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579:), and argues it would be difficult to justify our knowledge of "value entities" or account for any links or consequences they would have. Finally, he thinks it possible to show that even without any objective values, people would still have reason to firmly believe in them (hence he claims that it is possible for people to be mistaken or fooled into believing that objective values exist).
573:, bluntly begins with the sentence "There are no objective values". He uses several arguments to support this claim. He argues that some aspects of moral thought are relative, and that objective morals require an absurd intrinsic action-guiding feature. Most of all, he thinks it is very unclear how objective values could supervene on features of the natural world (see the
623:
being in the face of evil and suffering, as such a being could have given us both free will and moral perfection, thus resulting in us choosing the good in every situation. In 1955 he published "Evil and
Omnipotence", which summarized his view that belief in the existence of evil and an all-powerful,
486:
I am nowhere mainly concerned to refute any individual writer. I believe that all those to whom I have referred, even those with whom I disagree most strongly, have contributed significantly to our understanding of ethics: where I have quoted their actual words, it is because they have presented
47:
477:
Mackie is said to have been capable of expressing total disagreement in such a genial way that the person being addressed might mistake his comment for a compliment. This personal style is exemplified by the following words from the preface to
785:
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of philosophy at the
University of Sydney from 1959 to 1963. In 1963, he moved to the United Kingdom, becoming the inaugural holder of the chair of philosophy in the
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described it as "one of the most, probably the most, distinguished articulation of an atheistic point of view given in the twentieth century." In 1980,
5634:
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called the book "a lucid discussion of moral theory which, although aimed at the general reader, has attracted a good deal of professional attention."
1337:, holding that moral judgments, while cognitive, are all false since there are no moral properties about which our moral judgments could be correct.
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391:. and Annie Burnett (née Duncan), who was a schoolteacher. Mackie graduated from the University of Sydney in 1938 after studying under
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as intrinsically normative entities on fundamental grounds. He was unsure what kinds of thing they would be if they existed.
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are particularly significant. He argued that the idea of human free will is no defence for those who wish to believe in an
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686:. This started a dispute between Mackie, Midgley, and Dawkins that was ongoing at the time of Mackie's death.
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331:(1977), opens by boldly stating, "There are no objective values." It goes on to argue that because of this,
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The
Argument from Queerness also suggests that the only way to know of such entities would be through an
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as part of its annual
Philosophical Lectures series. In 1974, he became a fellow of the British Academy.
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praising the book and discussing how its ideas might be applied to moral philosophy. The philosopher
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or another faculty different from how we know everything else. He conjoined moral scepticism with
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For a more complete list of works see "The publications of J. L. Mackie" compiled by Joan Mackie.
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Mackie, J. L. (1978). "The Law of the Jungle: Moral
Alternatives and Principles of Evolution".
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from 2004 until her death in 2022. Mackie's son David is also a philosopher and graduated from
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643:. In metaphysics, Mackie made significant contributions relating to the nature of
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magazine described him as "perhaps the ablest of today's atheistic philosophers".
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views or arguments more clearly or more forcefully than I could put them myself.
458:. In 1969, he gave a lecture, "What's Really Wrong with Phenomenalism?", at the
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926:"The Miracle of Theism: Arguments for and against the Existence of God"
870:
664:
as a
Christmas present, in 1978 Mackie wrote an article in the journal
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1989:
1860:
1330:
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that it is a miracle that anyone assents to the
Christian religion."
683:
613:
593:
581:
340:
The
Miracle of Theism: Arguments For and Against the Existence of God
46:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
588:
5378:
5368:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4795:
4642:
4558:
4526:
4439:
4431:
4122:
4097:
4065:
4060:
3901:
3866:
3500:
3485:
3409:
3404:
3369:
3359:
3272:
3207:
3181:
616:
491:
Mackie married Joan
Meredith in 1947. One of their three children,
1636:(2014) . "Mackie, J. L.". In Oppy, Graham; Trakakis, Nick (eds.).
4627:
4538:
4459:
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4092:
4045:
3525:
3414:
3379:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3237:
3227:
1018:
760:
601:
450:, a position he held until 1967, when he was elected a fellow of
368:
322:
961:
Does God exist? : the debate between theists & atheists
674:
responded in 1979 with "Gene-Juggling", an article arguing that
600:
Concerning religion, he was well known for vigorously defending
4697:
4590:
4469:
3510:
3451:
3384:
3309:
3186:
2796:
495:, also became a philosopher. She lectured in philosophy at the
466:
399:. Mackie received the Wentworth Travelling Fellowship to study
372:
332:
298:
253:
94:
71:
1606:
Brown, Stuart C.; Collinson, Diane; Wilkinson, Robert (2002).
4474:
4027:
3490:
3480:
427:
349:
in contemporary analytic philosophy. The atheist philosopher
4055:
3752:
3530:
3446:
3292:
3287:
3247:
648:
1570:
Corrupting the Youth: A History of Philosophy in Australia
4137:
3456:
2765:
1608:
Biographical dictionary of twentieth-century philosophers
624:
all-knowing and all-good god is "positively irrational".
1639:
A companion to philosophy in Australia & New Zealand
1605:
293:(25 August 1917 – 12 December 1981) was an Australian
885:
Professor Mackie and the KalĀm cosmological argument
1592:
Morality and Objectivity: A Tribute to J. L. Mackie
1118:McDowell, John. "Mackie, John Leslie (1917–1981)".
