1015:. Sudanese army troops also burned churches and huts, closed schools, destroyed crops and looted cattle. To achieve his second objective, Mahjub succeeded in having parliament approve a decree that abolished the SCP and deprived the eleven communists of their seats. By October 1965, the Umma-NUP coalition had collapsed owing to a disagreement over whether Mahjub, as prime minister, or Azhari, as president, should conduct Sudan's foreign relations. Mahjub continued in office for another eight months but resigned in July 1966 after a parliamentary vote of censure, which split Umma. A traditional wing led by Mahjub, under the Imam Al Hadi, al Mahjub's spiritual leadership, opposed the party's majority. The latter group professed loyalty to the Imam's nephew, the younger Sadiq al Mahdi, who was the Umma's official leader and who rejected religious sectarianism. Sadiq became prime minister with backing from his own Umma wing and from NUP allies.
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prices. This policy resulted in low sales of cotton, the commodity from which Sudan derived most of its income. Restrictions on imports imposed to take the pressure off depleted foreign exchange reserves caused consternation among town dwellers who had become accustomed to buying foreign goods. Moreover, rural northerners also suffered from an embargo that Egypt placed on imports of cattle, camels, and dates from Sudan. Growing popular discontent caused many antigovernment demonstrations in
Khartoum. Egypt also criticized Khalil and suggested that it might support a coup against his government. Meanwhile, reports circulated in Khartoum that the Umma and the NUP were near agreement on a new coalition that would exclude the PDP and Khalil.
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replace the
Supreme Commission with a president and a southern vice president calling for approval of autonomy for the southern provinces. The educated elite and segments of the army opposed Sadiq al Mahdi because of his gradualist approach to Sudan's political, economic, and social problems. Leftist student organizations and the trade unions demanded the creation of a socialist state. Their resentment of Sadiq increased when he refused to honour a Supreme Court ruling that overturned legislation banning the SCP and ousting communists elected to parliamentary seats. In December 1966, a coup attempt by communists and a small army unit against the government failed. Many communists and army personnel were subsequently arrested.
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815:, who became leaders of the military regime. Abboud immediately pledged to resolve all disputes with Egypt, including the long-standing problem of the status of the Nile River. Abboud abandoned the previous government's unrealistic policies regarding the sale of cotton. He also appointed a constitutional commission, headed by the chief justice, to draft a permanent constitution. Abboud maintained, however, that political parties only served as vehicles for personal ambitions and that they would not be reestablished when civilian rule was restored.
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844:(SCP) gained a reputation as an effective anti-government organization. To compound its problems, the Abboud regime lacked dynamism and the ability to stabilize the country. Its failure to place capable civilian advisers in positions of authority, or to launch a credible economic and social development program, and gain the army's support, created an atmosphere that encouraged political turbulence.
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1044:, also won a seat. In a major setback, Sadiq lost his own seat to a traditionalist rival. Because it lacked a majority, the DUP created an alliance with the Umma traditionalists, who received the prime ministership for their leader, Muhammad Ahmad Mahjub, and four other cabinet posts. The coalition's program included plans for government reorganization, closer ties with the
991:, both fearful of losing votes, wanted to postpone the elections, as did southern elements loyal to Khartoum. Their opposition forced the government to resign. The new president of the reinstated Supreme Commission, who had replaced Abbud as chief of state, directed that the elections be held wherever possible; the PDP rejected this decision and boycotted the elections.
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concessions he had promised to the south in order to bring an end to the civil war were not agreed. The Umma traditionalist wing opposed Sadiq al Mahdi: they argued strongly against constitutional guarantees for religious freedom and his refusal to declare Sudan an
Islamic state. When the traditionalists and the NUP withdrew their support, the government fell.
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government. Although the new government allowed all parties, including the SCP, to operate, only five of fifteen posts in Khatim's cabinet went to party politicians. The prime minister gave two positions to nonparty southerners and the remaining eight to members of the
National Front for Professionals, which included several communists.
922:(UNF), which made contact with dissident army officers. After several days of protests that resulted in many deaths, Abboud dissolved the government and the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces. UNF leaders and army commanders who planned the transition from military to civilian rule selected a nonpolitical senior civil servant,
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parliament building and the other on its lawn — both of them claimed to represent the legislature's will. The army commander requested clarification from the
Supreme Court regarding which of them had authority to issue orders. The court backed Mahjub's dissolution; and the government scheduled new elections for April.
