418:
1542:
33:
406:
471:
466:
policy which reflects the interests of the nation and which allows humanitarian values to flourish in freedom. This imperative excludes all feelings of hatred, suspicion, and bad faith towards those who have collaborated loyally with us. It is also the duty of the government to respect the institutions which have been set up and to abide by the normal rules of democratic practice.
356:
he left the mission in open disagreement with the superior and the local bishop. In May he found a new job at
Agrifor, an agricultural and logging company. With a monthly pay of 500 francs, he felt financially secure enough to marry; on 10 October Kasa-Vubu wedded Hortense Ngoma Masunda in a Catholic ceremony at the Kangu mission. They had nine children.
514:(ANC). Many of the mercenaries had fought for Katanga while Tshombe was the leader of that breakaway province. Despite the successes against the Simba rebels, Tshombe's prestige was damaged by his use of white mercenaries and western forces. He lost the support of Kasa-Vubu, who dismissed him from the post of prime minister, in October 1965.
444:, edited by a Kongo, showed much warmer approval of the government. International opinion expressed satisfaction at the striking of a proper balance in leadership. Belgian politicians hoped that Kasa-Vubu would check Lumumba's impulses and personal disdain for Belgium. He was officially sworn in as president on 27 June.
385:
Kasa-Vubu quickly became known as one of the first
Congolese leaders to call for independence. At first, he advocated for independence from Belgium on a 30-year timeline, but he shortened the timetable as the ABAKO movement gained in strength. In his inauguration speech as mayor of Dendale, Kasa-Vubu
355:
Kasa-Vubu subsequently returned to
Mayombe and took up work as a bookkeeper for the Kangu mission. Dissatisfied with his salary of 80 francs per month, Kasa-Vubu passed the instructor's exam and became a sixth-grade teacher at the mission school in early 1941. However, his pay was not increased and
556:
Kasa-Vubu's role in
Congolese history has been overshadowed in literature by Lumumba and Mobutu. Anthropologist Yolanda Covington-Ward wrote that, contrary to Lumumba's "privileged" position in historiography on Congolese nationalism, Kasa-Vubu and ABAKO were the primary "driving force" behind the
465:
If I am under a moral obligation to support and defend the government within the limits set by the law, the members of the government themselves have a duty to work together as a team. Their policy must be the policy of the government and not that of one party, one race, or one tribe. It must be a
324:
and built his house at the outskirts of the village. This earned him the animosity of the villagers and in an attempt to assuage their hostility he volunteered to undergo a "poison test" with a substance extracted from a kasa tree. The word "Kasa" was appended onto his name in commemoration of the
451:
Kasa-Vubu was regarded as rather mysterious in his motivations and his actions, frequently preferring to stay silent or give ambiguous answers when he was confronted. His role as head-of-state was theoretically ceremonial and far less influential than
Lumumba's role as prime minister. During the
447:
The new republic was immediately disrupted by political and military strife and regional secessionist movements, and the central government was paralyzed by conflict between the conservative Kasa-Vubu and leftist Prime
Minister Lumumba. While Lumumba advocated for a stronger central government,
452:
immediate upheaval following independence, Kasa-Vubu took few steps and made few definitive statements, even as
Lumumba appealed for international assistance to the Americans, the United Nations and the Soviet Union. Meanwhile, Kasa-Vubu faced criticism from ABAKO and President
363:, the capital of the Congo. He worked there for 15 years, attaining the rank of chief clerk, the highest level of employment available to Congolese civil servants under Belgian rule. In 1956 he was in charge of accounting for all of the administration's general stores.
287:
Lumumba's government, accusing it of having communist sympathies. Following
Lumumba's execution in 1961, Kasa-Vubu presided over a series of weak governments while confronting subsequent rebellions by Lumumba's supporters. In 1965, he was overthrown in another coup by
397:, but colonial authorities banned the meeting. They were unable to calm the crowd and thousands of Congolese began rioting. Kasa-Vubu was arrested, along with several other leaders, and imprisoned for inciting the riot. He was released two months later.
440:, a former mentor in the ABAKO, for the presidency. The election of Kasa-Vubu brought about wide-ranging acceptance of the Congo's new administration. The Belgian press reacted positively to the development, while the LĂ©opoldville's daily newspaper
460:
for not curbing
Lumumba's authoritarian actions. He resisted their pressure, and on 13 August he broadcast an appeal for unity and support for the government. Nevertheless, he cautioned the government against arbitrariness and excess:
1923:
1993:
501:
Over the next five years, Kasa-Vubu presided over a succession of weak governments. After the end of the secession of
Katanga, Kasa-Vubu appointed Tshombe as prime minister in July 1964 with a mandate to end the emerging
1154:
1916:
1986:
1979:
1972:
1965:
1958:
1951:
1271:
955:
1495:
352:. He intended to study three years of philosophy and five years of theology before becoming an ordained priest. Following the completion of the former courses in 1939 he was expelled by the bishop.
