Kongo people - Knowledge

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plantations, and they first purchased labor. Soon thereafter they began kidnapping people from the Kongo society and after 1514, they provoked military campaigns in nearby African regions to get slave labor. Along with this change in Portuguese-Kongo people relationship, the succession system within Kongo kingdom changed under Portuguese influence, and in 1509, instead of the usual election among the nobles, a hereditary European-style succession led to the African king Afonso I succeeding his father, now named João I. The slave capture and the export of slaves caused major social disorder among the Kongo people, and the Kongo king Afonso I wrote letters to the king of Portugal protesting this practice. Finally, he succumbed to the demand and accepted an export of those who willingly accepted slavery, and for a fee per slave. The Portuguese procured 2,000 to 3,000 slaves per year for a few years, from 1520, a practice that started the slave export history of the Kongo people. However, this supply was far short of the demand for slaves and the money slave owners were willing to pay.

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slaves kept rising, headed to the Atlantic ports. Although, in Portuguese documents, all of Kongo people were technically under one ruler, they were no longer governed that way by the mid-18th century. The Kongo people were now divided into regions, each headed by a noble family. Christianity was growing again with new chapels built, services regularly held, missions of different Christian sects expanding, and church rituals a part of the royal succession. There were succession crises, ensuing conflicts when a local royal Kongo ruler died and occasional coups such as that of Andre II by Henrique III, typically settled with Portuguese intervention, and these continued through the mid 19th-century. After Henrique III died in 1857, competitive claims to the throne were raised by his relatives. One of them, Pedro Elelo, gained the trust of Portuguese military against Alvero XIII, by agreeing to be vassal of the colonial Portugal. This effectively ended whatever sovereignty had previously been recognized and the Kongo people became a part of colonial Portugal.

37: 1244: 1208: 1054:, which filled this empty circle. Then Kalûnga heated up the contents of mbûngi, and when it cooled, it formed the earth. The Earth, the starting point of the fire, then became a green planet after it went through four stages. The first stage is the emergence of the fire. The second stage is the red stage where the planet is still burning and has not formed. The third stage is the grey stage where the planet is cooling, but has not produced life. These planets are naked, dry, and covered with dust. The final stage is green stage is when the planet is fully mature because it breathes and carries life. As the Bakongo believe is part of the universal order, all planets must go through this process. 1298:), and this lineage links them into kinship groups. They are culturally organized as ones who cherish their independence, so much so that neighboring Kongo people's villages avoid being dependent on each other. There is a strong undercurrent of messianic tradition among the Bakongo, which has led to several politico-religious movements in the 20th century. This may be linked to the premises of dualistic cosmology in Bakongo tradition, where two worlds exist, one visible and lived, another invisible and full of powerful spirits. The belief that there is an interaction and reciprocal exchange between these, to Bakongo, means the world of spirits can possess the world of flesh. 929:

exports of slaves from Africa into the Americas by 1867. According to Jan Vansina, the "whole of Angola's economy and its institutions of governance were based on the slave trade" in 18th and 19th century, until the slave trade was forcibly brought to an end in the 1840s. This ban on lucrative trade of slaves through the lands of Kongo people was bitterly opposed by both the Portuguese and Luso-Africans (part Portuguese, part African), states Vansina. The slave trade was replaced with ivory trade in the 1850s, where the old caravan owners and routes replaced hunting human beings with hunting elephants for their tusks with the help of non-Kongo ethnic groups such as the

1362: 1330: 1137:, "Central Africans have probably never agreed among themselves as to what their cosmology is in detail, a product of what I called the process of continuous revelation and precarious priesthood." The Kongo people had diverse views, with traditional religious ideas best developed in the small northern Kikongo-speaking area, and this region neither converted to Christianity nor participated in slave trade until the 19th century. There is abundant description about Kongo religious concepts in the Catholic missionary and colonial era records, but states Thornton, these are written with a hostile bias and their reliability is problematic. 1061:, "Another important characteristic of Bakongo cosmology is the sun and its movements. The rising, peaking, setting, and absence of the sun provide the essential pattern for Bakongo religious culture. These “four moments of the sun” equate with the four stages of life: conception, birth, maturity, and death. For the Bakongo, everything transitions through these stages: planets, plants, animals, people, societies, and even ideas. This vital cycle is depicted by a circle with a cross inside. In this cosmogram or dikenga, the meeting point of the two lines of the cross is the most powerful point and where the person stands." 68: 618:

ports of the region, as a sophisticated culture, language and infrastructure, appear in the 15th century, written by the Portuguese explorers. Later anthropological work on the Kongo of the region come from the colonial era writers, particularly the French and Belgians (Loango, Vungu, and the Niari Valley), but this too is limited and does not exhaustively cover all of the Kongo people. The evidence suggests, states Vansina, that the Kongo people were advanced in their culture and socio-political systems with multiple kingdoms well before the arrival of first Portuguese ships in the late 15th century.

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was in the northern part, above the Congo River, a region which long before the war was already an established community of the Kongo people. New kingdoms came into existence in this period, from the disintegrated parts in the southeast and the northeast of the old Kongo kingdom. The old capital of the Kongo people called São Salvador was burnt down, and was in ruins and abandoned in 1678. The fragmented new kingdoms of the Kongo people disputed each other's boundaries and rights, as well as those of other non-Kongo ethnic groups bordering them, leading to steady wars and mutual raids.

664:, and markets, ready for trading relations. The Portuguese found well developed transport infrastructure inlands from the Kongo people's Atlantic port settlement. They also found exchange of goods easy and the Kongo people open to ideas. The Kongo king at that time, named Nzinga a Nkuwu allegedly willingly accepted Christianity, and at his baptism in 1491 changed his name to João I, a Portuguese name. Around the 1450s, a prophet, Ne Buela Muanda, predicted the arrival of the Portuguese and the spiritual and physical enslavement of many Bakongo. 80: 703:

with "war captives turned slaves". The other effect of this violence over many years was making the Kongo king heavily dependent on the Portuguese protection, along with the dehumanization of the African people, including the rebelling Kongo people, as cannibalistic pagan barbarians from "Jaga kingdom". This caricature of the African people and their dehumanization was vociferous and well published by the slave traders, the missionaries and the colonial era Portuguese historians, which helped morally justify mass trading of slaves.

970: 1196: 552:) to the slaves from the Vili or Fiote coastal Kongo people, but later this term was used to refer to any "black man" in Cuba, St Lucia and other colonial era Islands ruled by one of the European colonial interests. The group is identified largely by speaking a cluster of mutually intelligible dialects rather than by large continuities in their history or even in culture. The term "Congo" was more widely deployed to identify Kikongo-speaking people enslaved in the Americas. 587: 707: 633: 1027: 92: 104: 116: 955:) remained with Portugal. The Kongo people in all three colonies (Angola, the Republic of Congo and the Democratic Republic of Congo) became one of the most active ethnic groups in the efforts to decolonize Africa, and worked with other ethnic groups in Central Africa to help liberate the three nations to self governance. The French and Belgium regions became independent in 1960. Angolan independence came in 1975. 614:), a site dated to about 600 BCE. However, the site does not prove which ethnic group was resident at that time. The Kongo people had settled into the area well before the fifth century CE, begun a society that utilized the diverse and rich resources of region and developed farming methods. According to James Denbow, social complexity had probably been achieved by the second century CE. 1096:, they are able to exist and live in both realms during the different moments of their lives. Even while in Nu Mpémba, a muntu still lives a full life as they prepare for Kala time once again. The right side of the body is also believed to be male, while the left side is believed to be female, creating an additional layer to the dual identity of a muntu. For the Bakongo, a person is a 729:(now in Angola) in cooperation with a Kongo noble family to facilitate their military presence, African operations and the slave trade thereof. The Kingdom of Kongo and its people ended their cooperation in the 1660s. In 1665, the Portuguese army invaded the Kingdom, killed the Kongo king, disbanded his army, and installed a friendly replacement in his place. 672:, and sent Bakongo nobles to visit the royal court in Portugal. Other than the king himself, much of the Kongo people's nobility welcomed the cultural exchange, the Christian missionaries converted them to the Catholic faith, they assumed Portuguese court manners, and by early 16th-century Kongo became a Portugal-affiliated Christian kingdom. 721:

Africa who were, indeed, different Mbangala groups. There are other scholars, such as Joseph Miller, that believed this 16th and 17th centuries' one-sided dehumanization of the African people was a fabrication and myth created by the missionaries and slave trading Portuguese to hide their abusive activities and intentions.

