scientific
2051:
2029:
1598:
Third, conspiracy theories are often presented as special,
777:
765:
has identified three classifications of conspiracy theory:
586:
born in Kenya, instead of Hawaii where he was actually born
566:
243:, encouraging opposition to such public health measures as
10335:"Security and Conspiracy in History, 16th to 21st Century"
8950:"How many people does it take to keep a conspiracy alive?"
6158:
Muirhead, Russell; Rosenblum, Nancy L. (1 February 2021).
5129:
5127:
5125:
5123:
5121:
5119:
5117:
5115:
5113:
5094:
Conspiracy Theories: Secrecy and Power in American Culture
4479:
4331:. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Vol. 17.
3077:
European Society for Philosophy of Medicine and Healthcare
2244:" which invited others to fill in the underlying pattern.
1374:
and could increase belief in conspiracy theories instead.
1025:. They are often strongly believed by the perpetrators of
175:. They are often strongly believed by the perpetrators of
9372:"Anti-Semitic 'Elders of Zion' Gets New Life on Egypt TV"
9201:"International Poll: No Consensus On Who Was Behind 9/11"
8093:
Baigent, Michael; Leigh, Richard; Lincoln, Henry (1987).
6143:
3500:
3466:
Keeley, Brian L. (March 1999). "Of Conspiracy Theories".
2726:
2536:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 3–4.
2372: – False or misleading information presented as real
1018:
737:(2013) has identified five kinds of conspiracy theories:
420:
388:
338:
weakening the United States during the American Civil War
168:
10680:
The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark
9916:"He Calls Hillary Clinton a 'Demon.' Who Is Alex Jones?"
9600:
8250:
The Paranoid Style in American Politics and Other Essays
7757:
6557:
Conspiracy Theories in American History: An Encyclopedia
5942:
Psychology Postgraduate Affairs Group (PsyPAG) Quarterly
5490:
Starcevic, Vladan; Brakoulias, Vlasios (14 April 2021).
5217:
5215:
5213:
5211:
5209:
5207:
5022:
Selling Fear: Conspiracy Theories and End-Times Paranoia
395:, by making them a target of ridicule. In his 2013 book
10065:"What Is QAnon, the Viral Pro-Trump Conspiracy Theory?"
8358:
8006:
8004:
7519:
6886:
6884:
6882:
6880:
6878:
6876:
6874:
6442:
6440:
5935:"Has the Internet been good for conspiracy theorising?"
5205:
5203:
5201:
5199:
5197:
5195:
5193:
5191:
5189:
5187:
5110:
4998:
4996:
4994:
4837:
4835:
4755:
4753:
4430:
4428:
4426:
4424:
4422:
4420:
4418:
4416:
4414:
4329:
Handbook of Conspiracy Theory and Contemporary Religion
4110:
4108:
993:
amount of the public discussion away from the science.
592:
made headlines in 2011 when he, among other members of
8892:
8292:
Conspiracy Theories & Secret Societies For Dummies
8288:
8138:
8122:"Wall Streeters like conspiracy theories. Always have"
7455:
Douglas, Karen M.; Sutton, Robbie M. (12 April 2011).
7229:
7227:
7225:
7223:
7221:
6522:
Culture Machine, Deconstruction Is/In Cultural Studies
5309:
5307:
5305:
5303:
5301:
5299:
5297:
5295:
5293:
5291:
5268:
Robert Brotherton (19 November 2015). "Introduction".
4534:
Burton, Rosie; Giddy, Janet; Stinson, Kathryn (2015).
4106:
4104:
4102:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4094:
4092:
4090:
4088:
3869:
Douglas, Karen M.; Sutton, Robbie M. (12 April 2011).
3775:
Freeman, Daniel; Bentall, Richard P. (29 March 2017).
3699:
Jolley, Daniel; Douglas, Karen M. (20 February 2014).
3364:
Douglas, Karen M.; Sutton, Robbie M. (12 April 2011).
2570:
2568:
896:
Conspiracy theory rhetoric exploits several important
15128:
After Truth: Disinformation and the Cost of Fake News
14760:
9934:"Gender, Populism, and the QAnon Conspiracy Movement"
8600:
8366:
Right-Wing Populism in America: Too Close for Comfort
8189:
8116:
8114:
7944:
7942:
7940:
7849:
6016:
5571:
Conspiracy Theories & the People Who Believe Them
5047:
4906:
4475:
4473:
3289:
Douglas, Karen M.; Sutton, Robbie M. (January 2023).
529:, which may have led to effects on discussions about
15997:
Countering Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act
15325:
8484:"Conspiracy theory and cognitive style: a worldview"
8446:
8001:
7889:"The generality of belief in unsubstantiated claims"
7707:"Conspiracy theory and cognitive style: a worldview"
6871:
6854:
Suspicious Minds: Why We Believe Conspiracy Theories
6437:
6326:
5625:
Suspicious Minds: Why We Believe Conspiracy Theories
5271:
Suspicious Minds: Why We Believe Conspiracy Theories
5184:
5134:
van Prooijen, Jan-Willem; Douglas, Karen M. (2018).
4991:
4974:
Suspicious Minds: Why We Believe Conspiracy Theories
4832:
4763:
The Media, the Public and Agricultural Biotechnology
4750:
4411:
2869:
1801:
notes that the language and intellectual tactics of
1059:
conspiracy theories about genetically modified foods
326:
The earliest known usage was by the American author
225:
conspiracy theories about genetically modified foods
12273:
10348:
Modern Conspiracy: The Importance of Being Paranoid
10170:
Conspiracy Theory in Film, Television, and Politics
9760:'The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution
8243:
7763:
7218:
6735:
6493:
Knowledge goes pop from conspiracy theory to gossip
6447:Brotherton, Robert; French, Christopher C. (2014).
6314:
6269:
5622:Robert Brotherton (19 November 2015). "Chapter 4".
5489:
5288:
5263:
5261:
5133:
4971:Robert Brotherton (19 November 2015). "Chapter 2".
4966:
4964:
4962:
4960:
4902:
4085:
4035:van Prooijen, Jan-Willem; Douglas, Karen M (2017).
4034:
3224:
3222:
2831:Brotherton, Robert; French, Christopher C. (2014).
2720:
2565:
143:personality types, whose common feature is lack of
15100:Dezinformatsia: Active Measures in Soviet Strategy
10729:"The 5 Most Dangerous Conspiracy Theories of 2016"
10200:
10198:
10146:
9791:. Duke University Press Books. pp. 4, 207–08.
9644:and the appeal of antisemitism in interwar Turkey"
9251:. Lachlan Cranswick, quoting Karl Raimund Popper.
9112:
9077:
8363:
8111:
7937:
7800:
6928:
6926:
6924:
6922:
6851:Robert Brotherton (19 November 2015). "Epilogue".
6595:"Conspiracy Theory: Truth Claim or Language Game?"
6334:
6254:The United States of Paranoia: A Conspiracy Theory
5339:Oxford English Dictionary Second Edition on CD-ROM
4900:
4898:
4896:
4894:
4892:
4890:
4888:
4886:
4884:
4882:
4533:
4529:
4527:
4470:
3770:
3768:
2998:Conspiracy theories : a critical introduction
2688:
2181:The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution
1662:with low intelligence, lower analytical thinking,
1094:conspiracy theories about pharmaceutical companies
259:, radicalization and ideological reinforcement of
15652:Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine
15204:Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine
10167:
7577:
6850:
6729:
6337:Manufacturing Consent: Noam Chomsky and the Media
6198:
6157:
5736:
5734:
5732:
5730:
5728:
5726:
5724:
5722:
5720:
5718:
5621:
5267:
4970:
4791:
4789:
4787:
4785:
4783:
3830:
3828:
2040:, which is often referred to in Arab media as a "
1584:First, conspiracy theories claim to explain what
1486:, which is predicted by the degree of a person's
1382:A particularly important technique is the use of
1297:Issue authoritative corrections (fact-checking).
147:. However, a 2020 review article found that most
16068:
15547:Historical distortion regarding Ferdinand Marcos
10597:The Hidden Hand: Middle East Fears of Conspiracy
10361:Goertzel, Ted. "Belief in conspiracy theories".
10333:De Graaf, Beatrice and Zwierlein, Cornel (eds.)
9573:. Open Society Institute – Sofia. Archived from
9450:
8972:
8239:
8237:
8235:
8064:"Conspiracy Theorists Just Want to Feel Special"
7357:
7355:
7016:
6844:
6446:
5615:
5258:
5221:
5043:
5041:
5039:
5019:
4957:
4677:
4675:
4434:
4246:Frankfurter, David (February 2021). Copp, Paul;
4184:
4182:
4180:
4178:
4176:
4174:
4172:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3219:
2934:
2830:
2272:Saddam Hussein played a role in the 9/11 attacks
10469:
10429:
10199:Butter, Michael; Peter Knight (November 2015).
9598:
9565:
9402:"2006 Saudi Arabia's Curriculum of Intolerance"
9272:
9270:
8541:Bullock, John G.; Lenz, Gabriel (11 May 2019).
8284:
8282:
6919:
6780:"The detrimental nature of conspiracy theories"
6486:
6484:
6365:
6199:Muirhead, Russell; Rosenblum, Nancy L. (2019).
5313:
5087:
5085:
5083:
4879:
4524:
4170:
4168:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4160:
4158:
4156:
4154:
4152:
3765:
2430: – Communication used to influence opinion
2418: – Philosophical problem-solving principle
2028:Conspiracy theories are a prevalent feature of
1793:
1593:the forces of light, and the forces of darkness
1414:It has been suggested that directly countering
1162:Misinformation § Countering misinformation
407:running five stories that year using the term.
340:in order to advance their financial interests.
10474:. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.
9889:"Ron Paul, Conspiracy Theories, and the Right"
9044:. Grand Central Publishing, 2018. pp. 209–210.
8938:. Grand Central Publishing, 2018. pp. 206–207.
8794:
8289:Hodapp, Christopher; Alice Von Kannon (2008).
7124:
6974:
6972:
6549:
6547:
5715:
5341:(v. 4.0), Oxford University Press, 2009, s.v.
5096:. University of Minnesota Press; 2nd edition.
4798:The Journal of the American Dental Association
4780:
4589:
4587:
4437:"An introduction into the world of conspiracy"
3825:
3781:Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology
3774:
3049:
2937:"An introduction into the world of conspiracy"
2574:
561:Conspiracy theories are widely present on the
139:". It has also been linked with the so-called
15860:Election denial movement in the United States
14746:
13604:List of topics characterized as pseudoscience
13579:
11284:
11050:
10810:
10614:
10593:
10254:
10233:
10004:
9844:. University of California Press. p. 7.
9817:Jewett, Robert; John Shelton Lawrence (2004)
9808:. Altadena, CA: Skeptics Society, n.d. Print.
9503:
9289:
8941:
8253:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 32–33.
8232:
8195:
7948:
7806:
7454:
7425:
7423:
7352:
7295:
7293:
7234:Swire-Thompson B, DeGutis J, Lazer D (2020).
7194:
7192:
7190:
7188:
7186:
6773:
6771:
6769:
6767:
6644:
5969:
5743:"Towards a definition of 'conspiracy theory'"
5648:
5465:"English Insincerity on the Slavery Question"
5091:
5036:
4672:
3868:
3698:
3566:
3564:
3461:
3459:
3363:
3288:
3275:
3231:"Towards a definition of 'conspiracy theory'"
3153:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3029:
2648:International Society of Political Psychology
2575:Harambam, Jaron; Aupers, Stef (August 2021).
2411:List of topics characterized as pseudoscience
2390: – Adage to assume stupidity over malice
2154:Conspiracy theories in United States politics
1474:Research suggests, on a psychological level,
1242:misleading information. These people may be "
983:In science, conspiracists may suggest that a
958:Conspiracy theorists often take advantage of
824:
540:, contributing to conspiracism emerging as a
427:
414:. Butter wrote in 2020 that the CIA document
13250:
9886:
9473:
9467:
9344:
9267:
9175:"'Cookers' are a product of the modern Left"
9055:"On the Viability of Conspiratorial Beliefs"
8984:"On the Viability of Conspiratorial Beliefs"
8279:
8027:
7282:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
6820:
6818:
6816:
6553:
6481:
6408:Conspiracy Theories: A Critical Introduction
6404:
5823:Conspiracy Theories: A Critical Introduction
5080:
5015:
5013:
5011:
4149:
3985:
2610:11245.1/7716b88d-4e3f-49ee-8093-253ccb344090
2522:
2520:
2518:
2306:2012 Republican Party presidential primaries
353:The term is also used as a way to discredit
15080:
10674:
10141:
9499:
9497:
8607:Current Directions in Psychological Science
8540:
7807:Sutton, Robbie M; Douglas, Karen M (2020).
7111:"There and Back Again: Joseph Pierre, M.D."
6969:
6932:
6827:"Why People Believe in Conspiracy Theories"
6544:
5897:
5895:
5859:
5538:
4913:Current Directions in Psychological Science
4584:
4245:
2799:
2331:of child sex-abusing and Satan-worshipping
2200:. Theologian Robert Jewett and philosopher
1029:attacks, and were used as justification by
15532:COVID-19 misinformation in the Philippines
14753:
14739:
13586:
13572:
11805:
10817:
10803:
10717:Uscinski, Joseph E. and Joseph M. Parent,
9710:(in Turkish). 25 July 2023. Archived from
9534:
8739:"Born With the Desire to Know the Unknown"
7420:
7290:
7183:
7017:Diaz Ruiz, Carlos; Nilsson, Tomas (2023).
6985:. Cambridge University Press. p. 20.
6764:
6709:
6620:10398/815ad149-79b0-4000-9d07-327893a24ee6
5813:
5740:
4795:
4689:Journal for the Study of the New Testament
3561:
3456:
3270:legitimate judges of the claim's veracity.
3228:
3142:
3026:
2790:
2546:
1470:not typify a particular epoch or ideology.
1360:
263:groups, and negative consequences for the
14712:The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience
14653:Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science
10649:
10451:McConnachie, James; Tudge, Robin (2005).
10350:. New York and London: Bloomsbury, 2014.
10213:(3–4: Conspiracy Theories Today): 17–29.
9973:
9955:
9931:
9786:
9213:Program on International Policy Attitudes
9017:
9007:
8626:
8558:
8517:
8499:
8320:
8318:
8316:
7984:
7966:
7949:Goreis, Andreas; Voracek, Martin (2019).
7912:
7824:
7740:
7722:
7395:
7393:
7335:
7325:
7259:
7166:
7148:
7130:
7093:
6813:
6700:. Grand Central Publishing, 2018. p. 208.
6675:
6618:
6464:
6175:
6097:"Republicans Ride Theories of the Fringe"
5989:
5819:
5507:
5405:
5385:
5167:
5008:
4940:
4705:
4616:
4593:
4567:
4222:
4132:
4068:
4011:
3808:
3777:"The concomitants of conspiracy concerns"
3748:
3730:
3626:
3608:
3544:
3526:
3316:
3102:
3084:
2913:
2895:
2848:
2762:
2744:
2608:
2598:
2515:
2324:alleges that Trump is fighting against a
416:Concerning Criticism of the Warren Report
330:, in a letter to the editor published in
16:Attributing events to less-probable plots
15885:Mohamed Atta's alleged Prague connection
11954:
10744:The 80 Greatest Conspiracies of All Time
10574:Parsons, Charlotte (24 September 2001).
9494:
9340:
9338:
8736:
8696:
8144:
7023:Journal of Public Policy & Marketing
6825:Linden, Sander van der (30 April 2013).
6515:
6490:
5932:
5892:
5791:"History's greatest conspiracy theories"
5655:. University of Texas Press. p. 3.
4681:
4188:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2631:
2318:2016 United States presidential election
2240:himself commenting that it served as a "
1952:
1572:are associated with conspiracy beliefs.
1259:of conspiracy theories on social media.
1253:
1000:
945:
378:
251:. They have been linked to outbreaks of
217:2020 United States presidential election
27:
15684:Russian Institute for Strategic Studies
14617:Suppressed research in the Soviet Union
11735:
10824:
10573:
10421:The Paranoid Style in American Politics
9887:Friedersdorf, Conor (29 October 2011).
9637:
9295:
9276:
9241:
9145:
9075:
8947:
8603:"The Psychology of Conspiracy Theories"
7299:
5582:
5462:
5353:
4909:"The Psychology of Conspiracy Theories"
3649:
3053:
2172:The Paranoid Style in American Politics
1216:
1104:, and contributed to the impact of the
930:Conspiracy theories are not able to be
757:
83:: both evidence against the conspiracy
16069:
15811:Attempts to overturn the 2020 election
15602:Soviet influence on the peace movement
15199:Misinformation in the Israel–Hamas war
10635:
10453:The Rough Guide to Conspiracy Theories
10410:"The Trouble with Conspiracy Theories"
10100:
10082:from the original on 19 September 2021
10005:O'Donnell, Jonathon (September 2020).
9757:
9229:
8978:
8922:
8910:
8898:
8842:from the original on 16 September 2012
8800:
8773:
8649:
8581:
8313:
8061:
8010:
7813:Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences
7622:Personality and Individual Differences
7580:Personality and Individual Differences
7390:
7199:Moyer, Melinda Wenner (1 March 2019).
7075:
7012:
7010:
6978:
6824:
6777:
6586:
6411:. Palgrave MacMillan. pp. 25–27.
6332:
6320:
6287:
6275:
5998:from the original on 24 September 2015
5860:West, Harry G.; Sanders, Todd (2003).
5694:
5649:deHaven-Smith, Lance (15 April 2013).
5532:
5458:
5456:
5427:Longman, Green, Longman, & Roberts
5002:
4435:Thresher-Andrews, Christopher (2013).
4386:
3992:Personality and Individual Differences
3844:Personality and Individual Differences
3570:
3465:
3157:
3000:. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire:
2995:
2935:Thresher-Andrews, Christopher (2013).
2526:
2396: – 1919 article in psychoanalysis
2360: – Fallacy of incomplete evidence
2265:assassination attempts on Fidel Castro
2106:international Jewish conspiracy theory
1323:
729:
374:
221:January 6 United States Capitol attack
15958:
15536:ChinaAngVirus disinformation campaign
15324:
15237:
15145:
15079:
14776:
14734:
13567:
13456:
13299:
12685:
12272:
12091:
11953:
11804:
11734:
11283:
11194:
11049:
10845:
10798:
10565:American Journal of Political Science
10534:
10513:
10488:
10378:
10118:from the original on 5 September 2021
10061:
9839:
9732:
9506:"The Tin-Foil Hats Are Out in Turkey"
9369:
9347:Conspiracy Theories in the Arab World
9335:
9255:from the original on 3 September 2006
9235:Open Society and Its Enemies, Book II
9110:
8956:. Public Broadcasting Service (PBS).
8859:
8667:Perspectives on Psychological Science
8560:10.1146/annurev-polisci-051117-050904
8449:European Journal of Social Psychology
8384:from the original on 16 December 2019
8324:
7766:European Journal of Social Psychology
7654:
7429:
7399:
7361:
7198:
7108:
6592:
6574:from the original on 6 September 2016
6059:
5703:. The Conversation Trust (UK) Limited
5669:from the original on 6 September 2016
5551:from the original on 12 December 2015
5539:Blaskiewicz, Robert (8 August 2013).
5140:European Journal of Social Psychology
5068:from the original on 17 December 2019
4326:
4266:University of Chicago Divinity School
3959:
3588:
2984:
2407: – List of faulty argument types
2024:Conspiracy theories in the Arab world
938:. In particular, the logical fallacy
38:Founding Fathers of the United States
10307:from the original on 9 October 2022.
9932:Bracewell, Lorna (21 January 2021).
9370:Wakin, Daniel J. (26 October 2002).
9209:University of Maryland, College Park
9146:Withers, Rachel (17 November 2022).
9127:from the original on 14 January 2023
9092:from the original on 24 January 2023
8960:from the original on 13 October 2017
8948:Barajas, Joshua (15 February 2016).
7501:from the original on 3 November 2018
7464:British Journal of Social Psychology
6710:Nuccitelli, Dana (23 October 2013).
6425:from the original on 25 January 2014
6094:
6019:British Journal of Political Science
5901:
5880:from the original on 22 January 2017
5866:. Duke University Press. p. 4.
5573:. New York: Oxford University Press.
3986:Hughes, Sara; Machan, Laura (2021).
