2205:
32:
296:
and is usually not admissible, though there are certain exceptions. However, any hearsay that is not objected to or thrown out by a judge is considered evidence for a jury. This means that trials contain quite a bit of anecdotal evidence, which is considered as relevant evidence by a jury. Eyewitness
228:. Although such evidence is not seen as conclusive, researchers may sometimes regard it as an invitation to more rigorous scientific study of the phenomenon in question. For instance, one study found that 35 of 47 anecdotal reports of drug side-effects were later sustained as "clearly correct."
249:
In any case where some factor affects the probability of an outcome, rather than uniquely determining it, selected individual cases prove nothing; e.g. "my grandfather smoked two packs a day until he died at 90" and "my sister never smoked but died of lung cancer". Anecdotes often refer to the
1006:
Testimonial and anecdotal evidence can be quite useful in the early stages of scientific investigation. Nevertheless, such evidence is almost always much more helpful in the context of discovery (i.e., hypothesis generation) than in the context of justification (i.e., hypothesis testing
115:, where people are talking about different meanings of the term without realizing it. Since an anecdote may be real or fictional, it is often difficult to talk about this form of evidence as a category without explaining exactly what type of anecdotal evidence is being referenced.
204:
people are more likely to remember notable or unusual examples rather than typical examples. Thus, even when accurate, anecdotal evidence is not necessarily representative of a typical experience. Accurate determination of whether an anecdote is typical requires
169:"evidence that comes from an individual experience. This may be the experience of a person with an illness or the experience of a practitioner based on one or more patients outside a formal research study."
217:
and is sometimes referred to as the "person who" fallacy ("I know a person who..."; "I know of a case where..." etc.) which places undue weight on experiences of close peers which may not be typical.
565:
269:, is a common form of evidence used in a court of law. Often this form of anecdotal evidence is the only evidence presented at trial. Scientific evidence in a court of law is called
122:, meaning that there are little or no safeguards against fabrication or inaccuracy. This does not mean that all anecdotal evidence is false, it just means that the methodology of
1158:
172:"the report of an experience by one or more persons that is not objectively documented or an experience or outcome that occurred outside of a controlled environment"
220:
Anecdotal evidence can have varying degrees of formality. For instance, in medicine, published anecdotal evidence by a trained observer (a doctor) is called a
732:
Gibson, Rhonda; Zillman, Dolf (1994). "Exaggerated Versus
Representative Exemplification in News Reports: Perception of Issues and Personal Consequences".
192:
or in the case of intentionally fictional anecdotes. Where only one or a few anecdotes are presented, there is a chance that they may be unreliable due to
1172:
1322:
1327:
231:
Anecdotal evidence is considered the least certain type of scientific information. Researchers may use anecdotal evidence for suggesting new
1081:
775:
280:, that the person is only testifying to their own words and actions, and that someone intentionally lying under oath is subject to
111:
Because the term connotes three very different kinds of evidence, discussion of the term can result in accidental or intentional
1705:
324:
1362:
1204:
50:
414:"When and why do people act on flawed science? Effects of anecdotes and prior beliefs on evidence-based decision-making"
1140:
250:
exception, rather than the rule: "Anecdotes are useless precisely because they may point to idiosyncratic responses."
1516:
999:
967:
844:
716:
689:
68:
96:
3. Relaying an account from an fictional source, or story with no attribution, also called an apocryphal saying, an
655:
297:
testimony (which is a form of anecdotal evidence) is considered the most compelling form of evidence by a jury.
2234:
273:, but this is much rarer. Anecdotal evidence, with a few safeguards, represents the bulk of evidence in court.
2269:
2264:
2124:
1332:
797:
188:, because its nature prevents it from being investigated by the scientific method, for instance, in that of
2254:
2160:
2136:
1725:
2229:
1737:
1481:
42:
631:
1747:
2155:
1712:
1608:
375:
238:
If an anecdote illustrates a desired conclusion rather than a logical conclusion, it is considered a
292:
as there are far less legal rigors. Testimony about another person's experiences or words is called
265:
In the legal sphere, anecdotal evidence, if it passes certain legal requirements and is admitted as
2150:
1990:
1458:
1294:
1250:
2170:
1985:
1501:
1197:
1078:
312:
84:
is evidence based only on personal observation, collected in a casual or non-systematic manner.