1052:. Sadiq al Mahdi's wing of the Umma formed the small parliamentary opposition. When it refused to participate in efforts to complete the draft constitution, already ten years overdue, the government retaliated by closing the opposition's newspaper and clamping down on pro-Sadiq demonstrations in Khartoum.
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the
Khatmiyyah lessened. The strongest religious leader, Abd al-Rahman al-Mahdi, died in early 1959. His son and successor, the elder Sadiq al Mahdi, failed to enjoy the respect accorded his father. When Sadiq died two years later, Ansar religious and political leadership divided between his brother, Imam
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government-imposed economic restrictions. To overcome these problems and finance future development projects, the Umma called for greater reliance on foreign aid. The PDP, however, objected to this strategy because it promoted unacceptable foreign influence in Sudan. The PDP's philosophy reflected the
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Major issues confronting Khalil's coalition government included winning agreement on a permanent constitution, stabilizing the south, encouraging economic development, and improving relations with Egypt. Strains within the Umma-PDP coalition hampered the government's ability to make progress on these
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for March 1965, they announced that the new parliament's task would be to prepare a new constitution. The deteriorating southern security situation prevented elections from being conducted in that region, however, and the political parties split on the question of whether elections should be held in
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Recognizing its inability to quell growing southern discontent, the Abboud government asked the civilian sector to submit proposals for a solution to the southern problem. However, criticism of government policy quickly went beyond the southern issue and included Abboud's handling of other problems,
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The regime benefited during its first year in office from the successful marketing of the cotton crop. Abboud also profited from the settlement of the Nile waters dispute with Egypt and the improvement of relations between the two countries. Under the military regime, the influence of the Ansar and
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The coup removed political decision making from civilian control. Abboud created the
Supreme Council of the Armed Forces to rule Sudan. This body contained officers affiliated with the Ansar and the Khatmiyyah. Abboud belonged to the Khatmiyyah, whereas Abd al Wahab was a member of the Ansar. Until
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Factionalism and bribery in parliament, coupled with the government's inability to resolve Sudan's many social, political, and economic problems, increased popular disillusion with a democratic government. Specific complaints included
Khartoum's decision to sell cotton at a price above world market
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government. Sadiq al Mahdi's wing held a majority in parliament and could thwart any government action. When Mahjub dissolved parliament Sadiq refused to recognize the legitimacy of the prime minister's action. An uneasy crisis developed: two governments functioned in
Khartoum — one meeting in the
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The 1965 election results were inconclusive. Apart from a low voter turnout, there was a confusing overabundance of candidates on the ballots. As a consequence few of those elected won a majority of the votes cast. The non-Marxist Umma Party captured 75 out of 158 parliamentary seats while its NUP
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The new civilian government, which operated under the 1956 Transitional
Constitution, tried to end political factionalism by establishing a coalition government. There was continued popular hostility to the reappearance of political parties, however, because of their divisiveness during the Abbud
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In March 1967, the government held elections in thirty-six constituencies in pacified areas of the south. Sadiq al Mahdi's wing of the Umma won fifteen seats, the federalist SANU ten, and the NUP five. Despite this apparent boost in his support, Sadiq's position in parliament had become tenuous:
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The Sadiq al Mahdi government, supported by a sizeable parliamentary majority, sought to reduce regional disparities by organizing economic development. Sadiq al Mahdi also planned to use his personal rapport with southern leaders to engineer a peace agreement with the insurgents. He proposed to
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agricultural workers. In the south, the vote represented a rejection of the men who had cooperated with the government—voters defeated all three southerners in the preelection cabinet—and a victory for advocates of autonomy within a federal system. Resentment against the government's taking over
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would be elected the first president. The consensus was lacking about the country's economic future. A poor cotton harvest followed the 1957 bumper cotton crop, which Sudan had been unable to sell at a good price in a glutted market. This downturn depleted Sudan's reserves and caused unrest over
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that was elected by a parliament composed of an indirectly elected Senate and a popularly elected House of Representatives. The Transitional Constitution also allocated executive power to the prime minister, who was nominated by the House of Representatives and confirmed in office by the Supreme
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Sudan achieved independence without the rival political parties' having agreed on the form and content of a permanent constitution. Instead, the Constituent Assembly adopted a document known as the Transitional Constitution, which replaced the governor-general as head of state with a five-member
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Another issue that divided the parliament concerned Sudanese-United States relations. In March 1958, Khalil signed a technical assistance agreement with the United States. When he presented the pact to parliament for ratification, he discovered that the NUP wanted to use the issue to defeat the
