Simba rebellion - Knowledge

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Portuguese as both feared a Soviet influenced socialist state in the middle of Africa. Tshombe's forces were composed primarily of Belgian trained Katangese Gendarmes who had previously served the Belgian Colonial Authority. They were a highly disciplined and well equipped force who had only just barely lost a bid for independence in the previous conflict. In addition the force was accompanied by Jerry Puren and a score of mercenary pilots flying Second World War surplus training planes fitted with machine guns. The combined force marched on Kasai Province and encountered Simba forces near

254: 267: 1410:) back into the country. The mercenary-led forces gradually arrived at the frontlines from July 1964. Tshombe's rise to power caused considerable displeasure in the Congo and other African countries. The Ugandan government, which felt that the newly installed Tshombe government was beholden to Western interests, promptly offered covert aid to Gbenye. This included the use of government forces to train the rebels as well as the allowance for Ugandan territory to be used as a resupply route. Some Ugandan troops served alongside the rebels in combat, and the Congolese ANC and the 448: 194: 1187:

insurgents, the Congolese government expelled the Soviet embassy's personnel from the country in July 1964; the Soviet leadership responded by increasing its aid for the Simbas. Meanwhile, the Simbas continued to advance. By late July 1964, the insurgents controlled about half of the Congo. Utterly demoralized by repeated defeats, many ANC soldiers believed that the Simba rebels had become invincible thanks to magical rituals performed by insurgent shamans. Amid these rebel successes, the United States government pressured President Kasa-Vubu to dismiss Prime Minister

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disadvantaged. The final Simba stronghold near Bukavu held out for a month. It was captured only after the Simba force had killed several thousand civilians. Morale among the rebels plummeted, and many Rwandans wanted to quit the conflict. As local farmers also turned against the Simbas, showing insurgent camps to the government troops, the Cubans realized that no revolution would occur in the Congo. In November 1965, the Communist Cubans left the Congo in a nightly evacuation. At this point, the Simba rebellion was effectively defeated. According to historian

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Bendera. The operation (which was opposed by Che Guevara) failed completely, with the Rwandans being particularly poorly motivated and fleeing upon the first sign of combat. However, the Cubans continued their training and the performance of the rebels began to improve, resulting in a series of well-organized ambushes against ANC targets. However, these successes came at a significant cost. One Rwandan rebel leader told Che Guevara that he was losing so many of his fighters that the exiles' plans to invade Rwanda in future had become almost impossible.

484: 391: 121: 1554: 1461:. Kasaï had rich mining concerns but was also a strategic key to more lasting control of Congo. If the rebels could capture Kasai Province up to the Angola border they could cut the government forces in half, isolating Katanga Province and severely overstretching ANC lines. In August 1964 unknown thousands of Simbas moved down out of the hills and began the conquest of Kasaï. As before ANC forces retreated with little fight by either throwing down arms completely or defecting to the rebels. 213: 495: 401: 133: 1125:, and southern Orientale Province. They did not coordinate their operations with Soumialot who distrusted Gbenye. A third rebel force, independent of Soumialot, Gbenye, and Olenga, rebelled in northern Katanga in early June. These insurgents considered themselves "true" Communists, and were led by Laurent-Désiré Kabila and Ildéphonse Massengo. They had no real connections to the other Simba factions. Kabila and Massengo's troops conquered the entire western shore of 5286: 1799:. Furthermore, the Maoist leadership of the Simbas disagreed with the Cubans over ideology, resulting in tensions that undermined any military cooperation. In contrast, the Rwandan exiles continued to back the Simba rebels, and became even more important to the Simba forces due to the gradual end of other foreign support. The "Rwanadese Popular Movement" and the "Rwanda Youth National Union" led by Jean Kayitare, son of Rwandan exile leader 4965: 293: 43: 182: 858: 1926:

some Cuban-Congolese ultimately returned to Africa or relocated to other parts of the world. Many ex-Simbas greatly profited from the better education opportunities in Cuba, and integrated well into the society of their host country. Despite being relatively small, the community has played a major part in modern Congolese politics due to the influence of Cuba-based ex-Simbas on the first post-Mobutu government of the Congo.

1597: 226: 1469:. The engagement began in a shallow, long valley with Simba forces attacking in an irregular mixture of infantry and motorized forces, which charged directly at the ANC force. In response, the ANC troops also advanced directly, led by jeeps and trucks. The Simba rebels encountered heavy losses because of ANC machine-gun fire. It was a decisive defeat and the Simba rebels were forced to abandon their attacks in Kasai. 1803:, each mobilized a battalion to assist the beleaguered Simbas. One Rwandan exile later explained that their continued support for the Simba rebels was mostly motivated by the fact that they were being expelled from other countries such as Burundi, making this "the only choice we had". Despite this, their working relationship with the Congolese insurgents became more strained. The Simba rebels also alienated the 411: 145: 1150:(ANC) garrisons reacted with brutal counter-insurgency actions that failed to defeat the Simbas, but alienated the population of the eastern provinces. Furthermore, the Simba rebels often managed to intimidate well-equipped ANC units into retreating or defecting without a fight, thereby capturing much-needed weaponry for the insurgency. As the Simba rebellion in eastern Congo spread, the states of the 1705: 1680:. The fall of Stanleyville and Isiro "broke the back of the eastern insurrection, which never recovered." The Simba leadership fled into exile while descending into disarray and severe disagreements; Gbenye was shot in the shoulder by one of his generals after dismissing him. However, many African states voiced support for the Simbas' cause after the Belgian operations. 1520:, a white mercenary commander, led three boats of mercenaries around the Simba rebel flank to attack Albertville from the rear in a night attack. The move made good progress but was diverted when it ran across a Catholic priest who convinced the mercenaries to rescue 60 clergy being held by Simba troops. The mercenaries failed to either rescue the priests or capture the 1854:

insurgents from their exile in Tanzania. In contrast, Gbenye and Olenga initially became businessmen in Sudan and Uganda. They made peace with Mobutu and returned to the Congo in 1971. Soumialot was probably killed by his own troops while waging an insurgency in the Fizi-Baraka area of the Congo in the late 1960s. Notable Simba holdouts were located in the western

1858:(these forces eventually became the Parti de Libération Congolais) and in South Kivu (Kabila's People's Revolution Party). The Rwandan exiles no longer played a significant role in the Simba holdouts. Some exiled Simbas resumed their insurgency in the 1980s or 1990s. Notable examples include the Front for the Liberation of Congo – Patrice Lumumba (FLC-L) and 1195:. The U.S. and Belgian leadership believed that Tshombe was supportive of their interests as well as a more effective leader, thereby being the ideal person to lead the Congo in the conflict against the Simba rebels. With few options left, Kasa-Vubu agreed and Tshombe returned from exile as the new prime minister on 30 July 1964. 1876:. Accordingly, the memory of the Banyamulenge-Simba fighting became ethnically charged, a development which was further fuelled by the Banyamulenge exploiting their victory over the rebels by expanding their holdings in South Kivu after the rebellion. The local ethnic rivalries would have a major impact on the First and 1524:. The next day ANC infantry and the motorized Gendarmes re-captured the city, overwhelming poorly armed Simba resistance. Together with the success in Kasai the victory at Albertville stabilized the government southern flank. The abuse of the clergy also increased Western support for the Tshombe Government. 1500:

arrived in Katanga Province over the next month. The largely white mercenaries provided the ANC with a highly trained and experienced force that was unaffected by the indiscipline and social tensions within the ANC. They provided an expertise that could not be matched. Ironically, their presence also

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on the western outskirts of Stanleyville. Once the paratroopers had secured the airfield and cleared the runway they made their way to the Victoria Hotel, prevented Simba rebels from killing most of the 60 hostages, and evacuated them via the airfield. Over the next two days over 1,800 Americans and

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Though war was turning in favor of the ANC, problems remained for the Congolese government. Most notably, the rebels still held numerous hostages and important towns in eastern Congo. In response, the Congolese government turned to Belgium and the United States for help. The Belgian Army sent a task

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Though the main rebel forces had been dispersed, large areas in eastern Congo remained under Simba control. In fact, the government offensives stalled after the reconquest of Stanleyville and Isiro. The Simba rebels proved to be still a capable fighting force by inflicting a major defeat on the ANC

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were murdered in Stanleyville alone. In contrast, the rebels initially left whites and foreigners mostly alone. Following the fall of Stanleyville, the Congolese government reacted to the prominent involvement of Rwandan exiles in the Simba rebellion by ordering that all Rwandan refugees were to be

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retook the town, rescuing Sendwe and killing about 250 rebels. The government troops soon alienated the locals due to their brutal behavior. When another rebellion broke out in the town on 19 June 1964, Soumialot's forces exploited the resulting chaos and captured Albertville. The government forces

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of December 1963. Frustrated that Congolese authorities hampered their activities and radicalised by their repeated failures, Inyenzi based in the Congo joined the Simba rebellion because they hoped that a Simba-led government would support their own efforts in Rwanda. Rwandan exiles held prominent

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who lived in South Kivu during this time, as the retreating insurgents killed the Banyamulenge's cows for food. Even though they were related to ethnic Rwandans, the Banyamulenge had previously tried to remain neutral and now opted to side with the Congolese government. They organized militias and

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later that month. Regardless, the insurgents had become too weak to actually restart their offensives and were unable to exploit their defensive successes, resulting in a temporary stalemate. Meanwhile, their international supporters continued to arm and train the rebels, although Burundi expelled

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The Congolese government and its Western allies finally decided to launch a multi-pronged campaign. ANC troops led by mercenary columns would advance from the west, southwest, southeast (Albertville) and east (Bukavu). The mercenaries were well equipped for the campaign, and given access to jeeps,

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The emigration of about 500 ex-Simbas to Cuba after the rebellion, as well as the subsequent intermarriage between ethnic Cubans and ex-Simbas, resulted in the emergence of a Cuban-Congolese community. Marked by a unique blend of Cuban and Congolese cultures, this community spread beyond Cuba, as

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As aid from the Soviet Union was received by the Simba military establishment, the Simba force made one final push against the government capital of Leopoldville. The advance made some headway but was stopped cold when several hundred mercenaries were airlifted North and attacked the flank of the