3933:
3915:from the original on 3 November 2018
3878:British Journal of Social Psychology
3444:from the original on 3 November 2018
3374:British Journal of Social Psychology
3064:Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy
2709:participating institution membership
2582:European Journal of Cultural Studies
2547:Issitt, Micah; Main, Carlyn (2014).
2384: – Informal fallacy of emphasis
2366: – Subgenre of thriller fiction
1041:, as well as by governments such as
432:A conspiracy theory is not simply a
187:, as well as by governments such as
179:, and were used as justification by
15806:1995 CIA disinformation controversy
15016:State-sponsored Internet propaganda
12460:The Protocols of the Elders of Zion
11106:
10789:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
9737:. London: I.B.Tauris. p. 105.
9516:from the original on 9 January 2017
9504:Mustafa Akyol (12 September 2016).
9382:from the original on 16 August 2014
9237:. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
9215:. 10 September 2008. Archived from
8177:from the original on 31 August 2006
7131:Adornetti, Ines (8 November 2023).
7007:
6982:Political Extremism and Rationality
6366:Jack Z. Bratich (7 February 2008).
5951:from the original on 13 August 2015
5547:. Committee for Skeptical Inquiry.
5541:"Nope, It Was Always Already Wrong"
5453:
4594:Tollefson, Jeff (4 February 2021).
4117:"Understanding Conspiracy Theories"
3318:10.1146/annurev-psych-032420-031329
2110:war against Islam conspiracy theory
2067:used conspiracy theories about the
2047:The Protocols of the Elders of Zion
1617:Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
1520:unsubstantiated claims – including
1409:
842:
659:was not born in the United States (
298:
13:
15277:Misinformation related to abortion
14666:James Randi Educational Foundation
13218:Springfield, Ohio, cat-eating hoax
10436:. Los Angeles: Jeremy P. Tarcher.
10134:
10062:Roose, Kevin (3 September 2021) .
9830:Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing p. 206.
9322:10.1038/scientificamerican1210-102
9076:Tiffany, Kaitlyn (17 March 2021).
8547:Annual Review of Political Science
8267:from the original on 18 April 2019
8074:from the original on 28 April 2019
6657:from the original on 6 August 2016
6386:from the original on 18 April 2019
5801:from the original on 12 March 2018
5463:Bristed, C. A. (11 January 1863).
5314:Lewandowsky, S.; Cook, J. (2020).
4682:Crossley, James (September 2021).
4660:from the original on 27 April 2021
4239:
3670:10.1093/oso/9780197573532.003.0009
1816:
1166:
21:Conspiracy theory (disambiguation)
14:
16103:
15494:Voluntary Agency Network of Korea
15107:The KGB and Soviet Disinformation
13593:
12860:Western-backed Iranian Revolution
12742:Finger-pinching conspiracy theory
12592:Proposed "Islamo-leftism" inquiry
10777:
10638:Philosophy of the Social Sciences
10576:"Why we need conspiracy theories"
10346:Fleming, Chris and Emma A. Jane.
9547:from the original on 21 June 2018
8880:from the original on 9 April 2018
8774:Wilson, Keith (1 November 1996).
8737:Vedantam, Shankar (5 June 2006).
8718:from the original on 2 April 2020
8650:Cassam, Quassim (13 March 2015).
8340:from the original on 25 June 2017
8039:from the original on 2 April 2009
6941:(6). SAGE Publications: 644–670.
6119:from the original on 8 April 2011
5914:from the original on 7 March 2019
5695:Butter, Michael (16 March 2020).
2422:Philosophy of conspiracy theories
1702:Some historians have argued that
1180:
1152:about important societal issues.
599:
16047:United States Information Agency
15326:Operations and events by country
14063:Strauss–Howe generational theory
14041:Moon landing conspiracy theories
13838:Electromagnetic hypersensitivity
12319:Gas chambers for Poles in Warsaw
12256:Pont-Saint-Esprit mass poisoning
11614:South African Airways Flight 295
10600:. New York: St. Martin's Press.
10528:10.1111/j.1467-6443.2012.01434.x
10292:(37): 885–908. 23 October 2009.
10103:"Why QAnon Survives After Trump"
10101:Bowman, Emma (4 February 2021).
10094:
10055:
9998:
9925:
9908:
9880:
9877:. Oxford University Press, p. 8.
9858:
9833:
9811:
9795:
9780:
9751:
9726:
9696:
9666:
9631:
9592:
9559:
9528:
9444:
9419:
9394:
9363:
9298:"The Conspiracy Theory Detector"
9223:
9193:
9167:
9139:
9104:
9069:
9047:
9034:
8928:
8853:
8767:
8730:
8702:"Conspiring for the Common Good"
8690:
8673:
8658:
8643:
8594:
8582:Bolton, Doug (2 December 2015).
8575:
8534:
8475:
8440:
8418:10.1111/j.2044-8295.2010.02004.x
8396:
8352:
8062:Imhoff, Roland (17 April 2018).
8055:
7880:
7698:
7648:
7606:
7571:
7513:
7476:10.1111/j.2044-8309.2010.02018.x
7448:
7414:10.1111/j.1467-6443.2012.01434.x
7102:
7069:
7056:
6405:Jovan Byford (12 October 2011).
6341:. Black Rose Books Ltd. p.
6095:Hunt, Albert R. (3 April 2011).
5236:10.1111/j.1467-9760.2008.00325.x
4191:"Conspiracy theories in science"
3960:Sloat, Sarah (17 October 2017).
3890:10.1111/j.2044-8309.2010.02018.x
3395:10.1111/j.2044-8309.2010.02018.x
2487:
2424: – Branch of academic study
2147:
1984:The Open Society and Its Enemies
1155:
679:Moon landing conspiracy theories
490:assassination of John F. Kennedy
96:. Some researchers suggest that
15647:Information war against Ukraine
15194:International Jewish conspiracy
15162:Congo Free State propaganda war
14691:The Natural History of Quackery
14633:Committee for Skeptical Inquiry
12903:Petrograd Military Organization
12426:International Jewish conspiracy
12274:Race, religion and/or ethnicity
11936:Denial of the 7 October attacks
11760:California drought manipulation
10709:Journal of Political Philosophy
10698:"The 'Conspiracy' Superstition"
10516:Journal of Historical Sociology
10386:. New York: Avid Reader Press.
10168:Arnold, Gordon B., ed. (2008).
9914:Stack, Liam (October 3, 2016).
9680:. 29 March 2023. Archived from
9537:"How Nietzsche Explains Turkey"
9480:. Routledge. pp. 158–159.
9451:Steven Stalinsky (6 May 2004).
8860:Kelly, Michael (12 June 1995).
8749:from the original on 1 May 2011
8679:Danesi, Marcel (July 30, 2023)
8147:"Belief in Conspiracy Theories"
7402:Journal of Historical Sociology
6935:Public Understanding of Science
6703:
6690:
6669:
6638:
6554:Peter Knight (1 January 2003).
6509:
6398:
6359:
6281:
6243:
6192:
6151:
6131:
6088:
6053:
6010:
5963:
5926:
5902:Kahn, Brian (2 November 2017).
5853:
5840:
5783:
5688:
5642:
5576:
5563:
5483:
5347:
5332:
5224:Journal of Political Philosophy
4730:
4380:
4320:
4028:
3979:
3953:
3934:Dean, Signe (23 October 2017).
3927:
3862:
3692:
3643:
3582:
3494:
3357:
3130:from the original on 8 May 2020
3054:Andrade, Gabriel (April 2020).
2478:
2465:
2267:in collaboration with mobsters.
2102:Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory
1450:a number of conspiracy theories
1174:either the supply or the demand
996:
851:contrasts conspiracy theory to
15959:
15875:Information Operations Roadmap
15785:Psychological Warfare Division
15355:Chinese information operations
15304:Water fluoridation controversy
12852:Israel-related animal theories
10682:. New York: The Random House.
9566:Marin Lessenski (March 2018).
9079:"The truth seekers are coming"
7676:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.10.001
7541:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.10.001
6295:Journal of Libertarian Studies
6205:. Princeton University Press.
5365:The American Historical Review
5317:The Conspiracy Theory Handbook
5048:Goldberg, Robert Alan (2001).
3589:Swami, Viren (6 August 2012).
2806:. Jonathan Cape. p. 253.
2681:
2625:
2540:
1932:
1531:
320:The American Historical Review
1:
16082:Barriers to critical thinking
15982:Active Measures Working Group
15640:during the Russo-Georgian War
15607:U.S. Army Field Manual 30-31B
13014:First Catilinarian conspiracy
12056:Ideology in incel communities
10033:10.1080/0048721X.2020.1810817
9660:10.1080/00263206.2021.1950691
9474:Matthew Gray (12 July 2010).
8406:British Journal of Psychology
6905:10.1080/10999922.2019.1603045
6599:Theory, Culture & Society
5820:J. Byford (12 October 2011).
5419:The Journal of Mental Science
5387:2027/loc.ark:/13960/t27948c87
4857:10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.05.018
4810:10.1016/S0002-8177(14)60181-1
3387:British Psychological Society
2453:
2085:Conspiracy theories in Turkey
2017:
1979:fundamental attribution error
1725:
1697:
1443:
990:IPCC Second Assessment Report
879:, are usually referred to as
503:
15865:The Freedom Fighter's Manual
15542:Fake news in the Philippines
15146:
14914:Fear, uncertainty, and doubt
14698:The Psychology of the Occult
13953:Traditional Chinese medicine
13828:Doktor Koster's Antigaspills
13685:Superseded scientific theory
13457:
13380:Freeman on the land movement
13270:Maricopa County ballot audit
13228:"Vast right-wing conspiracy"
12686:
11647:Malaysia Airlines Flight 370
10931:Global catastrophe scenarios
10846:
10719:American Conspiracy Theories
10621:. New York: The Free Press.
9864:Olmsted, Kathryn S. (2011).
9840:Rogin, Michael Paul (1988).
9638:Lamprou, Alexandros (2022).
9111:Evans, Steve (16 May 2022).
9009:10.1371/journal.pone.0147905
8370:. New York: Guilford Press.
8362:; Lyons, Matthew N. (2000).
8198:Journal of Social Psychology
7893:Applied Cognitive Psychology
7859:The Psychology of Conspiracy
7826:10.1016/j.cobeha.2020.02.015
7252:10.1016/j.jarmac.2020.06.006
6991:10.1017/cbo9780511550478.002
6799:10.53841/bpspag.2013.1.88.35
6750:10.1016/0090-2616(94)90087-6
6453:Applied Cognitive Psychology
5652:Conspiracy Theory in America
5354:Johnson, Allen (July 1909).
3732:10.1371/journal.pone.0089177
3528:10.1371/journal.pone.0075637
2897:10.1371/journal.pone.0225964
2837:Applied Cognitive Psychology
2348: – Propaganda technique
2257:Tuskegee syphilis experiment
2166:and conspiracism throughout
2036:, superpowers, oil, and the
1886:Tuskegee syphilis experiment
1862:
1794:Influence of critical theory
1747:
1098:vaccine-preventable diseases
1065:to reject food aid during a
788:Systemic conspiracy theories
397:Conspiracy Theory in America
291:, encouraging people to use
253:vaccine-preventable diseases
231:to reject food aid during a
7:
15992:Counter Misinformation Team
15987:Counter disinformation unit
15437:Myth of the clean Wehrmacht
14924:Forgery as covert operation
14309:Electronic voice phenomenon
14166:Myers–Briggs Type Indicator
14026:Chemtrail conspiracy theory
13544:Science by press conference
13517:Online youth radicalization
13436:Ted Cruz–Zodiac Killer meme
13123:CIA assistance to bin Laden
12766:(outside the United States)
11930:Malaysia Airlines Flight 17
11876:Mozambican presidential jet
11608:United Air Lines Flight 553
11139:Interdimensional hypothesis
10835:List of conspiracy theories
10746:. New York: Citadel Press.
10255:Coward, Barry, ed. (2004).
9787:Harry G. West; et al.
9535:Selim Koru (21 June 2018).
9426:"The Booksellers of Tehran"
8033:"Interview: Michael Barkun"
7434:. Westport, CT: Greenwood.
6560:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 730–.
5762:10.53841/bpspag.2013.1.88.9
5741:Brotherton, Robert (2013).
4766:. CABI. pp. 343, 353.
4456:10.53841/bpspag.2013.1.88.5
4262:University of Chicago Press
3300:Annual Review of Psychology
3250:10.53841/bpspag.2013.1.88.9
3229:Brotherton, Robert (2013).
2956:10.53841/bpspag.2013.1.88.5
2800:Aaronovitch, David (2009).
2400:List of conspiracy theories
2338:
1948:
1570:Big Five personality traits
891:
551:chemtrail conspiracy theory
519:1997 Asian financial crisis
479:List of conspiracy theories
472:
137:illusory pattern perception
10:
16108:
16002:The Disinformation Project
15432:Propaganda in Nazi Germany
14788:Algorithmic radicalization
14705:The Ragged Edge of Science
14436:Igor and Grichka Bogdanoff
14379:Pseudoscientific metrology
13903:Miracle Mineral Supplement
12828:Middle East / North Africa
12228:oral polio AIDS hypothesis
12092:
10762:William and Mary Quarterly
10660:10.1177/004839319502500101
10340:Historical Social Research
10240:. New York: W. W. Norton.
9733:Göçek, Fatma Müge (2011).
9283:Princeton University Press
8543:"Partisan Bias in Surveys"
8210:10.3200/SOCP.148.2.210-222
7634:10.1016/j.paid.2014.06.040
7592:10.1016/j.paid.2011.02.027
7150:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1288125
6495:. Oxford, New York: Berg.
6333:Achbar, Mark, ed. (1994).
5826:. Springer. pp. 7–8.
4618:10.1038/d41586-021-00257-y
4004:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110559
3856:10.1016/j.paid.2014.06.040
3086:10.1007/s11019-020-09951-6
2151:
2082:
2021:
1914:suppress a cure for cancer
1882:PRISM surveillance program
1159:
825:Rothbard: shallow vs. deep
476:
428:Difference from conspiracy
18:
15965:
15954:
15925:
15919:Bolivarian Army of Trolls
15913:
15895:Tobacco industry playbook
15826:CIA Kennedy assassination
15798:
15744:
15718:
15706:
15620:
15567:
15555:
15524:
15512:
15500:
15488:
15476:
15445:
15419:
15407:
15347:
15335:
15331:
15320:
15152:
15141:
15086:
15075:
14959:Manipulation (psychology)
14783:
14777:
14772:
14625:
14589:
14416:
14319:Facilitated communication
14249:
14179:
13983:
13718:
13705:
13610:
13601:
13463:
13452:
13408:
13365:
13306:
13300:
13295:
13069:
12968:
12921:
12880:
12827:
12762:
12696:
12692:
12681:
12605:
12557:
12511:
12369:
12279:
12268:
12098:
12087:
11960:
11949:
11814:
11800:
11743:
11730:
11691:
11656:
11553:
11294:
11290:
11285:Deaths and disappearances
11279:
11150:Estimate of the Situation
11056:
11051:Astronomy and outer space
11045:
10969:
10856:
10852:
10841:
10832:
10704:, Vol. VII, No. 14, 1917.
10491:"The Conspiracy Industry"
9758:Bailyn, Bernard (1992) .
9627:– via Project MUSE.
9296:Shermer, Michael (2010).
8913:, pp. 207, 210, 211.
7035:10.1177/07439156221103852
6947:10.1177/09636625211011881
6857:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
6031:10.1017/s0007123417000837
5628:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
5509:10.1177/10398562211008182
5274:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
5054:. Yale University Press.
5020:Camp, Gregory S. (1997).
4977:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
4707:10.1177/0142064X211025464
4494:10.1007/s11904-015-0259-7
4345:10.1163/9789004382022_020
3793:10.1007/s00127-017-1354-4
3468:The Journal of Philosophy
3173:Conspiracy Theories Today
2696:Oxford English Dictionary
2285:, and as part of various
2132:. Another example is the
2078:
1892:. Grimes estimated that:
1830:journalist and critic of
1807:climate-change denialists
1635:
1293:
1275:
1084:, and more likely to use
770:Event conspiracy theories
494:1969 Apollo Moon landings
306:Oxford English Dictionary
16007:East StratCom Task Force
15821:9/11 conspiracy theories
14818:List of cognitive biases
14719:The Skeptic's Dictionary
14277:Biological transmutation
14197:Faster-than-light travel
14171:Enneagram of Personality
14137:Recovered-memory therapy
14021:9/11 conspiracy theories
13357:Shakespearean authorship
13335:Shadow government claims
13138:Election denial movement
13034:Lilla Saltsjöbadsavtalet
11478:Diana, Princess of Wales
11029:Psychological projection
11012:Mass psychogenic illness
10489:Meigs, James B. (2006).
10470:Melley, Timothy (1999).
10430:Johnson, George (1983).
10219:10.1177/0392192116669289
9957:10.3389/fsoc.2020.615727
9764:Harvard University Press
9599:Marc David Baer (2013).
9040:Novella, Steven, et al.
8934:Novella, Steven, et al.
8619:10.1177/0963721417718261
8501:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00206
8127:26 February 2016 at the
7968:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00205
7724:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00206
7430:Mintz, Frank P. (1985).
7306:Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
6696:Novella, Steven, et al.
6611:10.1177/0263276416657880
6516:Birchall, Clare (2004).
5848:Public Opinion Quarterly
4925:10.1177/0963721417718261
4552:10.1177/1753495X15570994
4482:Current HIV/AIDS Reports
4053:10.1177/1750698017701615
3658:University of Washington
3610:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00280
3189:10.1177/0392192116669288
2746:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00279
2600:10.1177/1367549419886045
2198:religious fundamentalism
2116:, dissatisfied with the
1704:psychological projection
1683:Linda Trinkaus Zagzebski
1621:Humanistic psychologists
1575:The political scientist
1480:psychological projection
1437:9/11 conspiracy theories
1088:instead. Conspiratorial
881:investigative journalism
810:Superconspiracy theories
713:
696:9/11 conspiracy theories
102:psychological projection
15933:Public opinion brigades
15890:Niger uranium forgeries
15880:Litter boxes in schools
15250:COVID-19 misinformation
15172:Free energy suppression
15081:Books and documentaries
14855:Euphemistic misspeaking
14684:The Demon-Haunted World
14602:Bourgeois pseudoscience
14036:COVID-19 misinformation
13975:Young blood transfusion
13746:Anthroposophic medicine
13474:Conspiracy Encyclopedia
13468:Argument from ignorance
13168:Philadelphia Experiment
12787:Avro Arrow cancellation
12612:Denial of mass killings
12294:COVID-19 and xenophobia
11778:Free energy suppression
10961:Urban legends and myths
10886:power behind the throne
10549:10.1111/1467-954X.12016
10537:The Sociological Review
10343:38, Special Issue, 2013
10314:"Panoply of the Absurd"
9605:Jewish Quarterly Review
9438:The Wall Street Journal
9277:Cumings, Bruce (1999).
9179:The Spectator Australia
8488:Frontiers in Psychology
8330:"The Captive Arab Mind"
8097:. Henry Holt & Co.
7955:Frontiers in Psychology
7711:Frontiers in Psychology
7376:10.1111/1467-954X.12016
7364:The Sociological Review
7327:10.1073/pnas.1912440117
7137:Frontiers in Psychology
6778:Jolley, Daniel (2013).
6738:Organizational Dynamics
6258:excerpt and text search
6062:The Journal of Religion
5496:Australasian Psychiatry
4393:The Middle East Journal
4248:Wedemeyer, Christian K.
3662:Oxford University Press
3596:Frontiers in Psychology
2733:Frontiers in Psychology
2701:Oxford University Press
2322:QAnon conspiracy theory
2008:unforeseen consequences
1361:Public health campaigns
1138:government transparency
1106:Lancet MMR autism fraud
531:China's currency policy
15679:2016 Brexit referendum
15028:Scientific fabrication
14939:Historical negationism
14516:Corentin Louis Kervran
14384:Rapid prompting method
14272:Biodynamic agriculture
14262:Aquatic ape hypothesis
14120:Historical negationism
13823:Doctrine of signatures
13690:True-believer syndrome
13512:Historical negationism
12941:Operation Sledgehammer
12707:Cow vigilante violence
12399:during the Black Death
11578:Great KantĹŤ earthquake
11448:GEC-Marconi scientists
11394:Martin Luther King Jr.
11157:Lake Michigan Triangle
11126:Black Knight satellite
10987:Communal reinforcement
10901:Political conspiracies
10742:; John Whalen (2004).