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After the new parliament convened, Khalil again formed an Umma-PDP coalition government. Unfortunately, factionalism, corruption, and vote fraud dominated parliamentary deliberations at a time when the country needed decisive action with regard to the proposed constitution and the future of the
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Despite the Abboud regime's early successes, opposition elements remained powerful. In 1959 dissident military officers made three attempts to displace Abboud with a "popular government." Although the courts sentenced the leaders of these attempted coups to life imprisonment, discontent in the
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The Mahjub government had two goals: progress toward solving the southern problem and the removal of communists from positions of power. The army launched a major offensive to crush the rebellion and in the process augmented its reputation for brutality among the southerners. Many southerners
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achieved this transformation quickly and with a minimum of turbulence, although southerners resented the replacement of British administrators in the south with northern Sudanese. To advance their interests, many southern leaders concentrated their efforts in Khartoum, where they hoped to win
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that had worked underground during the Abbud government, functioned openly within the southern provinces. After the collapse of government-sponsored peace conferences in 1965, Deng's wing of SANU—known locally as SANU-William—and the Southern Front coalesced to take part in the parliamentary
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society. In February 1964, for example, Abboud ordered the mass expulsion of foreign missionaries from the south. He then closed parliament to cut off outlets for southern complaints. In 1963, southern leaders had renewed the armed struggle against the Sudanese government that had continued
133:
971:. Anyanya leaders tended to remain aloof from political movements. The guerrillas were fragmented by ethnic and religious differences. Additionally, conflicts resurfaced within Anyanya between older leaders who had been in the bush since 1955, and younger, better educated men like
698:
Although it achieved independence without conflict, Sudan inherited many problems from the condominium. Chief among these was the status of the civil service. The government placed Sudanese in the administration and provided compensation and pensions for British officers of
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Although the DUP won 101 of 218 seats, no single party controlled a parliamentary majority. Thirty-six seats went to the Umma traditionalists, thirty to the Sadiq wing, and twenty-five to the two southern parties—SANU and the Southern Front. The SCP secretary general,
776:, who had replaced Egyptian leader Naguib in 1954. Despite these policy differences, the Umma-PDP coalition lasted for the remaining year of the parliament's tenure. Moreover, after the parliament adjourned, the two parties promised to maintain a common front for the
917:
movement triggered by the 20 October seminar raid included a general strike that spread rapidly throughout Sudan. Strike leaders identified themselves as the National Front for Professionals. Along with some former politicians, they formed the leftist
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leadership, unanimously adopted a declaration of independence that became effective on January 1, 1956. During the early years of the Republic, despite political divisions, a parliamentary system was established with a five member
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in the 1969 presidential election. At the same time, the DUP announced that Azhari also would seek the presidency. The communists and other leftists aligned themselves behind the presidential candidacy of former Chief Justice
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elections. The grouping remained active in parliament for the next four years as a voice for southern regional autonomy within a unified state. Exiled SANU leaders baulked at Deng's moderate approach to form the
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was the storming of a seminar at the University of Khartoum on "the Problem of the Southern Sudan" by riot police on the evening of 20 October 1964. The police killed three people in their attack; two students,
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The parliamentary regime introduced plans to expand the country's education, economic, and transportation sectors. To achieve these goals, Khartoum needed foreign economic and technical assistance, to which the
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In May 1967, Mahjub became prime minister and head of a coalition government whose cabinet included members of his wing of the Umma, of the NUP, and of the PDP. In December 1967, the PDP and the NUP formed the
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The electorate gave a plurality in both houses to the Umma and an overall majority to the Umma-PDP coalition. The NUP, however, won nearly one-quarter of the seats, largely from urban centers and from
661:", therefore reversed the NUP's stand and supported Sudanese independence. Azhari called for the withdrawal of foreign troops and requested the governments of Egypt and the United Kingdom to sponsor a
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Umma-PDP coalition and that many PDP delegates opposed the agreement. Nevertheless, the Umma, with the support of some PDP and southern delegates, managed to obtain approval of the agreement.
1048:, and renewed economic development efforts, particularly in the southern provinces. The Muhammad Ahmad Mahjub government also accepted military, technical, and economic aid from the
898:, and a University of Khartoum manual labourer, Mabior, from the southern part of Sudan. Protests started the following day, 21 October, spreading across Sudan. Artists including
712:, they were opposed to violence. Most southern representatives supported provincial autonomy and warned that failure to win legal concessions would drive the south to rebellion.
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mission schools and against the measures used in suppressing the 1955 mutiny contributed to the election of several candidates who had been implicated in the rebellion.