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The rebels started taking hostages from the local white population in areas under their control. Several hundred hostages were taken to Stanleyville and placed under guard in the Victoria Hotel. A group of Belgian and Italian nuns were taken hostage by rebel leader Gaston Soumaliot. The nuns were

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in South Kivu. Despite the occasional rebel success, the ANC and the mercenaries continued their advance, and began to cut off the insurgents from their supply roues across Lake Tanganyika. This forced the rebels to make stands and face the government forces head-on in battles in which they were

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By May 1965, the Simbas had lost a majority of their territory in northeastern Congo. Despite this, the Cubans attempted to improve the training and organization of the Congolese and Rwandan insurgents. In late June, Kabila ordered a first Cuban-Simba-Rwandan attack aimed at the ANC garrison of

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arrived to train the remaining Simba forces in eastern Congo. There were also plans to send trainers from other communist countries to Congo as well. Instead, however, international support for the Simbas declined. This resulted from growing conflicts within and among the socialist states, most

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Though the initial ground attacks met with some success, the Simbas still managed to offer significant resistance, and even retook some areas amid counter-attacks soon after the campaign's beginning. The first airborne assault was carried out on 24 November. Organized by Belgian Colonel Charles

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Newly appointed Prime Minister Tshombe acted decisively against the new threat. Using contacts he had made while exiled in Spain, Tshombe was able to organize an airlift of his former soldiers currently exiled in rural Angola. The airlift was enacted by the United States and facilitated by the

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Though the Simba rebellion had been crushed, rebel remnants continued to be active. Weak and no real threat to the Congolese government, they waged a low-level guerrilla war from bases in remote frontier regions. Of the rebel leadership, Kabila and Soumialot continued to support the remaining

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As the rebel movement spread, acts of violence and terror increased. Thousands of Congolese were executed in systematic purges by the Simbas, including government officials, political leaders of opposition parties, provincial and local police, school teachers, and others believed to have been

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By August 1964, they had captured Stanleyville where a 1,500-man ANC force fled leaving behind weapons and vehicles which the Simba rebels captured. The attack consisted of a charge, led by shamans, with forty Simba warriors. No shots were fired by the Simba rebels. Following the conquest of

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learned of these attacks, it allied with the Anyanya. The Anyanya consequently helped the Western/Congolese air forces to locate Simba rebel camps and supply routes, and destroy them. In return, the Sudanese rebels were given weapons for their own war. Angered by the Soviet support for the

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Mulele proved to be a capable leader and scored a number of early successes, although these would remain localised to Kwilu. With the country again seeming to be in open rebellion of the government in Kinshasa, the CNL launched its rebellion in their political heartland of eastern Congo.

4921: 1782:. These operations cut off important rebel supply routes, recaptured a number of strategically significant towns in northern Orientale Province, and deprived the insurgents of local gold mines. This greatly weakened the Simba rebellion. Meanwhile, around 100 1501:

strengthened the recruitment efforts of the Simba rebels who could portray the ANC as a Western puppet. Once the mercenaries were concentrated they spearheaded a combined offensive against Albertville. Once captured, Albertville would give the ANC access to

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on 13 February 1965. The bombings caused minimal damage, but resulted in a public outcry in Uganda whose government promptly expanded the military to defend its borders. There were also reports about Ugandan troops crossing the border in a raid targeting

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Tshombe reorganized the Congolese war effort, circumventing other political and military leaders such as Kasa-Vubu and Mobutu. He asked the Western nations for military assistance, recruited White mercenaries, and brought his exiled loyalist troops (the

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expelled from the Congo. Even though the vast majority of Rwandans in the Congo were uninvolved in the uprising and living peacefully, they were consequently the target of ethnic violence and blamed "for all sorts of evil" by Congolese authorities.

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as they positioned themselves as being "socialists" opposed to American intervention in the Congo and involvement in the death of Lumumba although, as with Lumumba, there is some dispute over the true political inclinations of the Lumumbists.

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and serve as a staging base for future offensives to relieve Government enclaves in the North. Simba forces were deployed in several large mobs around Albertville in expectation for an attack by ANC infantry and the motorized Gendarmes.

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regimes to aid the rebels. The Soviet leadership promised that it would replace all weaponry given to the Simbas in given time, but rarely did so. In order to supply the rebels, the Soviet Union transported equipment via cargo planes to

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The decision to aid the Simbas divided the Ugandan government, as it strained relations with the Congolese government and with the United States. It also created differences between the Ugandan national government and the sub-national

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Once that the final Simba offensives were checked, the ANC began to squeeze Simba-controlled territory from all sides. ANC commanders formed a loose perimeter around rebel areas, pushing in with a variety of shallow and deep

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government. A Ugandan Member of Parliament later accused Colonel Amin of taking advantage of the situation to embezzle funds allocated for aid to Gbenye and smuggling gold, coffee, and ivory from the Congo, triggering the

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In addition to native Congolese, the Simba rebels included Rwandan exiles. Known as "Inyenzi" in Rwanda, these exiles had repeatedly attempted to retake their home country without success, most prominently during the

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In late October 1964, nearly 1,000 European and U.S. citizens were taken hostage by rebel forces in Stanleyville. In response, Belgium and the United States launched a military intervention on 24 November 1964.

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Europeans were evacuated, as well as around 400 Congolese. However, almost 200 foreigners and thousands of Congolese were executed by the Simbas. Among them were several missionaries such as the American Dr.

1738:. Gbenye gained their sympathies, and it was decided that covert aid would be channeled to him primarily through Uganda, due to its proximity to the geographic base of the rebellion. Obote selected Colonel 1414:'s 1st Battalion directly clashed along the border of the two countries at some point in 1964. Other countries which sent covert military support through weapons shipments and training included Egypt under 3868:

Stapleton, Tim (2017). "Refugee-warriors and other people's wars in post-colonial Africa: the experience of Rwandese and South African military exiles (1960–94)". In Falola, Toyin; Mbah, Emmanuel (eds.).

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Vandewalle was a Belgian national, but was personally asked by Prime Minister Tshombe to become his personal military adviser on 5 August 1964 and, later, take the command to retake the rebellious region.

1832:, most of the remaining Simba rebels were "slaughter" by the ANC, mercenaries, and Banyamulenge militias. Many Simbas and their families were able to escape into exile; some ultimately relocated to Cuba. 1664:. While the Belgians were securing Stanleyville, the ANC's columns "Lima I" and "Lima II" broke through the Simba defenses and arrived at Stanleyville on the same day. On 26 November, a second mission ( 839:, the rebels suffered several major defeats and disintegrated. By November 1965, the Simba rebellion was effectively defeated, though holdouts of the rebels continued their insurgency until the 1990s. 5409: 5399: 5159: 1574:. With mercenaries acting as shock contingent for ANC forces, the Congolese government used aircraft to transport mercenaries to hotspots or rebel strongholds. Mercenary forces became adept at 1013:

The majority of the Simbas were young men and teens although children were not unheard of in the conflict. The rebels were led by Gaston Soumialot and Gbenye, who had been members of Gizenga's

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wrote that the majority of the fighters did not hold these views. The fighters also practised a system of traditional beliefs which held that correct behaviour and the regular reapplying of

3167: 4936: 924:. These talks ultimately did not deliver the Lumumbist government that had been intended. Gizenga was arrested and imprisoned on Bula-Mbemba and many of the Lumumbists went into exile. 4294: 2653: 1028:

Because of the range of political beliefs amongst the Simba rebels, attributing an ideology to the rebellion is very complex. Whilst the leaders claimed to be influenced by Chinese

1613:. The Belgian and American governments tried to come up with a rescue plan. Several ideas were considered and discarded, while attempts at negotiating with the Simba force failed. 1074: 5289: 4929: 3482:

Ethnicity and Military Rule in Uganda: a study of ethnicity as a political factor in Uganda, based on a discussion of political anthropology and the application of its results

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began to hunt for the rebels. By April 1965, several thousand pro-Simba Rwandan militants operated in eastern Congo, but their support did little to stem the ANC's advance.

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Africa's World War : Congo, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe: Congo, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe

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Large civilian casualties, including 392 Europeans and at minimum 20,000 Africans executed by rebels. Tens of thousands killed in total during suppression of the rebellion.

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A Simba rebel with traditional clothing and weaponry. Poorly armed, the insurgents often placed an emphasis on magical protection to terrify and overwhelm their opponents.

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The Banyamulenge's involvement in the conflict would result in lasting ethnic resentment in South Kivu, as the Simba insurgents of the region had mostly belonged to the

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fled, leaving Sendwe behind; he was subsequently murdered by either Simba rebels or, less likely, ANC soldiers, though the circumstances remain unclear and disputed.

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Meanwhile, Christophe Gbenye and Nicholas Olenga rose in revolt in northeastern Congo, quickly expanding their army and territories. By June 1964, they held

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Luntumbue, Michel (2020). "Cuban-Congolese families: From the Fizi-Baraka underground to Havana". In Kali Argyriadis; Giulia Bonacci; Adrien Delmas (eds.).

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Westernized. Many of the executions were carried out with extreme cruelty, in front of a monument to Patrice Lumumba in Stanleyville. About 1,000 to 2,000

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It was in exile that the rebellion began to take shape. On 3 October 1963, the Conseil National de Libération (CNL) was founded by Gbenye and Soumialot in

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Fox, Renee C.; de Craemer, Willy; Ribeaucourt, Jean-Marie (October 1965). ""The Second Independence": A Case Study of the Kwilu Rebellion in the Congo".