5630:Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers soldiers
1528:Morality and Objectivity: A Tribute to J.L. Mackie
527:, Oxford. His daughter Hilary is a classicist at
5446:
1407:The Cement of the Universe: A Study of Causation
788:: Arguments for and against the Existence of God
719:The Cement of the Universe: A Study of Causation
442:from 1955 to 1959 and succeeded Anderson as the
951:
823:Persons and Values: Selected Papers, Volume II
809:Logic and Knowledge: Selected Papers, Volume I
539:Mackie is best known for his contributions to
3988:
2781:
1697:
519:before being appointed a Fellow and Tutor at
325:. He wrote six books. His most widely known,
3728:Fifteen Sermons Preached at the Rolls Chapel
1124:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
5475:20th-century Australian non-fiction writers
847:Proceedings of the British Academy 55, 1969
551:. In metaethics, he took a position called
387:, influential in the educational system of
5645:Academic staff of the University of Sydney
5525:Australian emigrants to the United Kingdom
4002:
3995:
3981:
2788:
2774:
1704:
1690:
1673:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1042:. Canberra: National Centre of Biography,
45:
5635:Academic staff of the University of Otago
5394:Relationship between religion and science
1491:
1233:
1083:
844:"What’s Really Wrong with Phenomenalism?"
420:Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers
335:must be invented rather than discovered.
1632:
1152:"What's Really Wrong With Phenomenalism"
993:"Religion: Modernizing the Case for God"
587:
434:. He was professor of philosophy at the
19:For other people named John Mackie, see
3760:Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals
1980:
1711:
1473:
1121:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
837:
639:", which Mackie later responded in his
472:
395:, sharing the medal in philosophy with
297:. He made significant contributions to
5555:British Army personnel of World War II
5447:
4320:Proper basis and Reformed epistemology
1645:(Second ed.). Clayton, Victoria.
1430:
1403:
1356:
1207:
1113:
1111:
1109:
876:Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding
5595:Fellows of University College, Oxford
5545:Australian expatriates in New Zealand
3976:
2769:
1685:
920:
773:(1980), Routledge Keegan & Paul,
534:
5480:20th-century Australian philosophers
5470:20th-century Australian male writers
1117:
5550:Australian male non-fiction writers
5500:Academics of the University of York
3776:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
1250:"LISTSERV 16.5 - PHILOS-L Archives"
1106:
1031:
963:. Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus Books.
873:remark in the tenth chapter of his
869:"The title is a clever allusion to
499:from 1994 to 2004, and then at the
13:
5655:Writers about religion and science
5575:Australian critics of Christianity
1552:Proceedings of the British Academy
1536:
1157:Proceedings of the British Academy
1039:Australian Dictionary of Biography
367:Mackie was born 25 August 1917 in
313:. Mackie had influential views on
16:Australian philosopher (1917–1981)
14:
5666:
5490:20th-century British philosophers
5485:20th-century British male writers
1215:Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong
1034:"Mackie, John Leslie (1917–1981)"
825:(1985), Oxford University Press,
811:(1985), Oxford University Press,
790:(1982), Oxford University Press,
748:Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong
735:(1976), Oxford University Press,
721:(1980), Oxford University Press,
612:religions. His criticisms of the
571:Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong
480:Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong
328:Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong
321:and his sophisticated defence of
5565:British male non-fiction writers
5429:
5428:
5418:
3957:
3956:
2749:
2740:
2739:
1547:"Mackie, John Leslie, 1917–1981"
592:Mackie held compatibilism about
507:, where he held lectureships at
379:, professor of education at the
5620:Australian philosophy academics
5580:Australian critics of religions
5505:Alumni of Oriel College, Oxford
1516:
1467:
1424:
1397:
1350:
1341:
1323:See, for example, Mackie 1977:
1317:
1297:
1267:
1242:
1201:
1188:
701:Truth, Probability, and Paradox
689:
136:
5590:Fellows of the British Academy
5495:20th-century British essayists
3744:The Theory of Moral Sentiments
3114:Value monism – Value pluralism
1952:Analytic–synthetic distinction
1594:, Routledge Kegan & Paul,
1347:See, for example, Mackie 1982.
1163:
1144:
1044:Australian National University
985:
945:
914:
863:
802:
523:. He is Head of Philosophy at
1:
1208:Mackie, J. (30 August 1990).
856:
5570:British critics of religions
5515:Australian atheism activists
5359:Desacralization of knowledge
3808:On the Genealogy of Morality
3768:Critique of Practical Reason
1404:Mackie, John Leslie (1974).
1138:UK public library membership
654:After being given a copy of
604:, and also arguing that the
569:His most widely known work,
21:John Mackie (disambiguation)
7:
5640:University of Sydney alumni
4771:Best of all possible worlds
4728:Eschatological verification
4285:Fine-tuning of the universe
338:His posthumously published
317:, including his defence of
10:
5671:
3736:A Treatise of Human Nature
2795:
1851:Causal theory of reference
1359:"Iv.—Evil and Omnipotence"
452:University College, Oxford
407:, where he graduated with
216:University College, Oxford
18:
5414:
5346:
5250:
5135:
5055:
4990:
4912:
4819:
4804:
4756:
4718:
4430:
4355:
4230:
4221:
4151:
4088:
4079:
4010:
3952:
3859:
3704:
3470:
3195:
3124:
2986:
2861:
2803:
2735:
2710:
2672:
2646:
2620:
2592:
2536:
2508:
2445:
2424:
2363:
2321:
2298:
2275:
2177:
2121:
2083:
2027:
1934:
1838:
1788:
1762:
1726:
1719:
1493:10.1017/S0031819100063488
1445:10.1017/S0031819100026322
1375:10.1093/mind/LXIV.254.200
1196:University College Record
903:10.1017/S0034412500016243
279:
267:
234:
224:
193:
170:
160:
150:
146:
123:
102:
83:
53:
44:
30:
5615:Philosophers of religion
5610:Philosophers of language
5000:Friedrich Schleiermacher
4586:Theories about religions
4388:Inconsistent revelations
3087:Universal prescriptivism
1911:Scientific structuralism
1171:"Philosophical Lectures"
694:
608:made untenable the main
501:University of Nottingham
497:University of Birmingham
2876:Artificial intelligence
1325:Argument from Queerness
1291:on 17 February 2016 by
1280:website. Archived from
705:Oxford University Press
629:logical problem of evil
627:Mackie's views on this
576:Argument from queerness
557:objective existence of
432:mentioned in dispatches
418:Mackie served with the
385:Sydney Teachers College
362:
342:(1982) has been called
274:Argument from queerness
155:20th-century philosophy
4864:Gaunilo of Marmoutiers
4004:Philosophy of religion
1967:Reflective equilibrium
1584:(author shared eprint)
1474:Midgley, Mary (1979).