1192:. Their smaller shrines were dedicated to the smaller deities, even after they had converted to Christianity. These deities were guardians of water bodies, crop lands and high places to the Kongo people, and they were very prevalent both in capital towns of the Christian ruling classes, as well as in the villages. 776:

After the death of Dona Beatriz in 1706 and another three years of wars with the help of the Portuguese, Pedro IV was able to get back much of the old Kongo kingdom. The conflicts continued through the 18th century, however, and the demand for and the caravan of Kongo and non-Kongo people as captured

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during the Grap a Kongo ). The Portuguese brought in military and arms to support the Kingdom of Kongo, and after years of fighting, they jointly defeated the attack. This war unexpectedly led to a flood of captives who had challenged the Kongo nobility and traders, and the coastal ports were flooded

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In concert with the growing import of Christian missionaries and luxury goods, the slave capture and exports through the Kongo lands grew. With over 5.6 million human beings kidnapped in Central Africa, then sold and shipped as slaves through the lands of the Kongo people, they witnessed the largest

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According to Vansina small kingdoms and Kongo principalities appeared in the current region by the 1200 CE, but documented history of this period of Kongo people if it existed has not survived into the modern era. Detailed and copious description about the Kongo people who lived next to the Atlantic

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This slave trade volume excludes the slave trade by Swahili-Arabs in East Africa and North African ethnic groups to the Middle East and elsewhere. The exports and imports do not match, because of the large number of deaths en route and violent retaliation by captured people on the ships involved in

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From the 1570s, the European traders arrived in large numbers and the slave trading through the Kongo people territory dramatically increased. The weakened Kingdom of Kongo continued to face internal revolts and violence that resulted from the raids and capture of slaves, and the Portuguese in 1575

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suggests that the Kingdom of Kongo was founded before the 14th century and the 13th century. The kingdom was modeled not on hereditary succession as was common in Europe, but based on an election by the court nobles from the Kongo people. This required the king to win his legitimacy by a process of

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However, some anthropologists report regional differences. According to Dunja Hersak, for example, the Vili and Yombe do not believe in the power of ancestors in the same degree as to those living farther south. Furthermore, she and John Janzen state that religious ideas and emphasis have changed

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upon their arrival in Kongo were baffled by these practices in the late 17th century (nearly 150 years after the acceptance of Christianity as the state religion in the Kingdom of Kongo). Some threatened to burn or destroy the shrines. However, the Kongo people credited these shrines for abundance

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The 1665 Kongo-Portuguese war and the killing of the hereditary king by the Portuguese soldiers led to a political vacuum. The Kongo kingdom disintegrated into smaller kingdoms, each controlled by nobles considered friendly by the Portuguese. One of these kingdoms was the kingdom of Loango. Loango

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and offered luxury goods in exchange for captured slaves. This created, states Jan Vansina, an incentive for border conflicts and slave caravan routes, from other ethnic groups and different parts of Africa, in which the Kongo people and traders participated. The slave raids and volume of trade in

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was a four-day week: Konzo, Nkenge, Nsona and Nkandu. These days are named after the four towns near which traditionally a farmer's market was held in rotation. This idea spread across the Kongo people, and every major district or population center had four rotating markets locations, each center

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The Kongo people were among the earliest indigenous Africans to welcome Portuguese traders in 1483 CE, and began converting to Catholicism in the late 15th century. They were among the first to protest slave capture in letters to the King of Portugal in the 1510s and 1520s, then succumbed to the

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Modern scholars such as Estevam Thompson have shown that there is much confusion between the "original" Jagas, who left the land of Yaka on the eastern bank of the Kwango River and invaded Mbata and mbanza Kongo, and other later references to "Jaga warriors" roaming the interior of West Central

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Initially, the Kongo people exchanged ivory and copper objects they made with luxury goods of Portuguese. But, after 1500, the Portuguese had little demand for ivory and copper, they instead demanded slaves in exchange. The settled Portuguese in São Tomé needed slave labor for their sugarcane

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The Bakongo people have championed ethnic rivalry and nationalism through sports such as football. The game is organized around ethnic teams, and fans cheer their teams along ethnic lines, such as during matches between the Poto-Poto people and the Kongo people. Further, during international

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Dona Beatriz questioned the wars devastating the Kongo people, asked all Kongo people to end the wars that fed the trading in humans, and unite under one king. She attracted a following of thousands of Kongo people into the ruins of their old capital. She was declared a false saint by the

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The idea of a Bakongo unity, actually developed in the early twentieth century, primarily through the publication of newspapers in various dialects of the language. In 1910 Kavuna Kafwandani (Kavuna Simon) published an article in the Swedish mission society's Kikongo language newspaper

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demands for slaves from the Portuguese through the 16th century. The Kongo people were a part of the major slave raiding, capture and export trade of African slaves to the European colonial interests in 17th and 18th centuries. The slave raids, colonial wars and the 19th-century

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Portuguese-appointed Kongo king Pedro IV, with the support of Portuguese Catholic missionaries and Italian Capuchin monks then resident in Kongo lands. The 22 year old Dona Beatriz was arrested, then burnt alive at the stake on charges of being a witch and a heretic.

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The Kongo language is divided into many dialects which are sufficiently diverse that people from distant dialects, such as speakers of Kivili dialect (on the northern coast) and speakers of Kisansolo (the central dialect) would have trouble understanding each other.

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It may be derived from the proto-bantu word for hunter, similar to the IsiZulu term khonto, which means spear as in "umkhonto we sizwe", Spear of the Nation, the name for the military wing of the African National Congress (ANC) during its struggle against apartheid.

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enslaved human beings increased thereafter, and by the 1560s, over 7,000 slaves per year were being captured and exported by Portuguese traders to the Americas. The Kongo people and the neighboring ethnic groups retaliated, with violence and attacks, such as the

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In Angola, there are a few who did not learn to speak Kikongo because Portuguese rules of assimilation during the colonial period was directed against learning native languages, though most Bakongo held on to the language. Most Angolan Kongo also speak

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of 1568 which swept across the Kongo lands, burnt the Portuguese churches, and attacked its capital, nearly ending the Kingdom of Kongo. The Kongo people also created songs to warn themselves of the arrival of the Portuguese, one of the famous songs is

951:, the northernmost parts went to France (now the Republic of Congo and Gabon), the middle part along river Congo along with the large inland region of Africa went to Belgium (now the Democratic Republic of Congo) and the southern parts (now 940:, encouraged the local people to write their history and customs in notebooks, which then became the source for Laman's famous and widely cited ethnography and their dialect became well established thanks to Laman's dictionary of Kikongo. 747:

The wars between the small kingdoms created a steady supply of captives that fed the Portuguese demand for slaves and the small kingdoms' need for government income to finance the wars. In the 1700s, a baptized teenage Kongo woman named

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split the Kongo people into Portuguese, Belgian and French parts. In the early 20th century, they became one of the most active ethnic groups in the efforts to decolonize Africa, helping liberate the three nations to self-governance.

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Map of the area where Kongo and Kituba as the lingua franca are spoken. NB: Kisikongo (also called Kisansala by some authors) is the Kikongo spoken in Mbanza Kongo. Kisikongo is not the protolanguage of the Kongo language

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The trade between Kongo people and Portuguese people thereafter accelerated through 1500. The kingdom of Kongo appeared to become receptive of the new traders, allowed them to settle an uninhabited nearby island called

2892:, see Map 9; The transatlantic slave trade volume over the 350+ years involved an estimated 12.5 million Africans, almost every country that bordered the Atlantic ocean, as well as Mozambique and the Swahili coast. 4151: 1223:

The Kongo people, state the colonial era accounts, included a reverence for their ancestors and spirits. Some BaKongo people shaved their heads to keep it smooth “for spirits that might want to land there.”

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The ancient history of the Kongo people has been difficult to ascertain. The region is close to East Africa, considered to be a key to the prehistoric human migrations. This geographical proximity, states

660:, but they failed to find any ports or trading opportunities. In 1483, south of the Congo river they found the Kongo people and the Kingdom of Kongo, which had a centralized government, a currency called 477:. They are the largest ethnic group in the Republic of the Congo, and one of the major ethnic groups in the other two countries they are found in. In 1975, the Kongo population was reported as 4,040,000. 603:– or the estimation of ethnic group chronologies based on language evolution – has been applied to the Kongo. Based on this, it is likely the Kongo language and Gabon-Congo language split about 950 BCE. 645:

recognizing his peers, consensus building as well as regalia and religious ritualism. The kingdom had many trading centers both near rivers and inland, distributed across hundreds of kilometers and

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Swedish missionaries entered the area in the 1880s and 1890, converting the northeast section of Kongo to Protestantism in the early twentieth century. The Swedish missionaries, notably

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The religious history of the Kongo is complex, particularly after the ruling class of the Kingdom of Kongo accepted Christianity at the start of the 16th century. According to historian

4144: 599:, suggests that the Congo River region, home of the Kongo people, was populated thousands of years ago. Ancient archeological evidence linked to Kongo people has not been found, and 4780: 4137: 1592: 1220:

and defended them. The Kongo people's conversion was based on different assumptions and premises about what Christianity was, and syncretic ideas continued for centuries.

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Silva, Marina; Alshamali, Farida; Silva, Paula; Carrilho, Carla; Mandlate, Flávio; Jesus Trovoada, Maria; Černý, Viktor; Pereira, Luísa; Soares, Pedro (2015-07-27).