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Success in Kasai justified Tshombe's decision to bring in Western mercenaries to augment well-trained Katangese formations. Two hundred mercenaries from

1422:. China also provided limited aid to the rebels, with Chinese experts based in the Congo, Burundi, and Tanzania suspected of training Simba insurgents. 5175: 4200: 4109: 943:

in eastern Congo. However, whilst these plans for rebellion were being developed in exile, Pierre Mulele returned from his training in China to launch

835:. When the Congolese government launched a number of major counter-offensives from late 1964, spearheaded by battle-hardened mercenaries and backed by 579: 4214: 1537:, near the border with Burundi was a supply route for the rebellions. On October 7, 1964, the nuns were liberated. From Uvira they escaped by road to 1425: 2678: 920:

However, in August 1961, Gizenga dissolved the government in Stanleyville with the intention of taking part in the United Nations sponsored talks at

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CIA agents who operated on the ground and also flew for the Congolese Air Force. The ground forces which were coming from the west and attacking

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to lead the assistance effort. As Uganda continued to support the rebels, the Congolese government retaliated by bombing the two villages of

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Poggo, S. First Sudanese Civil War: Africans, Arabs, and Israelis in the Southern Sudan 1955–1972, p. 153. S.l.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.

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Poggo, S. First Sudanese Civil War: Africans, Arabs, and Israelis in the Southern Sudan 1955–1972, p. 153. S.l.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.

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Poggo, S. First Sudanese Civil War: Africans, Arabs, and Israelis in the Southern Sudan 1955–1972, p. 153. S.l.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.

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Poggo, S. First Sudanese Civil War: Africans, Arabs, and Israelis in the Southern Sudan 1955–1972, p. 153. S.l.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.

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in 1996/97 when Kabila became President of the Congo. Ex-Simbas played a major role in Kabila's government until his murder in 2001.

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Gleijeses, Piero (April 1994). ""Flee! The White Giants Are Coming!": The United States, the Mercenaries, and the Congo, 1964–65".

1824: 3579: 5154: 4902: 2875:. Leavenworth Papers. Vol. 14. Fort Leavenworth, Kan.: Combat Studies Institute, U.S. Army Command and General Staff College 1718: 866: 785: 539: 114: 74: 1130: 572: 2628: 1171:. From there, the Sudanese brought the weapons to Congo This operation backfired, however, as southern Sudan was engulfed in 4870: 4704: 4193: 3932: 3880: 3831: 3810: 3782: 3758: 3601: 3543: 3320: 2922: 2516: 852: 752: 633: 1061:

positions within the rebel hierarchy, with Inyenzi leaders Louis Bidalira and Jerome Katarebe serving as chief of staff and

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in late 1963. After taking control of most of the province, Soumialot's army overran the last local government holdouts at

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local Chinese experts who had possibly aided the insurgency around early February. In January 1965 Ugandan Prime Minister

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were often chaotic. They were also poorly armed, with many rebels relying on machetes and spears due to lacking guns.

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With much of northern Congo and the Congolese upcountry under their control, the Simba rebels moved south against

5374: 5359: 1044:) would leave the fighters impervious to bullets. Researcher Ato Kwamena Onoma described the Simba rebellion as " 4576: 3441:

Glentworth, Garth; Hancock, Ian (July 1973). "Obote and Amin: Change and Continuity in Modern Uganda Politics".

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To the extent that the movement had an ideology, it was an mixture of nationalism, village Marxism, and magic.

5394: 4832: 4629: 4273: 1775: 1699: 1648: 729: 3158:"Zaïre: Mobutu, cible des rebelles. A Goma, le commandant Kisase réfute le caractère ethnique de la rébellion" 1903: 881:. The rebellion can be immediately traced back to the assassination of the first Prime Minister of the Congo, 757: 5389: 5364: 5252: 1179:

insurgents consequently ambushed the Soviet-Sudanese supply convoys and captured the weapons for themselves.

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Official pass issued by the People's Republic of the Congo, the communist government declared by the Simbas

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O'Malley, Alanna (2021). "The Simba Rebellion, the Cold War, and the Stanleyville Hostages in the Congo".

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respectively. The Rwandan exiles held a reputation as good and disciplined fighters among the insurgents.

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in recruiting thousands of troops along the Burundian-Congolese border. With these forces, he invaded

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The causes of the Simba Rebellion should be viewed as part of the wider struggle for power within the

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Mujaju, Akiiki B. (October 1987). "The Gold Allegations Motion and Political Development in Uganda".

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In 1961, this change in power led Antoine Gizenga to declare the creation of a rebel government in

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forced into hard labor and numerous atrocities were reported by news agencies all over the world.

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The Simba rebels were initially successful and captured much of eastern Congo, proclaiming a "

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Operatie rode draak: De bevrijding van 1800 blanken door Belgische para's in Congo in 1964

3049: 935:. The CNL was backed by pro-Lumumba leaders as well as "emerging local warlords" based in 8: 4759: 4734: 4711: 3674: 3622: 3454: 3037: 1159: 1110: 1007: 921: 674: 655: 638: 4060: 3512:

Congo Unravelled: Military operations from Independence to the Mercenary Revolt, 1960–68

1553: 1006:). Although they were on average well motivated, the Simbas lacked discipline and their 5227: 5222: 4990: 4636: 3973: 3750: 3678: 3458: 3416: 3391: 3383: 3353: 3339: 2545: 1756: 1415: 1282: 1199:

Moïse Tshombe assumes power and government forces regain initiative, July – August 1964

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Predikbroeders in woord en daad : Dominicanen in Vlaanderen in de twintigste eeuw

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Thousands of Simba rebels fled to Burundi. Many of them joined with Hutu militants in

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shortly after. Pro-Simba forces successfully revolted in the important harbor town of

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International Criminal Court investigation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

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Economic rehabilitation project in Albertville following the Simba rebellion, 1965

1819:", in September 1965 against the last major Simba stronghold which was located at 1192: 347: 5272: 5232: 5190: 5053: 5043: 4985: 4841: 4791: 4784: 4597: 4088: 3922: 3870: 3821: 3800: 3744: 3723: 3591: 3510: 3310: 3068: 2900: 2778: 2220: 2144: 1866: 1816: 1689: 1571: 1521: 1502: 1493: 1419: 1379: 1218: 1126: 1082: 944: 894: 882: 848: 813: 797: 796:. The rebellion, located in the east of the country, was led by the followers of 736: 698: 693: 48: 3025: 5185: 5070: 4768: 4555: 4534: 4067: 4046: 4032: 2903:, International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, December 2001 1820: 1731: 1630: 1621:. In addition, the ANC was provided with foreign advisors, including about 200 1485: 1445:) while portraying the existing Congolese government as Western puppet regime. 1188: 948: 681: 335: 3379: 5303: 5118: 5080: 4720: 4502: 4102: 3913: 3424: 2870: 2752: 1727: 994:

was divided into regular units which were organized like the ANC (namely the

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Cold War in the Congo: The Confrontation of Cuban Military Forces, 1960-1967

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in Kinshasa at the expense of politicians who had supported Lumumba such as

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spread and escalated, Soumialot obtained the support of the government of

986:. They were recruited from ANC mutineers, tribesmen, and youth militants ( 4679: 4417: 4168: 2744: 1787: 1783: 1766:

From March to June 1965, ANC contingents and mercenaries under Hoare and

1450: 1033: 928: 614: 415: 3890:

Verhaegen, Benoît (1967). "Les rébellions populaires au Congo en 1964".

3343: 1717:

in early February 1965, followed by another, smaller rebel victory near

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Simba pincer. The mercenaries were then able to capture the key town of

1441:

Stanleyville, the rebels proclaimed a "People's Republic of the Congo" (

4527: 3977: 2893: 2549: 1714: 1661: 1517: 1122: 1090: 3777:. Provinces (in French). Tervuren: Musée royal de l’Afrique centrale. 3682: 3462: 3387: 3535: 2532:

M. Crawford Young (1966). "Post-Independence Politics in the Congo".

1433: 1279: 905: 828: 3969: 2541: 42: 3960:

Young, Crawford (1966). "Post-Independence Politics in the Congo".

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Cuba and Africa, 1959–1994: Writing an alternative Atlantic history

2931: 1739: 1626: 1606: 1330: 874: 857: 793: 545: 34: 3254: 2836:"HistoryNet – From the World's Largest History Magazine Publisher" 2107:"Chronology of the Democratic Republic of Congo/Zaire (1960–1997)" 5257: 4116: 1890: 1489: 1466: 1176: 1134: 1102: 870: 298: 149: 126: 5410:

20th-century mass murder in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

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Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda tensions (2022–present)

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Conflicting Missions: Havana, Washington and Africa, 1959-1976

1557:

Soviet explosives seized by the Congolese army from the Simbas

1548: 1073: 2511:. Vol. 2. Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Books. p. 268. 2428: 2426: 2146:

Historical Dictionary of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

1760: 1735: 1669: 1644: 1534: 1138: 1094: 913: 447: 259: 193: 3266: 2334: 1865:

Some of the Simba holdouts continued to be active until the

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Congo Diary: Episodes of the Revolutionary War in the Congo

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became the Democratic Republic of the Congo in August 1964.

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Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda military relations

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Lamberigts, Mathijs; de Caluwe, Mark; Milh, Anton (2016).