1357:Mackie, J. L. (1955).
1278:D'Overbroeck's College
1130:10.1093/ref:odnb/65648
953:Moreland, James Porter
763:Available for loan at
751:(1977), Viking Press,
597:
555:, arguing against the
545:philosophy of religion
525:D'Overbroeck's College
513:Corpus Christi College
489:
311:philosophy of language
303:philosophy of religion
259:philosophy of religion
249:philosophy of language
5510:Analytic philosophers
5465:20th-century atheists
5399:Faith and rationality
5354:Criticism of religion
5292:Robert Merrihew Adams
5282:Nicholas Wolterstorff
4485:Divine command theory
3800:The Methods of Ethics
3038:Divine command theory
3033:Ideal observer theory
2638:Nicholas Wolterstorff
2093:David Malet Armstrong
1610:. London: Routledge.
1311:on 14 March 2018 via
786:The Miracle of Theism
641:The Miracle of Theism
635:to respond with the "
591:
484:
469:on 12 December 1981.
454:, where he served as
405:Oriel College, Oxford
383:and principal of the
115:Oriel College, Oxford
5540:Australian lecturers
5535:Australian ethicists
5530:Australian essayists
5520:Atheist philosophers
5389:Religious philosophy
4869:Pico della Mirandola
4834:Anselm of Canterbury
4766:Augustinian theodicy
4678:Religious skepticism
4011:Concepts in religion
3917:Political philosophy
1287:14 June 2015 at the
838:Papers/book chapters
680:psychological egoism
645:causal relationships
473:Character and family
381:University of Sydney
206:University of Sydney
110:University of Sydney
5374:History of religion
5075:Friedrich Nietzsche
4952:Gottfried W Leibniz
4947:Nicolas Malebranche
4879:King James VI and I
4159:Abrahamic religions
3887:Evolutionary ethics
3848:Reasons and Persons
3824:A Theory of Justice
2978:Uncertain sentience
2460:Patricia Churchland
2391:Christine Korsgaard
2277:Logical positivists
2169:Ludwig Wittgenstein
1946:paradox of analysis
1713:Analytic philosophy
1410:. Clarendon Press.
1175:The British Academy
771:Hume's Moral Theory
733:Problems from Locke
436:University of Otago
409:first-class honours
201:University of Otago
180:Analytic philosophy
5625:Philosophy writers
5384:Religious language
5364:Ethics in religion
5322:William Lane Craig
5197:Charles Hartshorne
4937:Desiderius Erasmus
4839:Augustine of Hippo
4781:Inconsistent triad
4743:Apophatic theology
4738:Logical positivism
4720:Religious language
4340:Watchmaker analogy
4305:Necessary existent
4081:Conceptions of God
4041:Intelligent design
3882:Ethics in religion
3877:Descriptive ethics
3712:Nicomachean Ethics
2633:William Lane Craig
2351:Friedrich Waismann
2308:Carl Gustav Hempel
2267:Timothy Williamson
2227:Alasdair MacIntyre
2085:Australian realism
2065:Russ Shafer-Landau
1926:Analytical Thomism
1881:Logical positivism
1254:listserv.liv.ac.uk
1103:, 15 December 1981
897:(3), fn.1, p. 367
598:
535:Philosophical work
448:University of York
286:John Leslie Mackie
211:University of York
185:Australian realism
165:Western philosophy
58:John Leslie Mackie
5650:Challis professor
5560:British ethicists
5442:
5441:
5342:
5341:
5302:Peter van Inwagen
5287:Richard Swinburne
5232:George I Mavrodes
5092:Vladimir Solovyov
5032:Søren Kierkegaard
4957:William Wollaston
4904:William of Ockham
4884:Marcion of Sinope
4786:Irenaean theodicy
4776:Euthyphro dilemma
4703:Transcendentalism
4532:Womanist theology
4522:Feminist theology
4426:
4425:
4217:
4216:
4103:Divine simplicity
4023:Euthyphro dilemma
3970:
3969:
3937:Social philosophy
3922:Population ethics
3912:Philosophy of law
3892:History of ethics
3375:Political freedom
3052:Euthyphro dilemma
2843:Suffering-focused
2763:
2762:
2731:
2730:
2447:Pittsburgh School
2437:Peter van Inwagen
2371:Roderick Chisholm
2359:
2358:
2252:Richard Swinburne
2187:G. E. M. Anscombe
2023:
2022:
1921:Analytic theology
1896:Ordinary language
1834:
1833:
1652:978-1-925495-26-3
1617:978-1-134-92796-8
1572:, Macleay Press,
1218:. Penguin Adult.