1407: 575:. This convention is based on the Bantu languages, to which Kongo language belongs. The prefix "mu-" and "ba-" refer to "people", singular and plural respectively. 4637: 3857: 1739:) to be used, especially in areas north of the Zaire river, and by intellectuals and anthropologists adopting a standard nomenclature for Bantu-speaking peoples. 1544: 4594: 1580: 4160: 1018:

particularly in the Republic of the Congo), a creole form of Kikongo spoken widely in the Republic of the Congo and in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

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Hersak, Dunja (2001). "There Are Many Kongo Worlds: Particularities of Magico-Religious Beliefs among the Vili and Yombe People of Congo-Brazzaville".

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religion is a new world manifestation of Bantu religion and spirituality, and Kongo Christianity played a role in the formation of Voudou in Haiti.

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is the time of maturity, where a muntu learns to master all aspects of life from spirituality to purpose to personality. The last period of time is

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The slaves brought over by the European ships into the Americas carried with them their traditional ideas. Vanhee suggests that the Afro-Brazilian

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The origin of the name Kongo is unclear, and several theories have been proposed. According to the colonial era scholar Samuel Nelson, the term

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Hein Vanhee, "Central African Popular Christianity and the Development of Voudou Religion in Haiti," in Heywood, Central Africans, pp. 243–64.

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Denbow, James (1990). "Congo to Kalahari: Data and hypotheses about the political economy of the western stream of the Early Iron Age".

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The large Bakongo society features a diversity of occupations. Some are farmers who grow staples and cash crops. Among the staples are

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spirits. In an attempt to convince Kongo people to convert to Catholicism, Portuguese missionaries often stressed that Nzambi was the

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The Yowa, or Dikenga Cross, is a symbol in Bakongo spirituality that depicts the physical world, the spiritual (ancestral) world, the

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A 1595 map of Congo, printed in 1630. The map emphasizes the rivers and Portuguese churches. It marks the capital of Kongo people as

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The Kongo people have been referred to by various names in the colonial French, Belgian and Portuguese literature, names such as

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arrived on the Central African coast north of the Congo River, several times between 1472 and 1483 searching for a sea route to

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A simbi (pl. bisimbi) is a water spirit that is believed to inhabit bodies of water and rocks, having the ability to guide the

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is a mtdna clade that was found to be common in the Democratic Republic of Congo amongst Bantu groups, including the Bakongo.

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40,5% of Rep of the Congo's population, 13% of Angola's population, 12% of DRC's population and 20 000 inhabitants of Gabon (

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competitions, they join across ethnic lines, states Phyllis Martin, to "assert their independence against church and state".

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de Filippo, Cesare et al. “Y-chromosomal variation in sub-Saharan Africa: insights into the history of Niger-Congo groups.”

2885: 1107:, or the ancestors, along the Kalûnga River to the spiritual world after they pass away. They are also present during the 4196: 3637:"60,000 years of interactions between Central and Eastern Africa documented by major African mitochondrial haplogroup L2" 3152: 3078:, KongoKing Research Group, Department of Languages and Cultures, Ghent University, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 2013 2878: 1207: 3743: 3619: 3313: 3286: 3059: 2965: 2822: 2794: 2710: 2353: 2240: 2175: 2148: 1720: 1176:. Similarly, the early missionaries used Kongo language words to integrate Christian ideas, such as using the words 756:

and that she had been visiting heaven to speak with God. She started preaching that Mary and Jesus were not born in

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but in Africa among the Kongo people. She created a movement among the Kongo people which historians call as Kongo

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Ne in Kikongo designates a title, it is incorrect to call Kongo people by Ne Kongo or a Kongo person by Ne Kongo.

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Douglas Harper states that the term means "mountains" in a Bantu language, which the Congo river flows down from.

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named after these days of the week. Larger market gatherings were rotated once every eight days, on Nsona Kungu.

1216: 1200: 1068:, is also believed to follow the four moments of the sun, which play a significant role in their development. 3342:

Heywood, Linda M.; Thornton, John K. (2002). "Religious and Ceremonial Life in the Kongo and Mbundu Areas".

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The fragmented Kongo people in the 19th century were annexed by three European colonial empires, during the

3276: 2069: 1569: 1518: 1473: 1446: 1188:, which means "a consecrated charm." Kongo people maintained both churches and shrines, which they called 1978:"It is probable that the word 'Kongo' itself implies a public gathering and that it is based on the root 1076:

is the time when a muntu is born into the physical world. This time is also seen as the rise of the sun.

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is the time when a muntu is conceived both in the spiritual realm and in the womb of a Bakongo woman.

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Kinshasa: Office national de le recherche et de le devéloppement (Réimpression 2021, Paari éditeur).

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is a famine food. Some Kongo people fish and hunt, but most work in factories and trade in towns.

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Fronted-infinitive constructions in Kikongo (Bantu H16): verb focus, progressive aspect and future

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The Portuguese operators approached the traders at the borders of the Kongo kingdom, such as the

571:, to refer to the Kikongo-speaking community, or more broadly to speakers of the closely related 42: 20: 3735: 3051: 1795: 698:" (Translation: "Tragedy", song present among the 17 Kongo songs sung by the Massembo family of 4765: 3303: 1923: 1379:(Words of Peace) calling for all speakers of the Kikongo language to recognize their identity. 3859:

Art and Healing of the Bakongo commented upon by themselves: Minkisi from the Laman Collection

3582: 3549: 2039: 1953: 4750: 4622: 3609: 2839: 2730: 2660: 2259:, Office National de la Recherche et de Développement, Kinshasa, 1969; Reprint 2021 ed. Paari 1997: 1708: 1351: 1116: 611: 450: 159: 85: 3043: 2538:

Vansina, Jan (1966). "More on the Invasions of Kongo and Angola by the Jaga and the Lunda".

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Birmingham, David (2009). "The Date and Significance of the Imbangala Invasion of Angola".

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The Kongolese Saint Anthony: Dona Beatriz Kimpa Vita and the Antonian Movement, 1684–1706

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The Encyclopedia of World History: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern, Chronologically Arranged

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The Kongolese Saint Anthony: Dona Beatriz Kimpa Vita and the Antonian Movement, 1684-1706

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for the chocolate industry. Palm oil is another export commodity, while the traditional

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The Kongo Kingdom: The Origins, Dynamics and Cosmopolitan Culture of an African Polity

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Paths in the Rainforests: Toward a History of Political Tradition in Equatorial Africa

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MacGaffey, Wyatt, "The Eyes of Understanding: Kongo Minkisi," in Michael Harris, ed.

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Bloomington: Indiana University Press and Stockholm: Folkens-museum etnografiska.

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A map of Angola showing majority ethnic groups (Bakongo area is north, dark green).

627: 600: 438: 3407:"The Development of an African Catholic Church in the Kingdom of Kongo, 1491–1750" 4403: 4301: 4291: 4281: 4086: 3928:

Mariage Traditionnel Kongo - Makuela -: Corps résistant du langage culturel bantu

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Talking to the Dead: Religion, Music, and Lived Memory among Gullah/Geechee Women

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The Kongo people have traditionally recognized their descent from their mother (

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The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland

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The Bakongo believe that in the beginning, the world was circular void, called

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Bundu dia Kongo, une résurgence des messianismes et de l’alliance des Bakongo?

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is possibly derived from a local verb for gathering or assembly. According to

4744: 4714: 4709: 4684: 4558: 4543: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4493: 4473: 4458: 4418: 4393: 4388: 4321: 4251: 4181: 4096: 4061: 4056: 4046: 4031: 4011: 4006: 3668: 3578: 3253: 3198: 3189: 3172: 1602: 1500: 1411: 1047: 1011: 969: 930: 669: 499: 214: 4261: 3074:

Jasper DE KIND , Sebastian DOM, Gilles-Maurice DE SCHRYVER et Koen BOSTOEN,

2457: 1626: 1195: 649:– its capital that was about 200 kilometers inland from the Atlantic coast. 437:, in a region that by the 15th century was a centralized and well-organized 4729: 4699: 4689: 4679: 4578: 4573: 4563: 4553: 4503: 4483: 4478: 4463: 4453: 4448: 4428: 4423: 4413: 4398: 4383: 4378: 4366: 4361: 4331: 4311: 4306: 4276: 4246: 4241: 4226: 4221: 4211: 4206: 4113: 4041: 4016: 3686: 2937: 1523: 1514: 1505: 1490: 1397: 1279:. The cash crops were introduced by the colonial rulers, and these include 1268: 1112: 690: 646: 458: 444: 419: 415: 391: 388: 190: 3954: 2702:

Colonialism: An International Social, Cultural, and Political Encyclopedia

1895:

Colonialism: An International Social, Cultural, and Political Encyclopedia

4724: 4719: 4568: 4548: 4538: 4508: 4498: 4443: 4356: 4351: 4341: 4336: 4286: 4236: 4186: 4176: 4159: 4108: 4036: 2070:"La nation angolaise en Amérique, son identité en Afrique et en Amérique" 2041:

Central Africa in the Caribbean: Transcending Time, Transforming Cultures

1983: 1673: 1632: 1548: 998:

and those near the border of the Democratic Republic of Congo also speak

761: 685: 596: 586: 568: 454: 407: 210: 206: 202: 3206: 3102:

L'ancien royaume du Congo et les Bakongo, séquences d'histoire populaire

506:

which means "hunter" in the context of someone adventurous and heroic.