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Dragon Operations: Hostage Rescues in the Congo, 1964–1965

2423: 2399: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2225:, East African Educational Publisher Ltd, 2001, p. 42 2203: 2201: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2193: 2180: 2178: 1965: 1963: 1961: 1959: 1957: 1955: 1953: 1940: 1938: 1898:. Several ex-Simba rebels were eventually enlisted in the 3596:. Johannesburg: Wits University Press. pp. 161–182. 3555:

Civil Wars in the Democratic Republic of Congo, 1960-2010

3218: 3182: 3073:, vol. 156, American Bible Society, 1971, p. 58 1183: 1002:), and units which were more akin to irregular militias ( 3363: 3355:

Imagining the Congo: International Relations of Identity

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Mining industry of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

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Annual Report of the American Bible Society, Volume 156

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arranged for Gbenye to meet with him, Kenyan President

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on 30 June 1960 as well as within the context of other

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Tanganyika : Espace fécondé par le lac et le rail

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Armoured Trains. An Illustrated Encyclopedia 1825–2016

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by late June. They then advanced into the Province of

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The Congo, From Leopold to Kabila: A People's History

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Mercenaries and the Democratic Republic of the Congo

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The Congo from Leopold to Kabila: a people's history

2967: 2787: 2556: 2291: 2267: 2229: 2121: 2072: 2055: 1975: 3330:Anstey, Roger (April 1965). "The Congo Rebellion". 2955: 2143:Kisangani, Emizet Francois; Bobb, Scott F. (2009). 1647:transports dropped 350 Belgian paratroopers of the 1137:, and captured its strategically important capital 5370:Civil wars in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 3700: 3352: 1708:ANC soldiers with captured Maoist rebel propaganda 788:between 1963 and 1965 in the wider context of the 784:, was a regional uprising which took place in the 5405:Massacres in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 5350:Communism in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 4960:Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda relations 3944:Dragon Rouge: The Rescue of Hostages in the Congo 3440: 3248: 2531: 1600:Refugees move towards the airfield for evacuation 1541:from where they returned to Belgium by airplane. 5310:1963 in the Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville) 5301: 3767: 3698: 3689: 3561: 3260: 2949: 2937: 2500: 2359: 1585: 1113:. On 30 May 1964, a small ANC detachment led by 5107: 5011:Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries 2506: 2456: 2111:Mass Violence and Resistance – Research Network 1021:, who had been a member of the Lumumba aligned 65:(Simba holdouts continue resistance until 1996) 3875:. New York City: Routledge. pp. 241–259. 3746:Politics and the Military in Uganda, 1890–1985 3721: 2347: 1763:in retaliation for the Congolese air attacks. 4937: 4001: 3436:. London: University of North Carolina Press. 2142: 1643:and targeted Stanleyville. Five US Air Force 912:, received support from the Soviet Union and 812:. The rebellion was contemporaneous with the 573: 548:in April 1964 following its incorporation of 5320:1965 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 5315:1964 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 5079: 4015: 3946:. Honolulu: University Press of the Pacific. 3742: 3315:. Oxford; New York City: Osprey Publishing. 3312:Modern African Wars (4): The Congo 1960–2002 3019: 2730: 1920: 1210: 1069:Early rebel expansion, late 1963 – July 1964 958: 877:interventions in Africa by the West and the 800:, who had been ousted from power in 1960 by 236: 3058:, Chapter: Operation South and Che Guevara. 2864: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2507:Kinder, Hermann; Hilgemann, Werner (1978). 1549:Rebel collapse, August 1964 – November 1965 808:and subsequently killed in January 1961 in 4944: 4930: 4008: 3994: 3802:Anti-Refugee Violence and African Politics 3610: 3367:Comparative Studies in Society and History 3046:, Chapter: Operation Violettes Imperiales. 2822: 2783:, American Bible Society, 1971, p. 58 2100: 2098: 1683: 1023:Association générale des Baluba du Katanga 580: 566: 3920: 3889: 3867: 3849: 3805:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3589: 3552: 3431: 3402: 3272: 3200: 3131: 3101: 2710:(presentation) (in Dutch). Archived from 2444: 2432: 2405: 2378: 2328: 2261: 2207: 2184: 2169: 1969: 1668:) was flown by the Belgians and captured 4176:Armée Populaire de Libération ("Simbas") 2917:(first ed.). Halewijn. p. 98. 2853: 2702: 1844: 1703: 1595: 1552: 1508: 1424: 1072: 856: 4302:White Legion (Compagnie Internationale) 3964:(26). Indiana University Press: 34–41. 3941: 3858: 3840: 3819: 3639: 3469: 3188: 3156:Colson, Marie-Laure (8 November 1996). 3143: 3116: 3086: 2765: 2615: 2603: 2591: 2579: 2417: 2393: 2104: 2095: 2049: 2034: 1944: 1840: 1578:and then reducing Simba positions with 861:Gaston Soumialot (center right) in 1965 5302: 3927:. Abingdon; New York City: Routledge. 3872:Dissent, Protest and Dispute in Africa 3660: 3529: 3508: 3478: 3329: 3308: 3236: 3224: 3212: 3155: 3055: 3043: 3031: 3007: 2992: 2980: 2810: 2798: 2525: 2494: 2238: 2130: 2089: 2066: 1986: 1191:, and install a new government led by 4925: 4871:Dissolution of the Lumumba Government 4194:United Nations Operation in the Congo 3989: 3959: 3950: 3798: 3617:. Translated by Roger Branfill-Cook. 3499: 2961: 2726: 2724: 2567: 2309: 2297: 2285: 2273: 853:Dissolution of the Lumumba Government 753:Dissolution of the Lumumba Government 561: 3768:Omasombo Tshonda, Jean, ed. (2014). 3707:(3rd ed.). New York: Palgrave. 3675:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a097945 3455:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a096383 3350: 2868: 2654:"Atrocities at Uvira, July 24, 1964" 2457:Risdel Kasasira (27 February 2017). 1815:The ANC launched another campaign, " 908:. This rival government, dubbed the 5155:2012 Congolese–Rwandan border clash 5029:East African campaign (World War I) 4903:Belgian general strike of 1960–1961 3852:Congo: the epic history of a people 3826:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3725:The Congo-Zaire Experience, 1960–98 3576:Minority Rights Group International 3553:Kisangani, Emizet Francois (2012). 2685:from the original on 27 August 2017 1637:Laurent, the attack was code-named 1048:". The rebellion was backed by the 13: 3728:(illustrated ed.). Springer. 3699:Nzongola-Ntalaja, Georges (2007). 3690:Nzongola-Ntalaja, Georges (2002). 3417:10.1111/j.1467-7709.1994.tb00611.x 2721: 2681:(in French). Kisimba. 2010-08-20. 2631:. Users.telenet.be. Archived from 1883: 14: 5421: 3504:. Boulder: Sycamore Island Books. 3034:, Chapter: Operation White Giant. 2656:. Catholic herald. Archived from 2509:The Anchor Atlas of World History 5385:Wars involving the United States 5285: 5284: 4963: 4953: 4295:6th Commando Battalion (Belgium) 4288:4th Commando Battalion (Belgium) 4281:2nd Commando Battalion (Belgium) 4144:Armée Nationale Congolaise (ANC) 2838:. Historynet.com. Archived from 2459:"Life as an Amin army commander" 1398:Democratic Republic of the Congo 1248: 1236: 786:Democratic Republic of the Congo 587: 493: 482: 468: 446: 409: 399: 389: 377: 365: 353: 341: 329: 317: 291: 278: 265: 252: 238: 224: 211: 192: 180: 143: 131: 119: 115:Democratic Republic of the Congo 108: 75:Democratic Republic of the Congo 41: 16:1963–1965 rebellion in the Congo 3646:. London: Hurst & Company. 3470:Guevara, Ernesto 'Che' (2011). 3359:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 3149: 3061: 2906: 2887: 2828: 2771: 2696: 2671: 2646: 2621: 2609: 2597: 2585: 2573: 2450: 2213: 2136: 2105:Olivier, Lanotte (2016-01-25). 