486:
which he accused of communist sympathies. Lumumba refused to accept his dismissal and announced Kasa-Vubu's dismissal, creating a stalemate that endured until 14 September, when Army Commander
917:
1909:
640:
The poison from a kasa tree was used to determine whether or not a person was a witch. According to biographer Charles-André Gilis, the test occurred on the day of Kasa-Vubu's birth.
428:
Upon Congo's independence from Belgium, the ABAKO won a significant number of votes in the new parliament but not an outright victory. In a political compromise, it was agreed that
1488:
2156:
2219:
2596:
279:, a series of secession movements and rebellions. During this time, Kasa-Vubu, a centrist, clashed with the leftist Lumumba when the latter ordered assistance from the
1508:
1481:
2096:
312:. Different sources list his year of birth as 1910, 1913, 1915, or 1917, though 1915 is the most probable date. He was the eighth of nine children in a family of the
2566:
2556:
2205:
2198:
2000:
1654:
1307:
1836:
1252:
951:
2429:
344:
in Mbata-Kiela, 50 kilometers away from Tshela. There he completed his primary studies and began learning Latin and humanities in preparation for instruction at
2561:
1868:
498:
and was murdered under an alleged association of Mobutu, Kasa-Vubu, Moise Tshombe and the western powers, who had interests in the natural resources in Congo.
2103:
386:
reiterated his demand for independence, drawing a reprimand from Belgian colonial authorities, which only strengthened his image as a Congolese leader.
1815:
1724:
1829:
1504:
1455:
52:
1822:
1375:
907:
1850:
1009:"Ordonnance n° 20/138 du 03 octobre 2020 portant admission, à titre posthume, dans l'Ordre national « Héros nationaux Kabila-Lumumba »"
1027:
2163:
2078:
1944:
1937:
1930:
1622:
986:
577:
553:
and then ambassador to Belgium. A bust of Kasa-Vubu's visage was erected on his tomb in September 2002 at the urging of his supporters.
1088:
Covington-Ward, Yolanda (January 2012). "Joseph Kasa-Vubu, ABAKO, and Performances of Kongo Nationalism in the Independence of Congo".
378:(ABAKO). Under his leadership, the group swept the first open municipal Leopoldville elections in 1957 and he was elected mayor of the
1843:
517:
Mobutu seized power for a second time on 25 November 1965, now deposing Kasa-Vubu and subsequently declaring himself head of state.
952:"Les discours du 30 juin 1960: Roi Baudouin, Pdt Joseph Kasavubu et le 1er Min. Patrice Emery Lumumba | Radio Tele LAVDCONGO"
2517:
1517:
253:
175:
530:
171:
38:
2485:
2319:
1808:
1353:
1301:
1179:
483:
448:
Kasa-Vubu preferred a more decentralized form of government that gave autonomous powers to provinces under a federal system.
284:
1196:
1072:
1291:
2591:
2586:
1134:
2581:
1615:
1411:
1334:
1148:
541:
Kasa-Vubu's family went into exile following his death, first to Algeria and then Switzerland. One of his daughters,
525:
Mobutu placed Kasa-Vubu under house arrest before eventually allowing the deposed president to retire to his farm in
275:
as prime minister. Less than a week after the country's independence in 1960, their government was confronted by the
653:, attribute this to his alleged commitment to an academic pursuit of justice that ran afoul of his teachers' ideals.
348:. An industrious student, Kasa-Vubu graduated second in his class in 1936 and was admitted to the Kabwe seminary in
2046:
1902:
1895:
1569:
359:
In June 1942 Kasa-Vubu earned a job as a clerk in the finance department of the Belgian colonial administration in
249:
325:
event. Kasa-Vubu's mother died four years after his birth, and his father died in 1936. On 31 January 1925 he was
32:
2191:
1541:
1344:
Rich, Jeremy (2012). "Kasa-Vubu, Joseph (1915–1969)". In Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku; Gates, Henry Louis (eds.).
371:
Kasa-Vubu began semi-clandestine political organising work while he was still employed by colonial authorities.