4231: 3949:

O Livro dos Nomes de Angola : Cerca de 2.000 nomes de origem Bantu

3584:

Heart of Darkness and the Congo Diary: A Penguin Enriched eBook Classic

3501: 3261: 3229: 2576:

The Art of Conversion: Christian Visual Culture in the Kingdom of Kongo

2493:, Cahiers d'Études Africaines, Vol. 13, Cahier 49 (1973), pages 121-149 2490: 2295:

The Art of Conversion: Christian Visual Culture in the Kingdom of Kongo

2204: 1421: 1284: 699: 3660: 3430: 3406: 3345:

Central Africans and Cultural Transformations in the American Diaspora

2904:"The African Diaspora: Mitochondrial DNA and the Atlantic Slave Trade" 1508:, independentist leader, politician and first Governor of the city of 4433: 4066: 3173:"The Spiral as the Basic Semiotic of the Kongo Religion, the Bukongo" 2817:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–3, 81–82, 162–163, 184–185. 1232: 706: 632: 541: 3879:

Kongo Political Culture: The Conceptual Challenge of the Particular

3851:

Religion and Society in Central Africa: The BaKongo of Lower Zaire.

3245: 1026: 4103: 3812:

Lemba, 1650–1932: A Drum of Affliction in Africa and the New World

3784:

Catastrophe and Creation: The Transformation of an African Culture

3611:

Kongo Political Culture: The Conceptual Challenge of the Particular

3453:

Religion and Society in Central Africa: The Bakongo of Lower Zaire

2919: 2119:

Kongo Political Culture: The Conceptual Challenge of the Particular

1752:

Kongo Political Culture: The Conceptual Challenge of the Particular

1509: 1148: 978:

The language of the Kongo people is called Kikongo (Guthrie: Bantu

757: 653: 3524:

Lemba, 1650–1930: a drum of affliction in Africa and the New World

1084:, when a muntu physically dies and enters the spiritual world, or 1034:

that runs between the two worlds, and the four moments of the sun.

4488: 3996: 3791:

Le mukongo et le monde que l'entourait/N'kongo ye nza yakundidila

1982:, 'to gather' (trans)." Nelson, Samuel Henry. Colonialism In The 1687: 1252: 1108: 1007: 143: 3893:

L'ancien royaume du Congo des origines à la fin du XIX e siècle.

3886:

Langues, histoire, et culture Koongo aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles

3874:

Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, pp. 21–103.

3716:(Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1993), pp. 22–23. 1841: 4669: 3763:

Daily Life in the Kingdom of the Kongo: 16th to 19th centuries

1464: 1280: 1272: 1256: 952: 726: 567:) has been increasingly used, especially in areas north of the 470: 466: 403: 174: 97: 4652: 3041: 2603:

Being Colonized: The Kuba Experience in Rural Congo, 1880–1960

4533: 4118: 1951: 1288: 1260: 1160: 1154: 657: 474: 411: 163: 109: 3866:

MacGaffey, Wyatt (1994). "The Eye of Understanding: Kongo

3828:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. 3395:

Thornton (2002), "Religious and Ceremonial Life," pp. 84–86.

4296: 3937:

ed. Wendy A Thomas. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

3634: 3372:

African-Atlantic Cultures and the South Carolina Lowcountry

1338: 1276: 1264: 933:, which were then exported with the labor of Kongo people. 121: 3914:

The Kingdom of Kongo: Civil War and Transition, 1641–1718

3777:

Death and the Invisible Powers: The World of Kongo Belief

2687:

The Kingdom of Kongo: Civil War and Transition, 1641–1718

4071: 1881:. Luanda: Instituto de Investigação Científica de Angola. 1014:

in Western Congo, or Kikongo ya Leta (generally known as

2257:

le Mukongo et le monde qui l’entourait: cosmogonie kongo

1152:, and a host of nature spirits that were referred to as 3831:

MacGaffey, Wyatt (1977). "Fetishism Revisited: Kongo

3768:

Batsîkama Ba Mampuya Ma Ndâwala, Raphaël (1966–1998).

3281:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 114. 1986:, 1880–1940. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 1994. 3482:

Africa: Journal of the International African Institute

2902:

Salas, Antonio; Richards, Martin; et al. (2004).

2430:

Thompson, Estevam (2016). Timothy J. Stapleton (ed.).

19:

For the Liberian ethnic group known as the Congo, see

4781:

Ethnic groups in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

4161:

Ethnic groups in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

3942:

Lexique des Anthroponymes kongo: Lutangulu lua mazina

3923:(Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. 3844:

Modern Kongo Prophets: Religion in a Plural Society.

3147:. SAGE Publications. pp. 120–124, 165–166, 361. 2984:(4 volumes, Stockholm, Uppsala, and Lund, 1953–1968). 2789:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–2, 214–215. 2044:. University of West Indies Press. pp. 320–321. 1674:"People Cluster - Bantu, Kongo | Joshua Project" 1092:. Because Bakongo people have a "dual soul-mind," or 3703:

vol. 28,3 (2011): 1255-69. doi:10.1093/molbev/msq312

2579:. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 6–8. 2425: 2423: 2421: 2298:. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 2–5. 2143:. University of Wisconsin Pres. pp. 52, 47–54. 1955:

Le Royaume de Congo & les contrées environnantes

1912: 1727:...since about 1910 it is not uncommon for the term 1623:, Afro-Cuban musician, creator of modern rumba music 3042:Stearns, Peter N.; Langer, William Leonard (2001). 1211:

Nkisi nkondi of the Kongo people; Nkisi means holy.

590:

Distribution of the Kongo people in Africa (approx)