10711:17.2 (2009): 202–227.
10615:Pipes, Daniel (1997).
10594:Pipes, Daniel (1998).
10372:31 August 2006 at the
10234:Chase, Alston (2003).
9939:Frontiers in Sociology
9648:Middle Eastern Studies
9205:WorldPublicOpinion.org
8862:"THE ROAD TO PARANOIA"
8404:conspiracy theories".
7143:. Frontiers Media SA.
7095:10.5964/jspp.v8i2.1362
6645:Ron Rosenbaum (2012).
5970:Ballatore, A. (2015).
5545:The Skeptical Inquirer
5092:Fenster, Mark (2008).
4387:Göknar, Erdağ (2019).
4189:Goertzel, Ted (2010).
2996:Byford, Jovan (2011).
2320:. Into the 2020s, the
2162:addressed the role of
1970:
1745:
1719:
1654:may also play a part.
1652:communal reinforcement
1609:
1586:institutional analysis
1472:
1248:self-enclosed networks
1061:led the government of
1006:
955:
934:and are reinforced by
853:institutional analysis
573:videos, as well as on
498:9/11 terrorist attacks
470:
412:University of TĂĽbingen
384:
351:
227:led the government of
45:
15975:Fact-checking website
15780:Operation Mass Appeal
15762:Clockwork Orange plot
15272:Mental illness denial
15167:Climate change denial
14984:Psychological warfare
14954:Internet manipulation
14919:Firehose of falsehood
14845:Disinformation attack
14521:The Light (newspaper)
14506:William Donald Kelley
14399:Voice stress analysis
14031:Climate change denial
13970:Wind turbine syndrome
13965:Vertebral subluxation
13858:Germ theory denialism
13240:Stab-in-the-back myth
13044:Clockwork Orange plot
12572:Bihar human sacrifice
12503:Stab-in-the-back myth
12326:German POWs post-WWII
12208:Germ theory denialism
12203:Electronic harassment
11924:Smolensk air disaster
11888:Oklahoma City bombing
11766:Climate change denial
11554:Accidents / disasters
11490:Nepalese royal family
10977:Attitude polarization
10567:58.4 (2014): 952–966.
10419:Hofstadter, Richard.
10279:"Conspiracy Theories"
9873:18 April 2019 at the
9826:18 April 2019 at the
9617:10.1353/jqr.2013.0033
9431:10 April 2017 at the
9345:Matthew Gray (2010).
8670:v.13, n.6, pp.770–788
8297:John Wiley & Sons
7109:Aftab, Awais (2021).
6682:. Amherst, New York:
6290:"Radio Free Rothbard"
6288:Marcus, B.K. (2006).
6177:10.1515/for-2020-2016
5991:10.5210/fm.v20i7.5597
5850:83.3 (2019): 510–533.
4207:10.1038/embor.2010.84
2202:John Shelton Lawrence
2136:, a reference to the
1956:
1736:
1709:
1581:
1476:conspiracist ideation
1467:
1425:failures to replicate
1268:Type of intervention
1254:Reducing transmission
1053:by the government of
1004:
964:Teach the Controversy
949:
869:King's College London
818:Milton William Cooper
774:Kennedy assassination
477:Further information:
465:
401:Kennedy assassination
382:
342:
328:Charles Astor Bristed
203:by the government of
98:conspiracist ideation
31:
15114:Who's Who in the CIA
14511:Robert F. Kennedy Jr
14471:Ignatius L. Donnelly
14142:Past life regression
14001:Arabian Judah theory
13948:Traditional medicine
13741:Alternative medicine
13670:Pathological science
13311:Dead Internet theory
12812:Daktari Ranch affair
12597:Trojan Horse scandal
11975:anti-gender movement
11955:Gender and sexuality
11912:Madrid train bombing
11858:Lufthansa Flight 615
11538:Sushant Singh Rajput
11078:Apollo Moon landings
10982:Cognitive dissonance
10727:Uscinski, Joseph E.
10702:The Unpopular Review
10363:Political Psychology
10025:Taylor & Francis
9148:"Cooking up a storm"
8925:, pp. 193, 197.
8762:11 September attacks
8328:(20 December 2010).
8151:Political Psychology
8095:The Messianic Legacy
8068:motherboard.vice.com
6532:on 23 September 2015
5797:. 12 November 2008.
4611:. pp. 192–193.
4339:. pp. 407–422.
4253:History of Religions
4121:Political Psychology
3664:, pp. 153–172,
2796:Additional sources:
2635:Political Psychology
2279:Sedition Act of 1918
2071:to gain support for
1904:Climate-change fraud
1890:FBI forensic scandal
1755:Christopher Hitchens
1648:cognitive dissonance
1217:Conspiracy theorists
1086:alternative medicine
966:campaign to promote
936:fallacious arguments
925:eyewitness testimony
921:must be a conspiracy
902:proportionality bias
758:Barkun's three types
525:were planned by the
149:cognitive scientists
58:negative connotation
19:For other uses, see
16077:Conspiracy theories
15816:Conspiracy theories
15757:Double-Cross System
15726:Conspiracy theories
15587:Operation INFEKTION
15375:Internet Water Army
15229:Strategy of tension
15094:by Ion Mihai Pacepa
14979:Post-truth politics
14607:Demarcation problem
14441:Brigitte Boisselier
14070:Hollow Earth theory
14053:Generational theory
13751:Applied kinesiology
13385:Redemption movement
13153:Georgia Guidestones
12436:Cultural Bolshevism
12075:Soy and masculinity
11737:Energy, environment
11641:EgyptAir Flight 990
11382:Lal Bahadur Shastri
11352:Subhas Chandra Bose
10826:Conspiracy theories
10784:Conspiracy Theories
9806:Conspiracy Theories
9776:. ASIN: B000NUF6FQ.
9453:"A Vast Conspiracy"
9314:2010SciAm.303f.102S
9302:Scientific American
9000:2016PLoSO..1147905G
8982:(26 January 2016).
8743:The Washington Post
8698:Uscinski, Joseph E.
8245:Hofstadter, Richard
7664:Psychiatry Research
7529:Psychiatry Research
7318:2021PNAS..11812440N
7240:J Appl Res Mem Cogn
7205:Scientific American
7082:J Soc Polit Psychol
7076:Pierre, JM (2020).
6831:Scientific American
6593:Bjerg, Ole (2016).
6263:12 May 2019 at the
6211:10.2307/j.ctv941trn
5795:The Daily Telegraph
4743:The Washington Post
3723:2014PLoSO...989177J
3603:. London, UK: 280.
3519:2013PLoSO...875637L
3267:on 7 October 2013.
2888:2019PLoSO..1425964M
2699:(Online ed.).
2690:"conspiracy theory"
2459:Informational notes
2394:Influencing machine
2186:American Revolution
2170:in his 1964 essay "
1878:David Robert Grimes
1811:9/11 Truth movement
1687:Virtues of the Mind
1514:Analytical thinking
1500:cultural phenomenon
1396:Affordable Care Act
1341:relevant strategy.
1324:Government policies
1264:
1238:is also important.
1207:analytical thinking
1191:analytical thinking
885:historical analysis
862:conjunction fallacy
730:Walker's five kinds
603:
542:cultural phenomenon
375:Alleged CIA origins
293:analytical thinking
284:cultural phenomenon
257:scientific evidence
219:results led to the
129:insecure attachment
89:Stephan Lewandowsky
15712:HIV/AIDS denialism
15689:Trolls from Olgino
15463:Paid news in India
15453:Fake news in India
15267:HIV/AIDS denialism
15121:Merchants of Doubt
14994:Military deception
14969:Media manipulation
14808:Circular reporting
14677:Skeptical Inquirer
14576:Paul Joseph Watson
14551:Hans Alfred Nieper
14389:Statement analysis
14339:Intelligent design
14214:Reactionless drive
14048:Conversion therapy
13996:Ancient astronauts
13883:Leaky gut syndrome
13863:HIV/AIDS denialism
13618:Cargo cult science
13480:Conspiracy fiction
13390:Sovereign citizens
13143:FBI secret society
13128:Clinton body count
12948:Gezi Park protests
12913:Ukraine bioweapons
12712:Greater Bangladesh
12454:Judeo-Masonic plot
12251:Water fluoridation
12218:HIV/AIDS denialism
11965:Alpha / beta males
11864:Widerøe Flight 933
11334:Władysław Sikorski
11073:Ancient astronauts
10501:on 24 October 2006
10416:, 12 January 2013.
10261:Ashgate Publishing
10174:Praeger Publishers
10143:Aaronovitch, David
10071:The New York Times
10007:Stausberg, Michael
9920:The New York Times
9463:on 4 October 2013.
9414:on 23 August 2006.
9376:The New York Times
9181:. 16 December 2022
9120:The Canberra Times
8780:. Berghahn Books.
8712:Center for Inquiry
8707:Skeptical Inquirer
8334:The New York Times
8031:(September 2004).
6684:Center for Inquiry
6679:Skeptical Inquirer
6101:The New York Times
5779:on 7 October 2013.
5681:The New York Times
5469:The New York Times
4746:. 13 January 2021.
4540:Obstetric Medicine
4134:10.1111/pops.12568
3715:University of Kent
3002:Palgrave Macmillan
2364:Conspiracy fiction
2242:Rorschach ink blot
2229:Michael Paul Rogin
2160:Richard Hofstadter
2126:Treaty of Lausanne
1971:
1768:The New York Times
1714:John Birch Society
1482:, as well as with
1456:of U.S. President
1262:
1102:water fluoridation
1007:
968:intelligent design
956:
940:circular reasoning
867:Clare Birchall at
607:Conspiracy theory
405:The New York Times
385:
333:The New York Times
249:water fluoridation
131:, or to a form of
81:circular reasoning
46:
16064:
16063:
16060:
16059:
15950:
15949:
15946:
15945:
15900:Operation Shocker
15702:
15701:
15582:K-1000 battleship
15413:Operation Neptune
15316:
15315:
15312:
15311:
15137:
15136:
15071:
15070:
15063:Yellow journalism
15011:counterpropaganda
14892:List of fallacies
14825:Conspiracy theory
14793:Alternative facts
14728:
14727:
14639:Cults of Unreason
14612:Scientific method
14541:Ministry of Ayush
14486:Nicholas Gonzalez
14412:
14411:
14349:Law of attraction
14329:Flat Earth theory
14209:Quantum mysticism
14149:Scientific racism
14105:Pseudoarchaeology
14011:Conspiracy theory
13709:characterized as
13653:Pseudomathematics
13643:Pseudoarchaeology
13561:
13560:
13557:
13556:
13448:
13447:
13444:
13443:
13426:Birds Aren't Real
13291:
13290:
13287:
13286:
13283:
13282:
13113:Black helicopters
13024:Mano Negra affair
12994:Itavia Flight 870
12931:2016 coup attempt
12835:In the Arab world
12767:
12677:
12676:
12673:
12672:
12665:Serbs during WWII
12582:Great Replacement
12440:Jewish Bolshevism
12356:War against Islam
12335:Product labeling
12304:French Revolution
12264:
12263:
12103:5G misinformation
12083:
12082:
11945:
11944:
11900:advance knowledge
11882:Pan Am Flight 103
11796:
11795:
11726:
11725:
11722:
11721:
11670:Yemenite children
11400:Robert F. Kennedy
11376:Lee Harvey Oswald
11358:Johnny Stompanato
11275:
11274:
11271:
11270:
11267:
11266:
11228:Aztec, New Mexico
11131:Cryptoterrestrial
11041:
11040:
11037:
11036:
10992:Confirmation bias
10764:(1982): 402–441.
10753:978-0-8065-2531-0
10733:Politico Magazine
10689:978-0-394-53512-8
10628:978-0-684-87111-0
10607:978-0-312-17688-4
10495:Popular Mechanics
10481:978-0-8014-8606-7
10462:978-1-84353-445-7
10443:978-0-87477-275-3
10365:(1994): 731–742.
10356:978-1-62356-091-1
10270:978-0-7546-3564-2
10247:978-0-393-02002-1
10183:978-0-275-99462-4
10160:978-1-59448-895-5
9851:978-0-520-06469-0
9804:, and Pat Linse.
9773:978-0-674-44302-0
9487:978-1-136-96751-1
9441:, 28 October 2005
9356:978-0-415-57518-8
9281:. Princeton, NJ:
9065:on 22 March 2024.
8787:978-1-78238-828-9
8461:10.1002/ejsp.1922
8377:978-1-57230-562-5
8306:978-0-470-18408-0
8260:978-0-674-65461-7
8145:Goertzel (1994).
8135:, 1 October 2009.
8104:978-0-8050-0568-4
7873:978-1-317-59952-4
7778:10.1002/ejsp.2690
7441:978-0-313-24393-6
7114:Psychiatric Times
7000:978-0-521-80441-7
6864:978-1-4729-1564-1
6567:978-1-57607-812-9
6502:978-1-84520-143-2
6352:978-1-55164-002-0
6220:978-0-691-18883-6
5933:Wood, M. (2015).
5873:978-0-8223-3024-0
5833:978-0-230-34921-6
5635:978-1-4729-1564-1
5281:978-1-4729-1564-1
5152:10.1002/ejsp.2530
5103:978-0-8166-5494-9
5061:978-0-300-09000-0
5024:. Commish Walsh.
4984:978-1-4729-1564-1
4851:(32): 4733–4743.
4773:978-1-84593-204-6
4698:SAGE Publications
4607:. Vol. 590.
4354:978-90-04-38150-6
3679:978-0-19-757353-2
3653:Revealing Schemes
3385:on behalf of the
3179:on behalf of the
3177:SAGE Publications
3075:on behalf of the
2707:(Subscription or
2646:on behalf of the
2591:SAGE Publications
2558:978-1-61069-478-0
2499:conspiracy belief
2405:List of fallacies
2234:Watergate scandal
2065:Ayman al-Zawahiri
2042:war against Islam
1898:Moon landing hoax
1664:anxiety disorders
1646:and avoidance of
1644:confirmation bias
1613:social psychology
1454:the assassination
1404:vaccine hesitancy
1321:
1320:
1244:epistemologically
1211:negative emotions
1092:beliefs, such as
985:scientific theory
914:appeal to emotion
910:confirmation bias
877:Watergate scandal
711:
710:
527:Rothschild family
393:Warren Commission
383:The Warren Report
360:conspiracy theory
347:conspiracy theory
311:conspiracy theory
177:terrorist attacks
50:conspiracy theory
34:Eye of Providence
16099:
16092:Pejorative terms
15956:
15955:
15775:MMR autism fraud
15658:On US elections
15592:Operation Toucan
15565:
15564:
15333:
15332:
15322:
15321:
15287:anti-vaccination
15235:
15234:
15182:Holocaust denial
15157:Bermuda Triangle
15143:
15142:
15077:
15076:
15006:black propaganda
14974:Potemkin village
14899:False accusation
14875:list of websites
14774:
14773:
14755:
14748:
14741:
14732:
14731:
14581:Andrew Wakefield
14282:Creation science
14241:Water-fueled car
14203:Perpetual motion
14125:Holocaust denial
14095:Nibiru cataclysm
14090:Nazi archaeology
13893:Macrobiotic diet
13716:
13715:
13588:
13581:
13574:
13565:
13564:
13495:pseudoskepticism
13454:
13453:
13363:
13362:
13297:
13296:
13248:
13247:
13133:Cultural Marxism
12765:
12694:
12693:
12683:
12682:
12483:Killing of Jesus
12431:Committee of 300
12414:Holocaust denial
12367:
12366:
12351:Tartarian Empire
12321:
12312:
12289:CERN ritual hoax
12284:Bhagwa Love Trap
12270:
12269:
12223:origins theories
12108:Anti-vaccination
12089:
12088:
12039:Transvestigation
11951:
11950:
11802:
11801:
11732:
11731:
11692:Body double hoax
11526:Alejandro Castro
11424:Pope John Paul I
11406:Salvador Allende
11340:Benito Mussolini
11292:
11291:
11281:
11280:
11234:Southern England
11192:
11191:
11135:Extraterrestrial
11104:
11103:
11066:Nibiru cataclysm
11047:
11046:
11002:Locus of control
10956:Secret societies
10854:
10853:
10843:
10842:
10819:
10812:
10805:
10796:
10795:
10757:
10740:Vankin, Jonathan
10693:
10671:
10653:
10632:
10611:
10590:
10588:
10586:
10560:
10531:
10510:
10508:
10506:
10497:. Archived from
10485:
10466:
10455:. Rough Guides.
10447:
10405:
10330:
10328:
10326:
10308:
10306:
10283:
10274:
10251:
10230:
10204:
10187:
10164:
10152:
10128:
10127:
10125:
10123:
10113:Washington, D.C.
10098:
10092:
10091:
10089:
10087:
10067:
10059:
10053:
10052:
10002:
9996:
9995:
9977:
9959:
9929:
9923:
9912:
9906:
9905:
9903:
9901:
9884:
9878:
9862:
9856:
9855:
9837:
9831:
9815:
9809:
9802:Shermer, Michael
9799:
9793:
9792:
9784:
9778:
9777:
9755:
9749:
9748:
9730:
9724:
9723:
9721:
9719:
9714:on 6 August 2023
9700:
9694:
9693:
9691:
9689:
9670:
9664:
9663:
9635:
9629:
9628:
9596:
9590:
9589:
9587:
9585:
9579:
9572:
9563:
9557:
9556:
9554:
9552:
9532:
9526:
9525:
9523:
9521:
9501:
9492:
9491:
9471:
9465:
9464:
9459:. Archived from
9448:
9442:
9423:
9417:
9415:
9413:
9407:. Archived from
9406:
9398:
9392:
9391:
9389:
9387:
9367:
9361:
9360:
9342:
9333:
9332:
9330:
9328:
9293:
9287:
9286:
9274:
9265:
9264:
9262:
9260:
9245:
9239:
9238:
9227:
9221:
9220:
9197:
9191:
9190:
9188:
9186:
9171:
9165:
9164:
9162:
9160:
9143:
9137:
9136:
9134:
9132:
9116:
9108:
9102:
9101:
9099:
9097:
9081:
9073:
9067:
9066:
9061:. Archived from
9051:
9045:
9038:
9032:
9031:
9021:
9011:
8976:
8970:
8969:
8967:
8965:
8945:
8939:
8932:
8926:
8920:
8914:
8908:
8902:
8896:
8890:
8889:
8887:
8885:
8857:
8851:
8850:
8849:
8847:
8841:
8813:Critical Inquiry
8810:
8798:
8792:
8791:
8771:
8765:
8758:
8756:
8754:
8734:
8728:
8727:
8725:
8723:
8694:
8688:
8677:
8671:
8662:
8656:
8655:
8647:
8641:
8640:
8630:
8598:
8592:
8591:
8579:
8573:
8572:
8562:
8538:
8532:
8531:
8521:
8503:
8479:
8473:
8472:
8444:
8438:
8437:
8400:
8394:
8393:
8391:
8389:
8369:
8356:
8350:
8349:
8347:
8345:
8322:
8311:
8310:
8286:
8277:
8276:
8274:
8272:
8241:
8230:
8229:
8193:
8187:
8186:
8184:
8182:
8142:
8136:
8118:
8109:
8108:
8090:
8084:
8083:
8081:
8079:
8059:
8053:
8052:
8046:
8044:
8025:
8014:
8008:
7999:
7998:
7988:
7970:
7946:
7935:
7934:
7916:
7905:10.1002/acp.3581
7884:
7878:
7877:
7853:
7847:
7846:
7828:
7804:
7798:
7797:
7761:
7755:
7754:
7744:
7726:
7702:
7696:
7695:
7661:
7652:
7646:
7645:
7619:
7610:
7604:
7603:
7586:(8): 1289–1293.
7575:
7569:
7568:
7526:
7517:
7511:
7510:
7508:
7506:
7500:
7461:
7452:
7446:
7445:
7427:
7418:
7417:
7397:
7388:
7387:
7359:
7350:
7349:
7339:
7329:
7300:Nyhan B (2021).