2447:
2244:
1888:
340:
In 1927 Kasa-Vubu enrolled in primary school at the third-year level. The following year he transferred to a
511:
2275:
1608:
1473:
622:
433:
389:
On 4 January 1959, an ABAKO political gathering organised by Kasa-Vubu erupted into violence, sparking the
2499:
2492:
320:. His father was a successful farmer who, as an independent entrepreneur, traded with street merchants in
1364:
393:, a pivotal moment in the Congolese struggle for independence. Kasa-Vubu was set to address the crowd on
1229:
417:
2310:
1579:
912:
649:
No official reasoning was ever given for Kasa-Vubu's expulsion, though Gilis and Kasa-Vubu's daughter,
567:
1008:
2524:
2177:
2124:
2301:
2025:
1758:
1140:
978:
374:
Following the resignation of its leader on 21 March 1954, Kasa-Vubu was elected president of the
2420:
2390:
2365:
573:
Instituted and recognized as National Hero of the Democratic Republic of Congo on 30 June 2020
2576:
2571:
2546:
2467:
2438:
1776:
507:
390:
267:(ABAKO) party in the 1950s and soon became a leading proponent of Congo's independence from
2551:
83:
405:
8:
2374:
2349:
2326:
394:
379:
1675:
1589:
581:
2251:
1423:
Joseph Kasa-Vubu, mon père: de la naissance d'une conscience nationale à l'indépendance
1121:
1113:
1696:
1668:
1426:
1407:
1349:
1330:
1297:
1263:
1217:
1175:
1144:
1125:
1105:
1064:
1019:
650:
542:
457:
330:
248:– 24 March 1969) was a Congolese politician who served as the first President of the
221:
1262:(in French). Vol. IX. Brussels: Académie Royale des Sciences d'Outre-Me. 2015.
97:
2356:
2342:
2287:
2071:
2039:
1710:
1559:
1531:
1465:
1097:
495:
487:
475:
410:
321:
289:
121:
1738:
908:"From Mobutu to Kabila, the DRC is paying a heavy price for autocrats at its helm"
691:
491:
2456:
2413:
2406:
2399:
2212:
1790:
1703:
1324:
1190:
1058:
714:
712:
710:
708:
706:
503:
429:
272:
75:
349:
2383:
2170:
2149:
1682:
1661:
1647:
596:
550:
470:
453:
437:
345:
341:
89:
745:
703:
679:
79:
2540:
2335:
2117:
1717:
1584:
1267:
1109:
1101:
1068:
422:
309:
268:
159:
93:
1503:
1430:
1023:
1018:. Première partie (in French). Vol. 61, no. 22. 15 November 2020.
2237:
2184:
2110:
2064:
1631:
1600:
1348:. Vol. 3. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. pp. 302–304.
317:
313:
280:
276:
260:
1221:
2294:
2032:
1783:
1117:
2142:
1174:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. 144–196.
1170:
Doyle, Michael W.; Sambanis, Nicholas (2006). "Chapter 4: Making War".
601:
305:
360:
271:. He then became the country's first president in a coalition with
1731:
1230:"Joseph Kasavubu Dies in Congo; Was His Nation's First President"
549:) in the 1990s. In 1997, she was appointed a cabinet minister by
526:
326:
301:
155:
1251:
751:
718:
697:
685:
490:
seized power and arrested Lumumba. Lumumba was later handed to
334:
1172:
Making War and Building Peace: United Nations Peace Operations
1550:
1293:
Historical Dictionary of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
979:"RDC : Joseph Kasa-Vubu élevé au rang de héros national"
546:
375:
300:
Joseph Kasa-Vubu was born in the village of Kuma-Dizi in the
264:
185:
1060:
Le Parlement congolais sous le régime de la Loi fondamentale
932:
776:
421:
Kasa-Vubu during a 1963 visit to Israel, with the President
413:, before the latter's departure from the country, July 1960.
793:
791:
510:
and recruited white mercenaries, integrating them with the
409:
Kasa-Vubu with the outgoing Governor-General of the Congo,
1214:
The Congo Since Independence: January 1960 – December 1961
827:
533:
four years later in 1969, possibly after a long illness.
1195:. American Studies. Cambridge University Press Archive.
788:
436:(MNC) would be prime minister, and Kasa-Vubu would face
1063:(in French). Kinshasa: Presses universitaire du Zaire.
1016:
Journal Officiel de la RĂ©publique DĂ©mocratique du Congo
887:
839:
875:
815:
803:
766:
764:
762:
760:
735:
733:
731:
729:
727:
851:
667:
1290:Kisangani, Emizet Francois; Bobb, Scott F. (2010).
863:
2597:Presidents of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1326:Religion and Anthropology: A Critical Introduction
757:
724:
283:, leading to a political deadlock. Kasa-Vubu then
1505:President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
2567:Democratic Republic of the Congo Roman Catholics
2557:Democratic Republic of the Congo anti-communists
2538:
545:, eventually returned to the Congo (then called
1296:(3rd ed.). Plymouth, UK: Scarecrow Press.