3727: 3551:Religion and Anthropology: A Critical Introduction 2995: 2348:. University of Wisconsin Pres. pp. 200–202. 2235:. University of Wisconsin Pres. pp. 152–158. 2170:. University of Wisconsin Pres. pp. 146–148. 1358:was the most commonly observed y-chromosome clade. 1184:, which means "another shrine," and the Bible was 3944:. La Loupe, N'Tamo (Brazzaville): Paari éditeur. 3930:. La Loupe, N'Tamo (Brazzaville): Paari éditeur. 3573: 3571: 3543: 3541: 2606:. University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 10–11. 2418: 2132: 2130: 2128: 1180:to mean "holy". Thus, church to Kongo people was 4742: 3905:Thompson, Robert Farris and Jean Cornet (1981). 3554:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 153–155. 3301: 2844:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 104–108. 2762:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 113–117. 2665:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 103–104. 2491:Requiem for the "Jaga" (Requiem pour les "Jaga") 2284: 2282: 2280: 2278: 1391: 781:Slave shipment between 1501 and 1867, by region 3916:. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. 3341: 3035: 2157: 2083: 1837: 1835: 1715:. James Currey Publishers. p. 79, note 2. 1006:most also speak French and others speak either 3935:Crown and Ritual: The Royal Insignia of Ngoyo 3909:Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press 3568: 3538: 3348:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 72–77. 3118:OLAC resources in and about the Kongo language 2804: 2337: 2335: 2125: 2096:. University of Wisconsin Press. p. xix. 1925:Encyclopedia of African History (3-Volume Set) 1833: 1831: 1829: 1827: 1825: 1823: 1821: 1819: 1817: 1815: 1702: 1700: 540:. Christian missionaries, particularly in the 4638: 4145: 3970: 3455:(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986). 3337: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3325: 2901: 2724: 2722: 2654: 2652: 2650: 2393: 2391: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2321: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2275: 2224: 2222: 1796:"Republic of the Congo - People | Britannica" 1140:The Kongo people believed in the Creator God 1100:, which means a "living-dying-living being." 3142: 2949: 2947: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2485: 2483: 2401:Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set 2034: 982:.10). It is a macrolanguage and consists of 958: 606:The earliest archeological evidence is from 442: 3984: 3730:Leisure and Society in Colonial Brazzaville 3020: 2960:. Univ of Wisconsin Press. pp. 10–11. 2869:Eltis, David, and David Richardson (2015), 2776: 2735:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 103. 2397: 1918: 1855:. Oxford University Press. pp. 14–15. 1812: 1770: 1768: 1766: 1764: 1762: 1760: 1734: 1728: 1697: 378: 372: 366: 360: 337: 331: 325: 319: 305: 293: 287: 281: 275: 269: 257: 251: 245: 239: 233: 4776:Ethnic groups in the Republic of the Congo 4654:Ethnic groups in the Republic of the Congo 4645: 4631: 4152: 4138: 3977: 3963: 3467:"The enchanted worlds of Marshall Sahlins" 3389: 3322: 3029:SAT Subject Tests: World History 2005–2006 2719: 2647: 2502: 2433:Encyclopedia of African Colonial Conflicts 2388: 2312: 2219: 2002:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 18. 1958:. Chandeigne. pp. 273 note Page82.1. 35: 3676: 3607: 3188: 3143:Asante, Molefi Kete; Mazama, Ama (2009). 3114:Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: kon 2944: 2927: 2858: 2705:. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 778–780. 2689:, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. 2480: 2385:, Universiteit Gent, België, 2011, p. 178 2116: 1614: 1050:, summoned a great force of fire, called 1021: 502:, the root may be from the regional word 3856:MacGaffey, Wyatt (1991), ed. and trans. 3826:Custom and Government in the Lower Congo 3614:. Indiana University Press. p. 19. 3404: 3274: 3227: 3170: 3100:Raphaël Batsîkama Ba Mampuya Ma Ndâwla, 2810: 2782: 2755: 2633:. Simon and Schuster. pp. 216–217. 2429: 2370:East African Expressions of Christianity 2121:. Indiana University Press. p. 241. 1952:Filippo Pigafetta; Duarte Lopes (2002). 1947: 1945: 1757: 1706: 1577:, first academic and agronomist of Congo 1360: 1328: 1242: 1206: 1194: 1025: 968: 705: 631: 585: 3881:Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 3846:Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 3734:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 3278:Hoodoo, Voodoo, and Conjure: A Handbook 2993: 2953: 2837: 2728: 2658: 2599: 2572: 2537: 2372:, James Currey Publishers, 1999, p. 219 2368:Thomas T. Spear and Isaria N. Kimambo, 2341: 2288: 2228: 2163: 2136: 2089: 1995: 1876: 621: 4743: 3805:Le roi de Kongo et les monstres sacrės 3779:Bloomington: Indiana University Press 3725: 3587:. Penguin. pp. 133 with note 27. 3577: 3547: 3479: 3302:Manigault-Bryant, LeRhonda S. (2014). 3171:Luyaluka, Kiatezua Lubanzadio (2017). 3138: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3026: 2908:The American Journal of Human Genetics 2873:, 2nd Edition, Yale University Press, 2871:Atlas of the Transatlantic Slave Trade 2190: 2025:, Douglas Harper, Etymology Dictionary 1754:, Indiana University Press, 2000, p.62 1238: 1215:The later Portuguese missionaries and 4626: 4133: 3958: 3853:Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 3368: 3166: 3164: 2626: 1942: 1064:The creation of a Bakongo person, or 394:primarily defined as the speakers of 3926:RESCOVA, Joaquim pedro neto (2022). 2698: 1891: 60:Regions with significant populations 3123: 2450: 2270:En Angola, au cœur du royaume Kongo 1583:, politician and Congolese minister 732: 675: 13: 3161: 3091:, Cambridge University Press, 2018 2255:Kimbwandende Kia Bunseki Fu-Kiau, 1589:, political and religious movement 41:A Kongo woman's cast from 1910 by 14: 4792: 3898:Thompson, Robert Farris (1983). 3800:Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3464: 3369:Brown, Ras Michael (2012-08-27). 3308:. Durham: Duke University Press. 2193:The African Archaeological Review 752:claimed to be possessed by Saint 3940:Richard Serge ZINGOULA (2021). 3782:Eckholm-Friedman, Kajsa (1991). 3145:Encyclopedia of African Religion 1568:, ex Vice Prime Minister of the 1532:, politician and national deputy 1433:, national prophet and resistant 1386: 1004:Democratic Republic of the Congo 463:Democratic Republic of the Congo 114: 102: 90: 78: 74:Democratic Republic of the Congo 66: 3891:Randles, William G. L. (1968). 3821:Uppsala: Alqvist and Wilsells. 3786:Reading and Amsterdam: Harwood 3755: 3719: 3706: 3701:Molecular biology and evolution 3693: 3628: 3601: 3529: 3516: 3473: 3458: 3445: 3398: 3362: 3295: 3268: 3221: 3107: 3094: 3087:Koen Bostoen et Inge Brinkman, 3081: 3068: 2987: 2974: 2895: 2831: 2749: 2692: 2679: 2620: 2593: 2566: 2531: 2496: 2468:from the original on 2021-12-21 2404:. Routledge. pp. 773–775. 2375: 2362: 2262: 2249: 2184: 2110: 2058: 2028: 2016: 1989: 1972: 1646: 771: 3947:Aristóteles Kandimba (2019). 3884:Nsondė, Jean de Dieu (1995). 3835:in sociological perspective," 2505:The Journal of African History 2436:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 377–378. 1885: 1869: 1788: 1744: 1680: 1666: 1517:, first woman minister of the 1369: 1201:National Museum of African Art 555:Since the early 20th century, 544:, originally applied the term 321:Kongo dia Ntotila (or Ntotela) 16:Ethnic group in Central Africa 1: 3789:Fu-kiau kia Bunseki (1969). 3275:Anderson, Jeffrey E. (2008). 