1194:Obituary notice,
1160:55:113-127 (1969)
1136:(Subscription or
1053:978-0-522-84459-7
890:Religious Studies
637:free-will defense
505:Oxford University
444:Challis Professor
283:
282:
225:Academic advisors
32:J. L. Mackie
5662:
5600:Metaphilosophers
5432:
5431:
5422:
5327:Ali Akbar Rashad
5190:Reinhold Niebuhr
5150:Bertrand Russell
5145:George Santayana
5042:Albrecht Ritschl
5027:Ludwig Feuerbach
4817:
4816:
4813:(by date active)
4673:Process theology
4418:Russell's teapot
4228:
4227:
4223:Existence of God
4133:Process theology
4086:
4085:
4071:Theological veto
4034:religious belief
3997:
3990:
3983:
3974:
3973:
3960:
3959:
3907:Moral psychology
3852:
3844:
3836:
3832:Practical Ethics
3828:
3820:
3816:Principia Ethica
3812:
3804:
3796:
3788:
3780:
3772:
3764:
3756:
3748:
3740:
3732:
3724:
3720:Ethics (Spinoza)
3716:
3355:Moral imperative
2813:Consequentialism
2790:
2783:
2776:
2767:
2766:
2753:
2752:
2743:
2742:
2682:Nancy Cartwright
2523:Nicholas Rescher
2500:Bas van Fraassen
2490:Nicholas Rescher
2313:Hans Reichenbach
2296:
2295:
2262:Bernard Williams
2159:Bertrand Russell
2081:
2080:
2015:Rigid designator
1978:
1977:
1724:
1723:
1720:Related articles
1706:
1699:
1692:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1672:
1664:
1644:
1629:
1530:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1495:
1486:(210): 439–458.
1471:
1465:
1464:
1439:(206): 455–464.
1428:
1422:
1421:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1369:(254): 200–212.
1354:
1348:
1345:
1339:
1321:
1315:
1307:. Archived from
1301:
1295:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1246:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1205:
1199:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1167:
1161:
1150:Mackie, John L,
1148:
1142:
1141:
1133:
1115:
1104:
1094:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1032:Menzies, Peter.
1029:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1011:
999:. 7 April 1980.
989:
983:
982:
949:
943:
942:
934:Otago Law Review
930:
918:
912:
867:
676:The Selfish Gene
661:The Selfish Gene
553:moral scepticism
416:Second World War
377:Alexander Mackie
319:moral scepticism
292:
140:
138:
90:
87:12 December 1981
67:
65:
49:
39:
28:
27:
5670:
5669:
5665:
5664:
5663:
5661:
5660:
5659:
5585:Epistemologists
5445:
5444:
5443:
5438:
5410:
5338:
5334:Alexander Pruss
5317:Jean-Luc Marion
5272:Alvin Plantinga
5267:Dewi Z Phillips
5254:
5252:
5246:
5217:Walter Kaufmann
5207:Frithjof Schuon
5180:Rudolf Bultmann
5137:
5131:
5127:Joseph Maréchal
5117:Pavel Florensky
5112:Sergei Bulgakov
5097:Ernst Troeltsch
5080:Harald Høffding
5057:
5051:
5022:William Whewell
5010:Georg W F Hegel
5005:Karl C F Krause
4992:
4986:
4982:Johann G Herder
4972:Baron d'Holbach
4922:Augustin Calmet
4908:
4824:
4812:
4811:
4808:
4800:
4758:Problem of evil
4752:
4748:Verificationism
4714:
4422:
4368:Atheist's Wager
4351:
4213:
4147:
4075:
4051:Problem of evil
4006:
4001:
3971:
3966:
3948:
3855:
3850:
3842:
3834:
3826:
3818:
3810:
3802:
3794:
3786:
3778:
3770:
3762:
3754:
3746:
3738:
3730:
3722:
3714:
3700:
3473:
3466:
3390:Self-discipline
3350:Moral hierarchy
3298:Problem of evil
3243:Double standard
3233:Culture of life
3191:
3120:
3067:Non-cognitivism
2982:
2857:
2799:
2794:
2764:
2759:
2750:
2727:
2718:Jan Łukasiewicz
2706:
2674:Stanford School
2668:
2654:Paul Feyerabend
2642:
2628:Alvin Plantinga
2616:
2602:James F. Conant
2588:
2532:
2504:
2495:Wilfrid Sellars
2485:Alexander Pruss
2465:Paul Churchland
2441:
2420:
2376:Donald Davidson
2355:
2317:
2294:
2271:
2197:Michael Dummett
2173:
2164:Frank P. Ramsey
2117:
2079:
2055:Jaakko Hintikka
2040:Keith Donnellan
2019:
1976:
1930:
1891:Neurophilosophy
1876:Logical atomism
1830:
1784:
1758:
1715:
1710:
1666:
1665:
1653:
1642:
1634:Campbell, Keith
1618:
1590:. (ed). (1985)
1566:Franklin, James
1539:
1537:Further reading
1534:
1533:
1521:
1517:
1476:"Gene-juggling"
1472:
1468:
1429:
1425:
1418:
1402:
1398:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1342:
1322:
1318:
1313:Wayback Machine
1305:Faculty website
1302:
1298:
1293:Wayback Machine
1289:Wayback Machine
1272:
1268:
1258:
1256:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1226:
1206:
1202:
1193:
1189:
1179:
1177:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1149:
1145:
1135:
1116:
1107:
1095:
1084:
1074:
1072:
1054:
1030:
1019:
1009:
1007:
991:
990:
986:
971:
950:
946:
928:
919:
915:
868:
864:
859:
840:
805:
697:
692:
656:Richard Dawkins
633:Alvin Plantinga
606:problem of evil
537:
529:Rice University
493:Penelope Mackie
475:
465:Mackie died in
460:British Academy
389:New South Wales
365:
288:
270:
263:
237:
220:
189:
142:
139: 1947)
134:
130:
119:
103:Alma mater
98:
92:
88:
79:
76:New South Wales
69:
63:
61:
60:
59:
40:
35:
33:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5668:
5658:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5440:
5439:
5437:
5436:
5426:
5415:
5412:
5411:
5409:
5408:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5350:
5348:
5347:Related topics
5344:
5343:
5340:
5339:
5337:
5336:
5330:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5307:Daniel Dennett
5304:
5299:
5297:Ravi Zacharias
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5262:William L Rowe
5258:
5256:
5248:
5247:
5245:
5244:
5239:
5237:William Alston
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5193:
5192:
5187:
5185:Gabriel Marcel
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5141:
5139:
5133:
5132:
5130:
5129:
5124:
5122:Ernst Cassirer
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5088:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5061:
5059:
5053:
5052:
5050:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5017:Thomas Carlyle
5013:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4996:
4994:
4988:
4987:
4985:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4942:Baruch Spinoza
4939:
4934:
4929:
4927:René Descartes
4924:
4918:
4916:
4910:
4909:
4907:
4906:
4901:
4899:Thomas Aquinas
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4830:
4828:
4814:
4805:
4802:
4801:
4799:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4762:
4760:
4754:
4753:
4751:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4724:
4722:
4716:
4715:
4713:
4712:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4668:Possibilianism