7297:
7288:
7287:
7281:
7273:
7263:
7231:
7216:
7215:
7213:
7211:
7196:
7181:
7180:
7170:
7152:
7128:
7122:
7121:
7106:
7100:
7099:
7097:
7073:
7067:
7060:
7054:
7014:
7005:
7004:
6976:
6967:
6966:
6930:
6917:
6916:
6893:Public Integrity
6888:
6869:
6868:
6848:
6842:
6841:
6839:
6837:
6822:
6811:
6810:
6787:PsyPAG Quarterly
6784:
6775:
6762:
6761:
6733:
6727:
6726:
6724:
6722:
6707:
6701:
6694:
6688:
6687:
6673:
6667:
6666:
6664:
6662:
6642:
6636:
6635:
6629:
6627:
6622:
6590:
6584:
6583:
6581:
6579:
6551:
6542:
6541:
6539:
6537:
6528:. Archived from
6513:
6507:
6506:
6488:
6479:
6478:
6468:
6466:10.1002/acp.2995
6444:
6435:
6434:
6432:
6430:
6402:
6396:
6395:
6393:
6391:
6363:
6357:
6356:
6340:
6330:
6324:
6318:
6312:
6311:
6309:
6307:
6285:
6279:
6273:
6267:
6247:
6241:
6240:
6196:
6190:
6189:
6179:
6155:
6149:
6148:
6135:
6129:
6128:
6126:
6124:
6092:
6086:
6085:
6057:
6051:
6050:
6014:
6008:
6007:
6005:
6003:
5993:
5967:
5961:
5960:
5958:
5956:
5950:
5939:
5930:
5924:
5923:
5921:
5919:
5899:
5890:
5889:
5887:
5885:
5857:
5851:
5844:
5838:
5837:
5817:
5811:
5810:
5808:
5806:
5787:
5781:
5780:
5778:
5772:. Archived from
5750:PsyPAG Quarterly
5747:
5738:
5713:
5712:
5710:
5708:
5701:The Conversation
5692:
5686:
5685:
5676:
5674:
5646:
5640:
5639:
5619:
5613:
5612:
5610:
5608:
5580:
5574:
5567:
5561:
5560:
5558:
5556:
5536:
5530:
5529:
5511:
5487:
5481:
5480:
5478:
5476:
5460:
5451:
5450:
5409:
5403:
5402:
5389:
5360:by P. Orman Ray"
5356:"Reviewed Work:
5351:
5345:
5336:
5330:
5329:
5327:
5325:
5311:
5286:
5285:
5265:
5256:
5255:
5219:
5182:
5181:
5171:
5131:
5108:
5107:
5089:
5078:
5077:
5075:
5073:
5045:
5034:
5033:
5017:
5006:
5000:
4989:
4988:
4968:
4955:
4954:
4944:
4904:
4877:
4876:
4839:
4830:
4829:
4793:
4778:
4777:
4757:
4748:
4747:
4734:
4728:
4727:
4709:
4679:
4670:
4669:
4667:
4665:
4659:
4620:
4600:
4591:
4582:
4581:
4571:
4531:
4522:
4521:
4477:
4468:
4467:
4444:PsyPAG Quarterly
4441:
4432:
4409:
4408:
4384:
4378:
4377:
4337:Brill Publishers
4324:
4318:
4317:
4243:
4237:
4236:
4226:
4186:
4147:
4146:
4136:
4112:
4083:
4082:
4072:
4032:
4026:
4025:
4015:
3983:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3972:
3957:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3946:
3931:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3920:
3914:
3875:
3866:
3860:
3859:
3841:
3832:
3823:
3822:
3812:
3772:
3763:
3762:
3752:
3734:
3696:
3690:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3647:
3641:
3640:
3630:
3612:
3586:
3580:
3579:
3568:
3559:
3558:
3548:
3530:
3498:
3492:
3491:
3463:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3443:
3370:
3361:
3355:
3354:
3320:
3286:
3273:
3272:
3266:
3260:. Archived from
3238:PsyPAG Quarterly
3235:
3226:
3217:
3216:
3155:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3129:
3106:
3088:
3060:
3051:
3024:
3023:
2993:
2982:
2979:
2944:PsyPAG Quarterly
2941:
2931:
2917:
2899:
2882:(12): e0225964.
2866:
2852:
2850:10.1002/acp.2995
2827:
2822:
2820:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2766:
2748:
2724:
2718:
2712:
2704:
2692:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2612:
2602:
2572:
2563:
2562:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2524:
2502:
2491:
2485:
2482:
2476:
2469:
2263:, and the CIA's
2194:hypernationalism
2138:Treaty of Sèvres
2044:". For example,
2038:war on terrorism
1973:The philosopher
1965:carried out the
1912:A conspiracy to
1604:brainwashed herd
1600:secret knowledge
1498:, emerging as a
1488:Machiavellianism
1452:arose regarding
1410:Backfire effects
1392:informed consent
1265:
1261:
1236:deradicalization
1185:People who feel
1090:anti-vaccination
906:attribution bias
898:cognitive biases
857:mainstream media
843:Lack of evidence
720:Russell Muirhead
604:
598:
299:Origin and usage
282:, emerging as a
223:, and belief in
110:Machiavellianism
16107:
16106:
16102:
16101:
16100:
16098:
16097:
16096:
16067:
16066:
16065:
16056:
15961:
15942:
15921:
15909:
15794:
15790:Zinoviev letter
15740:
15714:
15698:
15622:Post-Soviet era
15616:
15577:Active Measures
15560:
15551:
15520:
15508:
15496:
15484:
15472:
15441:
15415:
15403:
15343:
15341:Jihadunspun.com
15327:
15308:
15233:
15209:New World Order
15177:Genocide denial
15148:
15133:
15082:
15067:
14989:Memetic warfare
14779:
14768:
14759:
14729:
14724:
14621:
14597:Bogdanov affair
14585:
14565:Claude Vorilhon
14451:Robert Charroux
14426:Sucharit Bhakdi
14418:
14408:
14245:
14175:
14115:Genocide denial
14080:Japhetic theory
14075:Indigo children
13991:2012 phenomenon
13979:
13923:Patent medicine
13843:Energy medicine
13816:Colon cleansing
13801:Crystal healing
13736:Adrenal fatigue
13710:
13708:
13701:
13606:
13597:
13592:
13562:
13553:
13485:Conspirituality
13459:
13440:
13404:
13395:Strawman theory
13361:
13302:
13279:
13246:
13207:Saddam–al-Qaeda
13183:Project Azorian
13163:Montauk Project
13065:
13049:Elm Guest House
13010:Roman Republic
12964:
12953:Sèvres syndrome
12917:
12876:
12823:
12792:Leuchter report
12764:
12758:
12688:
12669:
12610:
12607:Genocide denial
12601:
12553:
12507:
12493:New World Order
12365:
12317:
12306:
12275:
12260:
12130:in chiropractic
12094:
12079:
12046:Finger pinching
12034:litter box hoax
12000:HIV/AIDS stigma
11956:
11941:
11918:London bombings
11810:
11792:
11739:
11738:
11718:
11687:
11652:
11596:Lost Cosmonauts
11549:
11532:Jeffrey Epstein
11508:Osama bin Laden
11484:Alois Estermann
11370:John F. Kennedy
11316:Louis Le Prince
11299:
11286:
11263:
11190:
11116:Alien abduction
11102:
11061:2012 phenomenon
11052:
11033:
10965:
10848:
10837:
10828:
10823:
10780:
10775:
10754:
10690:
10651:10.1.1.964.4190
10629:
10608:
10584:
10582:
10504:
10502:
10482:
10463:
10444:
10394:
10374:Wayback Machine
10324:
10322:
10304:
10281:
10277:
10271:
10248:
10190:Burnett, Thom.
10184:
10176:. p. 200.
10161:
10137:
10135:Further reading
10132:
10131:
10121:
10119:
10099:
10095:
10085:
10083:
10060:
10056:
10003:
9999:
9948:Frontiers Media
9930:
9926:
9913:
9909:
9899:
9897:
9885:
9881:
9875:Wayback Machine
9863:
9859:
9852:
9838:
9834:
9828:Wayback Machine
9816:
9812:
9800:
9796:
9785:
9781:
9774:
9756:
9752:
9745:
9731:
9727:
9717:
9715:
9702:
9701:
9697:
9687:
9685:
9672:
9671:
9667:
9636:
9632:
9597:
9593:
9583:
9581:
9580:on 3 April 2018
9577:
9570:
9564:
9560:
9550:
9548:
9533:
9529:
9519:
9517:
9502:
9495:
9488:
9472:
9468:
9457:National Review
9449:
9445:
9433:Wayback Machine
9424:
9420:
9411:
9404:
9400:
9399:
9395:
9385:
9383:
9368:
9364:
9357:
9343:
9336:
9326:
9324:
9294:
9290:
9275:
9268:
9258:
9256:
9247:
9246:
9242:
9228:
9224:
9219:on 5 July 2011.
9199:
9198:
9194:
9184:
9182:
9173:
9172:
9168:
9158:
9156:
9144:
9140:
9130:
9128:
9109:
9105:
9095:
9093:
9074:
9070:
9053:
9052:
9048:
9039:
9035:
8994:(1): e0147905.
8980:Grimes, David R
8977:
8973:
8963:
8961:
8946:
8942:
8933:
8929:
8921:
8917:
8909:
8905:
8897:
8893:
8883:
8881:
8858:
8854:
8845:
8843:
8839:
8808:
8804:(Winter 2004),
8799:
8795:
8788:
8772:
8768:
8752:
8750:
8745:. p. A02.
8735:
8731:
8721:
8719:
8700:(2 July 2019).
8695:
8691:
8678:
8674:
8663:
8659:
8648:
8644:
8599:
8595:
8588:The Independent
8580:
8576:
8539:
8535:
8480:
8476:
8445:
8441:
8401:
8397:
8387:
8385:
8378:
8357:
8353:
8343:
8341:
8323:
8314:
8307:
8287:
8280:
8270:
8268:
8261:
8242:
8233:
8194:
8190:
8180:
8178:
8163:10.2307/3791630
8143:
8139:
8129:Wayback Machine
8119:
8112:
8105:
8091:
8087:
8077:
8075:
8060:
8056:
8042:
8040:
8026:
8017:
8009:
8002:
7947:
7938:
7885:
7881:
7874:
7854:
7850:
7805:
7801:
7762:
7758:
7703:
7699:
7659:
7653:
7649:
7617:
7611:
7607:
7576:
7572:
7524:
7518:
7514:
7504:
7502:
7498:
7459:
7453:
7449:
7442:
7428:
7421:
7398:
7391:
7360:
7353:
7298:
7291:
7275:
7274:
7232:
7219:
7209:
7207:
7197:
7184:
7129:
7125:
7107:
7103:
7074:
7070:
7015:
7008:
7001:
6977:
6970:
6931:
6920:
6889:
6872:
6865:
6849:
6845:
6835:
6833:
6823:
6814:
6782:
6776:
6765:
6734:
6730:
6720:
6718:
6708:
6704:
6695:
6691:
6674:
6670:
6660:
6658:
6647:"Ah, Watergate"
6643:
6639:
6625:
6623:
6591:
6587:
6577:
6575:
6568:
6552:
6545:
6535:
6533:
6514:
6510:
6503:
6489:
6482:
6445:
6438:
6428:
6426:
6419:
6403:
6399:
6389:
6387:
6380:
6364:
6360:
6353:
6331:
6327:
6319:
6315:
6305:
6303:
6286:
6282:
6274:
6270:
6265:Wayback Machine
6248:
6244:
6221:
6197:
6193:
6156:
6152:
6137:
6136:
6132:
6122:
6120:
6093:
6089:
6058:
6054:
6015:
6011:
6001:
5999:
5968:
5964:
5954:
5952:
5948:
5937:
5931:
5927:
5917:
5915:
5908:Gizmodo Earther
5900:
5893:
5883:
5881:
5874:
5858:
5854:
5845:
5841:
5834:
5818:
5814:
5804:
5802:
5789:
5788:
5784:
5776:
5745:
5739:
5716:
5706:
5704:
5693:
5689:
5672:
5670:
5663:
5647:
5643:
5636:
5620:
5616:
5606:
5604:
5584:Monbiot, George
5581:
5577:
5568:
5564:
5554:
5552:
5537:
5533:
5488:
5484:
5474:
5472:
5461:
5454:
5410:
5406:
5378:10.2307/1837085
5352:
5348:
5337:
5333:
5323:
5321:
5312:
5289:
5282:
5266:
5259:
5220:
5185:
5132:
5111:
5104:
5090:
5081:
5071:
5069:
5062:
5046:
5037:
5018:
5009:
5001:
4992:
4985:
4969:
4958:
4905:
4880:
4840:
4833:
4794:
4781:
4774:
4758:
4751:
4736:
4735:
4731:
4680:
4673:
4663:
4661:
4657:
4609:Nature Research
4598:
4592:
4585:
4532:
4525:
4478:
4471:
4439:
4433:
4412:
4385:
4381:
4355:
4325:
4321:
4244:
4240:
4187:
4150:
4113:
4086:
4033:
4029:
3984:
3980:
3970:
3968:
3958:
3954:
3944:
3942:
3932:
3928:
3918:
3916:
3912:
3873:
3867:
3863:
3839:
3833:
3826:
3773:
3766:
3697:
3693:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3648:
3644:
3587:
3583:
3572:Barkun, Michael
3569:
3562:
3499:
3495:
3480:10.2307/2564659
3464:
3457:
3447:
3445:
3441:
3383:Wiley-Blackwell
3368:
3362:
3358:
3291:Fiske, Susan T.
3287:
3276:
3264:
3233:
3227:
3220:
3159:Barkun, Michael
3156:
3143:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3058:
3052:
3027:
3012:
2994:
2985:
2939:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2795:
2791:
2725:
2721:
2706:
2686:
2682:
2656:10.2307/3791630
2630:
2626:
2573:
2566:
2559:
2545:
2541:
2528:Barkun, Michael
2525:
2516:
2506:
2505:
2492:
2488:
2483:
2479:
2470:
2466:
2456:
2451:
2382:Furtive fallacy
2341:
2314:Hillary Clinton
2261:Project MKUltra
2156:
2150:
2134:Sèvres syndrome
2112:. For example,
2087:
2081:
2061:Osama bin Laden
2026:
2020:
1989:totalitarianism
1951:
1935:
1865:
1840:anti-government
1836:civil liberties
1827:Washington Post
1819:
1817:Fusion paranoia
1803:critical theory
1796:
1750:
1728:
1700:
1659:events of 9/11.
1638:
1534:
1509:Osama bin Laden
1458:John F. Kennedy
1446:
1429:reproducibility
1412:
1363:
1338:civil liberties
1326:
1256:
1219:
1183:
1169:
1167:Target audience
1164:
1158:
1039:Brenton Tarrant
1031:Timothy McVeigh
999:
894:
845:
830:Murray Rothbard
827:
804:Catholic Church
760:
732:
724:Nancy Rosenblum
716:
707:
702:
690:
685:
673:
668:
651:
646:
632:
627:
565:in the form of
506:
481:
475:
430:
377:
301:
181:Timothy McVeigh
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
16105:
16095:
16094:
16089:
16084:
16079:
16062:
16061:
16058:
16057:
16055:
16054:
16049:
16044:
16039:
16034:
16029:
16024:
16019:
16014:
16009:
16004:
15999:
15994:
15989:
15984:
15979:
15978:
15977:
15966:
15963:
15962:
15952:
15951:
15948:
15947:
15944:
15943:
15941:
15940:
15935:
15929:
15927:
15923:
15922:
15917:
15915:
15911:
15910:
15908:
15907:
15902:
15897:
15892:
15887:
15882:
15877:
15872:
15870:Habbush letter
15867:
15862:
15857:
15856:
15855:
15845:
15840:
15839:
15838:
15833:
15828:
15823:
15813:
15808:
15802:
15800:
15796:
15795:
15793:
15792:
15787:
15782:
15777:
15769:
15764:
15759:
15754:
15752:Bell Pottinger
15748:
15746:
15745:United Kingdom
15742:
15741:
15739:
15738:
15733:
15728:
15722:
15720:
15716:
15715:
15710:
15708:
15704:
15703:
15700:
15699:
15697:
15696:
15691:
15686:
15681:
15676:
15675:
15674:
15669:
15664:
15656:
15655:
15654:
15644:
15643:
15642:
15637:
15626:
15624:
15618:
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15615:
15614:
15609:
15604:
15599:
15594:
15589:
15584:
15579:
15573:
15571:
15562:
15553:
15552:
15550:
15549:
15544:
15539:
15528:
15526:
15522:
15521:
15516:
15514:
15510:
15509:
15504:
15502:
15498:
15497:
15492:
15490:
15486:
15485:
15480:
15478:
15474:
15473:
15471:
15470:
15465:
15460:
15455:
15449:
15447:
15443:
15442:
15440:
15439:
15434:
15429:
15423:
15421:
15417:
15416:
15411:
15409:
15408:Czechoslovakia
15405:
15404:
15402:
15401:
15394:
15389:
15388:
15387:
15382:
15380:PLA Unit 61398
15377:
15372:
15367:
15362:
15351:
15349:
15345:
15344:
15339:
15337:
15329:
15328:
15318:
15317:
15314:
15313:
15310:
15309:
15307:
15306:
15301:
15300:
15299:
15294:
15289:
15279:
15274:
15269:
15264:
15259:
15258:
15257:
15255:by governments
15247:
15241:
15239:
15232:
15231:
15226:
15221:
15216:
15211:
15206:
15201:
15196:
15191:
15186:
15185:
15184:
15174:
15169:
15164:
15159:
15153:
15150:
15149:
15139:
15138:
15135:
15134:
15132:
15131:
15124:
15117:
15110:
15103:
15096:
15092:Disinformation
15087:
15084:
15083:
15073:
15072:
15069:
15068:
15066:
15065:
15060:
15055:
15050:
15045:
15040:
15035:
15030:
15025:
15020:
15019:
15018:
15013:
15008:
14998:
14997:
14996:
14991:
14981:
14976:
14971:
14966:
14961:
14956:
14951:
14946:
14941:
14936:
14931:
14926:
14921:
14916:
14911:
14906:
14901:
14896:
14895:
14894:
14884:
14883:
14882:
14877:
14872:
14862:
14857:
14852:
14847:
14842:
14837:
14832:
14822:
14821:
14820:
14813:Cognitive bias
14810:
14805:
14803:Cherry picking
14800:
14795:
14790:
14784:
14781:
14780:
14770:
14769:
14766:misinformation
14762:Disinformation
14758:
14757:
14750:
14743:
14735:
14726:
14725:
14723:
14722:
14715:
14708:
14701:
14694:
14687:
14680:
14673:
14668:
14663:
14656:
14649:
14642:
14635:
14629:
14627:
14623:
14622:
14620:
14619:
14614:
14609:
14604:
14599:
14593:
14591:
14590:Related topics
14587:
14586:
14584:
14583:
14578:
14573:
14571:Randolph Stone
14568:
14558:
14553:
14548:
14546:Theodor Morell
14543:
14538:
14536:Joseph Mercola
14533:
14531:Jenny McCarthy
14528:
14523:
14518:
14513:
14508:
14503:
14498:
14496:Graham Hancock
14493:
14491:Goop (company)
14488:
14483:
14478:
14473:
14468:
14466:Vernon Coleman
14463:
14458:
14453:
14448:
14443:
14438:
14433:
14428:
14422:
14420:
14414:
14413:
14410:
14409:
14407:
14406:
14401:
14396:
14391:
14386:
14381:
14376:
14371:
14366:
14361:
14356:
14351:
14346:
14341:
14336:
14331:
14326:
14321:
14316:
14311:
14306:
14301:
14300:
14299:
14289:
14284:
14279:
14274:
14269:
14264:
14259:
14253:
14251:
14247:
14246:
14244:
14243:
14238:
14233:
14231:Teleportation‎
14228:
14227:
14226:
14221:
14211:
14206:
14200:
14194:
14189:
14183:
14181:
14177:
14176:
14174:
14173:
14168:
14163:
14162:
14161:
14159:Melanin theory
14156:
14146:
14145:
14144:
14134:
14129:
14128:
14127:
14122:
14117:
14107:
14102:
14100:Parapsychology
14097:
14092:
14087:
14082:
14077:
14072:
14067:
14066:
14065:
14060:
14050:
14045:
14044:
14043:
14038:
14033:
14028:
14023:
14018:
14008:
14003:
13998:
13993:
13987:
13985:
13984:Social science
13981:
13980:
13978:
13977:
13972:
13967:
13962:
13957:
13956:
13955:
13945:
13940:
13935:
13933:Primal therapy
13930:
13925:
13920:
13915:
13910:
13905:
13900:
13898:Magnet therapy
13895:
13890:
13885:
13880:
13875:
13870:
13865:
13860:
13855:
13850:
13845:
13840:
13835:
13830:
13825:
13820:
13819:
13818:
13811:Detoxification
13808:
13803:
13798:
13793:
13788:
13783:
13778:
13773:
13768:
13763:
13758:
13753:
13748:
13743:
13738:
13733:
13728:
13722:
13720:
13713:
13703:
13702:
13700:
13699:
13696:Voodoo Science
13692:
13687:
13682:
13677:
13672:
13667:
13662:
13657:
13656:
13655:
13650:
13645:
13640:
13638:Fringe science
13630:
13625:
13620:
13614:
13612:
13608:
13607:
13602:
13599:
13598:
13591:
13590:
13583:
13576:
13568:
13559:
13558:
13555:
13554:
13552:
13551:
13546:
13541:
13539:Radicalization
13536:
13535:
13534:
13524:
13519:
13514:
13509:
13507:Fringe science
13504:
13502:Falsifiability
13499:
13498:
13497:
13487:
13482:
13477:
13470:
13464:
13461:
13460:
13450:
13449:
13446:
13445:
13442:
13441:
13439:
13438:
13433:
13428:
13423:
13418:
13412:
13410:
13406:
13405:
13403:
13402:
13400:Tax protesters
13397:
13392:
13387:
13382:
13377:
13371:
13369:
13360:
13359:
13354:
13353:
13352:
13347:
13342:
13332:
13330:New chronology
13323:
13318:
13313:
13307:
13304:
13303:
13293:
13292:
13289:
13288:
13285:
13284:
13281:
13280:
13278:
13277:
13275:Stop the Steal
13272:
13267:
13262:
13256:
13254:
13245:
13244:
13243:
13242:
13230:
13225:
13220:
13215:
13209:
13204:
13203:
13202:
13195:
13185:
13180:
13175:
13170:
13165:
13160:
13155:
13150:
13145:
13140:
13135:
13130:
13125:
13120:
13115:
13110:
13105:
13104:
13103:
13094:
13089:
13084:
13075:
13073:
13067:
13066:
13064:
13063:
13062:
13061:
13056:
13051:
13046:
13038:
13037:
13036:
13028:
13027:
13026:
13018:
13017:
13016:
13008:
13007:
13006:
12998:
12997:
12996:
12988:
12987:
12986:
12978:
12972:
12970:
12969:Other European
12966:
12965:
12963:
12962:
12955:
12950:
12945:
12944:
12943:
12938:
12927:
12925:
12919:
12918:
12916:
12915:
12910:
12905:
12900:
12898:Golden billion
12895:
12890:
12888:Alaska payment
12884:
12882:
12878:
12877:
12875:
12874:
12873:
12872:
12864:
12863:
12862:
12854:
12849:
12848:
12847:
12842:
12831:
12829:
12825:
12824:
12822:
12821:
12820:
12819:
12814:
12806:
12805:
12804:
12796:
12795:
12794:
12789:
12781:
12780:
12779:
12770:
12768:
12760:
12759:
12757:
12756:
12755:
12754:
12746:
12745:
12744:
12736:
12735:
12734:
12726:
12725:
12724:
12716:
12715:
12714:
12709:
12700:
12698:
12690:
12689:
12679:
12678:
12675:
12674:
12671:
12670:
12668:
12667:
12662:
12657:
12652:
12647:
12642:
12637:
12632:
12627:
12622:
12616:
12614:
12603:
12602:
12600:
12599:
12594:
12589:
12584:
12579:
12574:
12569:
12563:
12561:
12555:
12554:
12552:
12551:
12546:
12541:
12540:
12539:
12534:
12529:
12518:
12516:
12514:Anti-Christian
12509:
12508:
12506:
12505:
12500:
12495:
12490:
12485:
12480:
12475:
12474:
12473:
12468:
12463:
12456:
12451:
12450:
12449:
12433:
12423:
12422:
12421:
12419:Trivialization
12411:
12406:
12401:
12396:
12391:
12386:
12381:
12375:
12373:
12364:
12363:
12361:White genocide
12358:
12353:
12348:
12347:
12346:
12341:
12333:
12331:Priory of Sion
12328:
12323:
12315:
12314:
12313:
12296:
12291:
12286:
12280:
12277:
12276:
12266:
12265:
12262:
12261:
12259:
12258:
12253:
12248:
12242:
12237:
12232:
12231:
12230:
12225:
12215:
12210:
12205:
12200:
12195:
12194:
12193:
12179:
12174:
12169:
12164:
12154:
12149:
12144:
12139:
12138:
12137:
12135:misinformation
12132:
12127:
12126:
12125:
12120:
12105:
12099:
12096:
12095:
12085:
12084:
12081:
12080:
12078:
12077:
12072:
12067:
12058:
12053:
12048:
12043:
12042:
12041:
12036:
12031:
12026:
12021:
12020:
12019:
12017:Lavender scare
12009:
12008:
12007:
11997:
11995:gay Nazis myth
11992:
11987:
11982:
11977:
11967:
11961:
11958:
11957:
11947:
11946:
11943:
11942:
11940:
11939:
11933:
11927:
11921:
11915:
11909:
11908:
11907:
11902:
11891:
11885:
11879:
11873:
11870:KAL Flight 007
11867:
11861:
11855:
11846:
11840:
11837:Reichstag fire
11834:
11825:
11815:
11812:
11811:
11798:
11797:
11794:
11793:
11791:
11790:
11785:
11780:
11775:
11774:
11773:
11771:false theories
11755:
11754:
11750:
11744:
11741:
11740:
11736:
11728:
11727:
11724:
11723:
11720:
11719:
11717:
11716:
11711:
11709:Vladimir Putin
11706:
11701:
11699:Paul McCartney
11695:
11693:
11689:
11688:
11686:
11685:
11679:
11673:
11667:
11660:
11658:
11654:
11653:
11651:
11650:
11644:
11638:
11635:TWA Flight 800
11632:
11623:
11617:
11611:
11605:
11602:JAT Flight 367
11599:
11593:
11587:
11584:Lynmouth Flood
11581:
11575:
11566:
11557:
11555:
11551:
11550:
11548:
11547:
11541:
11535:
11529:
11523:
11517:
11511:
11505:
11502:Benazir Bhutto
11499:
11493:
11487:
11481:
11475:
11469:
11463:
11457:
11451:
11445:
11439:
11433:
11427:
11421:
11418:Renny Ottolina
11415:
11409:
11403:
11397:
11391:
11385:
11379:
11373:
11367:
11364:Marilyn Monroe
11361:
11355:
11349:
11343:
11337:
11331:
11325:
11322:Lord Kitchener
11319:
11313:
11310:Zachary Taylor
11306:
11304:
11288:
11287:
11277:
11276:
11273:
11272:
11269:
11268:
11265:
11264:
11262:
11261:
11255:
11249:
11243:
11237:
11231:
11225:
11219:
11213:
11207:
11200:
11198:
11189:
11188:
11183:
11182:
11181:
11169:
11164:
11159:
11154:
11146:
11141:
11128:
11123:
11118:
11112:
11110:
11101:
11100:
11095:
11090:
11085:
11080:
11075:
11070:
11069:
11068:
11057:
11054:
11053:
11043:
11042:
11039:
11038:
11035:
11034:
11032:
11031:
11026:
11021:
11020:
11019:
11009:
11004:
10999:
10994:
10989:
10984:
10979:
10973:
10971:
10967:
10966:
10964:
10963:
10958:
10953:
10948:
10943:
10938:
10936:Hidden message
10933:
10928:
10923:
10918:
10913:
10908:
10903:
10890:
10889:
10888:
10883:
10880:Ă©minence grise
10876:
10866:
10860:
10858:
10850:
10849:
10839:
10838:
10833:
10830:
10829:
10822:
10821:
10814:
10807:
10799:
10793:
10792:
10779:
10778:External links
10776:
10774:
10773:
10758:
10752:
10736:
10735:(Aug 22, 2016)
10725:
10715:
10705:
10694:
10688:
10672:
10633:
10627:
10612:
10606:
10591:
10571:
10561:
10532:
10511:
10486:
10480:
10467:
10461:
10448:
10442:
10427:
10417:
10406:
10392:
10380:Graff, Garrett
10376:
10359:
10344:
10331:
10309:
10275:
10269:
10252:
10246:
10231:
10196:
10188:
10182:
10165:
10159:
10138:
10136:
10133:
10130:
10129:
10093:
10054:
10011:Engler, Steven
9997:
9924:
9907:
9879:
9857:
9850:
9832:
9810:
9794:
9779:
9772:
9750:
9743:
9725:
9695:
9684:on 2 July 2023
9665:
9630:
9611:(4): 523–555.
9591:
9558:
9527:
9510:Foreign Policy
9493:
9486:
9466:
9443:
9418:
9393:
9362:
9355:
9334:
9288:
9266:
9240:
9233:(1945). "14".
9222:
9192:
9166:
9138:
9103:
9068:
9046:
9033:
8971:
8940:
8927:
8915:
8903:
8901:, p. 230.
8891:
8866:The New Yorker
8852:
8825:10.1086/421123
8793:
8786:
8766:
8729:
8689:
8672:
8657:
8652:"Bad Thinkers"
8642:
8613:(6): 538–542.
8593:
8574:
8553:(1): 325–342.
8533:
8474:
8455:(1): 109–115.
8439:
8412:(3): 443–463.
8395:
8376:
8351:
8312:
8305:
8278:
8259:
8231:
8188:
8157:(4): 731–742.
8137:
8110:
8103:
8085:
8054:
8015:
8000:
7936:
7879:
7872:
7848:
7799:
7772:(5): 955–968.
7756:
7697:
7647:
7605:
7570:
7512:
7470:(3): 544–552.
7447:
7440:
7419:
7408:(3): 413–439.
7389:
7370:(2): 247–264.
7351:
7289:
7246:(3): 286–299.
7217:
7182:
7123:
7101:
7088:(2): 617–641.
7068:
7006:
6999:
6968:
6918:
6899:(5): 469–476.
6870:
6863:
6843:
6812:
6763:
6728:
6702:
6689:
6668:
6637:
6585:
6566:
6543:
6508:
6501:
6480:
6459:(2): 238–248.
6436:
6417:
6397:
6378:
6358:
6351:
6325:
6313:
6280:
6268:
6242:
6219:
6191:
6170:(3): 415–433.
6150:
6130:
6105:Bloomberg News
6087:
6074:10.1086/509680
6068:(4): 691–692.
6052:
6025:(3): 849–866.
6009:
5962:
5925:
5891:
5872:
5852:
5839:
5832:
5812:
5782:
5714:
5687:
5661:
5641:
5634:
5614:
5586:(4 May 2024).
5575:
5562:
5531:
5502:(5): 535–539.
5482:
5452:
5425:(73). London:
5404:
5372:(4): 835–836.
5346:
5331:
5287:
5280:
5257:
5230:(2): 202–227.
5183:
5146:(7): 897–908.
5109:
5102:
5079:
5060:
5035:
5007:
4990:
4983:
4956:
4919:(6): 538–542.
4878:
4831:
4804:(8): 798–799.
4779:
4772:
4749:
4729:
4671:
4583:
4523:
4488:(2): 256–261.
4469:
4410:
4399:(2): 336–337.
4379:
4353:
4319:
4274:10.1086/711943
4238:
4201:(7): 493–499.
4148:
4084:
4047:(3): 323–333.
4041:Memory Studies
4027:
3978:
3952:
3926:
3884:(3): 544–552.
3861:
3824:
3787:(5): 595–604.
3764:
3691:
3678:
3642:
3581:
3560:
3513:(10): e75637.
3493:
3474:(3): 109–126.
3455:
3356:
3309:Annual Reviews
3274:
3218:
3141:
3025:
3010:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2932:
2929:sinister goal.
2867:
2843:(2): 238–248.
2828:
2812:
2789:
2719:
2680:
2624:
2564:
2557:
2539:
2513:
2512:
2504:
2503:
2486:
2477:
2463:
2462:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2443:
2437:
2431:
2425:
2419:
2413:
2408:
2402:
2397:
2391:
2388:Hanlon's razor
2385:
2379:
2373:
2367:
2361:
2358:Cherry picking
2355:
2349:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2291:
2290:
2275:
2268:
2214:counterculture
2176:Bernard Bailyn
2158:The historian
2152:Main article:
2149:
2146:
2083:Main article:
2080:
2077:
2050:, an infamous
2022:Main article:
2019:
2016:
1950:
1947:
1934:
1931:
1927:Bletchley Park
1918:
1917:
1910:
1907:
1901:
1876:The physicist
1870:George W. Bush
1864:
1861:
1818:
1815:
1795:
1792:
1749:
1746:
1727:
1724:
1722:punishments".
1699:
1696:
1679:Quassim Cassam
1637:
1634:
1608:
1607:
1596:
1589:
1577:Michael Barkun
1566:disempowerment
1555:social capital
1553:, and reduced
1533:
1530:
1445:
1442:
1416:misinformation
1411:
1408:
1362:
1359:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1255:
1252:
1223:circular logic
1218:
1215:
1182:
1181:General public
1179:
1168:
1165:
1157:
1154:
1150:misinformation
1142:whistleblowers
1082:medical advice
1051:AIDS denialism
1035:Anders Breivik
998:
995:
893:
890:
844:
841:
826:
823:
822:
821:
807:
785:
782:spread of AIDS
763:Michael Barkun
759:
756:
755:
754:
751:
748:
745:
742:
731:
728:
715:
712:
709:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
692:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
675:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
653:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
634:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
615:
614:
611:
608:
523:climate change
515:rise of Hitler
505:
502:
474:
471:
450:Michael Barkun
429:
426:
376:
373:
365:George Monbiot
300:
297:
201:AIDS denialism
185:Anders Breivik
133:cognitive bias
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
16104:
16093:
16090:
16088:
16087:Fringe theory
16085:
16083:
16080:
16078:
16075:
16074:
16072:
16053:
16050:
16048:
16045:
16043:
16040:
16038:
16035:
16033:
16030:
16028:
16025:
16023:
16020:
16018:
16015:
16013:
16012:FactCheck.org
16010:
16008:
16005:
16003:
16000:
15998:
15995:
15993:
15990:
15988:
15985:
15983:
15980:
15976:
15973:
15972:
15971:
15970:Fact-checking
15968:
15967:
15964:
15957:
15953:
15939:
15936:
15934:
15931:
15930:
15928:
15924:
15920:
15916:
15912:
15906:
15903:
15901:
15898:
15896:
15893:
15891:
15888:
15886:
15883:
15881:
15878:
15876:
15873:
15871:
15868:
15866:
15863:
15861:
15858:
15854:
15851:
15850:
15849:
15846:
15844:
15841:
15837:
15834:
15832:
15829:
15827:
15824:
15822:
15819:
15818:
15817:
15814:
15812:
15809:
15807:
15804:
15803:
15801:
15799:United States
15797:
15791:
15788:
15786:
15783:
15781:
15778:
15776:
15774:
15770:
15768:
15765:
15763:
15760:
15758:
15755:
15753:
15750:
15749:
15747:
15743:
15737:
15734:
15732:
15729:
15727:
15724:
15723:
15721:
15717:
15713:
15709:
15705:
15695:
15692:
15690:
15687:
15685:
15682:
15680:
15677:
15673:
15670:
15668:
15665:
15663:
15660:
15659:
15657:
15653:
15650:
15649:
15648:
15645:
15641:
15638:
15636:
15633:
15632:
15631:
15628:
15627:
15625:
15623:
15619:
15613:
15610:
15608:
15605:
15603:
15600:
15598:
15595:
15593:
15590:
15588:
15585:
15583:
15580:
15578:
15575:
15574:
15572:
15570:
15566:
15563:
15558:
15554:
15548:
15545:
15543:
15540:
15537:
15533:
15530:
15529:
15527:
15523:
15519:
15515:
15511:
15507:
15503:
15499:
15495:
15491:
15487:
15483:
15479:
15475:
15469:
15466:
15464:
15461:
15459:
15456:
15454:
15451:
15450:
15448:
15444:
15438:
15435:
15433:
15430:
15428:
15425:
15424:
15422:
15418:
15414:
15410:
15406:
15400:
15399:
15395:
15393:
15390:
15386:
15383:
15381:
15378:
15376:
15373:
15371:
15368:
15366:
15363:
15361:
15360:50 Cent Party
15358:
15357:
15356:
15353:
15352:
15350:
15346:
15342:
15338:
15334:
15330:
15323:
15319:
15305:
15302:
15298:
15295:
15293:
15290:
15288:
15285:
15284:
15283:
15280:
15278:
15275:
15273:
15270:
15268:
15265:
15263:
15260:
15256:
15253:
15252:
15251:
15248:
15246:
15243:
15242:
15240:
15236:
15230:
15227:
15225:
15222:
15220:
15217:
15215:
15212:
15210:
15207:
15205:
15202:
15200:
15197:
15195:
15192:
15190:
15187:
15183:
15180:
15179:
15178:
15175:
15173:
15170:
15168:
15165:
15163:
15160:
15158:
15155:
15154:
15151:
15144:
15140:
15130:
15129:
15125:
15123:
15122:
15118:
15116:
15115:
15111:
15109:
15108:
15104:
15102:
15101:
15097:
15095:
15093:
15089:
15088:
15085:
15078:
15074:
15064:
15061:
15059:
15056:
15054:
15051:
15049:
15046:
15044:
15041:
15039:
15036:
15034:
15031:
15029:
15026:
15024:
15021:
15017:
15014:
15012:
15009:
15007:
15004:
15003:
15002:
14999:
14995:
14992:
14990:
14987:
14986:
14985:
14982:
14980:
14977:
14975:
14972:
14970:
14967:
14965:
14964:Media culture
14962:
14960:
14957:
14955:
14952:
14950:
14947:
14945:
14942:
14940:
14937:
14935:
14932:
14930:
14927:
14925:
14922:
14920:
14917:
14915:
14912:
14910:
14907:
14905:
14904:False dilemma
14902:
14900:
14897:
14893:
14890:
14889:
14888:
14885:
14881:
14878:
14876:
14873:
14871:
14868:
14867:
14866:
14863:
14861:
14858:
14856:
14853:
14851:
14848:
14846:
14843:
14841:
14838:
14836:
14833:
14830:
14826:
14823:
14819:
14816:
14815:
14814:
14811:
14809:
14806:
14804:
14801:
14799:
14796:
14794:
14791:
14789:
14786:
14785:
14782:
14775:
14771:
14767:
14763:
14756:
14751:
14749:
14744:
14742:
14737:
14736:
14733:
14721:
14720:
14716:
14714:
14713:
14709:
14707:
14706:
14702:
14700:
14699:
14695:
14693:
14692:
14688:
14686:
14685:
14681:
14679:
14678:
14674:
14672:
14669:
14667:
14664:
14662:
14661:
14660:Fortean Times
14657:
14655:
14654:
14650:
14648:
14647:
14643:
14641:
14640:
14636:
14634:
14631:
14630:
14628:
14624:
14618:
14615:
14613:
14610:
14608:
14605:
14603:
14600:
14598:
14595:
14594:
14592:
14588:
14582:
14579:
14577:
14574:
14572:
14569:
14566:
14562:
14559:
14557:
14554:
14552:
14549:
14547:
14544:
14542:
14539:
14537:
14534:
14532:
14529:
14527:
14524:
14522:
14519:
14517:
14514:
14512:
14509:
14507:
14504:
14502:
14499:
14497:
14494:
14492:
14489:
14487:
14484:
14482:
14479:
14477:
14474:
14472:
14469:
14467:
14464:
14462:
14459:
14457:
14456:Deepak Chopra
14454:
14452:
14449:
14447:
14444:
14442:
14439:
14437:
14434:
14432:
14429:
14427:
14424:
14423:
14421:
14419:pseudoscience
14415:
14405:
14402:
14400:
14397:
14395:
14392:
14390:
14387:
14385:
14382:
14380:
14377:
14375:
14372:
14370:
14367:
14365:
14362:
14360:
14357:
14355:
14352:
14350:
14347:
14345:
14342:
14340:
14337:
14335:
14332:
14330:
14327:
14325:
14322:
14320:
14317:
14315:
14312:
14310:
14307:
14305:
14302:
14298:
14295:
14294:
14293:
14290:
14288:
14287:Cryptozoology
14285:
14283:
14280:
14278:
14275:
14273:
14270:
14268:
14265:
14263:
14260:
14258:
14255:
14254:
14252:
14248:
14242:
14239:
14237:
14234:
14232:
14229:
14225:
14222:
14220:
14217:
14216:
14215:
14212:
14210:
14207:
14204:
14201:
14198:
14195:
14193:
14190:
14188:
14187:Anti-gravity‎
14185:
14184:
14182:
14178:
14172:
14169:
14167:
14164:
14160:
14157:
14155:
14152:
14151:
14150:
14147:
14143:
14140:
14139:
14138:
14135:
14133:
14130:
14126:
14123:
14121:
14118:
14116:
14113:
14112:
14111:
14110:Pseudohistory
14108:
14106:
14103:
14101:
14098:
14096:
14093:
14091:
14088:
14086:
14083:
14081:
14078:
14076:
14073:
14071:
14068:
14064:
14061:
14059:
14058:Generationism
14056:
14055:
14054:
14051:
14049:
14046:
14042:
14039:
14037:
14034:
14032:
14029:
14027:
14024:
14022:
14019:
14017:
14016:5G conspiracy
14014:
14013:
14012:
14009:
14007:
14006:Catastrophism
14004:
14002:
13999:
13997:
13994:
13992:
13989:
13988:
13986:
13982:
13976:
13973:
13971:
13968:
13966:
13963:
13961:
13958:
13954:
13951:
13950:
13949:
13946:
13944:
13941:
13939:
13936:
13934:
13931:
13929:
13926:
13924:
13921:
13919:
13916:
13914:
13911:
13909:
13906:
13904:
13901:
13899:
13896:
13894:
13891:
13889:
13886:
13884:
13881:
13879:
13876:
13874:
13871:
13869:
13866:
13864:
13861:
13859:
13856:
13854:
13853:FasciaBlaster
13851:
13849:
13846:
13844:
13841:
13839:
13836:
13834:
13831:
13829:
13826:
13824:
13821:
13817:
13814:
13813:
13812:
13809:
13807:
13804:
13802:
13799:
13797:
13794:
13792:
13791:Correactology
13789:
13787:
13786:Chromotherapy
13784:
13782:
13779:
13777:
13774:
13772:
13769:
13767:
13764:
13762:
13759:
13757:
13754:
13752:
13749:
13747:
13744:
13742:
13739:
13737:
13734:
13732:
13729:
13727:
13724:
13723:
13721:
13717:
13714:
13712:
13711:pseudoscience
13704:
13698:
13697:
13693:
13691:
13688:
13686:
13683:
13681:
13678:
13676:
13673:
13671:
13668:
13666:
13663:
13661:
13658:
13654:
13651:
13649:
13648:Pseudohistory
13646:
13644:
13641:
13639:
13636:
13635:
13634:
13633:Fringe theory
13631:
13629:
13626:
13624:
13621:
13619:
13616:
13615:
13613:
13609:
13605:
13600:
13596:
13595:Pseudoscience
13589:
13584:
13582:
13577:
13575:
13570:
13569:
13566:
13550:
13547:
13545:
13542:
13540:
13537:
13533:
13530:
13529:
13528:
13525:
13523:
13520:
13518:
13515:
13513:
13510:
13508:
13505:
13503:
13500:
13496:
13493:
13492:
13491:
13488:
13486:
13483:
13481:
13478:
13476:
13475:
13471:
13469:
13466:
13465:
13462:
13455:
13451:
13437:
13434:
13432:
13429:
13427:
13424:
13422:
13419:
13417:
13414:
13413:
13411:
13407:
13401:
13398:
13396:
13393:
13391:
13388:
13386:
13383:
13381:
13378:
13376:
13375:Admiralty law
13373:
13372:
13370:
13368:
13364:
13358:
13355:
13351:
13348:
13346:
13343:
13341:
13338:
13337:
13336:
13333:
13331:
13327:
13324:
13322:
13319:
13317:
13316:NESARA/GESARA
13314:
13312:
13309:
13308:
13305:
13298:
13294:
13276:
13273:
13271:
13268:
13266:
13263:
13261:
13258:
13257:
13255:
13253:
13252:2020 election
13249:
13241:
13237:
13236:POW/MIA issue
13234:
13233:
13231:
13229:
13226:
13224:
13223:Trump–Ukraine
13221:
13219:
13216:
13213:
13210:
13208:
13205:
13201:
13200:
13196:
13194:
13191:
13190:
13189:
13186:
13184:
13181:
13179:
13176:
13174:
13171:
13169:
13166:
13164:
13161:
13159:
13156:
13154:
13151:
13149:
13146:
13144:
13141:
13139:
13136:
13134:
13131:
13129:
13126:
13124:
13121:
13119:
13116:
13114:
13111:
13109:
13108:Biden–Ukraine
13106:
13102:
13098:
13095:
13093:
13090:
13088:
13085:
13083:
13080:
13079:
13078:Barack Obama
13077:
13076:
13074:
13072:
13071:United States
13068:
13060:
13059:Voting pencil
13057:
13055:
13054:Harold Wilson
13052:
13050:
13047:
13045:
13042:
13041:
13039:
13035:
13032:
13031:
13029:
13025:
13022:
13021:
13019:
13015:
13012:
13011:
13009:
13005:
13002:
13001:
12999:
12995:
12992:
12991:
12989:
12985:
12982:
12981:
12979:
12977:
12974:
12973:
12971:
12967:
12961:
12960:
12956:
12954:
12951:
12949:
12946:
12942:
12939:
12937:
12934:
12933:
12932:
12929:
12928:
12926:
12924:
12920:
12914:
12911:
12909:
12906:
12904:
12901:
12899:
12896:
12894:
12891:
12889:
12886:
12885:
12883:
12879:
12871:
12868:
12867:
12865:
12861:
12858:
12857:
12855:
12853:
12850:
12846:
12843:
12841:
12838:
12837:
12836:
12833:
12832:
12830:
12826:
12818:
12815:
12813:
12810:
12809:
12807:
12803:
12802:Casa Matusita
12800:
12799:
12797:
12793:
12790:
12788:
12785:
12784:
12782:
12778:
12775:
12774:
12772:
12771:
12769:
12761:
12753:
12750:
12749:
12747:
12743:
12740:
12739:
12737:
12733:
12730:
12729:
12727:
12723:
12720:
12719:
12717:
12713:
12710:
12708:
12705:
12704:
12702:
12701:
12699:
12695:
12691:
12684:
12680:
12666:
12663:
12661:
12658:
12656:
12653:
12651:
12648:
12646:
12643:
12641:
12640:The Holocaust
12638:
12636:
12633:
12631:
12628:
12626:
12623:
12621:
12618:
12617:
12615:
12613:
12608:
12604:
12598:
12595:
12593:
12590:
12588:
12585:
12583:
12580:
12578:
12575:
12573:
12570:
12568:
12567:Counter-jihad
12565:
12564:
12562:
12560:
12556:
12550:
12549:Giuseppe Siri
12547:
12545:
12542:
12538:
12535:
12533:
12530:
12528:
12525:
12524:
12523:
12522:Anti-Catholic
12520:
12519:
12517:
12515:
12510:
12504:
12501:
12499:
12496:
12494:
12491:
12489:
12486:
12484:
12481:
12479:
12476:
12472:
12469:
12467:
12464:
12462:
12461:
12457:
12455:
12452:
12448:
12447:
12443:
12442:
12441:
12437:
12434:
12432:
12429:
12428:
12427:
12424:
12420:
12417:
12416:
12415:
12412:
12410:
12407:
12405:
12402:
12400:
12397:
12395:
12394:Doctors' plot
12392:
12390:
12387:
12385:
12382:
12380:
12377:
12376:
12374:
12372:
12368:
12362:
12359:
12357:
12354:
12352:
12349:
12345:
12342:
12340:
12337:
12336:
12334:
12332:
12329:
12327:
12324:
12320:
12316:
12310:
12305:
12302:
12301:
12300:
12297:
12295:
12292:
12290:
12287:
12285:
12282:
12281:
12278:
12271:
12267:
12257:
12254:
12252:
12249:
12246:
12243:
12241:
12238:
12236:
12233:
12229:
12226:
12224:
12221:
12220:
12219:
12216:
12214:
12211:
12209:
12206:
12204:
12201:
12199:
12196:
12192:
12191:United States
12188:
12184:
12180:
12178:
12175:
12173:
12170:
12168:
12165:
12163:
12160:
12159:
12158:
12155:
12153:
12150:
12148:
12145:
12143:
12140:
12136:
12133:
12131:
12128:
12124:
12121:
12119:
12116:
12115:
12114:
12111:
12110:
12109:
12106:
12104:
12101:
12100:
12097:
12090:
12086:
12076:
12073:
12071:
12070:Satanic panic
12068:
12066:
12062:
12059:
12057:
12054:
12052:
12049:
12047:
12044:
12040:
12037:
12035:
12032:
12030:
12027:
12025:
12022:
12018:
12015:
12014:
12013:
12010:
12006:
12005:United States
12003:
12002:
12001:
11998:
11996:
11993:
11991:
11988:
11986:
11983:
11981:
11978:
11976:
11973:
11972:
11971:
11968:
11966:
11963:
11962:
11959:
11952:
11948:
11937:
11934:
11931:
11928:
11925:
11922:
11919:
11916:
11913:
11910:
11906:
11903:
11901:
11898:
11897:
11895:
11892:
11889:
11886:
11883:
11880:
11877:
11874:
11871:
11868:
11865:
11862:
11859:
11856:
11853:
11852:
11847:
11844:
11841:
11838:
11835:
11832:
11831:
11826:
11823:
11822:
11817:
11816:
11813:
11808:
11803:
11799:
11789:
11786:
11784:
11781:
11779:
11776:
11772:
11769:
11768:
11767:
11764:
11763:
11762:
11761:
11757:
11753:
11751:
11749:
11746:
11745:
11742:
11733:
11729:
11715:
11714:Melania Trump
11712:
11710:
11707:
11705:
11704:Avril Lavigne
11702:
11700:
11697:
11696:
11694:
11690:
11683:
11680:
11677:
11676:Elvis Presley
11674:
11671:
11668:
11665:
11662:
11661:
11659:
11655:
11648:
11645:
11642:
11639:
11636:
11633:
11630:
11629:
11624:
11621:
11618:
11615:
11612:
11609:
11606:
11603:
11600:
11597:
11594:
11591:
11588:
11585:
11582:
11579:
11576:
11573:
11572:
11567:
11564:
11563:
11559:
11558:
11556:
11552:
11545:
11542:
11539:
11536:
11533:
11530:
11527:
11524:
11521:
11518:
11515:
11512:
11509:
11506:
11503:
11500:
11497:
11496:Yasser Arafat
11494:
11491:
11488:
11485:
11482:
11479:
11476:
11473:
11472:Yitzhak Rabin
11470:
11467:
11464:
11461:
11458:
11455:
11452:
11449:
11446:
11443:
11440:
11437:
11434:
11431:
11428:
11425:
11422:
11419:
11416:
11413:
11410:
11407:
11404:
11401:
11398:
11395:
11392:
11389:
11386:
11383:
11380:
11377:
11374:
11371:
11368:
11365:
11362:
11359:
11356:
11353:
11350:
11347:
11344:
11341:
11338:
11335:
11332:
11329:
11326:
11323:
11320:
11317:
11314:
11311:
11308:
11307:
11305:
11302:
11297:
11296:Assassination
11293:
11289:
11282:
11278:
11259:
11256:
11253:
11252:Alien autopsy
11250:
11247:
11244:
11241:
11238:
11235:
11232:
11229:
11226:
11223:
11220:
11217:
11214:
11211:
11208:
11205:
11202:
11201:
11199:
11197:
11193:
11187:
11186:Project Serpo
11184:
11180:
11179:
11175:
11174:
11173:
11170:
11168:
11165:
11163:
11160:
11158:
11155:
11152:
11151:
11147:
11145:
11142:
11140:
11136:
11132:
11129:
11127:
11124:
11122:
11119:
11117:
11114:
11113:
11111:
11109:
11105:
11099:
11096:
11094:
11091:
11089:
11086:
11084:
11081:
11079:
11076:
11074:
11071:
11067:
11064:
11063:
11062:
11059:
11058:
11055:
11048:
11044:
11030:
11027:
11025:
11022:
11018:
11015:
11014:
11013:
11010:
11008:
11005:
11003:
11000:
10998:
10995:
10993:
10990:
10988:
10985:
10983:
10980:
10978:
10975:
10974:
10972:
10968:
10962:
10959:
10957:
10954:
10952:
10949:
10947:
10946:Pseudoscience
10944:
10942:
10941:Pseudohistory
10939:
10937:
10934:
10932:
10929:
10927:
10924:
10922:
10919:
10917:
10914:
10912:
10911:Crisis actors
10909:
10907:
10904:
10902:
10898:
10894:
10891:
10887:
10884:
10882:
10881:
10877:
10875:
10872:
10871:
10870:
10867:
10865:
10862:
10861:
10859:
10855:
10851:
10844:
10840:
10836:
10831:
10827:
10820:
10815:
10813:
10808:
10806:
10801:
10800:
10797:
10791:
10790:
10785:
10782:
10781:
10771:
10767:
10763:
10759:
10755:
10749:
10745:
10741:
10737:
10734:
10730:
10726:
10724:
10720:
10716:
10714:
10710:
10706:
10703:
10699:
10695:
10691:
10685:
10681:
10677:
10673:
10669:
10665:
10661:
10657:
10652:
10647:
10643:
10639:
10634:
10630:
10624:
10620:
10619:
10613:
10609:
10603:
10599:
10598:
10592:
10581:
10577:
10572:
10570:
10566:
10562:
10558:
10554:
10550:
10546:
10543:(2): 247–64.
10542:
10538:
10533:
10529:
10525:
10522:(3): 413–39.
10521:
10517:
10512:
10500:
10496:
10492:
10487:
10483:
10477:
10473:
10468:
10464:
10458:
10454:
10449:
10445:
10439:
10435:
10434:
10428:
10426:
10422:
10418:
10415:
10411:
10408:Harris, Lee.
10407:
10403:
10399:
10395:
10393:9781982196776
10389:
10385:
10381:
10377:
10375:
10371:
10368:
10364:
10360:
10357:
10353:
10349:
10345:
10342:
10341:
10336:
10332:
10321:
10320:
10315:
10310:
10303:
10299:
10295:
10291:
10287:
10286:CQ Researcher
10280:
10276:
10272:
10266:
10262:
10258:
10253:
10249:
10243:
10239:
10238:
10232:
10228:
10224:
10220:
10216:
10212:
10208:
10203:
10197:
10195:
10194:
10189:
10185:
10179:
10175:
10171:
10166:
10162:
10156:
10153:. Riverhead.
10151:
10150:
10144:
10140:
10139:
10117:
10114:
10110:
10109:
10104:
10097:
10081:
10077:
10076:New York City
10073:
10072:
10066:
10058:
10050:
10046:
10042:
10038:
10034:
10030:
10026:
10022:
10018:
10017:
10012:
10008:
10001:
9993:
9989:
9985:
9981:
9976:
9971:
9967:
9963:
9958:
9953:
9949:
9945:
9941:
9940:
9935:
9928:
9922:
9921:
9917:
9911:
9896:
9895:
9890:
9883:
9876:
9872:
9869:
9868:
9861:
9853:
9847:
9843:
9836:
9829:
9825:
9822:
9821:
9814:
9807:
9803:
9798:
9790:
9783:
9775:
9769:
9765:
9762:. Cambridge:
9761:
9754:
9746:
9744:9781848856110
9740:
9736:
9729:
9713:
9709:
9705:
9699:
9683:
9679:
9675:
9669:
9661:
9657:
9653:
9649:
9645:
9643:
9640:"The journal
9634:
9626:
9622:
9618:
9614:
9610:
9606:
9602:
9595:
9576:
9569:
9562:
9546:
9542:
9538:
9531:
9515:
9511:
9507:
9500:
9498:
9489:
9483:
9479:
9478:
9470:
9462:
9458:
9454:
9447:
9440:
9439:
9434:
9430:
9427:
9422:
9410:
9403:
9397:
9381:
9377:
9373:
9366:
9358:
9352:
9349:. Routledge.
9348:
9341:
9339:
9323:
9319:
9315:
9311:
9307:
9303:
9299:
9292:
9284:
9280:
9273:
9271:
9254:
9250:
9244:
9236:
9232:
9226:
9218:
9214:
9210:
9206:
9202:
9196:
9180:
9176:
9170:
9155:
9154:
9149:
9142:
9126:
9122:
9121:
9115:
9107:
9091:
9087:
9086:
9080:
9072:
9064:
9060:
9056:
9050:
9043:
9037:
9029:
9025:
9020:
9015:
9010:
9005:
9001:
8997:
8993:
8989:
8985:
8981:
8975:
8959:
8955:
8951:
8944:
8937:
8931:
8924:
8919:
8912:
8907:
8900:
8895:
8879:
8875:
8871:
8867:
8863:
8856:
8838:
8834:
8830:
8826:
8822:
8819:(2): 225–48,
8818:
8814:
8807:
8803:
8802:Latour, Bruno
8797:
8789:
8783:
8779:
8778:
8770:
8763:
8748:
8744:
8740:
8733:
8717:
8713:
8709:
8708:
8703:
8699:
8693:
8687:
8686:
8682:
8676:
8669:
8668:
8661:
8653:
8646:
8638:
8634:
8629:
8624:
8620:
8616:
8612:
8608:
8604:
8597:
8589:
8585:
8578:
8570:
8566:
8561:
8556:
8552:
8548:
8544:
8537:
8529:
8525:
8520:
8515:
8511:
8507:
8502:
8497:
8493:
8489:
8485:
8478:
8470:
8466:
8462:
8458:
8454:
8450:
8443:
8435:
8431:
8427:
8423:
8419:
8415:
8411:
8407:
8399:
8383:
8379:
8373:
8368:
8367:
8361:
8355:
8339:
8335:
8331:
8327:
8321:
8319:
8317:
8308:
8302:
8298:
8294:
8293:
8285:
8283:
8266:
8262:
8256:
8252:
8251:
8246:
8240:
8238:
8236:
8227:
8223:
8219:
8215:
8211:
8207:
8204:(2): 210–22.
8203:
8199:
8192:
8176:
8172:
8168:
8164:
8160:
8156:
8152:
8148:
8141:
8134:
8130:
8126:
8123:
8117:
8115:
8106:
8100:
8096:
8089:
8073:
8069:
8065:
8058:
8051:
8038:
8034:
8030:
8024:
8022:
8020:
8012:
8007:
8005:
7996:
7992:
7987:
7982:
7978:
7974:
7969:
7964:
7960:
7956:
7952:
7945:
7943:
7941:
7932:
7928:
7924:
7920:
7915:
7910:
7906:
7902:
7898:
7894:
7890:
7883:
7875:
7869:
7865:
7861:
7860:
7852:
7844:
7840:
7836:
7832:
7827:
7822:
7818:
7814:
7810:
7803:
7795:
7791:
7787:
7783:
7779:
7775:
7771:
7767:
7760:
7752:
7748:
7743:
7738:
7734:
7730:
7725:
7720:
7716:
7712:
7708:
7701:
7693:
7689:
7685:
7681:
7677:
7673:
7669:
7665:
7658:
7651:
7643:
7639:
7635:
7631:
7627:
7623:
7616:
7609:
7601:
7597:
7593:
7589:
7585:
7581:
7574:
7566:
7562:
7558:
7554:
7550:
7546:
7542:
7538:
7534:
7530:
7523:
7516:
7497:
7493:
7489:
7485:
7481:
7477:
7473:
7469:
7465:
7458:
7451:
7443:
7437:
7433:
7426:
7424:
7415:
7411:
7407:
7403:
7396:
7394:
7385:
7381:
7377:
7373:
7369:
7365:
7358:
7356:
7347:
7343:
7338:
7333:
7328:
7323:
7319:
7315:
7311:
7307:
7303:
7296:
7294:
7285:
7279:
7271:
7267:
7262:
7257:
7253:
7249:
7245:
7241:
7237:
7230:
7228:
7226:
7224:
7222:
7206:
7202:
7195:
7193:
7191:
7189:
7187:
7178:
7174:
7169:
7164:
7160:
7156:
7151:
7146:
7142:
7138:
7134:
7127:
7119:
7115:
7112:
7105:
7096:
7091:
7087:
7083:
7079:
7072:
7066:
7064:
7059:
7052:
7048:
7044:
7040:
7036:
7032:
7028:
7024:
7020:
7013:
7011:
7002:
6996:
6992:
6988:
6984:
6983:
6975:
6973:
6964:
6960:
6956:
6952:
6948:
6944:
6940:
6936:
6929:
6927:
6925:
6923:
6914:
6910:
6906:
6902:
6898:
6894:
6887:
6885:
6883:
6881:
6879:
6877:
6875:
6866:
6860:
6856:
6855:
6847:
6832:
6828:
6821:
6819:
6817:
6808:
6804:
6800:
6796:
6793:(88): 35–39.