905:"Validity of anecdotal reports of suspected adverse drug reactions: the problem of false alarms"
276:
The legal rigors applied to testimony for it to be considered evidence is that it must be given
2259:
2092:
2082:
2032:
2006:
1782:
1656:
1623:
1524:
1506:
1406:
1255:
1237:
210:
959:
953:
2130:
2118:
2098:
2087:
2002:
1815:
1791:
1613:
1569:
1421:
1347:
1260:
706:
348:
239:
197:
987:
873:
2145:
2049:
2013:
1928:
1884:
1720:
1651:
1441:
1270:
1245:
381:
354:
336:
243:
8:
2239:
2023:
1922:
1869:
1845:
1768:
1671:
1603:
1529:
1342:
1337:
1314:
1289:
1097:
Sicherer, Scott H. (1999). "Food allergy: When and how to perform oral food challenges".
477:
289:
185:
154:
90:
1. Relaying personal experiences or sense data, also called testimony, or a testimonial.
533:
93:
2. Relaying the words or experiences of another named person, sometimes called hearsay.
2274:
2249:
2208:
2141:
1955:
1840:
1825:
1772:
1732:
1681:
1618:
1554:
1534:
1437:
1281:
1265:
1190:
1122:
1060:
1047:
1020:
929:
904:
885:
767:
749:
519:
491:
463:
440:
413:
330:
119:
97:
118:
Anecdotal
Evidence usually is not subject to rules of legal, historical, academic, or
2244:
2027:
1864:
1854:
1830:
1807:
1763:
1689:
1641:
1599:
1559:
1401:
1396:
1218:
1114:
1110:
1064:
1052:
995:
963:
934:
877:
840:
811:
791:
753:
712:
685:
505:
445:
387:
363:
318:
270:
177:
127:
180:
as some anecdotal evidence can be both empirical and verifiable, e.g. in the use of
2177:
2018:
1917:
1859:
1797:
1592:
1471:
1466:
1451:
1416:
1376:
1304:
1299:
1126:
1106:
1042:
1032:
983:
924:
916:
869:
741:
435:
425:
369:
214:
123:
889:
141:
or promotion of a product, service, or idea, anecdotal reports are often called a
1934:
1898:
1874:
1694:
1666:
1646:
1494:
1462:
1446:
1411:
1085:
771:
307:
607:
163:"casual observations or indications rather than rigorous or scientific analysis"
1835:
1820:
1742:
1661:
1587:
1227:
1037:
745:
430:
254:
201:
193:
2223:
1960:
1850:
1582:
1545:
1489:
1357:
1352:
938:
920:
166:"information passed along by word-of-mouth but not documented scientifically"
357: – Conclusion made on the basis of one or few instances of a phenomenon
351: – Conclusion made on the basis of one or few instances of a phenomenon
1972:
1391:
1118:
1056:
881:
860:
Vandenbroucke, J. P. (2001). "In
Defense of Case Reports and Case Series".
582:
566:"Guides Concerning the Use of Endorsements and Testimonials in Advertising"
449:
181:
112:
20:
1182:
200:
samples of typical cases. Similarly, psychologists have found that due to
2165:
1942:
1879:
225:
221:
206:
142:
138:
390: – Interplay between observation, experiment, and theory in science
2075:
2069:
1996:
1908:
277:
232:
378: – Fallacy of assumption of causality based on sequence of events
339: – Account a witness gives in the courtroom of what they observed
2182:
1966:
1950:
1633:
285:
266:
131:
2112:
184:
in medicine. Other anecdotal evidence, however, does not qualify as
2060:
189:
105:
1214:
342:
293:
281:
608:"Nechako White Sturgeon Recovery Initiative - Glossary - NWSRI"
632:"Anecdotal evidence - Smart Health Choices - NCBI Bookshelf"
101:
994:(2 ed.). New York: Guilford Publications. p. 9.
176:
Anecdotal evidence may be considered within the scope of
359:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
159:
In science, definitions of anecdotal evidence include:
1173:"Benton, Ross, Bradshaw, Thomas, & Bradshaw, 2006"
384: – Presumption that a person is guilty of a crime
209:
evidence. Misuse of anecdotal evidence in the form of
407:
405:
145:, which are highly regulated in some jurisdictions.