1342:• Capture of Stanleyville 4878:Torture and killing of Lumumba 3301: 3288: 2019: 2010: 2001: 1992: 1700:Operation Violettes Imperiales 1207:People's Republic of the Congo 1154:took increasing interest. The 931:, capital of the neighbouring 758:Torture and killing of Lumumba 1: 3850:Reybrouck, David van (2014). 3568:Selective Genocide in Burundi 3479:Hansen, Holger Bernt (1977). 3249:Glentworth & Hancock 1973 2894:The Responsibility to Protect 1929: 1586:Government counter-offensives 1443:République populaire du Congo 1212:République populaire du Congo 1040:(water ritually applied by a 1032:, the Cuban military advisor 992:Armée Populaire de Libération 842: 520:200 Cuban and Soviet advisors 5099:2009 Eastern Congo offensive 3953:The Assassination of Lumumba 3532:Obote: A political biography 3261:Lemarchand & Martin 1974 1835: 1097:on 15 May 1964, followed by 869:following independence from 7: 3893:Cahiers d'études africaines 3799:Onoma, Ato Kwamena (2013). 3743:Omara-Otunnu, Amii (1987). 3166:(in French). Archived from 2733:Journal of Cold War Studies 1527: 10: 5426: 5243:Great Lakes refugee crisis 4981:Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement 3921:Villafana, Frank (2017) . 3722:O'Ballance, Edgar (1999). 3611:Malmassari, Paul (2016) . 2703:Dewyspelaere, Marie-Rose. 2629:"Gaston Soumaliot (Dutch)" 1730:, and Tanzanian President 1693: 1687: 1619:armoured fighting vehicles 1589: 1147:Armée Nationale Congolaise 1008:command as well as control 910:Free Republic of the Congo 846: 508:5 C-130 transport aircraft 47:Simba rebellion (red) and 5281: 5168: 5147: 5021: 4973: 4894: 4885:Death of Dag Hammarskjöld 4862: 4650: 4614: 4519: 4473: 4441: 4402: 4395: 4263: 4245: 4185: 4153: 4133: 4024: 3942:Wagoner, Fred E. (2003). 3859:Rodgers, Anthony (1998). 3534:. New York & London: 3432:Gleijeses, Piero (2002). 3380:10.1017/s0010417500003911 1921:Cuban-Congolese community 1793:1965 Algerian coup d'état 1393: 1389: 1376: 1363: 1350: 1340: 1336: 1326: 1322: 1312: 1300: 1296: 1288: 1272: 1262: 1232: 1227: 1205: 959:Simba forces and ideology 763:Death of Dag Hammarskjöld 597: 537: 532: 527: 461: 307: 101: 55: 40: 28: 23: 4910:Decolonisation of Africa 4563:Hubert Fauntleroy Julian 4236:Ghana, Nigeria and Egypt 3820:Prunier, Gérard (2009). 3565:; Martin, David (1974). 3557:. London: Lynne Rienner. 3530:Ingham, Kenneth (1994). 3474:. New York: Ocean Press. 3281: 2869:Odom, Thomas P. (1988). 1780:Central African Republic 1609:, airlifted by the U.S. 1015:Parti Solidaire Africain 974:, United States diplomat 949:native province of Kwilu 901:, and Gaston Soumialot. 816:led by fellow Lumumbist 5201:Belgian colonial empire 5094:2008 Nord-Kivu campaign 4661:Force Publique mutinies 4630:William "Rip" Robertson 4386:Cuban Exile Naval Force 4040:Egide Bocheley-Davidson 3951:Witte, Ludo de (2002). 3640:Martell, Peter (2018). 3621:: Seaforth Publishing ( 3509:Hudson, Andrew (2012). 3351:Dunn, Kevin C. (2003). 1684:Final rebel strongholds 1629:were also supported by 1105:in late May, capturing 602:Force Publique mutinies 173:Kabila-Massengo faction 77:, with spillovers into 5375:Wars involving Belgium 5360:Insurgencies in Africa 5206:Kivu frontier incident 5006:East African Community 4776:Port Francqui incident 3841:Quanten, Kris (2014). 3515:. Helion and Company. 3309:Abbott, Peter (2014). 2705:"1964 events in Uvira" 2222:Modern Swahili Grammar 1850: 1770:organized Operations " 1709: 1649:Para-Commando Regiment 1601: 1592:Operation Dragon Rouge 1558: 1514: 1437: 1372:15 March – 29 May 1965 1354:Operation Dragon Rouge 1211: 1111:North Katanga Province 1078: 967: 862: 687:Port Francqui incident 308:Commanders and leaders 5395:Wars involving Uganda 4853:Stanleyville mutinies 4482:Jean-Marie Crèvecoeur 4379:211th Makasi Squadron 4162:Katangese Gendarmerie 3906:10.3406/cea.1967.3100 3794:on November 22, 2022. 3585:on February 24, 2023. 2950:Nzongola-Ntalaja 2007 2938:Nzongola-Ntalaja 2007 2717:on December 30, 2013. 2679:"Liberation of Uvira" 2635:on September 28, 2021 2360:Omasombo Tshonda 2014 1848: 1707: 1696:Operation White Giant 1694:Further information: 1611:322d Airlift Division 1599: 1590:Further information: 1556: 1512: 1451:Westernized Congolese 1428: 1408:Katangese Gendarmerie 1367:Operation White Giant 1158:implored neighboring 1076: 1019:Laurent-Désiré Kabila 963: 933:Republic of the Congo 867:Republic of the Congo 860: 847:Further information: 544:b. Tanganyika became 540:Republic of the Congo 528:Casualties and losses 438:Laurent-Désiré Kabila 167:Gbenye-Olenga faction 5390:Wars involving Sudan 5365:Rebellions in Africa 5268:2014 Mutarule attack 4834:Violettes Imperiales 4457:Joseph-Désiré Mobutu 4411:Conor Cruise O'Brien 4309:5 Mechanised Brigade 4096:Joseph-Désiré Mobutu 3694:. London: Zed Books. 3500:Hoare, Mike (2008). 3170:on December 10, 2022 2745:10.1162/jcws_a_00985 2660:on December 30, 2013 2618:, pp. 16, 20–21 1841:Effects on the Congo 1776:Violettes Imperiales 1617:trucks, mortars and 1418:, and Algeria under 891:Joseph-Désiré Mobutu 806:Joseph-Désiré Mobutu 780:, also known as the 731:Violettes Imperiales 514:Unknown Simba rebels 453:Al-Khatim Al-Khalifa 384:Joseph-Desiré Mobutu 177:Rwandan exile groups 63:1963 – November 1965 5380:Wars involving Cuba 5325:Cold War rebellions 4510:Frédéric Vandewalle 3845:. Antwerp: Manteau. 3623:Pen and Sword Books 3275:, pp. 142–149. 3227:, pp. 484–485. 2940:, pp. 138–139. 2312:, pp. 205–206. 2288:, pp. 204–205. 1906:in Uganda in 1971. 1860:André Kisase Ngandu 1522:Albertville airport 996:unités d'operations 990:). In general, the 922:Lovanium University 474:Congo-Léopoldville: 442:Ildéphonse Massengo 372:Frédéric Vandewalle 5228:Katanga insurgency 5223:Rwandan Revolution 5059:Massacres of Hutus 5022:Military relations 4991:Sun City Agreement 4863:Other major events 4696:Congo-Stanleyville 4169:South Kasai forces 3861:Someone Else's War 3751:Palgrave Macmillan 3643:First Raise a Flag 3495:on April 25, 2023. 3405:Diplomatic History 3263:, pp. 14, 23. 3191:, pp. 77, 83. 2899:2014-11-15 at the 1913:against President 1851: 1752:West Nile District 1710: 1602: 1559: 1515: 1438: 1416:Gamal Abdel Nasser 1283:socialist republic 1079: 1000:unités de garnison 937:Orientale Province 863: 820:in central Congo. 747:Other major events 627:Congo-Stanleyville 517:Thousands Rwandans 93:Government victory 5355:Mercenary warfare 5340:Conflicts in 1965 5335:Conflicts in 1964 5330:Conflicts in 1963 5297: 5296: 5143: 5142: 5139: 5138: 5129:Kishishe massacre 5089:Makobola massacre 5039:Rwandan Civil War 5001:Gorilla Agreement 4919: 4918: 4651:Main operations / 4646: 4645: 4274:White mercenaries 4136:government forces 4054:Christophe Gbenye 4025:Political leaders 3934:978-1-4128-4766-7 3882:978-1-138-22003-4 3863:. Harper-Collins. 3854:. New York: Ecco. 3833:978-0-19-970583-2 3812:978-1-107-03669-7 3784:978-9-4916-1587-0 3760:978-1-349-18738-6 3603:978-1-77614-633-8 3545:978-0-415-05342-6 3322:978-1-78200-076-1 3020:Omara-Otunnu 1987 2924:978-90-8528-393-5 2813:, pp. 17–18. 2606:, pp. 16, 20 2518:978-0-385-06178-0 2435:, pp. 73–74. 2408:, pp. 72–73. 2052:, pp. 74–75. 1947:, pp. 51–52. 1856:Virunga Mountains 1797:Sino-Soviet split 1786:volunteers under 1653:Simi-Simi Airport 1430:Christophe Gbenye 1403: 1402: 1307:Christophe Gbenye 1302:• 1964–1965 1173:its own civil war 1058:Bugesera invasion 980:Christophe Gbenye 972:Monteagle Stearns 899:Christophe Gbenye 825:people's republic 771: 770: 606:Secession crisis 556: 555: 427:Christophe Gbenye 170:Soumialot faction 97: 96: 5417: 5288: 5287: 5238:Rwandan genocide 5196:Ngweshe Chiefdom 5105: 5104: 5077: 5076: 5066:Second Congo War 4968: 4967: 4958: 4957: 4946: 4939: 4932: 4923: 4922: 4912: 4905: 4887: 4880: 4873: 4855: 4846: 4837: 4828: 4819: 4810: 4801: 4794: 4787: 4778: 4771: 4764: 4753: 4746: 4737: 4730: 4728:Battle of Kabalo 4723: 4716: 4707: 4698: 4689: 4682: 4675: 4668: 4667:Secession crisis 4663: 4639: 4632: 4625: 4607: 4600: 4593: 4586: 4579: 4577:Siegfried Müller 4572: 4565: 4558: 4551: 4544: 4537: 4530: 4512: 4505: 4498: 4491: 4489:Jules Crèvecoeur 4484: 4466: 4459: 4452: 4434: 4427: 4425:Dewan Prem Chand 4420: 4413: 4400: 4399: 4388: 4381: 4374: 4367: 4360: 4353: 4346: 4339: 4332: 4325: 4318: 4311: 4304: 4297: 4290: 4283: 4276: 4256: 4238: 4231: 4224: 4217: 4210: 4203: 4196: 4178: 4171: 4164: 4146: 4126: 4119: 4112: 4110:Gaston Soumialot 4105: 4098: 4091: 4084: 4077: 4075:Joseph Kasa-Vubu 4070: 4063: 4061:Dag Hammarskjöld 4056: 4049: 4042: 4035: 4010: 4003: 3996: 3987: 3986: 3981: 3956: 3955:. London: Verso. 