6792:
6788:
6781:
6774:
6772:
6770:
6768:
6759:
6755:
6751:
6747:
6743:
6739:
6732:
6717:
6713:
6706:
6699:
6693:
6685:
6681:
6680:
6672:
6656:
6652:
6648:
6641:
6634:
6621:
6616:
6612:
6608:
6604:
6600:
6596:
6589:
6573:
6569:
6563:
6559:
6558:
6550:
6548:
6531:
6527:
6523:
6519:
6512:
6504:
6498:
6494:
6487:
6485:
6476:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6458:
6454:
6450:
6443:
6441:
6424:
6420:
6418:9780230349216
6414:
6410:
6409:
6401:
6385:
6381:
6379:9780791473344
6375:
6371:
6370:
6362:
6354:
6348:
6344:
6339:
6338:
6329:
6322:
6317:
6301:
6297:
6296:
6291:
6284:
6277:
6272:
6266:
6262:
6259:
6255:
6251:
6246:
6238:
6234:
6230:
6226:
6222:
6216:
6212:
6208:
6204:
6203:
6195:
6187:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6169:
6165:
6161:
6154:
6146:
6145:
6140:
6134:
6118:
6114:
6110:
6106:
6102:
6098:
6091:
6083:
6079:
6075:
6071:
6067:
6063:
6056:
6048:
6044:
6040:
6036:
6032:
6028:
6024:
6020:
6013:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5983:
5979:
5978:
5973:
5966:
5947:
5944:(88): 31–33.
5943:
5936:
5929:
5913:
5909:
5905:
5898:
5896:
5879:
5875:
5869:
5865:
5864:
5856:
5849:
5843:
5835:
5829:
5825:
5824:
5816:
5800:
5796:
5792:
5786:
5775:
5771:
5767:
5763:
5759:
5755:
5751:
5744:
5737:
5735:
5733:
5731:
5729:
5727:
5725:
5723:
5721:
5719:
5702:
5698:
5691:
5684:
5682:
5668:
5664:
5662:9780292743793
5658:
5654:
5653:
5645:
5637:
5631:
5627:
5626:
5618:
5603:
5599:
5595:
5594:
5589:
5585:
5579:
5572:
5566:
5550:
5546:
5542:
5535:
5527:
5523:
5519:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5501:
5497:
5493:
5486:
5470:
5466:
5459:
5457:
5449:
5444:
5440:
5436:
5432:
5428:
5424:
5420:
5416:
5408:
5401:
5397:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5379:
5375:
5371:
5367:
5366:
5361:
5359:
5350:
5344:
5340:
5335:
5319:
5318:
5310:
5308:
5306:
5304:
5302:
5300:
5298:
5296:
5294:
5292:
5283:
5277:
5273:
5272:
5264:
5262:
5253:
5249:
5245:
5241:
5237:
5233:
5229:
5225:
5218:
5216:
5214:
5212:
5210:
5208:
5206:
5204:
5202:
5200:
5198:
5196:
5194:
5192:
5190:
5188:
5179:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5161:
5157:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5130:
5128:
5126:
5124:
5122:
5120:
5118:
5116:
5114:
5105:
5099:
5095:
5088:
5086:
5084:
5067:
5063:
5057:
5053:
5052:
5044:
5042:
5040:
5031:
5027:
5023:
5016:
5014:
5012:
5005:, p. 58.
5004:
4999:
4997:
4995:
4986:
4980:
4976:
4975:
4967:
4965:
4963:
4961:
4952:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4903:
4901:
4899:
4897:
4895:
4893:
4891:
4889:
4887:
4885:
4883:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4838:
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4827:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4792:
4790:
4788:
4786:
4784:
4775:
4769:
4765:
4764:
4756:
4754:
4745:
4744:
4739:
4733:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4691:
4690:
4685:
4678:
4676:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4605:
4597:
4590:
4588:
4579:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4530:
4528:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4487:
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4476:
4474:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4438:
4431:
4429:
4427:
4425:
4423:
4421:
4419:
4417:
4415:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4383:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4323:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4254:
4249:
4242:
4234:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4185:
4183:
4181:
4179:
4177:
4175:
4173:
4171:
4169:
4167:
4165:
4163:
4161:
4159:
4157:
4155:
4153:
4144:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4111:
4109:
4107:
4105:
4103:
4101:
4099:
4097:
4095:
4093:
4091:
4089:
4080:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4031:
4023:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3982:
3967:
3963:
3956:
3941:
3940:Science Alert
3937:
3930:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3872:
3865:
3857:
3853:
3849:
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3838:
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3816:
3811:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3771:
3769:
3760:
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3742:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3707:
3702:
3695:
3681:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3654:
3646:
3638:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3597:
3592:
3585:
3577:
3573:
3567:
3565:
3556:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3497:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3462:
3460:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3375:
3367:
3360:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3292:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3271:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3232:
3225:
3223:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3065:
3057:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3011:9780230349216
3007:
3003:
2999:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2978:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2938:
2933:
2930:
2925:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2868:
2865:
2860:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2829:
2826:
2815:
2813:9780224074704
2809:
2805:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2723:
2716:
2710:
2702:
2698:
2697:
2691:
2684:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2636:
2628:
2620:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2571:
2569:
2560:
2554:
2550:
2543:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2481:
2474:
2468:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2440:Pseudoscience
2438:
2435:
2434:Pseudohistory
2432:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2416:Occam's razor
2414:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2376:Fringe theory
2374:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2336:
2334:
2330:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2269:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2239:
2238:Richard Nixon
2235:
2230:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2218:Warren Report
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2155:
2148:United States
2145:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2130:Kemal AtatĂĽrk
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2086:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2069:United States
2066:
2062:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2025:
2015:
2013:
2012:Bruce Cumings
2009:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1915:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1874:
1871:
1860:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1828:
1823:
1822:Michael Kelly
1814:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1764:
1758:
1756:
1744:
1740:
1735:
1732:
1731:Marcel Danesi
1723:
1718:
1715:
1708:
1705:
1695:
1691:
1688:
1685:and her book
1684:
1680:
1675:
1673:
1672:authoritarian
1669:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1640:
1633:
1631:
1625:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1587:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1542:
1540:
1539:powerlessness
1529:
1527:
1523:
1522:pseudoscience
1517:
1515:
1510:
1504:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1471:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1441:
1438:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1420:
1417:
1407:
1405:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1385:
1380:
1377:
1376:Scare tactics
1371:
1368:
1367:public health
1358:
1354:
1352:
1346:
1342:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1271:Intervention
1270:
1267:
1266:
1260:
1251:
1249:
1246:isolated" in
1245:
1239:
1237:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1202:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1178:
1175:
1163:
1156:Interventions
1153:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1078:public health
1074:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1003:
994:
991:
986:
981:
977:
975:
974:
969:
965:
961:
960:false balance
953:
948:
944:
941:
937:
933:
928:
926:
922:
917:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
889:
886:
882:
878:
873:
870:
865:
863:
858:
854:
850:
840:
838:
836:
831:
819:
815:
811:
808:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
786:
783:
779:
775:
771:
768:
767:
766:
764:
752:
749:
746:
743:
740:
739:
738:
736:
727:
725:
721:
704:
699:
697:
694:
693:
687:
682:
680:
677:
676:
670:
665:
662:
658:
655:
654:
648:
643:
640:
636:
635:
629:
624:
621:
617:
616:
612:
609:
606:
605:
602:
597:
595:
591:
590:Mike Huckabee
587:
582:
580:
579:search engine
576:
572:
568:
564:
559:
557:
552:
546:
543:
539:
534:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
501:
499:
495:
491:
487:
480:
469:
464:
461:
459:
458:bureaucracies
453:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
425:
423:
422:
417:
413:
408:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
381:
372:
370:
366:
361:
356:
350:
348:
341:
339:
335:
334:
329:
324:
322:
321:
316:
312:
308:
307:
296:
294:
290:
285:
281:
277:
273:
268:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
241:public health
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
153:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
113:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
90:
86:
82:
78:
77:falsification
73:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
43:
39:
35:
30:
26:
22:
15772:
15707:South Africa
15694:Web brigades
15630:Cyberwarfare
15612:Useful idiot
15561:Soviet Union
15506:Fintas Group
15398:Global Times
15396:
15365:cyberwarfare
15126:
15119:
15112:
15105:
15099:
15091:
15058:Whataboutism
15053:Urban legend
15023:Quote mining
14824:
14717:
14710:
14703:
14696:
14689:
14682:
14675:
14658:
14651:
14644:
14637:
14526:Mike Lindell
14446:Rhonda Byrne
14417:Promoters of
14404:Water memory
14344:Laundry ball
14236:Tractor beam
14192:Cold fusion‎
14010:
13888:Lunar effect
13833:Ear candling
13781:Chiropractic
13771:Bloodletting
13761:Bates method
13731:Aromatherapy
13694:
13660:Junk science
13549:Superstition
13472:
13328: /
13326:Phantom time
13265:"Pence Card"
13238: /
13232:Vietnam War
13197:
13158:Jade Helm 15
13099: /
12957:
12893:Dulles' Plan
12777:Andinia Plan
12752:Finland Plot
12738:South Korea
12732:Tallano gold
12728:Philippines
12559:Islamophobic
12512:Christian /
12488:Kalergi Plan
12478:Judeopolonia
12466:World War II
12458:
12444:
12438: /
12409:George Soros
12404:Epsilon Team
12379:Andinia Plan
12235:Lepers' plot
12189: /
12185: /
12177:turbo cancer
12063: /
11905:WTC collapse
11894:9/11 attacks
11850:
11843:Pearl Harbor
11829:
11820:
11758:
11627:
11620:Khamar-Daban
11590:Dyatlov Pass
11570:
11562:Mary Celeste
11561:
11460:Vince Foster
11346:Adolf Hitler
11210:Maury Island
11204:Dundy County
11176:
11167:Men in black
11149:
11137: /
11133: /
11088:Hollow Earth
11017:moral panics
11007:Manipulation
10899: /
10895: /
10878:
10825:
10787:
10761:
10743:
10732:
10718:
10708:
10701:
10696:Slosson, W.
10679:
10641:
10637:
10617:
10596:
10583:. Retrieved
10578:. Americas.
10564:
10540:
10536:
10519:
10515:
10503:. Retrieved
10499:the original
10494:
10471:
10452:
10432:
10420:
10414:The American
10413:
10383:
10362:
10347:
10338:
10323:. Retrieved
10317:
10289:
10285:
10256:
10236:
10210:
10206:
10191:
10169:
10148:
10122:25 September
10120:. Retrieved
10106:
10096:
10086:25 September
10084:. Retrieved
10069:
10057:
10020:
10014:
10000:
9943:
9937:
9927:
9918:
9910:
9898:. Retrieved
9894:The Atlantic
9892:
9882:
9866:
9860:
9841:
9835:
9819:
9813:
9805:
9797:
9788:
9782:
9759:
9753:
9734:
9728:
9716:. Retrieved
9712:the original
9707:
9698:
9686:. Retrieved
9682:the original
9677:
9668:
9651:
9647:
9641:
9633:
9608:
9604:
9594:
9582:. Retrieved
9575:the original
9561:
9549:. Retrieved
9541:The Atlantic
9530:
9518:. Retrieved
9476:
9469:
9461:the original
9456:
9446:
9436:
9421:
9409:the original
9396:
9384:. Retrieved
9375:
9365:
9346:
9325:. Retrieved
9305:
9301:
9291:
9278:
9257:. Retrieved
9243:
9234:
9231:Popper, Karl
9225:
9217:the original
9204:
9195:
9183:. Retrieved
9178:
9169:
9157:. Retrieved
9151:
9141:
9129:. Retrieved
9118:
9106:
9094:. Retrieved
9085:The Atlantic
9083:
9071:
9063:the original
9058:
9049:
9041:
9036:
8991:
8987:
8974:
8962:. Retrieved
8954:PBS NEWSHOUR
8953:
8943:
8935:
8930:
8918:
8906:
8894:
8882:. Retrieved
8865:
8855:
8846:16 September
8844:, retrieved
8816:
8812:
8796:
8776:
8769:
8751:. Retrieved
8742:
8732:
8720:. Retrieved
8705:
8692:
8683:
8675:
8665:
8660:
8645:
8610:
8606:
8596:
8587:
8577:
8550:
8546:
8536:
8491:
8487:
8477:
8452:
8448:
8442:
8409:
8405:
8398:
8386:. Retrieved
8365:
8360:Berlet, Chip
8354:
8342:. Retrieved
8333:
8326:Cohen, Roger
8291:
8269:. Retrieved
8249:
8201:
8197:
8191:
8179:. Retrieved
8154:
8150:
8140:
8132:
8120:Justin Fox:
8094:
8088:
8076:. Retrieved
8067:
8057:
8048:
8041:. Retrieved
8029:Berlet, Chip
8013:, p. 3.
7958:
7954:
7914:11343/286891
7899:(1): 16–28.
7896:
7892:
7882:
7858:
7851:
7816:
7812:
7802:
7769:
7765:
7759:
7714:
7710:
7700:
7667:
7663:
7650:
7625:
7621:
7608:
7583:
7579:
7573:
7532:
7528:
7515:
7503:. Retrieved
7467:
7463:
7450:
7431:
7405:
7401:
7367:
7363:
7309:
7305:
7278:cite journal
7243:
7239:
7208:. Retrieved
7204:
7140:
7136:
7126:
7117:
7113:
7104:
7085:
7081:
7071:
7055:
7029:(1): 18–35.
7026:
7022:
6981:
6938:
6934:
6896:
6892:
6853:
6846:
6834:. Retrieved
6830:
6790:
6786:
6744:(1): 47–62.
6741:
6737:
6731:
6719:. Retrieved
6716:The Guardian
6715:
6705:
6697:
6692:
6677:
6671:
6659:. Retrieved
6651:New Republic
6650:
6640:
6631:
6624:. Retrieved
6602:
6598:
6588:
6576:. Retrieved
6556:
6534:. Retrieved
6530:the original
6525:
6521:
6511:
6492:
6456:
6452:
6427:. Retrieved
6407:
6400:
6388:. Retrieved
6368:
6361:
6336:
6328:
6323:, p. 7.
6316:
6304:. Retrieved
6299:
6293:
6283:
6278:, p. 6.
6271:
6253:
6250:Jesse Walker
6245:
6201:
6194:
6167:
6163:
6153:
6142:
6133:
6121:. Retrieved
6100:
6090:
6065:
6061:
6055:
6022:
6018:
6012:
6002:12 September
6000:. Retrieved
5981:
5977:First Monday
5975:
5965:
5955:12 September
5953:. Retrieved
5941:
5928:
5916:. Retrieved
5907:
5882:. Retrieved
5862:
5855:
5847:
5842:
5822:
5815:
5803:. Retrieved
5794:
5785:
5774:the original
5756:(88): 9–14.
5753:
5749:
5705:. Retrieved
5700:
5690:
5680:
5678:
5671:. Retrieved
5651:
5644:
5624:
5617:
5605:. Retrieved
5593:The Guardian
5591:
5578:
5570:
5565:
5553:. Retrieved
5544:
5534:
5499:
5495:
5485:
5473:. Retrieved
5468:
5446:
5422:
5418:
5407:
5399:
5369:
5363:
5357:
5349:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5322:. Retrieved
5316:
5270:
5227:
5223:
5143:
5139:
5093:
5070:. Retrieved
5050:
5021:
4973:
4916:
4912:
4848:
4844:
4801:
4797:
4762:
4741:
4732:
4693:
4687:
4662:. Retrieved
4602:
4543:
4539:
4485:
4481:
4447:
4443:
4396:
4392:
4382:
4374:
4328:
4322:
4257:
4251:
4241:
4198:
4195:EMBO Reports
4194:
4127:(S1): 3–35.
4124:
4120:
4044:
4040:
4030:
3995:
3991:
3981:
3969:. Retrieved
3955:
3943:. Retrieved
3929:
3917:. Retrieved
3881:
3877:
3864:
3847:
3843:
3784:
3780:
3710:
3704:
3694:
3683:, retrieved
3652:
3645:
3600:
3594:
3584:
3575:
3510:
3506:
3496:
3471:
3467:
3446:. Retrieved
3378:
3372:
3359:
3304:
3298:
3268:
3262:the original
3244:(88): 9–14.
3241:
3237:
3172:
3168:
3162:
3132:. Retrieved
3068:
3062:
2997:
2975:
2947:
2943:
2927:
2879:
2875:
2862:
2840:
2836:
2824:
2817:. Retrieved
2802:
2792:
2784:
2736:
2732:
2722:
2714:
2694:
2683:
2675:
2639:
2633:
2627:
2593:: 990–1008.
2586:
2580:
2551:. ABC-CLIO.
2548:
2542:
2532:
2508:
2507:
2498:
2489:
2480:
2472:
2467:
2458:
2457:
2446:Superstition
2352:Brainwashing
2310:Donald Trump
2292:
2246:
2226:
2190:
2179:
2168:U.S. history
2157:
2099:
2088:
2045:
2027:
2005:
1982:
1972:
1967:9/11 attacks
1936:
1919:
1875:
1866:
1844:
1825:
1820:
1799:Bruno Latour
1797:
1784:
1774:
1766:
1765:writing for
1759:
1751:
1741:
1737:
1729:
1720:
1710:
1701:
1692:
1686:
1676:
1656:
1641:
1639:
1626:
1610:
1574:
1559:
1543:
1535:
1518:
1505:
1475:
1473:
1468:
1447:
1433:
1421:
1413:
1400:
1389:
1384:focus groups
1381:
1372:
1364:
1355:
1347:
1343:
1334:civil rights
1330:open society
1327:
1257:
1240:
1232:
1228:
1220:
1203:
1199:
1184:
1170:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1110:
1075:
1055:South Africa
1047:Soviet Union
1043:Nazi Germany
1008:
997:Consequences
982:
978:
971:
957:
929:
918:
900:, including
895:
874:
866:
849:Noam Chomsky
846:
833:
828:
809:
787:
769:
761:
735:Jesse Walker
733:
717:
657:Barack Obama
639:crisis actor
600:
583:
575:social media
560:
547:
535:
507:
482:
466:
462:
454:
438:hypothesized
437:
431:
419:
415:
409:
404:
396:
386:
359:
352:
346:
343:
331:
325:
318:
314:
310:
304:
302:
289:open society
280:social media
269:
205:South Africa
193:Soviet Union
189:Nazi Germany
154:
114:
97:
84:
74:
49:
47:
25:
15905:Yellow rain
15525:Philippines
15385:Spamouflage
15370:Little Pink
15224:Rothschilds
15214:Red mercury
14929:Gaslighting
14880:Lying press
14850:Doublespeak
14431:Del Bigtree
13918:Panchagavya
13908:Naturopathy
13776:Body memory
13726:Acupuncture
13611:Terminology
13532:hate speech
13118:CIA and JFK
13097:"Obamagate"
13082:citizenship
12984:German Plot
12532:Popish Plot
12498:Rothschilds
12384:Blood libel
12371:Antisemitic
12307: [
12187:Philippines
12024:Recruitment
11809:allegations
11788:Red mercury
11664:Joan of Arc
11657:Other cases
11598:(1950s–60s)
11544:John McAfee
11514:Hugo Chávez
11466:Kurt Cobain
11454:Turgut Ă–zal
11450:(1980s–90s)
11430:Airey Neave
11388:Harold Holt
11328:Tom Thomson
11246:Gulf Breeze
11240:Ilkley Moor
11093:Hollow Moon
10864:Antiscience
10857:Core topics
10676:Sagan, Carl
10644:(1): 3–34.
10325:28 November
10319:Der Spiegel
10027:: 696–719.
9678:The Skeptic
9259:5 September
9153:The Monthly
8923:Barkun 2003
8911:Barkun 2003
8899:Barkun 2003
8344:18 February
8011:Barkun 2003
7819:: 118–122.
7628:: 156–159.