1192:City Politics: A Study of Léopoldville 1962–63
1087:
938:
782:
2562:Democratic Republic of the Congo nationalists
1616:
1489:
1449:Position created on independence from Belgium
1630:
1404:Kasa-Vubu et le Congo indépendant: 1960–1969
578:Order of the National Heroes Kabila-Lumumba
1623:
1609:
1496:
1482:
1188:
329:under the Christian name of Joseph at the
316:, an ethnic group that is a subset of the
31:
16:1st President of the Republic of the Congo
1420:
1401:
1289:
881:
797:
1791:Armée Populaire de Libération ("Simbas")
1132:
893:
469:
416:
404:
65:27 June 1960 – 24 November 1965
1917:White Legion (Compagnie Internationale)
1228:
1211:
1056:
905:
845:
833:
821:
809:
739:
366:
2539:
1456:President of the Republic of the Congo
1362:
1322:
770:
673:
53:President of the Republic of the Congo
39:Belgo-Congolese Round Table Conference
2486:Dissolution of the Lumumba Government
1809:United Nations Operation in the Congo
1604:
1477:
1169:
857:
588:
263:, Kasa-Vubu became the leader of the
169:24 March 1969 (aged 53–54)
1343:
1310:from the original on 17 October 2023
1199:from the original on 16 January 2023
976:
958:from the original on 28 January 2018
920:from the original on 18 January 2018
869:
2518:Belgian general strike of 1960–1961
1425:. Brussels: Éditions de Chabassol.
1216:. London: Oxford University Press.
13:
1421:Kasa-Vubu, Justine M'Poyo (1985).
1402:Kasa-Vubu, Justine M'Poyo (1997).
1395:
529:. Kasa-Vubu died in a hospital in
256:until 1964) from 1960 until 1965.
14:
2608:
752:Biographie belge d'outre-mer 2015
719:Biographie belge d'outre-mer 2015
698:Biographie belge d'outre-mer 2015
686:Biographie belge d'outre-mer 2015
1910:6th Commando Battalion (Belgium)
1903:4th Commando Battalion (Belgium)
1896:2nd Commando Battalion (Belgium)
1759:Armée Nationale Congolaise (ANC)
1570:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1540:
1381:from the original on 21 May 2024
1365:"The Patient African – Kasavubu"
1277:from the original on 12 May 2017
1157:from the original on 21 May 2024
1133:De Groof, Matthias, ed. (2020).
1075:from the original on 21 May 2024
989:from the original on 5 July 2020
906:Loffman, Reuben (22 June 2017).
570:, by King Baudouin, 30 June 1960
250:Democratic Republic of the Congo
176:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1346:Dictionary of African Biography
1033:from the original on 7 May 2023
1001:
970:
944:
899:
333:Catholic mission of Kizu, near
207:
2493:Torture and killing of Lumumba
1560:Joseph Mobutu/Mobutu Sese Seko
1329:. Cambridge University Press.
643:
634:
615:
506:. Tshombe recalled the exiled
484:dissolved Lumumba's government
1:
1374:. No. 26 February 1961.
660:
400:
295:
242:
140:
1406:. Brussels: Le Cri Ă©dition.
1260:Biographie belge d'outre-mer
977:Meta, Sylvie (2 July 2020).
623:Democratic Republic of Congo
434:Mouvement National Congolais
7:
1212:Hoskyns, Catherine (1965).
1057:Bonyeka, Bomandeke (1992).
292:and died four years later.
10:
2613:
2592:People of the Congo Crisis
1049:
600:, Kasa-Vubu was played by
560:
512:Armée Nationale Congolaise
482:On 5 September, Kasa-Vubu
2587:People from Kongo Central
2509:
2500:Death of Dag Hammarskjöld
2477:
2265:
2229:
2134:
2088:
2056:
2017:
2010:
1878:
1860:
1800:
1768:
1748:
1639:
1568:
1549:
1538:
1516:
1462:
1453:
1445:
1440:
1189:LaFontaine, J.S. (1986).
536:
494:'s secessionist state in
228:
217:
191:
181:
165:
136:
131:
127:
115:
103:
69:
58:
50:
46:
30:
23:
2582:Leaders ousted by a coup
2525:Decolonisation of Africa
2178:Hubert Fauntleroy Julian
1851:Ghana, Nigeria and Egypt
1239:. Reuters. 24 March 1969
1102:10.1177/0021934711424491
1090:Journal of Black Studies
608:
543:Justine M'Poyo Kasa-Vubu
520:
2276:Force Publique mutinies
2245:William "Rip" Robertson
2001:Cuban Exile Naval Force
1655:Egide Bocheley-Davidson
1141:Leuven University Press
557:independence movement.
474:Kasa-Vubu with Colonel
2391:Port Francqui incident
1323:Morris, Brian (2006).