988:"Initial Thoughts, Reflections, and Considerations"
253:In medicine, anecdotal evidence is also subject to
19:"Anecdata" redirects here. For the web portal, see
982:
951:
837:Clinical Case Reporting in Evidence-Based Medicine
551:
945:
812:"Fallacies | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy"
778:. Archived from the original on 20 September 2012
402:
333: – Knowledge acquired by means of the senses
2221:
992:Science and Pseudoscience in Clinical Psychology
418:Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications
45:for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling
1323:Affirmative conclusion from a negative premise
1025:Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine
839:. Oxford: Butterworth–Heinemann. p. 117.
575:
1328:Negative conclusion from affirmative premises
1198:
986:; Lynn, Steven Jay; Lohr, Jeffrey M. (2014).
859:
853:
731:
1212:
766:
345: – Argument that uses faulty reasoning
1205:
1191:
708:Research in Psychology: Methods and Design
684:. Wadsworth/Cengage Learning. p. 75.
321: – Bias confirming existing attitudes
1906:
1046:
1036:
928:
439:
429:
134:have not been required of the evidence.
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
2059:
1096:
1071:
902:
896:
874:10.7326/0003-4819-134-4-200102200-00017
834:
828:
704:
327: – Refutation of a logical fallacy
2222:
1018:
1012:
679:
673:
411:
16:Evidence relying on personal testimony
1186:
776:"Some Notes on the Nature of Science"
711:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 25.
366: – List of faulty argument types
148:
325:Correlation does not imply causation
284:. However, these rigors do not make
235:, but never as validating evidence.
25:
1133:
1021:"Against 'instantaneous' expertise"
958:. Boston: Academic Press. pp.
13:
14:
2286:
682:Psychology: Themes and Variations
2204:
2203:
1111:10.1034/j.1399-3038.1999.00040.x
1099:Pediatric Allergy and Immunology
656:"No Love for Anecdotal Evidence"
372: – Phenomenological concept
30:
1165:
1151:
1141:"Evaluating Treatment Products"
1090:
976:
804:
760:
725:
698:
648:
624:
600:
1701:Correlation implies causation
1159:"The Judicial Learning Center"
558:
544:
526:
512:
498:
484:
470:
456:
1:
395:
224:, and is subjected to formal
612:www.nechakowhitesturgeon.org
7:
952:Riffenburgh, R. H. (1999).
862:Annals of Internal Medicine
300:
288:in a court of law equal to
130:, or legal requirements of
87:"Anecdotal" can refer to:
10:
2291:
2125:I'm entitled to my opinion
1038:10.1186/s13010-022-00123-3
746:10.1177/009365094021005003
705:Goodwin, C. James (2009).
534:"Definition of APOCRYPHAL"
431:10.1186/s41235-021-00293-2
152:
18:
2199:
2108:
2047:
1981:
1897:
1806:
1781:
1756:
1680:
1632:
1568:
1543:
1515:
1480:
1430:
1384:
1375:
1313:
1279:
1235:
1226:
796:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
376:Post hoc ergo propter hoc
2151:Motte-and-bailey fallacy
1251:Affirming the consequent
921:10.1136/bmj.284.6311.249
315: – Informal fallacy
260:
2171:Two wrongs make a right
1502:Denying the correlative
1084:April 20, 2006, at the
903:Venning, G. R. (1982).
412:Michal, Audrey (2021).
313:Argument from ignorance
2156:Psychologist's fallacy
2093:Argument to moderation
2083:Argument from anecdote
2033:Chronological snobbery
1657:Quoting out of context
1624:Overwhelming exception
1507:Suppressed correlative
1407:Quoting out of context
1282:quantificational logic
1256:Denying the antecedent
955:Statistics in Medicine
909:Br Med J (Clin Res Ed)
734:Communication Research
680:Weiten, Wayne (2010).
211:argument from anecdote
2235:Philosophy of science
2119:The Four Great Errors
2099:Argumentum ad populum
2088:Argument from silence
1792:Argumentum ad baculum
1570:Faulty generalization
1261:Argument from fallacy
349:Faulty generalization
2270:Misuse of statistics
2265:Diversionary tactics
2137:Invincible ignorance
1943:Reductio ad Stalinum
1929:Reductio ad Hitlerum
1885:Wisdom of repugnance
1652:Moving the goalposts
1517:Illicit transference
1442:Begging the question
1363:Undistributed middle
1271:Mathematical fallacy
1246:Affirming a disjunct
984:Lilienfeld, Scott O.