7505:28 December
6321:Barkun 2003
6276:Barkun 2003
6229:j.ctv941trn
5707:23 November
5555:11 December
5471:. p. 3
5324:17 November
5003:Barkun 2003
4546:(1): 5–12.
4450:(88): 5–8.
4268:: 188–208.
3919:28 December
3850:: 156–159.
3389:: 544–552.
3311:: 271–298.
3183:: 114–120.
3079:: 505–518.
2950:(88): 5–8.
2650:: 731–742.
2302:Mitt Romney
2210:McCarthyism
2178:'s classic
2056:Roger Cohen
1975:Karl Popper
1933:Terminology
1856:millenarian
1852:apocalyptic
1777:World War I
1763:Roger Cohen
1532:Attractions
1528:phenomena.
1462:Sociologist
1294:Rhetorical
1146:journalists
1114:antisemitic
1015:witch hunts
973:ad hominems
245:vaccination
165:witch hunts
16071:Categories
16032:PolitiFact
15960:Opposition
15836:Sandy Hook
15635:on Estonia
15569:Soviet era
15482:Team Jorge
15458:Godi-media
15219:Reptilians
15189:Illuminati
15048:Truthiness
15038:Social bot
15001:Propaganda
14934:Half-truth
14909:False flag
14671:Quackwatch
14501:David Icke
14481:Max Gerson
14476:Gaia, Inc.
14364:Numerology
14359:Lysenkoism
14354:Levitation
14334:Graphology
14219:Dean drive
14154:Aryan race
14085:Mediumship
13960:Trepanning
13928:Phrenology
13868:Homeopathy
13766:Biorhythms
13665:Paranormal
13522:Paranormal
13431:Li's field
13350:synarchism
13345:Illuminati
13340:Bilderberg
13212:Sandy Hook
13148:FEMA camps
13000:Lithuania
12845:Cairo fire
12817:Golpe Azul
12808:Venezuela
12773:Argentina
12625:Bangladesh
12587:Love jihad
12446:Żydokomuna
12389:Cohen Plan
12299:Freemasons
12162:Ivermectin
12152:Chemtrails
12147:Big Pharma
12123:Thiomersal
11990:gay agenda
11985:drag panic
11970:Anti-LGBTQ
11807:False flag
11442:Zia-ul-Haq
11436:Olof Palme
11258:Morristown
11222:Twin Falls
11178:Die Glocke
11144:Dulce Base
11098:Reptilians
11083:Flat Earth
10970:Psychology
10906:Conspiracy
10874:deep state
10505:13 October
10402:1407420009
9950:: 615727.
9708:Yalansavar
9520:10 January
9308:(6): 102.
9185:24 January
9159:24 January
9131:24 January
9096:24 January
8722:9 February
8388:9 November
8271:27 October
7210:16 October
6836:16 October
6605:(1): 7–8.
6578:27 January
6302:(1): 17–51
5673:27 January
5443:4642826321
5030:B000J0N8NC
4700:: 93–111.
3998:: 110559.
3717:: e89177.
2977:arguments.
2711:required.)
2454:References
2428:Propaganda
2326:deep-state
2294:Alex Jones
2287:Red Scares
2283:COINTELPRO
2220:, and the
2122:secularist
2108:, and the
2018:Arab world
1997:chauvinism
1888:, and the
1848:mass media
1781:Justin Fox
1743:awareness.
1726:Physiology
1698:Projection
1677:Professor
1562:alienation
1547:alienation
1545:increased
1526:paranormal
1496:mass media
1492:schizotypy
1444:Psychology
1276:Technical
1160:See also:
814:David Icke
796:Freemasons
780:, and the
661:birtherism
594:Republican
538:mass media
504:Popularity
496:, and the
486:false flag
446:historians
442:scientists
434:conspiracy
355:dissenting
272:mass media
215:about the
161:propaganda
141:Dark triad
125:narcissism
121:schizotypy
70:historians
66:scientists
62:conspiracy
54:conspiracy
42:Illuminati
16027:NewsGuard
16022:Logically
16017:Full Fact
15914:Venezuela
15848:Fake news
15736:AK Trolls
15427:Funkspiel
14949:Infodemic
14865:Fake news
14840:Denialism
14835:Deception
14626:Resources
14556:Mehmet Oz
14374:Polygraph
14324:Feng shui
14292:Dianetics
14267:Astrology
14132:Pseudolaw
13938:Radionics
13913:Palmistry
13878:Iridology
13680:Snake oil
13623:Charlatan
13527:Prejudice
13421:Bielefeld
13409:Satirical
13367:Pseudolaw
13260:Italygate
13199:incidents
13173:Pizzagate
13092:parentage
13004:Statesmen
12936:Ergenekon
12870:Pallywood
12840:10 agorot
12748:Thailand
12722:Jinnahpur
12718:Pakistan
12645:Holodomor
12635:Cambodian
12142:Aspartame
12051:GamerGate
12012:Homintern
11980:Chemicals
11830:Lusitania
11748:Agenda 21
11682:Jonestown
11672:(1948–54)
11520:Seth Rich
11412:Aldo Moro
11248:(1987–88)
11172:Nazi UFOs
10997:Denialism
10926:Espionage
10916:Deception
10668:143602969
10646:CiteSeerX
10557:145632390
10298:1056-2036
10227:152067265
10049:222094116
10041:1096-1151
9992:231654586
9966:2297-7775
9900:30 August
9654:: 32–47.
9625:159483845
9386:26 August
8874:0028-792X
8833:159523434
8569:1094-2939
8510:1664-1078
8469:0046-2772
8426:2044-8295
8043:1 October
7977:1664-1078
7931:197707663
7923:1099-0720
7864:Routledge
7843:214735855
7835:2352-1546
7794:219744361
7786:0046-2772
7733:1664-1078
7670:: 15–20.
7642:0191-8869
7600:0191-8869
7549:1872-7123
7535:: 15–20.
7384:145632390
7159:1664-1078
7063:CC BY 4.0
7051:248934562
7043:0743-9156
6955:0963-6625
6913:1099-9922
6807:255910928
6758:0090-2616
6721:5 October
6475:0888-4080
6306:24 August
6237:159357706
6186:1540-8884
6164:The Forum
6113:0362-4331
6082:0022-4189
6047:149762298
6039:0007-1234
5884:18 August
5770:141788005
5602:0261-3077
5526:233242206
5435:0368-315X
5244:0963-8016
5160:0046-2772
4933:0963-7214
4865:0264-410X
4818:0002-8177
4724:237329082
4716:1745-5294
4664:7 October
4651:231818589
4627:1476-4687
4560:1753-495X
4502:1548-3568
4464:255932379
4405:1940-3461
4371:158560266
4363:1874-6691
4314:233429880
4306:299661763
4282:0018-2710
4215:1469-221X
4143:0162-895X
4061:1750-6980
3801:0933-7954
3741:1932-6203
3619:1664-1078
3537:1932-6203
3419:475047529
3403:2044-8309
3351:252597317
3335:909903176
3327:1545-2085
3258:141788005
3213:152217672
3197:0392-1921
3134:7 October
3121:215787658
3095:1572-8633
3020:802867724
2972:255932379
2964:1746-6016
2906:1932-6203
2859:0888-4080
2819:17 August
2755:1664-1078
2664:1467-9221
2619:1460-3551
2509:Citations
2370:Fake news
2333:Democrats
2253:Watergate
2118:modernist
2114:Islamists
1993:tribalism
1959:2008 poll
1943:far right
1863:Viability
1748:Sociology
1674:beliefs.
1187:empowered
1118:far right
1027:terrorist
1023:genocides
1011:prejudice
932:falsified
802:, or the
800:Communism
613:Not sure
261:extremist
213:denialism
173:genocides
157:prejudice
16052:USAFacts
16042:StopFake
15938:Force 47
15843:COVID-19
15767:Euromyth
15518:Peñabots
15392:COVID-19
15297:COVID-19
15282:Vaccines
15147:Examples
15033:Smearing
14314:Eugenics
14297:Auditing
13873:Humorism
13848:Fad diet
13796:Cryonics
13756:Ayurveda
13719:Medicine
13675:Quackery
13458:See also
13321:New Coke
13178:The Plan
13087:religion
12980:Ireland
12976:Euromyth
12959:Üst akıl
12908:Rasputin
12763:Americas
12687:Regional
12620:Armenian
12172:vaccines
12167:lab leak
12157:COVID-19
12029:Grooming
11303:theories
11024:Paranoia
10921:Dystopia
10897:Criminal
10847:Overview
10678:(1996).
10580:BBC News
10423:(1954).
10382:(2023).
10370:Archived
10302:Archived
10207:Diogenes
10145:(2010).
10116:Archived
10080:Archived
10016:Religion
9984:33869533
9871:Archived
9824:Archived
9545:Archived
9514:Archived
9429:Archived
9380:Archived
9253:Archived
9125:Archived
9090:Archived
9028:26812482
8988:PLOS ONE
8958:Archived
8878:Archived
8837:archived
8747:Archived
8716:Archived
8685:Politico
8637:29276345
8528:25762969
8434:21751999
8382:Archived
8338:Archived
8265:Archived
8247:(1965).
8218:18512419
8181:7 August
8175:Archived
8125:Archived
8072:Archived
8037:Archived
7995:30853921
7751:25762969
7692:43823184
7684:29024855
7565:43823184
7557:29024855
7496:Archived
7484:21486312
7346:33837144
7270:32905023
7177:38022962
7168:10663292
7065:license.
6963:34006153
6655:Archived
6626:24 April
6572:Archived
6536:11 March
6423:Archived
6384:Archived
6261:Archived
6123:23 April
6117:Archived
5996:Archived
5946:Archived
5912:Archived
5878:Archived
5799:Archived
5667:Archived
5549:Archived
5518:33852369
5252:48880069
5178:30555188
5072:6 August
5066:Archived
4951:29276345
4873:22643216
4826:25082925
4655:Archived
4643:33542489
4635:12037118
4578:27512452
4518:23483038
4510:25929959
4298:64001081
4290:00182710
4264:for the
4233:20539311
4079:29081831
4022:33867616
3910:Archived
3898:21486312
3819:28352955
3759:24586574
3706:PLOS ONE
3637:22888323
3574:(2011).
3555:24098391
3507:PLOS ONE
3439:Archived
3427:21486312
3411:81642357
3343:36170672
3205:55003452
3164:Diogenes
3125:Archived
3113:32301040
3073:Springer
2924:31794581
2876:PLOS ONE
2781:16685781
2773:23734136
2530:(2003).
2339:See also
2298:Ron Paul
2206:Cold War
2164:paranoia
2142:the West
2073:al-Qaeda
1963:al-Qaeda
1949:Politics
1832:anti-war
1809:and the
1668:paranoia
1484:paranoia
1351:in-group
1122:far left
1045:and the
952:Fox News
892:Rhetoric
835:Cui bono
641:theory)
610:Believe
556:folklore
473:Examples
369:theories
309:defines
276:internet
135:called "
117:paranoia
106:paranoia
94:cynicism
15926:Vietnam
15597:Seat 12
15468:OpIndia
15420:Germany
14887:Fallacy
14860:Factoid
14798:Big lie
14461:Clonaid
14394:Ufology
14304:Dowsing
14257:Alchemy
14224:EMDrive
14180:Physics
13806:Cupping
13707:Topics
13101:Spygate
13030:Sweden
12866:Israel
12783:Canada
12655:Rwandan
12650:Nanjing
12630:Bosnian
12577:Eurabia
12537:Vatican
12527:Jesuits
12322:(1940s)
12240:Medbeds
12065:Gaylors
12061:Larries
11896:(2001)
11851:Liberty
11628:Estonia
11571:Titanic
11301:suicide
11216:Roswell
11121:Area 51
10951:Secrecy
10770:1919580
10723:excerpt
10721:(2014)
10585:26 June
10108:NPR.org
9975:8022489
9642:İnkılâp
9584:6 April
9551:21 June
9327:14 July
9310:Bibcode
9059:PubPeer
9019:4728076
8996:Bibcode
8964:22 July
8884:9 April
8654:. Aeon.
8628:5724570
8519:4340140
8494:: 206.
8226:8717161
8171:3791630
7986:6396711
7961:: 205.
7742:4340140
7717:: 206.
7492:7318352
7337:8053951
7314:Bibcode
7261:7462781
6661:29 June
6429:16 June
6390:16 June
6256:(2013)
5918:5 March
5805:5 April
5475:2 March
5396:1837085
5169:6282974
4942:5724570
4845:Vaccine
4569:4934997
4224:2897118
4070:5646574
4013:8035125
3971:17 June
3966:Inverse
3945:17 June
3906:7318352
3810:5423964
3750:3930676
3719:Bibcode
3628:3412387
3546:3788812
3515:Bibcode
3488:2564659
3435:7318352
3293:(ed.).
3104:7161434
2915:6890261
2884:Bibcode
2864:people.
2764:3659314
2739:: 279.
2672:3791630
2346:Big lie
2316:in the
2304:in the
2095:Ottoman
2034:Zionism
1939:cookers
1923:PubPeer
1842:views.
1615:at the
1195:priming
571:YouTube
403:, with
265:economy
145:empathy
40:to the
16037:Snopes
15853:online
15773:Lancet
15719:Turkey
15557:Russia
15513:Mexico
15501:Kuwait
15477:Israel
15336:Canada
15292:autism
15238:Health
14870:online
14369:Orgone
13214:(2012)
13193:Pastel
13020:Spain
12990:Italy
12923:Turkey
12881:Russia
12703:India
12471:Z.O.G.
12344:Kosher
12247:(2003)
12183:Canada
12113:autism
12093:Health
11938:(2023)
11932:(2014)
11926:(2010)
11920:(2005)
11914:(2004)
11890:(1995)
11884:(1988)
11878:(1986)
11872:(1983)
11866:(1982)
11860:(1972)
11854:(1967)
11845:(1941)
11839:(1933)
11833:(1915)
11824:(1898)
11684:(1978)
11678:(1977)
11666:(1431)
11649:(2014)
11643:(1999)
11637:(1996)
11631:(1994)
11622:(1993)
11616:(1987)
11610:(1972)
11604:(1972)
11592:(1959)
11586:(1952)
11580:(1923)
11574:(1912)
11565:(1872)
11546:(2021)
11540:(2020)
11534:(2019)
11528:(2018)
11522:(2016)
11516:(2013)
11510:(2011)
11504:(2007)
11498:(2004)
11492:(2001)
11486:(1998)
11480:(1997)
11474:(1995)
11468:(1994)
11462:(1993)
11456:(1993)
11444:(1988)
11438:(1986)
11432:(1979)
11426:(1978)
11420:(1978)
11414:(1978)
11408:(1973)
11402:(1968)
11396:(1968)
11390:(1967)
11384:(1966)
11378:(1963)
11372:(1963)
11366:(1962)
11360:(1958)
11354:(1945)
11348:(1945)
11342:(1945)
11336:(1943)
11330:(1917)
11324:(1916)
11318:(1890)
11312:(1850)
11260:(2009)
11254:(1995)
11242:(1987)
11236:(1967)
11230:(1949)
11224:(1947)
11218:(1947)
11212:(1947)
11206:(1884)
11196:Hoaxes
11153:(1948)
10869:Cabals
10768:
10750:
10713:online
10686:
10666:
10648:
10625:
10604:
10569:online
10555:
10478:
10459:
10440:
10425:online
10400:
10390:
10367:online
10354:
10296:
10267:
10244:
10225:
10180:
10157:
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9741:
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9688:17 May
9623:
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8101:
8078:6 July
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7983:
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3171:(3–4:
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2494:Barkun
2255:, the
2212:, and
2104:, the
2091:Turkey
2079:Turkey
2001:racism
1884:, the
1670:, and
1636:Causes
1630:random
1551:anomie
1071:hunger
1067:famine
1063:Zambia
1021:, and
908:, and
521:, and
517:, the
492:, the
278:, and
274:, the
237:hunger
233:famine
229:Zambia
197:Turkey
195:, and
191:, the
171:, and
127:, and
108:, and
15831:QAnon
15489:Korea
15446:India
15348:China
15262:Ebola
14778:Types
14250:Other
13943:Reiki
13628:Crank
13490:Dogma
13301:Other
13188:QAnon
12856:Iran
12798:Peru
12660:Sayfo
12544:Bible
12339:Halal
12311:]
12198:Ebola
11821:Maine
11783:HAARP
11162:MJ-12
10893:Civil
10766:JSTOR
10664:S2CID
10553:S2CID
10305:(PDF)
10282:(PDF)
10223:S2CID
10045:S2CID
10023:(4).
9988:S2CID
9621:S2CID
9578:(PDF)
9571:(PDF)
9412:(PDF)
9405:(PDF)
8840:(PDF)
8829:S2CID
8809:(PDF)
8222:S2CID
8167:JSTOR
7927:S2CID
7839:S2CID
7790:S2CID
7688:S2CID
7660:(PDF)
7618:(PDF)
7561:S2CID
7525:(PDF)
7499:(PDF)
7488:S2CID
7460:(PDF)
7380:S2CID
7047:S2CID
6803:S2CID
6783:(PDF)
6233:S2CID
6225:JSTOR
6043:S2CID
5984:(7).
5949:(PDF)
5938:(PDF)
5777:(PDF)
5766:S2CID
5746:(PDF)
5607:4 May
5522:S2CID
5392:JSTOR
5248:S2CID
4720:S2CID
4696:(1).
4658:(PDF)
4647:S2CID
4599:(PDF)
4514:S2CID
4460:S2CID
4440:(PDF)
4367:S2CID
4310:S2CID
4286:JSTOR
4260:(3).
3913:(PDF)
3902:S2CID
3874:(PDF)
3840:(PDF)
3713:(2).
3484:JSTOR
3448:8 May
3442:(PDF)
3431:S2CID
3381:(3).
3369:(PDF)
3347:S2CID
3265:(PDF)
3254:S2CID
3234:(PDF)
3209:S2CID
3128:(PDF)
3117:S2CID
3071:(3).
3059:(PDF)
2968:S2CID
2940:(PDF)
2777:S2CID
2705:
2668:JSTOR
2644:Wiley
2642:(4).
2589:(4).
2329:cabal
2312:over
2300:over
1999:, or
714:Types
620:QAnon
567:blogs
511:China
315:spec.
209:QAnon
15672:2020
15667:2018
15662:2016
15043:Spin
14944:Hoax
14829:list
14764:and
14561:Raël
13416:Acre
12697:Asia
12245:SARS
12213:GMOs
11849:USS
11828:RMS
11819:USS
11569:RMS
11108:UFOs
10748:ISBN
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10623:ISBN
10602:ISBN
10587:2006
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10476:ISBN
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10438:ISBN
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10178:ISBN
10155:ISBN
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9980:PMID
9962:ISSN
9902:2020
9846:ISBN
9768:ISBN
9739:ISBN
9720:2024
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9586:2018
9553:2018
9522:2017
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9351:ISBN
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9098:2023
9024:PMID
8966:2016
8886:2018
8870:ISSN
8848:2012
8782:ISBN
8755:2006
8724:2020
8633:PMID
8565:ISSN
8524:PMID
8506:ISSN
8465:ISSN
8430:PMID
8422:ISSN
8390:2019
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8301:ISBN
8273:2018
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8214:PMID
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8099:ISBN
8080:2018
8045:2009
7991:PMID
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7919:ISSN
7868:ISBN
7831:ISSN
7782:ISSN
7747:PMID
7729:ISSN
7680:PMID
7638:ISSN
7596:ISSN
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7545:ISSN
7507:2018
7480:PMID
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7342:PMID
7284:link
7266:PMID
7212:2020
7173:PMID
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7120:(1).
7039:ISSN
6995:ISBN
6959:PMID
6951:ISSN
6909:ISSN
6859:ISBN
6838:2020
6754:ISSN
6723:2023
6663:2016
6628:2024
6580:2016
6562:ISBN
6538:2015
6497:ISBN
6471:ISSN
6431:2015
6413:ISBN
6392:2015
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6308:2023
6215:ISBN
6182:ISSN
6125:2020
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6078:ISSN
6035:ISSN
6004:2015
5957:2015
5920:2019
5886:2016
5868:ISBN
5828:ISBN
5807:2018
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5675:2016
5657:ISBN
5630:ISBN
5609:2024
5598:ISSN
5557:2015
5514:PMID
5477:2022
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5026:ASIN
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4506:PMID
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4018:PMID
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3407:LCCN
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2855:ISSN
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4802:145
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