479:
468:
425:
414:
197:Hortense Ngoma Masunda
2468:Stanleyville mutinies
2097:Jean-Marie Crèvecoeur
1994:211th Makasi Squadron
1777:Katangese Gendarmerie
1580:Laurent-Désiré Kabila
1518:Republic of the Congo
508:Katangese Gendarmerie
473:
463:
420:
408:
308:, in the west of the
290:Joseph-Désiré Mobutu
269:Belgian colonial rule
254:Republic of the Congo
2449:Violettes Imperiales
2072:Joseph-Désiré Mobutu
2026:Conor Cruise O'Brien
1924:5 Mechanised Brigade
1711:Joseph-Désiré Mobutu
1253:"Kasa-Vubu (Joseph)"
621:As President of the
576:Grand Cordon of the
566:Grand Cordon of the
488:Joseph-Désiré Mobutu
476:Joseph-Désiré Mobutu
376:Alliance des Bakongo
367:Political activities
265:Alliance des Bakongo
122:Joseph-Désiré Mobutu
110:Position established
84:Justin Marie Bomboko
2125:Frédéric Vandewalle
1136:Lumumba in the Arts
939:Covington-Ward 2012
836:, pp. 248–249.
783:Covington-Ward 2012
700:, pp. 217–218.
395:African nationalism
2478:Other major events
2311:Congo-Stanleyville
1784:South Kasai forces
1441:Political offices
1237:The New York Times
589:In popular culture
480:
442:Courrier d'Afrique
426:
415:
391:LĂ©opoldville riots
261:Kongo ethnic group
2534:
2533:
2266:Main operations /
2261:
2260:
1889:White mercenaries
1751:government forces
1669:Christophe Gbenye
1640:Political leaders
1598:
1597:
1551:Republic of Zaire
1472:
1471:
1463:Succeeded by
1355:978-0-19-538207-5
1303:978-0-8108-5761-2
1181:978-0-691-12275-5
594:In the 2000 film
458:Congo-Brazzaville
232:
231:
222:Justine Kasa-Vubu
37:Kasa-Vubu at the
2604:
2527:
2520:
2502:
2495:
2488:
2470:
2461:
2452:
2443:
2434:
2425:
2416:
2409:
2402:
2393:
2386:
2379:
2368:
2361:
2352:
2345:
2343:Battle of Kabalo
2338:
2331:
2322:
2313:
2304:
2297:
2290:
2283:
2282:Secession crisis
2278:
2254:
2247:
2240:
2222:
2215:
2208:
2201:
2194:
2192:Siegfried MĂĽller
2187:
2180:
2173:
2166:
2159:
2152:
2145:
2127:
2120:
2113:
2106:
2104:Jules Crèvecoeur
2099:
2081:
2074:
2067:
2049:
2042:
2040:Dewan Prem Chand
2035:
2028:
2015:
2014:
2003:
1996:
1989:
1982:
1975:
1968:
1961:
1954:
1947:
1940:
1933:
1926:
1919:
1912:
1905:
1898:
1891:
1871:
1853:
1846:
1839:
1832:
1825:
1818:
1811:
1793:
1786:
1779:
1761:
1741:
1734:
1727:
1725:Gaston Soumialot
1720:
1713:
1706:
1699:
1692:
1690:Joseph Kasa-Vubu
1685:
1678:
1676:Dag Hammarskjöld
1671:
1664:
1657:
1650:
1625:
1618:
1611:
1602:
1601:
1590:FĂ©lix Tshisekedi
1544:
1527:Joseph Kasa-Vubu
1498:
1491:
1484:
1475:
1474:
1466:Mobutu Sese Seko
1446:Preceded by
1438:
1437:
1434:
1417:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1380:
1369:
1359:
1340:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1276:
1257:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1234:
1225:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1185:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1129:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1032:
1013:
1005:
999:
998:
996:
994:
974:
968:
967:
965:
963:
948:
942:
936:
930:
929:
927:
925:
913:The Conversation
903:
897:
891:
885:
879:
873:
867:
861:
855:
849:
843:
837:
831:
825:
819:
813:
807:
801:
795:
786:
780:
774:
768:
755:
749:
743:
737:
722:
716:
701:
695:
689:
683:
677:
671:
654:
647:
641:
638:
626:
619:
584:, 3 October 2020
582:FĂ©lix Tshisekedi
568:Order of Leopold
411:Hendrik Cornelis
380:Dendale district
304:district in the
259:A member of the
247:
244:
237:, alternatively
235:Joseph Kasa-Vubu
211:
209:
152:
151:
149:
142:
132:Personal details
118:
106:
72:
63:
35:
25:Joseph Kasa-Vubu
21:
20:
2612:
2611:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2523:
2516:
2505:
2498:
2491:
2484:
2473:
2466:
2455:
2446:
2437:
2428:
2419:
2414:Simba rebellion
2412:
2407:Kwilu rebellion
2405:
2400:Kanyarwanda War
2398:
2389:
2382:
2373:
2364:
2355:
2348:
2341:
2334:
2325:
2320:UN intervention
2318:
2309:
2300:
2293:
2286:
2281:
2274:
2267:
2257:
2250:
2243:
2236:
2225:
2218:
2213:Roger Trinquier
2211:
2204:
2197:
2190:
2183:
2176:
2169:
2162:
2157:Charles Gardien
2155:
2148:
2141:
2130:
2123:
2116:
2109:
2102:
2095:
2084:
2077:
2070:
2063:
2052:
2045:
2038:
2031:
2024:
2006:
1999:
1992:
1985:
1978:
1971:
1964:
1957:
1950:
1943:
1936:
1929:
1922:
1915:
1908:
1901:
1894:
1887:
1881:mercenary units
1880:
1874:
1867:
1856:
1849:
1842:
1835:
1828:
1821:
1814:
1807:
1796:
1789:
1782:
1775:
1764:
1757:
1750:
1744:
1737:
1730:
1723:
1716:
1709:
1704:Patrice Lumumba
1702:
1695:
1688:
1681:
1674:
1667:
1660:
1653:
1646:
1635:
1629:
1599:
1594:
1572:
1564:
1545:
1536:
1512:
1502:
1468:
1459:
1451:
1414:
1398:
1396:Further reading
1393:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1367:
1363:Tanner, Henry.