2268:Arte (Invitation au voyage), 1709:"Mbanza Kongo / São Salvador" 1660: 1392:Politics, army and resistance 725:established the port city of 3050:. Houghton Mifflin. p. 1595:, Congolese woman politician 1593:Marie-Madeleine Mienze Kiaku 1570:Democratic Republic of Congo 1519:Democratic Republic of Congo 1474:Democratic Republic of Congo 1447:Democratic Republic of Congo 1088:, with of the ancestors, or 7: 3765:. New York: Random House. 3761:Balandier, Georges (1968). 2814:The Kongolese Saint Anthony 2786:The Kongolese Saint Anthony 2398:Shillington, Kevin (2013). 2381:Godefroid Muzalia Kihangu, 1928:. Routledge. p. 1379. 1879:Etnias e culturas de Angola 1472:, 1st president's daughter 1463:, independentist leader in 1345: 1122: 1113:African American Christians 10: 4797: 3951:. Alende, Perfil Criativo. 3824:MacGaffey, Wyatt (1970). 3817:Laman, Karl (1953–1968). 3526:(New York, Garland, 1982). 3411:Journal of African History 2627:Paige, Jeffrey M. (1978). 2540:Journal of African History 2489:Miller, Joseph C. (1973), 1566:Abdoulaye Yerodia Ndombasi 1538:, second President of the 1126: 962: 736: 625: 581: 429:They have lived along the 18: 4660: 4587: 4167: 3992: 3933:Volavka, Zdenka (1998). 3877:MacGaffey, Wyatt (2000). 3849:MacGaffey, Wyatt (1986). 3842:MacGaffey, Wyatt (1983). 3608:MacGaffey, Wyatt (2000). 3494:10.3366/afr.2001.71.4.614 3423:10.1017/s0021853700022830 3027:Martin, Peggy J. (2005). 2552:10.1017/s0021853700006502 2517:10.1017/S0021853700005569 2117:MacGaffey, Wyatt (2000). 2066:Les anneaux de la Memoire 1898:. ABC-CLIO. p. 773. 1333:Mother and Child (Phemba) 1303:Article about Kongo clans 1146:, his female counterpart 959:Language and demographics 916: 906: 896: 886: 876: 866: 856: 846: 836: 826: 816: 806: 796: 791: 788: 785: 443: 315: 301: 265: 229: 224: 201: 196: 188: 183: 132: 127: 64: 59: 54: 49: 34: 3907:Four Moments of the Sun. 3803:Heusch, Luc de (2000). 3726:Martin, Phyllis (1995). 3190:10.1177/0021934716678984 3177:Journal of Black Studies 2994:Gondola, Didier (2002). 2914:(3). Elsevier: 454–465. 2841:Kongo: Power and Majesty 2732:Kongo: Power and Majesty 2662:Kongo: Power and Majesty 2573:Fromont, Cécile (2014). 2345:Paths in the Rainforests 2232:Paths in the Rainforests 2167:Paths in the Rainforests 2140:Paths in the Rainforests 2090:Vansina, Jan M. (1990). 1999:Kongo: Power and Majesty 1707:Thornton, J. K. (2000). 1639: 1487:, ex army general in DRC 1410:, 1st Christian king of 1317:Article about Vili clans 398:. Subgroups include the 4771:Ethnic groups in Angola 3986:Ethnic groups in Angola 3919:Thornton, John (1998). 3912:Thornton, John (1983). 3902:New York: Random House. 3775:Bockie, Simon (1993). 3405:Thornton, John (1984). 2838:LaGamma, Alisa (2015). 2756:Thornton, John (1998). 2729:LaGamma, Alisa (2015). 2685:Thornton, John (1983), 2659:LaGamma, Alisa (2015). 1996:LaGamma, Alisa (2015). 1781:Encyclopædia Britannica 1536:Alphonse Massamba-Débat 1454:, 1st President of the 1445:, 1st President of the 1439:, independentist leader 1408:Alfonso I Nzinga Mvemba 877:Brazil (South America) 750:Dona Beatriz Kimpa Vita 489: 21:Americo-Liberian people 3872:Astonishment and Power 3839:47/2, pp. 140–52. 3810:Janzen, John (1982). 3796:Hilton, Anne (1982). 3772:. Paris: L'Harmattan. 3714:Astonishment and Power 3548:Morris, Brian (2006). 3120:Open Language Archives 3002:. Greenwood. pp. 1877:Redinha, José (1975). 1852:Encyclopedia of Africa 1735: 1729: 1615:Arts and entertainment 1526:, Congolese politician 1366: 1334: 1271:. Other crops include 1248: 1212: 1204: 1035: 1022:Creation and cosmology 975: 887:Rest of South America 717: 637: 591: 379: 373: 367: 361: 356: 338: 332: 326: 320: 306: 294: 288: 282: 276: 270: 258: 252: 246: 240: 234: 3814:. New York: Garland. 3798:The Kingdom of Kongo. 3228:Van Wing, J. (1941). 2600:Vansina, Jan (2010). 2036:Warner-Lewis, Maureen 1892:Page, Melvin (2003). 1711:. In Anderson (ed.). 1629:, Afro-Cuban musician 1555:Eugène Diomi Ndongala 1547:, First Mayor of the 1545:Gaston Diomi Ndongala 1364: 1332: 1246: 1210: 1198: 1042:, with no life. Then 1029: 972: 713:Citta de São Salvador 709: 635: 612:Republic of the Congo 589: 451:Republic of the Congo 197:Related ethnic groups 86:Republic of the Congo 3807:. Paris: Gallimard. 2998:The History of Congo 1608:Alliance des Bakongo 1581:Albert Fabrice Puela 1424:, prophetess of the 797:West central Africa 622:The Kingdom of Kongo 610:(now part of modern 3900:Flash of the Spirit 3888:Paris: L'Harmattan. 3653:2015NatSR...512526S 3465:Subin, Anna Della. 3104:, L'harmattan, 2000 2630:Agrarian Revolution 2464:(in French). 2002. 2068:, 2 (2000) 235–49. 1713:Africa's Urban Past 1497:Olive Lembe di Sita 1493:, Congolese soldier 1481:, ex general in DRC 1239:Society and culture 945:Scramble for Africa 782: 483:Scramble for Africa 215:other Bantu peoples 31: 3641:Scientific Reports 3451:MacGaffey, Wyatt, 2888:2016-11-22 at the 2205:10.1007/bf01116874 2076:2012-03-31 at the 1920:Shillington, Kevin 1800:www.britannica.com 1575:Paul Panda Farnana 1403:Pierre II of Kongo 1367: 1335: 1249: 1213: 1205: 1199:Kongo bowl in the 1059:Molefi Kete Asante 1036: 976: 792:Total disembarked 780: 718: 638: 592: 29: 4738: 4737: 4620: 4619: 4127: 4126: 3661:10.1038/srep12526 3594:978-1-4406-5759-7 3561:978-0-521-85241-8 3382:978-1-139-56104-4 3355:978-0-521-00278-3 3013:978-0-313-31696-8 2851:978-1-58839-575-7 2811:Thornton (1998). 2783:Thornton (1998). 2769:978-0-521-59649-7 2742:978-1-58839-575-7 2672:978-1-58839-575-7 2640:978-0-02-923550-8 2613:978-0-299-23643-4 2586:978-1-4696-1871-5 2458:"Grappe à Kongos" 2443:978-1-59884-837-3 2411:978-1-135-45670-2 2305:978-1-4696-1871-5 2103:978-0-299-12573-8 2051:978-976-640-118-4 2009:978-1-58839-575-7 1965:978-2-906462-82-3 1935:978-1-135-45670-2 1905:978-1-57607-335-3 1862:978-0-19-533770-9 1847:Henry Louis Gates 1750:Wyatt MacGaffey, 1621:Arsenio Rodriguez 1610:, political party 1560:Christelle Vuanga 1470:Justine Kasa-Vubu 1417:Garcia I of Kongo 1356:Haplogroup E1b1a8 1275:(groundnuts) and 949:Berlin Conference 926: 925: 739:Kingdom of Loango 345: 344: 220: 219: 148:Second languages: 133:Native languages: 4788: 4761:Kingdom of Kongo 4647: 4640: 4633: 4624: 4623: 4154: 4147: 4140: 4131: 4130: 3979: 3972: 3965: 3956: 3955: 3750: 3749: 3733: 3723: 3717: 3710: 3704: 3697: 3691: 3690: 3680: 3632: 3626: 3625: 3605: 3599: 3598: 3575: 3566: 3565: 3545: 3536: 3533: 3527: 3520: 3514: 3513: 3477: 3471: 3470: 3462: 3456: 3449: 3443: 3442: 3402: 3396: 3393: 3387: 3386: 3366: 3360: 3359: 3339: 3320: 3319: 3299: 3293: 3292: 3272: 3266: 3265: 3225: 3219: 3218: 3192: 3168: 3159: 3158: 3140: 3121: 3111: 3105: 3098: 3092: 3085: 3079: 3072: 3066: 3065: 3049: 3039: 3033: 3032: 3024: 3018: 3017: 3001: 2991: 2985: 2978: 2972: 2971: 2954:Vansina (2010). 2951: 2942: 2941: 2931: 2899: 2893: 2883:Slave Route Maps 2867: 2856: 2855: 2835: 2829: 2828: 2808: 2802: 2800: 2780: 2774: 2773: 2753: 2747: 2746: 2726: 2717: 2716: 2696: 2690: 2683: 2677: 2676: 2656: 2645: 2644: 2624: 2618: 2617: 2597: 2591: 2590: 2570: 2564: 2563: 2535: 2529: 2528: 2500: 2494: 2487: 2478: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2454: 2448: 2447: 2427: 2416: 2415: 2395: 2386: 2379: 2373: 2366: 2360: 2359: 2342:Vansina (1990). 2339: 2310: 2309: 2286: 2273: 2266: 2260: 2253: 2247: 2246: 2229:Vansina (1990). 2226: 2217: 2216: 2188: 2182: 2181: 2164:Vansina (1990). 2161: 2155: 2154: 2137:Vansina (1990). 2134: 2123: 2122: 2114: 2108: 2107: 2087: 2081: 2064:Thornton, John, 2062: 2056: 2055: 2032: 2026: 2020: 2014: 2013: 1993: 1987: 1976: 1970: 1969: 1949: 1940: 1939: 1916: 1910: 1909: 1889: 1883: 1882: 1873: 1867: 1866: 1839: 1810: 1809: 1807: 1806: 1792: 1786: 1785: 1772: 1755: 1748: 1742: 1741: 1738: 1732: 1704: 1695: 1684: 1678: 1677: 1670: 1654: 1653:the slave trade. 