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4624:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4577:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4544:Fundamentalism
4541:
4536:
4535:
4534:
4529:
4519:
4518:
4517:
4512:
4505:Existentialism
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4436:
4434:
4428:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4421:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4398:Noncognitivism
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4359:
4357:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4349:
4347:Transcendental
4344:
4343:
4342:
4337:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4315:Pascal's wager
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4266:
4265:
4260:
4250:
4245:
4243:Christological
4240:
4234:
4232:
4225:
4219:
4218:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4155:
4153:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4089:
4083:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4037:
4036:
4025:
4020:
4014:
4012:
4008:
4007:
4000:
3999:
3992:
3985:
3977:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3964:
3953:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3946:
3939:
3934:
3932:Secular ethics
3929:
3927:Rehabilitation
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3863:
3861:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3853:
3845:
3837:
3829:
3821:
3813:
3805:
3797:
3792:Utilitarianism
3789:
3781:
3773:
3765:
3757:
3749:
3741:
3733:
3725:
3717:
3708:
3706:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3477:
3475:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3443:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3199:
3197:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3152:Existentialist
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3128:
3126:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3047:Constructivism
3044:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3035:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3021:Non-naturalism
3018:
3003:
2998:
2992:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2914:
2913:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2867:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2855:
2850:
2848:Utilitarianism
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2809:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2793:
2792:
2785:
2778:
2770:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2747:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2720:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2702:Patrick Suppes
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2678:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2598:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2584:Michael Walzer
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2514:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2470:Adolf Grünbaum
2467:
2462:
2457:
2455:Robert Brandom
2451:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2434:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2413:
2411:W. V. O. Quine
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2386:Nelson Goodman
2383:
2381:Daniel Dennett
2378:
2373:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2348:
2346:Moritz Schlick
2343:
2338:
2333:
2327:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2310:
2304:
2302:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2281:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2257:Charles Taylor
2254:
2249:
2247:P. F. Strawson
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2183:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2144:Norman Malcolm
2141:
2136:
2131:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2113:J. J. C. Smart
2110:
2105:
2100:
2098:David Chalmers
2095:
2089:
2087:
2078:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2060:Giuseppe Peano
2057:
2052:
2050:Edmund Gettier
2047:
2042:
2037:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2005:Possible world
2002:
1997:
1992:
1986:
1984:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1957:Counterfactual
1954:
1949:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1816:Paraconsistent
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1730:
1728:
1727:Areas of focus
1721:
1717:
1716:
1709:
1708:
1701:
1694:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1651:
1630:
1616:
1603:
1588:Honderich, Ted
1585:
1563:
1543:McDowell, John
1538:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1524:Honderich, Ted
1515:
1466:
1423:
1416:
1396:
1349:
1340:
1316:
1303:Hilary Mackie
1296:
1274:Teaching Staff
1266:
1241:
1224:
1200:
1187:
1162:
1143:
1105:
1082:
1052:
1017:
984:
969:
944:
913:
861:
860:
858:
855:
851:
850:
839:
836:
835:
834:
820:
804:
801:
800:
799:
782:
768:
744:
730:
716:
696:
693:
691:
688:
536:
533:
509:Exeter College
474:
471:
364:
361:
281:
280:
277:
276:
271:
268:
265:
264:
262:
261:
256:
251:
246:
240:
238:
236:Main interests
235:
232:
231:
226:
222:
221:
219:
218:
213:
208:
203:
197:
195:
191:
190:
188:
187:
182:
176:
174:
168:
167:
162:
158:
157:
152:
148:
147:
144:
143:
132:
128:
127:
125:
121:
120:
118:
117:
112:
106:
104:
100:
99:
93:
91:(aged 64)
85:
81:
80:
70:
68:25 August 1917
57:
55:
51:
50:
42:
41:
34:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5667:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5452:
5450:
5435:
5427:
5425:
5421:
5417:
5416:
5413:
5407:
5406:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5351:
5349:
5345:
5335:
5332:
5331:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5277:Anthony Kenny
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5259:
5257:
5249:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5202:Mircea Eliade
5200:
5198:
5195:
5194:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5142:
5140:
5134:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5089:
5086:
5085:William James
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5065:Ernst Haeckel
5063:
5062:
5060:
5054:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5014:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4997:
4995:
4989:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4977:Immanuel Kant
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4932:Blaise Pascal
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4919:
4917:
4915:
4911:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4827:
4822:
4818:
4815:
4810:
4803:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4763:
4761:
4759:
4755:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4733:Language game
4731:
4729:
4726:
4725:
4723:
4721:
4717:
4711:
4710:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4608:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4561:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4523:
4520:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4507:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4437:
4435:
4433:
4429:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4403:Occam's razor
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4360:
4358:
4354:
4348:
4345:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4248:Consciousness
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4220:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4150:
4144:
4143:Unmoved mover
4141:
4139:
4138:Supreme Being
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4090:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4078:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4030:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4009:
4005:
3998:
3993:
3991:
3986:
3984:
3979:
3978:
3975:
3963:
3955:
3954:
3951:
3945:
3944:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3858:
3849:
3846:
3841:
3838:
3833:
3830:
3825:
3822:
3817:
3814:
3809:
3806:
3801:
3798:
3793:
3790:
3785:
3782:
3777:
3774:
3769:
3766:
3761:
3758:
3753:
3750:
3745:
3742:
3737:
3734:
3729:
3726:
3721:
3718:
3713:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3703:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3469:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3345:Moral courage
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3284:
3283:Good and evil
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3268:Family values
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3194:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3123:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3082:Quasi-realism
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3029:
3026:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2985:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2907:
2906:Environmental
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2860:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2828:Particularism
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2791:
2786:
2784:
2779:
2777:
2772:
2771:
2768:
2756:
2748:
2746:
2738:
2737:
2734:
2724:
2723:Alfred Tarski
2721:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2692:Peter Galison
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2619:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2579:Nathan Salmon
2577:
2575:
2574:Richard Rorty
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2544:Alonzo Church
2542:
2541:
2539:
2535:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2480:Ruth Millikan
2478:
2476:
2475:John McDowell
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2406:Hilary Putnam
2404:
2402:
2401:Robert Nozick
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2331:Rudolf Carnap
2329:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2323:Vienna Circle
2320:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2300:Berlin Circle
2297:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2268:
2265:
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2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2207:Philippa Foot
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2154:Graham Priest
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2134:Charlie Broad
2132:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
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2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2045:Gottlob Frege
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1972:Supervenience
1970:
1968:
1965:
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1960:
1958:
1955:
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1950:
1947:
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1933:
1927:
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1909:
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1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1871:Functionalism
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1856:Descriptivism
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1821:Philosophical
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1811:Non-classical
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
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1787:
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1778:
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1604:
1601:
1600:0-7100-9991-6
1597:
1593:
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1586:
1583:
1579:
1578:1-876492-08-2
1575:
1571:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1561:0-19-726107-8
1558:
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1417:9780198244059
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1255:
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1245:
1236:
1231:
1227:
1225:9780140135589
1221:
1217:
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976:
972:
970:0-87975-823-6
966:
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948:
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936:
935:
927:
923:
917:
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854:
848:
845:
842:
841:
832:
831:0-19-824678-1
828:
824:
821:
818:
817:0-19-824679-X
814:
810:
807:
806:
797:
796:0-19-824682-X
793:
789:
787:
783:
780:
779:0-7100-0525-3
776:
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769:
766:
762:
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757:0-14-013558-8
754:
750:
749:
745:
742:
741:0-19-824555-6
738:
734:
731:
728:
727:0-19-824642-0
724:
720:
717:
714:
713:0-19-824402-9
710:
706:
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687:
685:
681:
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669:
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583:
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572:
567:
565:
564:
560:
554:
550:
546:
542:
532:
530:
526:
522:
521:Oriel College
518:
517:Christ Church