3947: 3938: 3917: 3886: 3864: 3855: 3846: 3837: 3816: 3795: 3793: 3787:. Archived from 3776: 3764: 3739: 3718: 3706: 3695: 3686: 3669:(345): 479–504. 3657: 3636: 3607: 3586: 3584: 3578:. Archived from 3573: 3563:Lemarchand, René 3558: 3549: 3526: 3505: 3496: 3494: 3487: 3475: 3466: 3449:(288): 237–255. 3437: 3428: 3399: 3360: 3358: 3347: 3326: 3295: 3292: 3276: 3270: 3264: 3258: 3252: 3246: 3240: 3234: 3228: 3222: 3216: 3210: 3204: 3198: 3192: 3186: 3180: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3153: 3147: 3141: 3135: 3129: 3120: 3114: 3105: 3099: 3090: 3084: 3075: 3074: 3065: 3059: 3053: 3047: 3041: 3035: 3029: 3023: 3017: 3011: 3005: 2996: 2990: 2984: 2978: 2965: 2959: 2953: 2947: 2941: 2935: 2929: 2928: 2910: 2904: 2891: 2885: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2866: 2851: 2850: 2848: 2847: 2832: 2826: 2820: 2814: 2808: 2802: 2796: 2785: 2784: 2775: 2769: 2763: 2757: 2756: 2728: 2719: 2718: 2716: 2709: 2700: 2694: 2693: 2691: 2690: 2675: 2669: 2668: 2666: 2665: 2650: 2644: 2643: 2641: 2640: 2625: 2619: 2613: 2607: 2601: 2595: 2594:, pp. 16–19 2589: 2583: 2582:, pp. 13–16 2577: 2571: 2565: 2554: 2553: 2529: 2523: 2522: 2504: 2498: 2492: 2479: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2465:. Archived from 2454: 2448: 2442: 2436: 2430: 2421: 2415: 2409: 2403: 2397: 2391: 2382: 2376: 2363: 2357: 2351: 2345: 2332: 2326: 2313: 2307: 2301: 2295: 2289: 2283: 2277: 2271: 2265: 2259: 2242: 2236: 2227: 2226: 2217: 2211: 2205: 2188: 2182: 2173: 2167: 2161: 2160: 2140: 2134: 2128: 2119: 2118: 2117:on May 12, 2019. 2102: 2093: 2087: 2070: 2064: 2053: 2047: 2038: 2032: 2026: 2023: 2017: 2014: 2008: 2005: 1999: 1996: 1990: 1984: 1973: 1967: 1948: 1942: 1915:Michel Micombero 1878:Second Congo War 1660:and the Belgian 1359:24 November 1964 1346:7 September 1964 1318:Gaston Soumialot 1277:Marxist–Leninist 1252: 1240: 1222: 1214: 1203: 1202: 975: 887:Joseph Kasa-Vubu 802:Joseph Kasa-Vubu 782:Orientale revolt 651:Battle of Kabalo 592: 582: 575: 568: 559: 558: 505:Cuban dissidents 498: 497: 496: 490:350 paratroopers 487: 486: 485: 473: 472: 471: 451: 450: 434:Gaston Soumialot 414: 413: 412: 405:Robert D. Forman 404: 403: 402: 394: 393: 392: 382: 381: 380: 370: 369: 368: 358: 357: 356: 346: 345: 344: 334: 333: 332: 324:Joseph Kasa-Vubu 322: 321: 320: 297: 295: 294: 284: 282: 281: 271: 269: 268: 258: 256: 255: 248: 244: 242: 241: 230: 228: 227: 217: 215: 214: 197: 196: 186: 184: 183: 159: 148: 147: 146: 137: 135: 134: 125: 123: 122: 113: 112: 111: 57: 56: 45: 21: 20: 5425: 5424: 5420: 5419: 5418: 5416: 5415: 5414: 5300: 5299: 5298: 5293: 5277: 5273:Kipupu massacre 5233:Kanyarwanda War 5191:Kaziba Chiefdom 5164: 5135: 5110: 5103: 5075: 5054:Lemera massacre 5044:First Congo War 5034:Simba rebellion 5017: 4986:Pretoria Accord 4969: 4962: 4952: 4950: 4920: 4915: 4908: 4901: 4890: 4883: 4876: 4869: 4858: 4851: 4840: 4831: 4822: 4813: 4804: 4799:Simba rebellion 4797: 4792:Kwilu rebellion 4790: 4785:Kanyarwanda War 4783: 4774: 4767: 4758: 4749: 4740: 4733: 4726: 4719: 4710: 4705:UN intervention 4703: 4694: 4685: 4678: 4671: 4666: 4659: 4652: 4642: 4635: 4628: 4621: 4610: 4603: 4598:Roger Trinquier 4596: 4589: 4582: 4575: 4568: 4561: 4554: 4547: 4542:Charles Gardien 4540: 4533: 4526: 4515: 4508: 4501: 4494: 4487: 4480: 4469: 4462: 4455: 4448: 4437: 4430: 4423: 4416: 4409: 4391: 4384: 4377: 4370: 4363: 4356: 4349: 4342: 4335: 4328: 4321: 4314: 4307: 4300: 4293: 4286: 4279: 4272: 4266:mercenary units 4265: 4259: 4252: 4241: 4234: 4227: 4220: 4213: 4206: 4199: 4192: 4181: 4174: 4167: 4160: 4149: 4142: 4135: 4129: 4122: 4115: 4108: 4101: 4094: 4089:Patrice Lumumba 4087: 4080: 4073: 4066: 4059: 4052: 4045: 4038: 4031: 4020: 4014: 3984: 3970:10.2307/2934325 3935: 3883: 3834: 3813: 3791: 3785: 3774: 3761: 3736: 3715: 3663:African Affairs 3654: 3633: 3604: 3582: 3571: 3546: 3523: 3502:Congo Mercenary 3492: 3485: 3443:African Affairs 3332:The World Today 3323: 3304: 3299: 3298: 3293: 3289: 3284: 3279: 3271: 3267: 3259: 3255: 3247: 3243: 3235: 3231: 3223: 3219: 3211: 3207: 3199: 3195: 3187: 3183: 3173: 3171: 3154: 3150: 3142: 3138: 3130: 3123: 3115: 3108: 3100: 3093: 3085: 3078: 3067: 3066: 3062: 3054: 3050: 3042: 3038: 3030: 3026: 3018: 3014: 3006: 2999: 2991: 2987: 2979: 2968: 2960: 2956: 2948: 2944: 2936: 2932: 2925: 2911: 2907: 2901:Wayback Machine 2892: 2888: 2878: 2876: 2867: 2854: 2845: 2843: 2834: 2833: 2829: 2823:Malmassari 2016 2821: 2817: 2809: 2805: 2797: 2788: 2777: 2776: 2772: 2764: 2760: 2729: 2722: 2714: 2707: 2701: 2697: 2688: 2686: 2677: 2676: 2672: 2663: 2661: 2652: 2651: 2647: 2638: 2636: 2627: 2626: 2622: 2614: 2610: 2602: 2598: 2590: 2586: 2578: 2574: 2566: 2557: 2542:10.2307/2934325 2530: 2526: 2519: 2505: 2501: 2493: 2482: 2472: 2470: 2455: 2451: 2443: 2439: 2431: 2424: 2416: 2412: 2404: 2400: 2392: 2385: 2377: 2366: 2358: 2354: 2348:O'Ballance 1999 2346: 2335: 2327: 2316: 2308: 2304: 2296: 2292: 2284: 2280: 2272: 2268: 2260: 2245: 2237: 2230: 2219: 2218: 2214: 2206: 2191: 2183: 2176: 2168: 2164: 2157: 2141: 2137: 2129: 2122: 2103: 2096: 2088: 2073: 2065: 2056: 2048: 2041: 2033: 2029: 2024: 2020: 2015: 2011: 2006: 2002: 1997: 1993: 1985: 1976: 1968: 1951: 1943: 1936: 1932: 1923: 1902:after Idi Amin 1886: 1884:Regional impact 1867:First Congo War 1843: 1838: 1817:Operation South 1801:François Rukeba 1702: 1692: 1690:Operation South 1686: 1631:armoured trains 1594: 1588: 1551: 1530: 1503:Lake Tanganyika 1420:Ahmed Ben Bella 1385:8 December 1965 1382: 1380:Operation South 1369: 1356: 1343: 1315: 1303: 1258: 1257: 1256: 1253: 1245: 1244: 1241: 1223: 1216: 1208: 1201: 1175:. The Sudanese 1127:Lake Tanganyika 1109:, President of 1083:Kwilu rebellion 1071: 1063:chef de cabinet 977: 969: 961: 895:Antoine Gizenga 883:Patrice Lumumba 855: 849:Kwilu rebellion 845: 814:Kwilu rebellion 798:Patrice Lumumba 778:Simba rebellion 774: 773: 772: 767: 704:Simba rebellion 699:Kwilu rebellion 694:Kanyarwanda War 634:UN intervention 593: 588: 586: 543: 523: 507: 502: 500: 494: 492: 491: 489: 483: 481: 480: 475: 469: 467: 457: 445: 431:Nicholas Olenga 420: 410: 408: 400: 398: 395:Charles Laurent 390: 388: 378: 376: 366: 364: 354: 352: 342: 340: 330: 328: 318: 316: 303: 292: 290: 279: 277: 266: 264: 253: 251: 239: 237: 225: 223: 212: 210: 207: 206: 205:Foreign support 191: 190: 181: 179: 178: 157: 152: 144: 142: 141: 132: 130: 129: 120: 118: 117: 109: 107: 85: 64: 49:Kwilu rebellion 46: 24:Simba rebellion 17: 12: 11: 5: 5423: 5413: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5295: 5294: 5282: 5279: 5278: 5276: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5209: 5208: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5186:Bwito Chiefdom 5183: 5178: 5172: 5170: 5166: 5165: 5163: 5162: 5157: 5151: 5149: 5145: 5144: 5141: 5140: 5137: 5136: 5134: 5133: 5132: 5131: 5121: 5115: 5113: 5102: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5085: 5083: 5074: 5073: 5071:Dongo conflict 5068: 5063: 5062: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5025: 5023: 5019: 5018: 5016: 5015: 5014: 5013: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4977: 4975: 4971: 4970: 4949: 4948: 4941: 4934: 4926: 4917: 4916: 4914: 4913: 4906: 4898: 4896: 4892: 4891: 4889: 4888: 4881: 4874: 4866: 4864: 4860: 4859: 4857: 4856: 4849: 4848: 4847: 4838: 4829: 4820: 4811: 4795: 4788: 4781: 4780: 4779: 4772: 4769:Kindu atrocity 4765: 4756: 4755: 4754: 4738: 4731: 4724: 4717: 4701: 4700: 4699: 4692: 4691: 4690: 4676: 4664: 4656: 4654: 4648: 4647: 4644: 4643: 4641: 4640: 4633: 4626: 4618: 4616: 4612: 4611: 4609: 4608: 4605:Hugh van Oppen 4601: 4594: 4587: 4580: 4573: 4566: 4559: 4552: 4545: 4538: 4535:Roger Faulques 4531: 4523: 4521: 4517: 4516: 4514: 4513: 4506: 4499: 4492: 4485: 4477: 4475: 4471: 4470: 4468: 4467: 4460: 4453: 4445: 4443: 4439: 4438: 4436: 4435: 4428: 4421: 4414: 4406: 4404: 4403:United Nations 4397: 4393: 4392: 4390: 4389: 4382: 4375: 4368: 4361: 4354: 4347: 4340: 4333: 4326: 4319: 4312: 4305: 4298: 4291: 4284: 4277: 4269: 4267: 4261: 4260: 4258: 4257: 4249: 4247: 4246:Other entities 4243: 4242: 4240: 4239: 4232: 4225: 4218: 4211: 4204: 4197: 4189: 4187: 4183: 4182: 4180: 4179: 4172: 4165: 4157: 4155: 4151: 4150: 4148: 4147: 4139: 4137: 4131: 4130: 4128: 4127: 4120: 4113: 4106: 4099: 4092: 4085: 4078: 4071: 4068:Albert Kalonji 4064: 4057: 4050: 4047:Gaston Eyskens 4043: 4036: 4033:Cyrille Adoula 4028: 4026: 4022: 4021: 4013: 4012: 4005: 3998: 3990: 3983: 3982: 3957: 3948: 3939: 3933: 3918: 3900:(26): 345–59. 