1650: 1601:, ex adviser of 1562:,national deputy 1485:Marcellin Lukama 1479:Léopold Massiala 1443:Joseph Kasa-Vubu 1426:Kingdom of Kongo 1325: 1311: 1203:, Washington, DC 1135:John K. Thornton 1117:Hoodoo tradition 807:Bight of Biafra 783: 779: 754:Anthony of Padua 733:Smaller kingdoms 676:Start of slavery 628:Kingdom of Kongo 601:glottochronology 457:and west of the 448: 447: 439:Kingdom of Kongo 382: 376: 370: 364: 341: 335: 329: 323: 311: 297: 291: 285: 279: 273: 261: 255: 249: 243: 237: 222: 221: 178: 167: 120: 118: 117: 108: 106: 105: 96: 94: 93: 84: 82: 81: 72: 70: 69: 50:Total population 39: 32: 28: 4796: 4795: 4791: 4790: 4789: 4787: 4786: 4785: 4741: 4740: 4739: 4734: 4656: 4651: 4621: 4616: 4583: 4282:Great Lakes Twa 4163: 4158: 4128: 4123: 3988: 3983: 3758: 3753: 3746: 3724: 3720: 3711: 3707: 3698: 3694: 3633: 3629: 3622: 3606: 3602: 3595: 3576: 3569: 3562: 3546: 3539: 3534: 3530: 3521: 3517: 3478: 3474: 3463: 3459: 3450: 3446: 3403: 3399: 3394: 3390: 3383: 3367: 3363: 3356: 3340: 3323: 3316: 3300: 3296: 3289: 3273: 3269: 3246:10.2307/2844403 3230:"Bakongo Magic" 3226: 3222: 3169: 3162: 3155: 3141: 3124: 3112: 3108: 3099: 3095: 3086: 3082: 3073: 3069: 3062: 3040: 3036: 3025: 3021: 3014: 2992: 2988: 2979: 2975: 2968: 2957:Being Colonized 2952: 2945: 2900: 2896: 2890:Wayback Machine 2868: 2859: 2852: 2836: 2832: 2825: 2809: 2805: 2797: 2781: 2777: 2770: 2754: 2750: 2743: 2727: 2720: 2713: 2697: 2693: 2684: 2680: 2673: 2657: 2648: 2641: 2625: 2621: 2614: 2598: 2594: 2587: 2571: 2567: 2536: 2532: 2501: 2497: 2488: 2481: 2471: 2469: 2456: 2455: 2451: 2444: 2428: 2419: 2412: 2396: 2389: 2380: 2376: 2367: 2363: 2356: 2340: 2313: 2306: 2290:Fromont, Cécile 2287: 2276: 2267: 2263: 2254: 2250: 2243: 2227: 2220: 2189: 2185: 2178: 2162: 2158: 2151: 2135: 2126: 2115: 2111: 2104: 2088: 2084: 2078:Wayback Machine 2063: 2059: 2052: 2033: 2029: 2021: 2017: 2010: 1994: 1990: 1977: 1973: 1966: 1950: 1943: 1936: 1917: 1913: 1906: 1890: 1886: 1874: 1870: 1863: 1843:Appiah, Anthony 1840: 1813: 1804: 1802: 1794: 1793: 1789: 1774: 1773: 1758: 1749: 1745: 1723: 1705: 1698: 1685: 1681: 1672: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1658: 1657: 1651: 1647: 1642: 1617: 1587:Bundu dia Kongo 1394: 1389: 1377:Misanü Miayenge 1372: 1348: 1319: 1305: 1247:A Kongo artwork 1241: 1131: 1125: 1115:, according to 1024: 967: 961: 837:Windward Coast 817:Bight of Benin 774: 741: 735: 678: 630: 624: 584: 573:Kongo languages 492: 453:, southwest of 179: 172: 168: 153: 149: 147: 142: 134: 115: 113: 112: 103: 101: 100: 91: 89: 88: 79: 77: 76: 67: 65: 45: 27: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4794: 4784: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4736: 4735: 4733: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4661: 4658: 4657: 4650: 4649: 4642: 4635: 4627: 4618: 4617: 4615: 4614: 4609: 4608: 4607: 4597: 4591: 4589: 4588:Non-indigenous 4585: 4584: 4582: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4370: 4369: 4364: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4244: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4179: 4173: 4171: 4165: 4164: 4157: 4156: 4149: 4142: 4134: 4125: 4124: 4122: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4100: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4077:White Angolans 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4024: 4019: 4014: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3993: 3990: 3989: 3982: 3981: 3974: 3967: 3959: 3953: 3952: 3945: 3938: 3931: 3924: 3917: 3910: 3903: 3896: 3895:Paris: Mouton 3889: 3882: 3875: 3864: 3854: 3847: 3840: 3829: 3822: 3815: 3808: 3801: 3794: 3787: 3780: 3773: 3770:Voici les Jaga 3766: 3757: 3754: 3752: 3751: 3744: 3718: 3705: 3692: 3627: 3620: 3600: 3593: 3579:Conrad, Joseph 3567: 3560: 3537: 3528: 3522:Janzen, John, 3515: 3488:(2): 614–640. 3472: 3457: 3444: 3417:(2): 147–167. 3397: 3388: 3381: 3361: 3354: 3321: 3314: 3294: 3287: 3267: 3240:(1/2): 85–97. 3220: 3160: 3154:978-1412936361 3153: 3122: 3106: 3093: 3080: 3067: 3060: 3034: 3031:. p. 316. 3019: 3012: 2986: 2973: 2966: 2943: 2920:10.1086/382194 2894: 2879:978-0300212549 2857: 2850: 2830: 2823: 2803: 2795: 2775: 2768: 2748: 2741: 2718: 2711: 2691: 2678: 2671: 2646: 2639: 2619: 2612: 2592: 2585: 2565: 2546:(3): 421–429. 2530: 2511:(2): 143–152. 2495: 2479: 2449: 2442: 2417: 2410: 2387: 2374: 2361: 2354: 2311: 2304: 2274: 2261: 2248: 2241: 2218: 2183: 2176: 2156: 2149: 2124: 2109: 2102: 2082: 2057: 2050: 2027: 2015: 2008: 1988: 1971: 1964: 1941: 1934: 1911: 1904: 1884: 1868: 1861: 1811: 1787: 1756: 1743: 1721: 1696: 1679: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1655: 1644: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1637: 1636: 1635:, Cuban artist 1630: 1624: 1616: 1613: 1612: 1611: 1605: 1596: 1590: 1584: 1578: 1572: 1563: 1557: 1552: 1542: 1540:Congo Republic 1533: 1527: 1521: 1512: 1503: 1494: 1488: 1482: 1476: 1467: 1461:Holden Roberto 1458: 1456:Congo Republic 1452:Fulbert Youlou 1449: 1440: 1434: 1431:Simon Kimbangu 1428: 1419: 1414: 1405: 1400: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1371: 1368: 1352:Haplogroup L2a 1347: 1344: 1296:matrilineality 1269:sweet potatoes 1240: 1237: 1217:Capuchin monks 1129:Kongo religion 1124: 1121: 1023: 1020: 965:Kongo language 963:Main article: 960: 957: 924: 923: 920: 918: 914: 913: 910: 908: 907:North America 904: 903: 900: 898: 894: 893: 890: 888: 884: 883: 880: 878: 874: 873: 871: 868: 864: 863: 861: 858: 854: 853: 851: 848: 844: 843: 841: 838: 834: 833: 831: 828: 824: 823: 821: 818: 814: 813: 811: 808: 804: 803: 801: 798: 794: 793: 790: 789:Total embarked 787: 773: 770: 737:Main article: 734: 731: 677: 674: 642:oral tradition 626:Main article: 623: 620: 583: 580: 491: 488: 473:and southwest 435:Central Africa 426:, and others. 343: 342: 317: 313: 312: 303: 299: 298: 267: 263: 262: 231: 227: 226: 218: 217: 199: 198: 194: 193: 189:Predominantly 186: 185: 181: 180: 130: 129: 125: 124: 62: 61: 57: 56: 52: 51: 47: 46: 40: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4793: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4766:Bantu peoples 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4748: 4746: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4662: 4659: 4655: 4648: 4643: 4641: 4636: 4634: 4629: 4628: 4625: 4613: 4610: 4606: 4603: 4602: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4592: 4590: 4586: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4359: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4174: 4172: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4155: 4150: 4148: 4143: 4141: 4136: 4135: 4132: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4079: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3994: 3991: 3987: 3980: 3975: 3973: 3968: 3966: 3961: 3960: 3957: 3950: 3946: 3943: 3939: 3936: 3932: 3929: 3925: 3922: 3918: 3915: 3911: 3908: 3904: 3901: 3897: 3894: 3890: 3887: 3883: 3880: 3876: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3862: 3860: 3855: 3852: 3848: 3845: 3841: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3827: 3823: 3820: 3816: 3813: 3809: 3806: 3802: 3799: 3795: 3792: 3788: 3785: 3781: 3778: 3774: 3771: 3767: 3764: 3760: 3759: 3747: 3745:9780521495516 3741: 3737: 3732: 3731: 3722: 3715: 3709: 3702: 3696: 3688: 3684: 3679: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3631: 3623: 3621:0-253-33698-8 3617: 3613: 3612: 3604: 3596: 3590: 3586: 3585: 3580: 3574: 3572: 3563: 3557: 3553: 3552: 3544: 3542: 3532: 3525: 3519: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3476: 3468: 3461: 3454: 3448: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3401: 3392: 3384: 3378: 3374: 3373: 3365: 3357: 3351: 3347: 3346: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3317: 3315:9780822376705 3311: 3307: 3306: 3298: 3290: 3288:9780313342226 3284: 3280: 3279: 3271: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3224: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3191: 3186: 3183:(1): 91–112. 