835:Jenicek, M. (1999).
636:www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
552:"Anecdote Knowledge"
382:Presumption of guilt
355:Hasty generalization
337:Eyewitness testimony
244:hasty generalization
2255:Inductive fallacies
1870:Parade of horribles
1846:In-group favoritism
1672:Syntactic ambiguity
1315:Syllogistic fallacy
1238:propositional logic
1019:Mebius, A. (2022).
290:scientific evidence
186:scientific evidence
155:Scientific evidence
2230:Informal fallacies
1956:Poisoning the well
1773:Proof by assertion
1748:Texas sharpshooter
1682:Questionable cause
1619:Slothful induction
1578:Anecdotal evidence
1438:Circular reasoning
1333:Exclusive premises
1295:Illicit conversion
587:YourDictionary.com
331:Empirical evidence
198:non-representative
149:Scientific context
120:intellectual rigor
82:Anecdotal evidence
49:You can assist by
2217:
2216:
2195:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2131:Ignoratio elenchi
2043:
2042:
1893:
1892:
1855:Not invented here
1560:Converse accident
1482:Correlative-based
1459:Compound question
1402:False attribution
1397:False equivalence
1371:
1370:
1161:. 10 August 2012.
520:"Mirriam Webster"
506:"Mirriam Webster"
492:"Mirriam Webster"
478:"MIrriam Webster"
464:"Mirriam Webster"
388:Scientific method
364:List of fallacies
319:Confirmation bias
271:physical evidence
178:scientific method
128:scientific method
79:
78:
71:
2282:
2207:
2206:
2178:Special pleading
2057:
2056:
1918:Appeal to motive
1904:
1903:
1880:Stirring symbols
1860:Island mentality
1798:Wishful thinking
1779:
1778:
1495:Perfect solution
1472:No true Scotsman
1467:Complex question
1452:Leading question
1431:Question-begging
1417:No true Scotsman
1382:
1381:
1305:Quantifier shift
1300:Proof by example
1233:
1232:
1207:
1200:
1193:
1184:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1094:
1088:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1050:
1040:
1016:
1010:
1009:
980:
974:
973:
949:
943:
942:
932:
915:(6311): 249–52.
900:
894:
893:
857:
851:
850:
832:
826:
825:
823:
822:
808:
802:
801:
795:
787:
785:
783:
772:Barrett, Stephen
764:
758:
757:
729:
723:
722:
702:
696:
695:
677:
671:
670:
668:
667:
660:NeuroLogica Blog
652:
646:
645:
643:
642:
628:
622:
621:
619:
618:
604:
598:
597:
595:
593:
579:
573:
572:
570:
562:
556:
555:
548:
542:
541:
530:
524:
523:
516:
510:
509:
502:
496:
495:
488:
482:
481:
474:
468:
467:
460:
454:
453:
443:
433:
409:
370:Lived experience
360:
215:informal fallacy
124:scholarly method
74:
67:
63:
60:
54:
34:
33:
26:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2187:
2161:Rationalization
2104:
2051:
2039:
1977:
1899:Genetic fallacy
1889:
1802:
1777:
1752:
1676:
1667:Sorites paradox
1647:False precision
1628:
1609:Double counting
1564:
1539:
1511:
1476:
1463:Loaded question
1447:Loaded language
1426:
1367:
1309:
1275:
1222:
1211:
1181:
1180:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1095:
1091:
1086:Wayback Machine
1076:
1072:
1017:
1013:
1002:
981:
977:
970:
950:
946:
901:
897:
858:
854:
847:
833:
829:
820:
818:
816:www.iep.utm.edu
810:
809:
805:
789:
788:
781:
779:
765:
761:
730:
726:
719:
703:
699:
692:
678:
674:
665:
663:
654:
653:
649:
640:
638:
630:
629:
625:
616:
614:
606:
605:
601:
591:
589:
581:
580:
576:
568:
564:
563:
559:
550:
549:
545:
538:Mirriam Webster
532:
531:
527:
518:
517:
513:
504:
503:
499:
490:
489:
485:
476:
475:
471:
462:
461:
457:
410:
403:
398:
393:
358:
308:Anecdotal value
303:
263:
255:placebo effects
157:
151:
98:old wives' tale
75:
64:
58:
55:
48:
35:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2288:
2278:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2139:
2134:
2127:
2122:
2115:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2065:
2063:
2054:
2045:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2010:
2009:
2000:
1993:
1991:Accomplishment
1982:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1920:
1914:
1912:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1812:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1787:
1785:
1776:
1775:
1766:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1750:
1745:
1743:Slippery slope
1740:
1735:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1709:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1686:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1662:Slippery slope
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1638:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1590:
1588:Cherry picking
1580:
1574:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1562:
1557:
1551:
1549:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1521:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1486:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1474:
1469:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1444:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1388:
1386:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1319:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1286:
1284:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1242:
1240:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1210:
1209:
1202:
1195:
1187:
1179:
1178:
1164:
1150:
1132:
1105:(4): 226–234.