3887: 3881: 3865: 3856: 3847: 3838: 3832: 3817: 3811: 3796: 3783: 3765: 3759: 3740: 3734: 3719: 3713: 3696: 3687: 3658: 3653:978-1849049597 3652: 3637: 3632:978-1848322622 3631: 3608: 3602: 3587: 3559: 3550: 3544: 3527: 3522:978-1907677632 3521: 3506: 3497: 3476: 3467: 3438: 3429: 3400: 3361: 3348: 3338:(4): 169–176. 3327: 3321: 3305: 3303: 3300: 3297: 3296: 3286: 3285: 3283: 3280: 3278: 3277: 3273:Luntumbue 2020 3265: 3253: 3251:, p. 251. 3241: 3239:, p. 110. 3229: 3217: 3215:, p. 496. 3205: 3203:, p. 142. 3201:Luntumbue 2020 3193: 3181: 3148: 3136: 3134:, p. 188. 3132:Villafana 2017 3121: 3106: 3104:, p. 141. 3102:Luntumbue 2020 3091: 3076: 3060: 3048: 3036: 3024: 3012: 3010:, p. 103. 2997: 2995:, p. 174. 2985: 2966: 2954: 2952:, p. 136. 2942: 2930: 2923: 2905: 2886: 2852: 2827: 2815: 2803: 2786: 2770: 2758: 2720: 2695: 2670: 2645: 2620: 2616:Rodgers (1998) 2608: 2604:Rodgers (1998) 2596: 2592:Rodgers (1998) 2584: 2580:Rodgers (1998) 2572: 2570:, p. 206. 2555: 2524: 2517: 2499: 2497:, p. 173. 2480: 2469:on 11 May 2019 2449: 2445:Villafana 2017 2437: 2433:Villafana 2017 2422: 2410: 2406:Villafana 2017 2398: 2383: 2379:Villafana 2017 2364: 2362:, p. 230. 2352: 2333: 2329:Villafana 2017 2314: 2302: 2300:, p. 205. 2290: 2278: 2276:, p. 204. 2266: 2264:, p. 244. 2262:Stapleton 2017 2243: 2228: 2212: 2208:Villafana 2017 2189: 2185:Villafana 2017 2174: 2172:, p. 243. 2170:Stapleton 2017 2162: 2155: 2135: 2120: 2094: 2071: 2054: 2039: 2037:, p. 109. 2027: 2018: 2009: 2000: 1991: 1989:, p. 484. 1974: 1972:, p. 245. 1970:Stapleton 2017 1949: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1922: 1919: 1885: 1882: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1830:Gérard Prunier 1732:Julius Nyerere 1688:Main article: 1685: 1682: 1587: 1584: 1550: 1547: 1529: 1526: 1486:United Kingdom 1459:Kasaï Province 1401: 1400: 1395: 1391: 1390: 1387: 1386: 1383: 1377: 1374: 1373: 1370: 1364: 1361: 1360: 1357: 1351: 1348: 1347: 1344: 1341: 1338: 1337: 1334: 1333: 1328: 1327:Historical era 1324: 1323: 1320: 1319: 1316: 1313: 1310: 1309: 1304: 1301: 1298: 1297: 1294: 1293: 1290: 1286: 1285: 1274: 1270: 1269: 1264: 1260: 1259: 1254: 1247: 1246: 1242: 1235: 1234: 1233: 1230: 1229: 1225: 1224: 1209: 1206: 1200: 1197: 1189:Cyrille Adoula 1070: 1067: 962: 960: 957: 844: 841: 837:Western powers 769: 768: 766: 765: 760: 755: 744: 743: 742: 741: 734: 727: 720: 713: 701: 696: 691: 690: 689: 684: 682:Kindu atrocity 679: 672: 671: 670: 658: 653: 648: 643: 631: 630: 629: 624: 623: 622: 612: 604: 598: 595: 594: 585: 584: 577: 570: 562: 554: 553: 535: 534: 530: 529: 525: 524: 522: 521: 518: 515: 511: 509: 499:United States: 464: 463: 459: 458: 456: 455: 443: 440: 435: 432: 429: 423: 421: 419: 418: 406: 396: 386: 374: 362: 350: 338: 336:Cyrille Adoula 326: 313: 310: 309: 305: 304: 302: 301: 288: 275: 262: 249: 234: 221: 204: 203: 202: 175: 174: 171: 168: 160: 104: 103: 99: 98: 95: 94: 91: 87: 86: 73: 71: 67: 66: 61: 53: 52: 38: 37: 26: 25: 19: 18: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5422: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5307: 5305: 5292: 5291: 5280: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5207: 5204: 5203: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5173: 5171: 5167: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5152: 5150: 5146: 5130: 5127: 5126: 5125: 5124:M23 offensive 5122: 5120: 5119:M23 rebellion 5117: 5116: 5114: 5112: 5106: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5086: 5084: 5082: 5081:Kivu conflict 5078: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5046: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5026: 5024: 5020: 5012: 5009: 5008: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4978: 4976: 4972: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4947: 4942: 4940: 4935: 4933: 4928: 4927: 4924: 4911: 4907: 4904: 4900: 4899: 4897: 4893: 4886: 4882: 4879: 4875: 4872: 4868: 4867: 4865: 4861: 4854: 4850: 4845: 4844: 4839: 4836: 4835: 4830: 4827: 4826: 4821: 4818: 4817: 4812: 4809: 4808: 4803: 4802: 4800: 4796: 4793: 4789: 4786: 4782: 4777: 4773: 4770: 4766: 4763: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4748: 4747: 4745: 4744: 4739: 4736: 4732: 4729: 4725: 4722: 4721:Niemba ambush 4718: 4715: 4714: 4709: 4708: 4706: 4702: 4697: 4693: 4688: 4684: 4683: 4681: 4677: 4674: 4670: 4669: 4665: 4662: 4658: 4657: 4655: 4649: 4638: 4634: 4631: 4627: 4624: 4620: 4619: 4617: 4613: 4606: 4602: 4599: 4595: 4592: 4588: 4585: 4581: 4578: 4574: 4571: 4567: 4564: 4560: 4557: 4553: 4550: 4546: 4543: 4539: 4536: 4532: 4529: 4525: 4524: 4522: 4518: 4511: 4507: 4504: 4503:Jean Schramme 4500: 4497: 4493: 4490: 4486: 4483: 4479: 4478: 4476: 4472: 4465: 4461: 4458: 4454: 4451: 4447: 4446: 4444: 4440: 4433: 4429: 4426: 4422: 4419: 4415: 4412: 4408: 4407: 4405: 4401: 4398: 4394: 4387: 4383: 4380: 4376: 4373: 4369: 4366: 4362: 4359: 4355: 4352: 4348: 4345: 4341: 4338: 4334: 4331: 4327: 4324: 4320: 4317: 4313: 4310: 4306: 4303: 4299: 4296: 4292: 4289: 4285: 4282: 4278: 4275: 4271: 4270: 4268: 4262: 4255: 4251: 4250: 4248: 4244: 4237: 4233: 4230: 4226: 4223: 4219: 4216: 4212: 4209: 4205: 4202: 4198: 4195: 4191: 4190: 4188: 4186:UN contingent 4184: 4177: 4173: 4170: 4166: 4163: 4159: 4158: 4156: 4152: 4145: 4141: 4140: 4138: 4132: 4125: 4124:Moïse Tshombe 4121: 4118: 4114: 4111: 4107: 4104: 4103:Pierre Mulele 4100: 4097: 4093: 4090: 4086: 4083: 4079: 4076: 4072: 4069: 4065: 4062: 4058: 4055: 4051: 4048: 4044: 4041: 4037: 4034: 4030: 4029: 4027: 4023: 4018: 4011: 4006: 4004: 3999: 3997: 3992: 3991: 3988: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3958: 3954: 3949: 3945: 3940: 3936: 3930: 3926: 3925: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3894: 3888: 3884: 3878: 3874: 3873: 3866: 3862: 3857: 3853: 3848: 3844: 3839: 3835: 3829: 3825: 3824: 3818: 3814: 3808: 3804: 3803: 3797: 3790: 3786: 3780: 3773: 3772: 3766: 3762: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3747: 3741: 3737: 3735:9780230286481 3731: 3727: 3726: 3720: 3716: 3714:9781842770535 3710: 3705: 3704: 3697: 3693: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3659: 3655: 3649: 3645: 3644: 3638: 3634: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3615: 3609: 3605: 3599: 3595: 3594: 3588: 3581: 3577: 3570: 3569: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3551: 3547: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3528: 3524: 3518: 3514: 3513: 3507: 3503: 3498: 3491: 3484: 3483: 3477: 3473: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3439: 3435: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3411:(2): 207–37. 3410: 3406: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3374:(1): 78–109. 3373: 3369: 3368: 3362: 3357: 3356: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3328: 3324: 3318: 3314: 3313: 3307: 3306: 3291: 3287: 3274: 3269: 3262: 3257: 3250: 3245: 3238: 3233: 3226: 3221: 3214: 3209: 3202: 3197: 3190: 3185: 3169: 3165: 3164: 3159: 3152: 3146:, p. 83. 3145: 3140: 3133: 3128: 3126: 3119:, p. 77. 3118: 3113: 3111: 3103: 3098: 3096: 3089:, p. 52. 3088: 3083: 3081: 3072: 3071: 3070:Annual Report 3064: 3057: 3052: 3045: 3040: 3033: 3028: 3022:, p. 71. 3021: 3016: 3009: 3004: 3002: 2994: 2989: 2983:, p. 19. 2982: 2977: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2964:, p. 40. 2963: 2958: 2951: 2946: 2939: 2934: 2926: 2920: 2916: 2909: 2902: 2898: 2895: 2890: 2874: 2873: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2842:on 2008-03-16 2841: 2837: 2831: 2825:, p. 99. 