1356:
1337:
1313:
1311:
1304:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1255:
1242:
1240:
1232:
1202:
1200:
1182:
1160:
1158:
1151:
1078:
1076:
1052:
1047:
1046:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1011:
1007:
1006:
1002:
992:
990:
975:
971:
961:
959:
954:. 3 July 2015.
950:
949:
945:
937:
933:
923:
921:
904:
900:
892:
888:
880:
876:
868:
864:
856:
852:
844:
840:
832:
828:
820:
816:
808:
804:
796:
789:
781:
777:
769:
758:
750:
746:
738:
725:
717:
704:
696:
692:
684:
680:
672:
668:
663:
658:
657:
648:
644:
639:
635:
630:
629:
620:
616:
611:
591:
563:
539:
523:
504:Simba Rebellion
430:Patrice Lumumba
403:
369:
298:
273:Patrice Lumumba
245:
239:Joseph Kasavubu
213:
210: 1941)
205:
201:
198:
182:Political party
170:
153:
147:
145:
143:
116:
104:
96:
92:
88:
86:
82:
78:
76:Patrice Lumumba
70:
64:
59:
42:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2610:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2521:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2503:
2496:
2489:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2471:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2453:
2444:
2435:
2426:
2410:
2403:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2387:
2384:Kindu atrocity
2380:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2353:
2346:
2339:
2332:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2307:
2306:
2305:
2291:
2279:
2271:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2248:
2241:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2220:Hugh van Oppen
2216:
2209:
2202:
2195:
2188:
2181:
2174:
2167:
2160:
2153:
2150:Roger Faulques
2146:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2121:
2114:
2107:
2100:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2075:
2068:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2043:
2036:
2029:
2021:
2019:
2018:United Nations
2012:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2004:
1997:
1990:
1983:
1976:
1969:
1962:
1955:
1948:
1941:
1934:
1927:
1920:
1913:
1906:
1899:
1892:
1884:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1864:
1862:
1861:Other entities
1858:
1857:
1855:
1854:
1847:
1840:
1833:
1826:
1819:
1812:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1794:
1787:
1780:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1754:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1735:
1728:
1721:
1714:
1707:
1700:
1693:
1686:
1683:Albert Kalonji
1679:
1672:
1665:
1662:Gaston Eyskens
1658:
1651:
1648:Cyrille Adoula
1643:
1641:
1637:
1636:
1628:
1627:
1620:
1613:
1605:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1576:
1574:
1573:(1997–present)
1566:
1565:
1563:
1562:
1556:
1554:
1547:
1546:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1534:
1529:
1523:
1521:
1514:
1513:
1501:
1500:
1493:
1486:
1478:
1470:
1469:
1464:
1461:
1452:
1447:
1443:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1418:
1412:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1391:
1372:New York Times
1360:
1354:
1341:
1335:
1320:
1302:
1287:
1249:
1226:
1209:
1186:
1180:
1167:
1149:
1130:
1085:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1000:
969:
943:
931:
898:
886:
882:Kisangani 2009
874:
872:, p. 304.
862:
860:, p. 175.
850:
848:, p. 198.
838:
826:
814:
802:
800:, p. 265.
798:Kisangani 2009
787:
775:
756:
754:, p. 220.
744:
723:
721:, p. 219.
702:
690:
688:, p. 218.
678:
676:, p. 157.