3182: 3178: 3174: 3167: 3165: 3156: 3150: 3146: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3119: 3115: 3110: 3103: 3097: 3090: 3084: 3077: 3071: 3063: 3061:9780395652374 3057: 3053: 3048: 3047: 3038: 3030: 3023: 3015: 3009: 3005: 3000: 2999: 2990: 2983: 2980:Laman, Karl, 2977: 2969: 2967:9780299236434 2963: 2959: 2958: 2950: 2948: 2939: 2935: 2930: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2898: 2891: 2887: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2853: 2847: 2843: 2842: 2834: 2826: 2824:9780521596497 2820: 2816: 2815: 2807: 2798: 2796:9780521596497 2792: 2788: 2787: 2779: 2771: 2765: 2761: 2760: 2752: 2744: 2738: 2734: 2733: 2725: 2723: 2714: 2712:9781576073353 2708: 2704: 2703: 2699:Page (2003). 2695: 2688: 2682: 2674: 2668: 2664: 2663: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2642: 2636: 2632: 2631: 2623: 2615: 2609: 2605: 2604: 2596: 2588: 2582: 2578: 2577: 2569: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2534: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2499: 2492: 2486: 2484: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2453: 2445: 2439: 2435: 2434: 2426: 2424: 2422: 2413: 2407: 2403: 2402: 2394: 2392: 2384: 2378: 2371: 2365: 2357: 2355:9780299125738 2351: 2347: 2346: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2316: 2307: 2301: 2297: 2296: 2291: 2285: 2283: 2281: 2279: 2271: 2265: 2258: 2252: 2244: 2242:9780299125738 2238: 2234: 2233: 2225: 2223: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2187: 2179: 2177:9780299125738 2173: 2169: 2168: 2160: 2152: 2150:9780299125738 2146: 2142: 2141: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2120: 2113: 2105: 2099: 2095: 2094: 2086: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2061: 2053: 2047: 2043: 2042: 2037: 2031: 2024: 2019: 2011: 2005: 2001: 2000: 1992: 1985: 1981: 1975: 1967: 1961: 1957: 1956: 1948: 1946: 1937: 1931: 1927: 1926: 1921: 1915: 1907: 1901: 1897: 1896: 1888: 1880: 1872: 1864: 1858: 1854: 1853: 1848: 1844: 1838: 1836: 1834: 1832: 1830: 1828: 1826: 1824: 1822: 1820: 1818: 1816: 1801: 1797: 1791: 1783: 1782: 1777: 1771: 1769: 1767: 1765: 1763: 1761: 1753: 1747: 1740: 1737: 1731: 1724: 1722:9780852557617 1718: 1714: 1710: 1703: 1701: 1693: 1689: 1683: 1675: 1669: 1665: 1649: 1645: 1634: 1631: 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1101: 1099: 1098:kala-zimikala 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1062: 1060: 1057:According to 1055: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1044:Nzambi Mpungu 1041: 1033: 1028: 1019: 1017: 1013: 1012:lingua franca 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 991: 987: 985: 981: 971: 966: 956: 954: 950: 946: 941: 939: 934: 932: 931:Chokwe people 922:0.01 million 921: 919: 915: 911: 909: 905: 901: 899: 895: 891: 889: 885: 881: 879: 875: 872: 869: 865: 862: 859: 855: 852: 849: 847:Sierra Leone 845: 842: 839: 835: 832: 829: 825: 822: 819: 815: 812: 809: 805: 802: 799: 795: 784: 778: 769: 765: 763: 759: 755: 751: 745: 740: 730: 728: 722: 715: 714: 708: 704: 701: 697: 692: 691:Jaga invasion 687: 682: 673: 671: 665: 663: 659: 655: 650: 648: 643: 634: 629: 619: 615: 613: 609: 604: 602: 598: 588: 579: 576: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 553: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 514: 511: 507: 505: 501: 500:Alisa LaGamma 497: 487: 484: 478: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 446: 440: 436: 432: 427: 425: 421: 417: 413: 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also 339:Kakongo 316:Country 308:Kikongo 289:Bakongo 253:Mukongo 144:Lingala 136:Kikongo 30:Bakongo 4715:Sangha 4710:Mbochi 4685:Buissi 4675:Beembe 4670:Bayaka 4612:Jewish 4559:Yakoma 4544:Wochua 4524:Tumbwe 4519:Topoke 4514:Tetela 4494:Songye 4474:Nyanga 4459:Ngando 4419:Mbunda 4394:Mayogo 4389:Makere 4322:Keliko 4252:Chokwe 4182:Nyindu 4087:German 4062:Ovambo 4047:Mbunda 4032:Lovale 4012:Herero 4007:Chokwe 3837:Africa 3742: 3738:–125. 3685: 3675: 3667: 3618: 3591: 3558: 3508: 3500: 3437: 3431:181386 3429: 3379: 3352: 3312: 3285: 3260: 3252: 3213: 3205: 3197: 3151: 3058: 3010: 2964: 2936: 2926: 2877: 2848: 2821: 2793: 2766: 2739: 2709: 2669: 2637: 2610: 2583: 2558: 2523: 2440: 2408: 2352: 2302: 2239: 2211: 2174: 2147: 2100: 2048: 2006: 1962: 1932: 1902: 1859: 1719: 1465:Angola 1281:coffee 1190:Kiteki 1105:bakulu 1090:bakulu 1078:Tukula 1070:Musoni 1046:, the 1040:mbûngi 1016:Kituba 1000:French 984:Beembe 980:Zone H 953:Angola 786:Region 727:Luanda 662:nzimbu 640:Kongo 561:Mkongo 504:Nkongo 471:Angola 467:Luanda 404:Bwende 400:Beembe 327:Loango 295:Akongo 266:People 259:Nkongo 230:Person 203:Basuku 175:Angola 151:French 140:Kituba 119: 107: 98:Angola 95: 83: 71: 4756:Kongo 4730:Yombe 4700:Kwele 4695:Kongo 4690:Gbaya 4680:Bembe 4605:Greek 4579:Zyoba 4574:Zande 4564:Yombe 4554:Yanzi 4534:Tutsi 4504:Tagbu 4484:Sanga 4479:Pende 4464:Ngata 4454:Ndaka 4449:Mpama 4429:Mongo 4424:Mbuti 4414:Mbole 4399:Mbaka 4384:Lungu 4379:Lunda 4367:Lulua 4362:Hemba 4347:Lendu 4332:Konjo 4327:Kongo 4312:Kango 4307:Kakwa 4277:Gbaya 4247:Bwile 4242:Bunda 4227:Bembe 4222:Bemba 4207:Banda 4119:Zemba 4114:Yombe 4042:Lunda 4027:ǃKung 4022:Kongo 4017:Himba 3870:" in 3833:nkisi 3506:S2CID 3498:JSTOR 3435:S2CID 3427:JSTOR 3258:JSTOR 3211:S2CID 3203:JSTOR 3116:SIL, 3006:–58. 2556:S2CID 2521:S2CID 2209:S2CID 2023:Congo 1980:konga 1640:Notes 1324:] 1310:] 1289:urena 1285:cacao 1277:beans 1261:maize 1166:nkita 1161:nkisi 1155:simbi 1066:muntu 658:India 496:Kongo 475:Gabon 420:Dondo 416:Yombe 412:Sundi 389:Bantu 353:Kongo 333:Ngoyo 225:Kongo 164:Gabon 160:Congo 110:Gabon 4725:Vili 4720:Teke 4705:Lari 4665:Baka 4569:Yulu 4549:Yaka 4539:Vira 4509:Teke 4499:Suku 4444:Moru 4439:Mono 4357:Luba 4352:Logo 4342:Lele 4337:Lega 4317:Kele 4297:Hutu 4287:Hema 4237:Budu 4197:Baka 4187:Amba 4177:Alur 4109:Yaka 4057:Roma 4037:Lozi 3740:ISBN 3683:PMID 3665:ISSN 3616:ISBN 3589:ISBN 3556:ISBN 3377:ISBN 3350:ISBN 3310:ISBN 3283:ISBN 3250:ISSN 3195:ISSN 3149:ISBN 3056:ISBN 3052:1065 3008:ISBN 2962:ISBN 2934:PMID 2875:ISBN 2846:ISBN 2819:ISBN 2791:ISBN 2764:ISBN 2737:ISBN 2707:ISBN 2667:ISBN 2635:ISBN 2608:ISBN 2581:ISBN 2474:2020 2438:ISBN 2406:ISBN 2350:ISBN 2300:ISBN 2237:ISBN 2172:ISBN 2145:ISBN 2098:ISBN 2046:ISBN 2004:ISBN 1960:ISBN 1930:ISBN 1900:ISBN 1875:See 1857:ISBN 1717:ISBN 1690:and 1350:The 1339:week 1283:and 1267:and 1265:taro 1168:and 1074:Kala 947:and 652:The 536:and 490:Name 424:Lari 408:Vili 347:The 336:and 213:and 211:Téké 207:Yaka 122:Cuba 4409:Mbo 4262:Efé 4232:Boa 4072:Twa 3736:124 3673:PMC 3657:doi 3490:doi 3419:doi 3242:doi 3185:doi 2924:PMC 2916:doi 2548:doi 2513:doi 2201:doi 1111:of 563:or 524:), 383:or 4747:: 3681:. 3671:. 3663:. 3655:. 3643:. 3639:. 3570:^ 3540:^ 3504:. 3496:. 3486:71 3484:. 3433:. 3425:. 3415:25 3413:. 3409:. 3324:^ 3256:. 3248:. 3238:71 3236:. 3232:. 3209:. 3201:. 3193:. 3181:48 3179:. 3175:. 3163:^ 3125:^ 3054:. 3004:50 2946:^ 2932:. 2922:. 2912:74 2910:. 2906:. 2860:^ 2721:^ 2649:^ 2554:. 2542:. 2519:. 2507:. 2482:^ 2460:. 2420:^ 2390:^ 2314:^ 2277:^ 2221:^ 2207:. 2195:. 2127:^ 2072:, 1944:^ 1845:; 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