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
488:
483:
481:
470:
468:
463:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
412:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
393:John Anderson
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
360:
358:
357:
352:
348:
347:tour de force
345:
341:
336:
334:
330:
329:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
291:
287:
278:
275:
272:
269:Notable ideas
266:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
241:
239:
233:
230:
229:John Anderson
227:
223:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
198:
196:
192:
186:
183:
181:
178:
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169:
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159:
156:
153:
149:
145:
129:Joan Meredith
126:
122:
116:
113:
111:
108:
107:
105:
101:
96:
86:
82:
77:
73:
56:
52:
48:
43:
38:
29:
26:
22:
5403:
5222:Martin Lings
5211:
5175:Emil Brunner
5165:Paul Tillich
5155:Martin Buber
5070:W K Clifford
5047:Afrikan Spir
4962:Thomas Chubb
4914:Early modern
4894:Adi Shankara
4807:Philosophers
4791:Natural evil
4707:
4683:Spiritualism
4658:Perennialism
4611:Metaphysical
4455:Antireligion
4330:Teleological
4253:Cosmological
4204:Baháʼí Faith
4169:Christianity
4128:Personal god
3941:
3897:Human rights
3840:After Virtue
3635:
3566:Schopenhauer
3340:Moral agency
3213:Common sense
3109:Universalism
3077:Expressivism
3057:Intuitionism
3028:Subjectivism
2973:Terraforming
2948:Professional
2612:Cora Diamond
2528:Morton White
2396:Thomas Nagel
2341:Otto Neurath
2290:Ernest Nagel
2237:Gilbert Ryle
2232:Derek Parfit
2192:J. L. Austin
2139:Casimir Lewy
2108:Peter Singer
2103:J. L. Mackie
2102:
2075:Barry Stroud
2035:Noam Chomsky
2028:Philosophers
1962:Natural kind
1846:Anti-realism
1806:Mathematical
1780:Performative
1739:Epistemology
1638:
1607:
1591:
1569:
1550:
1527:
1518:
1483:
1479:
1469:
1436:
1432:
1426:
1406:
1399:
1366:
1362:
1352:
1343:
1335:error theory
1328:
1319:
1309:the original
1299:
1282:the original
1269:
1257:. Retrieved
1253:
1244:
1214:
1203:
1195:
1190:
1178:. Retrieved
1174:
1165:
1155:
1146:
1119:
1100:
1073:. Retrieved
1037:
1008:. Retrieved
996:
987:
960:
957:Nielsen, Kai
947:
938:
932:
922:Allan, James
916:
894:
888:
874:
865:
852:
846:
822:
808:
784:
770:
765:Open Library
746:
732:
718:
700:
690:Publications
682:rather than
675:
672:Mary Midgley
665:
659:
653:
640:
626:
610:monotheistic
599:
580:
574:
570:
568:
562:
558:
538:
490:
485:
479:
476:
464:
413:
397:Harold Glass
366:
354:
346:
343:
339:
337:
326:
285:
284:
194:Institutions
89:(1981-12-12)
25:
5605:Ontologists
5460:1981 deaths
5455:1917 births
5242:Antony Flew
5227:Peter Geach
5160:René Guénon
5107:Lev Shestov
5102:Rudolf Otto
4809:of religion
4648:Panentheism
4581:Inclusivism
4500:Exclusivism
4495:Esotericism
4465:Creationism
4445:Agnosticism
4413:Poor design
4408:Omnipotence
4335:Natural law
4310:Ontological
4263:Contingency
4113:Holy Spirit
3715:(c. 322 BC)
3581:Kierkegaard
3400:Stewardship
3177:Rousseauian
3094:Rationalism
3006:Cognitivism
2953:Programming
2928:Meat eating
2901:Engineering
2711:Lwow-Warsaw
2697:Ian Hacking
2664:Karl Popper
2659:Thomas Kuhn
2607:Alice Crary
2569:Saul Kripke
2564:Jaegwon Kim
2559:David Lewis
2549:Jerry Fodor
2518:Susan Haack
2432:Robert Audi
2242:John Searle
2212:Peter Geach
2202:Antony Flew
2149:G. E. Moore
2070:Ernest Sosa
2000:Possibility
1749:Mathematics
1734:Metaphysics
1259:15 December
803:Anthologies
651:condition.
549:metaphysics
440:New Zealand
424:Middle East
414:During the
351:Kai Nielsen
307:metaphysics
295:philosopher
244:Metaphysics
78:, Australia
5449:Categories
5212:J L Mackie
5170:Karl Barth
4967:David Hume
4889:Maimonides
4874:Heraclitus
4663:Polytheism
4633:Nondualism
4621:Humanistic
4606:Naturalism
4596:Monotheism
4554:Henotheism
4549:Gnosticism
4480:Demonology
4363:747 gambit
4280:Experience
4118:Misotheism
3611:Bonhoeffer
3320:Immorality
3263:Eudaimonia
3223:Conscience
3218:Compassion
3104:Skepticism
3099:Relativism
3016:Naturalism
2996:Absolutism
2968:Technology
2818:Deontology
2687:John Dupré
2554:Kurt Gödel
2510:Pragmatism
2425:Notre Dame
2416:John Rawls
2285:A. J. Ayer
2222:R. M. Hare
2217:Paul Grice
2129:Arif Ahmed
1916:Sense data
1901:Pragmatism
1775:Linguistic
1626:1100433484
1480:Philosophy
1433:Philosophy
1140:required.)
857:References
678:was about
667:Philosophy
621:omnipotent
541:metaethics
456:praelector
430:, and was
315:metaethics
309:, and the
64:1917-08-25
5312:Loyal Rue
5037:Karl Marx
4859:Gaudapada
4688:Shamanism
4653:Pantheism
4638:Nontheism
4616:Religious
4601:Mysticism
4574:Christian
4564:Religious
4515:Atheistic
4510:Christian
4393:Nonbelief
4378:Free will
4194:Mormonism
4018:Afterlife
3872:Casuistry
3784:Either/Or
3691:Korsgaard
3686:Azurmendi
3651:MacIntyre
3591:Nietzsche
3521:Augustine
3516:Confucius
3496:Aristotle
3472:Ethicists
3430:Intrinsic
3395:Suffering
3305:Happiness
3278:Free will
3258:Etiquette
3203:Authority
3147:Epicurean
3142:Confucian
3137:Christian
3072:Emotivism
2896:Discourse
2833:Pragmatic
2805:Normative
2537:Princeton
2336:Hans Hahn
2122:Cambridge
1995:Necessity
1990:Actualism
1861:Emotivism
1826:Predicate
1796:Classical
1669:cite book
1661:904689134
1568:. (2003)
1545:. (1991)
1502:1469-817X
1461:159925034
1453:1469-817X
1383:0026-4423
1331:intuition
1235:24952211M
1210:"Preface"
1101:The Times
1062:1833-7538
1005:0040-781X
881:Craig, W.
684:evolution
631:prompted
614:free will
594:free will
582:The Times
411:in 1940.
375:, son of
97:, England
5434:Category
5379:Religion
5369:Exegesis
4854:Boethius
4849:Averroes
4844:Avicenna
4826:medieval
4796:Theodicy
4643:Pandeism
4559:Humanism
4527:Thealogy
4470:Dharmism
4440:Acosmism
4432:Theology
4300:Morality
4295:Miracles
4174:Hinduism
4164:Buddhism
4123:Pandeism
4098:Demiurge
4066:Theodicy
3962:Category
3902:Ideology
3867:Axiology
3696:Nussbaum
3646:Frankena
3641:Anscombe
3631:Williams
3586:Sidgwick
3506:Valluvar
3501:Diogenes
3486:Socrates
3410:Theodicy
3405:Sympathy
3370:Pacifism
3360:Morality
3273:Fidelity
3253:Equality
3208:Autonomy
3196:Concepts
3157:Feminist
3132:Buddhist
3062:Nihilism
3001:Axiology
2958:Research
2891:Computer
2886:Business
2745:Category
2621:Reformed
2594:Quietism
1982:Modality
1942:Analysis
1935:Concepts
1906:Quietism
1866:Feminism
1839:Theories
1744:Language
1510:11661921
1285:Archived
1097:Obituary
1070:70677943
1010:28 April
979:27171769
959:(1993).