665:
664:
662:
659:
656:
655:
642:
632:
631:
628:
627:
613:
612:
610:
607:
606:
605:
590:
587:
586:
585:
574:
571:
562:
559:
551:Laurent Kabila
538:
535:
522:
519:
454:Fulbert Youlou
438:Jean Bolikango
402:
399:
368:
365:
350:Kasai Province
346:major seminary
342:minor seminary
297:
294:
230:
229:
226:
225:
224:, among others
219:
215:
214:
203:
199:
196:
195:
193:
189:
188:
183:
179:
178:
167:
163:
162:
138:
134:
133:
129:
128:
125:
124:
119:
113:
112:
107:
101:
100:
98:Évariste Kimba
90:Cyrille Adoula
73:
71:Prime Minister
67:
66:
56:
55:
48:
47:
44:
43:
41:, January 1960
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2609:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2526:
2522:
2519:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2501:
2497:
2494:
2490:
2487:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2469:
2465:
2460:
2459:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2408:
2404:
2401:
2397:
2392:
2388:
2385:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2354:
2351:
2347:
2344:
2340:
2337:
2336:Niemba ambush
2333:
2330:
2329:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2289:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2277:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2264:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2242:
2239:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2221:
2217:
2214:
2210:
2207:
2203:
2200:
2196:
2193:
2189:
2186:
2182:
2179:
2175:
2172:
2168:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2151:
2147:
2144:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2126:
2122:
2119:
2118:Jean Schramme
2115:
2112:
2108:
2105:
2101:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2080:
2076:
2073:
2069:
2066:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2048:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1960:
1956:
1953:
1949:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1907:
1904:
1900:
1897:
1893:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1877:
1870:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1852:
1848:
1845:
1841:
1838:
1834:
1831:
1827:
1824:
1820:
1817:
1813:
1810:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1801:UN contingent
1799:
1792:
1788:
1785:
1781:
1778:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1760:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1747:
1740:
1739:MoĂŻse Tshombe
1736:
1733:
1729:
1726:
1722:
1719:
1718:Pierre Mulele
1715:
1712:
1708:
1705:
1701:
1698:
1694:
1691:
1687:
1684:
1680:
1677:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1663:
1659:
1656:
1652:
1649:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1626:
1621:
1619:
1614:
1612:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1585:Joseph Kabila
1583:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1533:
1532:Joseph Mobutu
1530:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1506:
1499:
1494:
1492:
1487:
1485:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1467:
1458:
1457:
1450:
1444:
1439:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1415:
1413:9782871061854
1409:
1405:
1400:
1399:
1377:
1373:
1366:
1361:
1357:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1336:9780521852418
1332:
1328:
1327:
1321:
1309:
1305:
1299:
1295:
1294:
1288:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1254:
1250:
1238:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1187:
1183:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1156:
1152:
1150:9789462701748
1146:
1142:
1138:
1137:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1010:
1004:
988:
985:(in French).
984:
983:Digital Congo
980:
973:
957:
953:
947:
941:, p. 73.
940:
935:
919:
915:
914:
909:
902:
896:, p. 60.
895:
894:De Groof 2020
890:
883:
878:
871:
866:
859:
854:
847:
842:
835:
830:
824:, p. 83.
823:
818:
812:, p. 79.
811:
806:
799:
794:
792:
785:, p. 75.
784:
779:
772:
767:
765:
763:
761:
753:
748:
741:
736:
734:
732:
730:
728:
720:
715:
713:
711:
709:
707:
699:
694:
687:
682:
675:
670:
666:
652:
646:
637:
633:
624:
618:
614:
603:
599:
598:
593:
592:
583:
579:
575:
572:
569:
565:
564:
558:
554:
552:
548:
544:
534:
532:
528:
518:
515:
513:
509:
505:
499:
497:
493:
492:MoĂŻse Tshombe
489:
485:
477:
472:
467:
462:
459:
455:
449:
445:
443:
439:
435:
431:
424:
423:Zalman Shazar
419:
412:
407:
398:
396:
392:
387:
383:
382:of the city.
381:
377:
372:
364:
362:
357:
353:
351:
347:
343:
338:
336:
332:
328:
323:
319:
315:
311:
310:Belgian Congo
307:
303:
293:
291:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
257:
255:
251:
240:
236:
227:
223:
220:
216:
194:
190:
187:
184:
180:
177:
173:
168:
164:
161:
160:Belgian Congo
157:
139:
135:
130:
126:
123:
120:
114:
111:
108:
102:
99:
95:
94:Moise Tshombe
91:
85:
81:
77:
74:
68:
62:
57:
54:
49:
45:
40:
34:
29:
22:
19:
2577:Kongo people
2547:1910s births
2457:
2448:
2439:
2430:
2422:Dragon Rouge
2421:
2375:
2366:Camp Massart
2357:
2327:
2238:Larry Devlin
2185:Jack Malloch
2164:Hans Germani
2111:Marc Goosens
2079:Norbert Moke
2065:Louis Bobozo
1769:Rebel forces
1697:Théo Lefèvre
1689:
1632:Congo Crisis
1526:
1454:
1448:
1422:
1403:
1383:. Retrieved
1371:
1345:
1325:
1312:. Retrieved
1292:
1279:. Retrieved
1259:
1241:. Retrieved
1236:
1213:
1201:. Retrieved
1191:
1171:
1159:. Retrieved
1135:
1096:(1): 72–94.