2824: 2819: 2812: 2807: 2801:, p. 17. 2800: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2782: 2781: 2774: 2768:, p. 20. 2767: 2762: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2727: 2725: 2713: 2706: 2699: 2684: 2680: 2674: 2659: 2655: 2649: 2634: 2630: 2624: 2617: 2612: 2605: 2600: 2593: 2588: 2581: 2576: 2569: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2536:(26): 34–41. 2535: 2528: 2520: 2514: 2510: 2503: 2496: 2491: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2468: 2464: 2463:Daily Monitor 2460: 2453: 2447:, p. 74. 2446: 2441: 2434: 2429: 2427: 2420:, p. 75. 2419: 2414: 2407: 2402: 2396:, p. 74. 2395: 2390: 2388: 2381:, p. 72. 2380: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2361: 2356: 2350:, p. 73. 2349: 2344: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2331:, p. 71. 2330: 2325: 2323: 2321: 2319: 2311: 2306: 2299: 2294: 2287: 2282: 2275: 2270: 2263: 2258: 2256: 2254: 2252: 2250: 2248: 2241:, p. 16. 2240: 2235: 2233: 2224: 2223: 2216: 2210:, p. 73. 2209: 2204: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2187:, p. 69. 2186: 2181: 2179: 2171: 2166: 2158: 2156:9780810863255 2152: 2148: 2147: 2139: 2133:, p. 14. 2132: 2127: 2125: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2101: 2099: 2092:, p. 18. 2091: 2086: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2078: 2076: 2069:, p. 15. 2068: 2063: 2061: 2059: 2051: 2046: 2044: 2036: 2031: 2022: 2013: 2004: 1995: 1988: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1971: 1966: 1964: 1962: 1960: 1958: 1956: 1954: 1946: 1941: 1939: 1934: 1927: 1918: 1916: 1912: 1907: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1892: 1881: 1879: 1875: 1870: 1868: 1863: 1861: 1857: 1847: 1833: 1831: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1813: 1809: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1764: 1762: 1758: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1728:Jomo Kenyatta 1725: 1720: 1716: 1706: 1701: 1697: 1691: 1681: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1641: 1634: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1614: 1612: 1608: 1598: 1593: 1583: 1581: 1580:enfilade fire 1577: 1573: 1567: 1565: 1555: 1546: 1542: 1540: 1536: 1525: 1523: 1519: 1511: 1507: 1504: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1470: 1468: 1462: 1460: 1455: 1452: 1446: 1444: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1399: 1396: 1394:Today part of 1392: 1388: 1384: 1381: 1375: 1371: 1368: 1362: 1358: 1355: 1349: 1345: 1339: 1335: 1332: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1311: 1308: 1305: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1275: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1261: 1251: 1239: 1231: 1226: 1220: 1213: 1204: 1196: 1194: 1193:Moïse Tshombe 1190: 1185: 1180: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1148: 1142: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1119: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1075: 1066: 1064: 1059: 1053: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1026: 1025:(BALUBAKAT). 1024: 1020: 1016: 1011: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 976: 973: 966: 956: 952: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 925: 923: 918: 915: 911: 907: 902: 900: 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Raja 4372:15 Commando 4365:14 Commando 4358:13 Commando 4351:12 Commando 4344:11 Commando 4019:(1960–1965) 3302:Works cited 3237:Hansen 1977 3225:Mujaju 1987 3213:Mujaju 1987 3056:Hudson 2012 3044:Hudson 2012 3032:Hudson 2012 3008:Ingham 1994 2993:Anstey 1965 2981:Abbott 2014 2879:20 December 2811:Abbott 2014 2799:Abbott 2014 2495:Anstey 1965 2239:Abbott 2014 2131:Abbott 2014 2090:Abbott 2014 2067:Abbott 2014 1987:Mujaju 1987 1900:Uganda Army 1862:'s forces. 1788:Che Guevara 1772:White Giant 1678:Dragon Noir 1666:Dragon Noir 1576:outflanking 1412:Uganda Army 1160:nationalist 1103:Albertville 1034:Che Guevara 1017:(PSA), and 939:as well as 929:Brazzaville 724:White Giant 717:Dragon Noir 615:South Kasai 416:Joseph Lagu 5304:Categories 4735:Jadotville 4556:Mike Hoare 4528:Bob Denard 4396:Commanders 4337:9 Commando 4330:6 Commando 4323:5 Commando 4316:4 Commando 3962:Transition 3749:. London: 3574:. London: 3163:Libération 2962:Young 1966 2846:2010-12-21 2689:2014-07-22 2664:2014-07-22 2639:2014-07-22 2568:Onoma 2013 2534:Transition 2310:Onoma 2013 2298:Onoma 2013 2286:Onoma 2013 2274:Onoma 2013 1930:References 1784:Afro-Cuban 1715:Bafwasende 1518:Mike Hoare 1467:Luluabourg 1273:Government 1167:in allied 1144:The local 1123:North Kivu 1091:South Kivu 843:Background 656:Jadotville 246:Tanganyika 5148:Incidents 4974:Diplomacy 4761:Grandslam 4713:Rum Punch 4520:Mercenary 4442:Congolese 4264:Belgian / 4134:Congolese 3914:0008-0055 3536:Routledge 3425:0145-2096 3396:145504330 2753:1520-3972 1917:in 1972. 1836:Aftermath 1605:force to 1289:President 1280:one-party 1228:1964–1965 1182:When the 1046:Lumumbist 1004:barriéres 951:in 1963. 676:Grandslam 640:Rum Punch 156:militias 5290:Category 5111:Movement 5109:March 23 4687:Invasion 4229:Ethiopia 3619:Barnsley 3344:40393719 2897:Archived 2683:Archived 1911:a revolt 1891:Bugandan 1795:and the 1740:Idi Amin 1627:Bas-Uele 1528:Hostages 1331:Cold War 988:jeunesse 875:Cold War 794:Cold War 792:and the 620:Invasion 550:Zanzibar 546:Tanzania 488:Belgium: 476:~29,000 462:Strength 70:Location 51:(yellow) 35:Cold War 33:and the 5258:MONUSCO 5169:Related 4895:Related 4673:Katanga 4653:battles 4474:Belgian 4208:Ireland 4117:U Thant 3978:2934325 2550:2934325 1774:" and " 1572:pincers 1490:Ireland 1378:• 1365:• 1352:• 1263:Capital 1177:Anyanya 1135:Maniema 1087:Burundi 1081:As the 1052:party. 984:Swahili 947:in his 871:Belgium 810:Katanga 610:Katanga 538:a. The 299:Algeria 273:Burundi 150:Anyanya 127:Belgium 5176:Border 4996:COMESA 4743:UNOKAT 4215:Sweden 4201:Canada 3976: 3931: 3912: 3879: 3830: 3809: 3781: 3757: 3732: 3711: 3683:722666 3681: 3650: 3629: 3600: 3542: 3519: 3463:719846 3461: 3423: 3394: 3388:177537 3386: 3342: 3319: 2921: 2751: 2548: 2515: 2473:11 May 2153: 1825:Baraka 1757:Mahagi 1744:Paidha 1564:Boende 1539:Bukavu 1498:Angola 1496:, and 1484:, the 1474:France 1436:, 1964 1292: 1219:French 1215: 662:UNOKAT 296: 283: 270: 257: 243: 229: 216: 188:Uganda 185: 158:(1965) 136: 124: 90:Result 79:Uganda 4843:South 4615:Other 4222:India 3974:JSTOR 3792:(PDF) 3775:(PDF) 3679:JSTOR 3583:(PDF) 3572:(PDF) 3493:(PDF) 3486:(PDF) 3459:JSTOR 3392:S2CID 3384:JSTOR 3340:JSTOR 3282:Notes 2715:(PDF) 2708:(PDF) 2546:JSTOR 1761:Bunia 1736:Mbale 1719:Bumba 1713:near 1670:Isiro 1651:onto 1645:C-130 1623:Cuban 1535:Uvira 1494:Spain 1169:Sudan 1139:Kindu 1095:Uvira 1050:MNC-L 914:China 827:" at 738:South 286:Egypt 260:China 199:Sudan 83:Sudan 5248:FDLR 5049:AFDL 3929:ISBN 3910:ISSN 3877:ISBN 3828:ISBN 3807:ISBN 3779:ISBN 3755:ISBN 3730:ISBN 3709:ISBN 3648:ISBN 3627:ISBN 3598:ISBN 3540:ISBN 3517:ISBN 3421:ISSN 3317:ISBN 3176:2021 2919:ISBN 2881:2022 2749:ISSN 2513:ISBN 2475:2019 2151:ISBN 1821:Fizi 1759:and 1748:Goli 1746:and 1698:and 1676:and 1243:Flag 1165:Juba 1131:Moba 1099:Fizi 1038:dawa 998:and 941:Kivu 889:and 851:and 804:and 776:The 503:200 232:Cuba 81:and 60:Date 5253:RCD 4254:CIA 3966:doi 3902:doi 3671:doi 3625:). 3451:doi 3413:doi 3376:doi 2741:doi 2538:doi 1734:in 1184:CIA 478:ANC 5306:: 3972:. 3908:. 3896:. 3753:. 3677:. 3667:86 3665:. 3538:. 3457:. 3447:72 3445:. 3419:. 3409:18 3407:. 3390:. 3382:. 3370:. 3336:21 3334:. 3124:^ 3109:^ 3094:^ 3079:^ 3000:^ 2969:^ 2855:^ 2789:^ 2747:. 2737:23 2735:. 2723:^ 2558:^ 2544:. 2483:^ 2461:. 2425:^ 2386:^ 2367:^ 2336:^ 2317:^ 2246:^ 2231:^ 2192:^ 2177:^ 2123:^ 2109:. 2097:^ 2074:^ 2057:^ 2042:^ 1977:^ 1952:^ 1937:^ 1880:. 1582:. 1492:, 1488:, 1480:, 1476:, 897:, 4945:e 4938:t 4931:v 4009:e 4002:t 3995:v 3980:. 3968:: 3937:. 3916:. 3904:: 3898:7 3885:. 3836:. 3815:. 3763:. 3738:. 3717:. 3685:. 3673:: 3656:. 3635:. 3606:. 3548:. 3525:. 3465:. 3453:: 3427:. 3415:: 3398:. 3378:: 3372:8 3346:. 3325:. 3178:. 2927:. 2883:. 2849:. 2755:. 2743:: 2692:. 2667:. 2642:. 2552:. 2540:: 2521:. 2477:. 2159:. 1823:- 1221:) 1217:( 970:— 581:e 574:t 567:v 552:.

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