1089:
1070:
1011:
1000:
975:
968:
944:
895:
868:(4): 330–334.
852:
845:
827:
803:
759:
740:(5): 603–624.
724:
717:
697:
690:
672:
647:
623:
599:
574:
557:
543:
525:
511:
497:
483:
469:
455:
400:
399:
397:
394:
392:
391:
385:
379:
373:
367:
361:
352:
346:
340:
334:
328:
322:
316:
310:
304:
302:
299:
262:
259:
202:cognitive bias
174:
173:
170:
167:
164:
150:
147:
77:
76:
38:
36:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2287:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2260:Pseudoscience
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2210:
2202:
2201:
2198:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2046:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1851:Invented here
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1774:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1755:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1719:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1614:False analogy
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1583:Sampling bias
1581:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1547:
1546:Secundum quid
1542:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1491:
1490:False dilemma
1488:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1457:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1358:Illicit minor
1356:
1354:
1353:Illicit major
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1278:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1208:
1203:
1201:
1196:
1194:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1174:
1168:
1160:
1154:
1146:
1142:
1136:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1093:
1087:
1083:
1080:
1074:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1015:
1008:
1003:
1001:9781462517510
997:
993:
989:
985:
979:
971:
969:0-12-588560-1
965:
961:
957:
956:
948:
940:
936:
931:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
899:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
856:
848:
846:0-7506-4592-X
842:
838:
831:
817:
813:
807:
799:
793:
777:
773:
769:
768:Schwarcz, Joe
763:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
728:
720:
718:9780470522783
714:
710:
709:
701:
693:
691:9780495601975
687:
683:
676:
661:
657:
651:
637:
633:
627:
613:
609:
603:
588:
584:
578:
567:
561:
553:
547:
539:
535:
529:
521:
515:
507:
501:
493:
487:
479:
473:
465:
459:
451:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
423:
419:
415:
408:
406:
401:
389:
386:
383:
380:
377:
374:
371:
368:
365:
362:
356:
353:
350:
347:
344:
341:
338:
335:
332:
329:
326:
323:
320:
317:
314:
311:
309:
306:
305:
298:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
274:
272:
268:
258:
256:
251:
247:
245:
241:
236:
234:
229:
227:
223:
218:
216:
212:
208:
203:
199:
196:or otherwise
195:
194:cherry-picked
191:
187:
183:
179:
171:
168:
165:
162:
161:
160:
156:
146:
144:
140:
137:When used in
135:
133:
129:
125:
121:
116:
114:
109:
107:
103:
99:
94:
91:
88:
85:
83:
73:
70:
62:
52:
46:
44:
39:This article
37:
28:
27:
22:
2146:Naturalistic
2129:
2117:
2097:
2068:
2052:of relevance
1995:
1973:Whataboutism
1965:
1941:
1935:Godwin's law
1927:
1907:
1790:
1783:Consequences
1764:Law/Legality
1738:Single cause
1711:
1704:
1577:
1544:
1412:Loki's Wager
1392:Equivocation
1385:Equivocation
1167:
1153:
1144:
1135:
1102:
1098:
1092:
1077:Thompson B.