1093:
1089:
1079:16 September
1077:. Retrieved
1059:
1035:. Retrieved
1015:
1003:
991:. Retrieved
982:
972:
960:. Retrieved
946:
934:
922:. Retrieved
911:
901:
889:
877:
865:
853:
846:Hoskyns 1965
841:
834:Bonyeka 1992
829:
822:Hoskyns 1965
817:
810:Hoskyns 1965
805:
778:
747:
740:Reuters 1969
693:
681:
669:
645:
636:
617:
595:
555:
540:
524:
516:
500:
481:
464:
450:
446:
441:
427:
388:
384:
373:
370:
361:LĂ©opoldville
358:
354:
339:
318:Kongo people
314:Yombe people
299:
281:Soviet Union
277:Congo Crisis
258:
238:
234:
233:
117:Succeeded by
109:
60:
18:
2552:1969 deaths
2440:White Giant
2431:Dragon Noir
2295:South Kasai
2252:Che Guevara
2206:Jerry Puren
2199:John Peters
2047:Pat Quinlan
2033:K.A.S. Raja
1987:15 Commando
1980:14 Commando
1973:13 Commando
1966:12 Commando
1959:11 Commando
1634:(1960–1965)
1553:(1971–1997)
1520:(1960–1971)
1203:24 December
771:Tanner 1961
674:Morris 2006
625:after 1964.
246: 1915
154:Kuma-Dizi,
144: 1915
105:Preceded by
87:Joseph Iléo
80:Joseph Iléo
2541:Categories
2350:Jadotville
2171:Mike Hoare
2143:Bob Denard
2011:Commanders
1952:9 Commando
1945:6 Commando
1938:5 Commando
1931:4 Commando
1460:1960–1965
1281:6 December
1139:. Leuven:
962:27 January
924:18 January
858:Doyle 2006
661:References
602:Maka Kotto
401:Presidency
296:Early life
2376:Grandslam
2328:Rum Punch
2135:Mercenary
2057:Congolese
1879:Belgian /
1749:Congolese
1385:19 August
1314:19 August
1268:561667718
1243:19 August
1126:144014323
1110:0021-9347
1069:716913628
870:Rich 2012
432:, of the
331:Scheutist
306:Bas-Congo
285:dissolved
61:In office
2302:Invasion
1844:Ethiopia
1431:17233037
1376:Archived
1308:Archived
1272:Archived
1197:Archived
1155:Archived
1118:23215196
1073:Archived
1028:Archived
1024:50605196
987:Archived
956:Archived
918:Archived
327:baptised
218:Children
2572:Évolués
2510:Related
2288:Katanga
2268:battles
2089:Belgian
1823:Ireland
1732:U Thant
1161:6 March
1050:Sources
651:Justine
597:Lumumba
561:Honours
527:Mayombe
496:Katanga
478:in 1961
322:Cabinda
302:Mayombe
212:
204:
200:
156:Mayombe
146: (
2358:UNOKAT
1830:Sweden
1816:Canada
1429:
1410:
1352:
1333:
1300:
1266:
1222:414961
1220:
1178:
1147:
1124:
1116:
1108:
1067:
1022:
993:5 July
537:Legacy
335:Tshela
192:Spouse
2458:South
2230:Other
1837:India
1379:(PDF)
1368:(PDF)
1275:(PDF)
1256:(PDF)
1233:(PDF)
1122:S2CID
1114:JSTOR
1037:7 May
1031:(PDF)
1012:(PDF)
609:Notes
580:, by
547:Zaire
521:Death
252:(the
206:(
202:
186:ABAKO
1509:list
1427:OCLC
1408:ISBN
1387:2014
1350:ISBN
1331:ISBN
1316:2014
1298:ISBN
1283:2017
1264:OCLC
1245:2014
1218:OCLC
1205:2016
1176:ISBN
1163:2022
1145:ISBN
1106:ISSN
1081:2018
1065:OCLC
1039:2023
1020:OCLC
995:2020
964:2018
926:2018
531:Boma
172:Boma
166:Died
148:1915
137:Born
51:1st
1869:CIA
1098:doi
456:of
241:, (
2543::
1370:.
1306:.
1270:.
1258:.
1235:.
1153:.
1143:.
1120:.
1112:.
1104:.
1094:43
1092:.
1071:.
1026:.
1014:.
981:.
916:.
910:.
790:^
759:^
726:^
705:^
337:.
243:c.
208:m.
174:,
158:,
141:c.
1624:e
1617:t
1610:v
1511:)
1507:(
1497:e
1490:t
1483:v
1433:.
1416:.
1389:.
1358:.
1339:.
1318:.
1285:.
1247:.
1224:.
1207:.
1184:.
1165:.
1128:.
1100::
1083:.
1041:.
997:.
966:.
928:.
884:.
773:.
742:.
604:.
150:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