924:(1996).
910:20006071
883:(1984).
759:. (1978
703:(1973),
617:theodicy
5405:more...
5138:postwar
4821:Ancient
4709:more...
4628:New Age
4569:Secular
4539:Fideism
4490:Dualism
4460:Atheism
4450:Animism
4356:Against
4199:Sikhism
4189:Judaism
4184:Jainism
4093:Brahman
4046:Miracle
3860:Related
3606:Tillich
3571:Bentham
3546:Spinoza
3541:Aquinas
3526:Mencius
3440:Western
3415:Torture
3380:Precept
3335:Loyalty
3330:Liberty
3325:Justice
3238:Dignity
3228:Consent
3172:Kantian
3162:Islamic
3125:Schools
3011:Realism
2943:Nursing
2938:Medical
2923:Machine
2863:Applied
2647:Science
2364:Harvard
2010:Realism
1886:Marxism
1801:Deviant
1770:Aretaic
1754:Science
1526:(1985)
1391:2251467
1180:16 June
1075:7 March
761:Reprint
602:atheism
422:in the
369:Killara
323:atheism
141:
133:
5424:Portal
4698:Theism
4591:Monism
4325:Reason
4275:Desire
4270:Degree
4238:Beauty
4152:God in
4108:Egoism
4061:Spirit
3851:(1984)
3843:(1981)
3835:(1979)
3827:(1971)
3819:(1903)
3811:(1887)
3803:(1874)
3795:(1861)
3787:(1843)
3779:(1820)
3771:(1788)
3763:(1785)
3755:(1780)
3747:(1759)
3739:(1740)
3731:(1726)
3723:(1677)
3681:Taylor
3666:Parfit
3661:Singer
3636:Mackie
3511:Cicero
3452:Virtue
3385:Rights
3310:Honour
3167:Jewish
2963:Sexual
2871:Animal
2853:Virtue
2797:Ethics
2179:Oxford
1659:
1649:
1624:
1614:
1598:
1582:ch. 5.
1576:
1559:
1508:
1500:
1459:
1451:
1414:
1389:
1381:
1232:
1222:
1198:, 1982
1134:
1068:
1060:
1050:
1003:
977:
967:
941:: 633.
908:
871:Hume's
849:(1971)
829:
815:
794:
777:
755:
739:
725:
711:
547:, and
515:, and
467:Oxford
401:greats
373:Sydney
333:ethics
301:, the
299:ethics
254:ethics
172:School
161:Region
124:Spouse
95:Oxford
72:Sydney
4693:Taoic
4475:Deism
4258:Kalam
4209:Wicca
4179:Islam
4028:Faith
3943:Index
3705:Works
3676:Adams
3671:Nagel
3626:Dewey
3621:Rawls
3601:Barth
3596:Moore
3561:Hegel
3536:Xunzi
3491:Plato
3481:Laozi
3462:Wrong
3435:Japan
3425:Value
3420:Trust
3315:Ideal
3182:Stoic
2933:Media
2918:Legal
2755:Index
1789:Logic
1763:Turns
1643:(PDF)
1522:In:
1457:S2CID
1387:JSTOR
929:(PDF)
906:JSTOR
695:Books
563:wrong
559:right
428:Italy
135:(
131:
5255:2010
5253:1990
5251:1970
5136:1920
5058:1900
5056:1880
4993:1850
4991:1800
4383:Hell
4373:Evil
4290:Love
4056:Soul
3656:Hare
3616:Foot
3576:Mill
3556:Kant
3551:Hume
3531:Mozi
3447:Vice
3365:Norm
3293:Evil
3288:Good
3248:Duty
2988:Meta
2911:Land
2838:Role
2823:Care
1675:link
1657:OCLC
1647:ISBN
1622:OCLC
1612:ISBN
1596:ISBN
1574:ISBN
1557:ISBN
1506:PMID
1498:ISSN
1449:ISSN
1412:ISBN
1379:ISSN
1367:LXIV
1363:Mind
1261:2022
1220:ISBN
1182:2022
1077:2017
1066:OCLC
1058:ISSN
1048:ISBN
1012:2020
1001:ISSN
997:Time
975:OCLC
965:ISBN
827:ISBN
813:ISBN
792:ISBN
775:ISBN
753:ISBN
737:ISBN
723:ISBN
709:ISBN
649:INUS
561:and
426:and
363:Life
356:Time
84:Died
54:Born
4823:and
4231:For
4032:or
3457:Vow
3187:Tao
2881:Bio
1555:76
1549:in
1488:doi
1441:doi
1371:doi
1276:at
1126:doi
899:doi
658:'s
438:in
403:at
290:FBA
151:Era
37:FBA
5451::
1671:}}
1667:{{
1655:.
1620:.
1580:,
1504:.
1496:.
1484:54
1482:.
1478:.
1455:.
1447:.
1437:53
1435:.
1385:.
1377:.
1365:.
1361:.
1327:.
1252:.
1230:OL
1228:.
1212:.
1173:.
1108:^
1099:,
1085:^
1064:.
1056:.
1046:.
1036:.
1020:^
995:.
973:.
955:;
937:.
931:.
895:20
887:.
707:,
543:,
531:.
511:,
482::
371:,
305:,
137:m.
74:,
3996:e
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2789:e
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1948:)
1944:(
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1691:v
1677:)
1663:.
1628:.
1602:.
1512:.
1490::
1463:.
1443::
1420:.
1393:.
1373::
1263:.
1238:.
1184:.
1154:,
1132:.
1128::
1079:.
1014:.
981:.
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901::
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