1073:
1028:
1024:
1014:
1005:
991:
978:
954:
947:
912:
908:
898:
865:
861:
855:
836:
830:
819:. Retrieved
815:
806:
780:. Retrieved
762:
737:
733:
727:
707:
700:
681:
675:
664:. Retrieved
662:. 2007-03-08
659:
650:
639:. Retrieved
635:
626:
615:. Retrieved
611:
602:
590:. Retrieved
586:
577:
560:
546:
537:
528:
514:
500:
486:
472:
458:
421:
417:
275:
264:
252:
248:
237:
230:
219:
182:case studies
175:
158:
136:
117:
113:equivocation
110:
95:
92:
89:
86:
81:
80:
65:
56:
43:copy editing
41:may require
40:
21:Anecdata.org
2166:Red herring
1923:Association
1604:Conjunction
1525:Composition
1422:Reification
1338:Existential
1290:Existential
1145:MedicineNet
583:"anecdotal"
226:peer review
222:case report
207:statistical
143:testimonial
139:advertising
59:August 2024
2240:Skepticism
2224:Categories
2142:Moralistic
2076:Sealioning
2070:Ad nauseam
1997:Ipse dixit
1909:Ad hominem
1733:Regression
1535:Ecological
1348:Four terms
1266:Masked man
1079:Fallacies.
1031:(11): 11.
939:0006799125
821:2020-04-07
666:2020-04-07
641:2020-04-07
617:2020-04-07
571:. FTC.gov.
396:References
278:under oath
233:hypotheses
153:See also:
51:editing it
2275:Anecdotes
2250:Testimony
2183:Straw man
2061:Arguments
2050:fallacies
2024:Tradition
2014:Etymology
1986:Authority
1967:Tu quoque
1951:Bulverism
1721:Gambler's
1690:Animistic
1634:Ambiguity
1600:Base rate
1343:Necessity
1215:fallacies
1065:252384889
754:145050644
424:(1): 28.
286:testimony
267:testimony
132:testimony
2245:Evidence
2209:Category
1841:Ridicule
1826:Flattery
1816:Children
1713:Post hoc
1593:McNamara
1555:Accident
1530:Division
1377:Informal
1119:10678717
1082:Archived
1057:36127693
882:11182844
792:cite web
450:33825055
301:See also
190:folklore
106:folklore
2028:Novelty
2003:Poverty
1865:Loyalty
1831:Novelty
1808:Emotion
1757:Appeals
1726:Inverse
1706:Cum hoc
1695:Furtive
1213:Common
1127:1484234
1048:9490894
930:1495801
782:16 June
592:17 June
441:8023527
343:Fallacy
294:hearsay
282:perjury
126:or the
2113:Cliché
2048:Other
2019:Nature
2007:Wealth
1642:Accent
1228:Formal
1125:
1117:
1063:
1055:
1045:
998:
966:
937:
927:
890:867759
888:
880:
843:
752:
715:
688:
448:
438:
240:faulty
213:is an
1875:Spite
1769:Stone
1123:S2CID
1061:S2CID
886:S2CID
750:S2CID
569:(PDF)
261:Legal
104:, or
1961:Tone
1836:Pity
1821:Fear
1219:list
1115:PMID
1053:PMID
996:ISBN
964:ISBN
935:PMID
878:PMID
841:ISBN
798:link
784:2022
713:ISBN
686:ISBN
594:2019
446:PMID
102:myth
100:, a
1280:In
1236:In
1107:doi
1043:PMC
1033:doi
960:196
925:PMC
917:doi
913:284
870:doi
866:134
742:doi
436:PMC
426:doi
246:.
242:or
2226::
2144:/
2026:/
2005:/
1853:/
1771:/
1602:/
1465:/
1461:/
1440:/
1143:.
1121:.
1113:.
1103:10
1101:.
1059:.
1051:.
1041:.
1029:17
1027:.
1023:.
1007:).
1004:.
990:.
962:.
933:.
923:.
911:.
907:.
884:.
876:.
864:.
814:.
794:}}
790:{{
774:.
770:;
748:.
738:21
736:.
658:.
634:.
610:.
585:.
536:.
444:.
434:.
420:.
416:.
404:^
257:.
108:.
1221:)
1217:(
1206:e
1199:t
1192:v
1175:.
1147:.
1129:.
1109::
1067:.
1035::
972:.
941:.
919::
892:.
872::
849:.
824:.
800:)
786:.
756:.
744::
721:.
694:.
669:.
644:.
620:.
596:.
554:.
540:.
522:.
508:.
494:.
480:.
466:.
452:.
428::
422:6
72:)
66:(
61:)
57:(
53:.
47:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.