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made an early commitment. Conversations between the two governments had begun in mid-1957, and the parliament ratified a United States aid agreement in July 1958.
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occurred. Khalil, himself a retired army general, planned the preemptive coup in conjunction with leading Umma members and the army's two senior generals,
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Abboud's Southern Policy proved to be his undoing. The government suppressed expressions of religious and cultural differences that bolstered attempts to
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elections, Azhari realized that popular opinion had shifted against such a union. Azhari, who had been the major spokesman for the "unity of the
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Before 1955, however, whilst still subject to the condominium, the autonomous Sudanese government under Ismail al-Azhari had temporarily halted
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in 2012, "the main reason for the October Revolution was the Sudanese people's dislike of being ruled by military totalitarian regimes."
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matters. The Umma, for example, wanted the proposed constitution to institute a presidential form of government on the assumption that
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by supporting increasingly secular government policies. In June some Khatmiyyah members who had defected from the NUP established the
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and the PDP combined in parliament to bring down the Azhari government. With support from the two parties and backing from the
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975:, a former Sudanese army captain, who eventually became a stronger leader, largely because of his ability to get arms from
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728:) economy and would facilitate the development of the country's transportation and communications infrastructure.
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the north as scheduled or postponed until the whole country could vote. The People's Democratic Party and the
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such as the economy and education. Government attempts to silence these protests – which were centered in the
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priest – operated among refugee groups and guerrilla forces. The Southern Front, a mass organization led by
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under Azhari's leadership. By early 1968, widening divisions in the Umma threatened the survival of the
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ally took 52 of the remainder. The two parties formed a coalition cabinet in June headed by Umma leader
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Abd al Wahab's removal in March 1959, the Ansar were the stronger of the two groups in the government.
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who left the country; it retained those who could not be replaced, mostly technicians and teachers.
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sporadically since 1955. The rebellion was spearheaded from 1963 by guerrilla forces known as the
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The prime minister formed a coalition government in February 1956, but he alienated the
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was installed as president. The Republic was disestablished when a coup led by Colonel
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encouraged the protestors. According to Mahmoud A. Suleiman, deputy chairman of the
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south. As a result, the Umma-PDP coalition failed to exercise effective leadership.
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constitutional concessions. Although determined to resist what they perceived to be
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leader, became the Supreme Commission's permanent president and chief of state.
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military continued to hamper the government's performance. In particular, the
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was established as an independent sovereign state upon the termination of the
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1100:"Celebrate the 48th anniversary of Sudan's glorious October 1964 revolution"
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hoped this agreement would reduce Sudan's excessive reliance on a one-crop (
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Eventually two political parties emerged to represent the south. The
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The specific incident that triggered what later became known as the
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By late 1968, the two Umma wings agreed to support the Ansar chief
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Sudan's flag raised at independence ceremony by the Prime Minister
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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reported government atrocities against civilians, especially at
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On November 17, 1958, the day parliament was to convene, a
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608:. On December 19, 1955, the Sudanese parliament, under
125:"We are the Soldiers of God, the Soldiers of the Nation"
926:, as prime minister to head a transitional government.
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600:, over which sovereignty had been vested jointly in
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617:as head of state. In 1958, after a military coup,
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466:2,530,397 km (976,992 sq mi) (
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1079:1956 Sudan independence-related awards
856:(the name of a poisonous concoction).
819:Abboud military government (1958–1964)
1932:
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759:put together a coalition government.
1777:Second Transitional Military Council
929:
1732:First Transitional Military Council
1176:, iUniverse, Inc. (July 21, 2005),
1098:Suleiman, Mahmoud A. (2012-10-20).
860:Return to civilian rule (1964–1969)
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1787:2019–2021 transition to democracy
27:Defunct state in northeast Africa
1782:Transitional Sovereignty Council
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653:(NUP) winning a majority in the
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2538:1969 disestablishments in Sudan
2518:Contemporary history by country
1112:from the original on 2013-02-13
645:, hoping to promote unity with
119:Naḥnu Jund Allah, Jund Al-waṭan
982:When the government scheduled
13:
1:
1084:
942:, founded in 1963 and led by
908:Justice and Equality Movement
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2533:1956 establishments in Sudan
1161:, iUniverse, 30 April 2004,
627:Democratic Republic of Sudan
552:Democratic Republic of Sudan
18:History of Sudan (1956–1969)
7:
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832:, and his son, the younger
649:. Despite his pro-Egyptian
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2513:History of Sudan by period
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1717:National Reconciliation
961:Azania Liberation Front
865:October 1964 Revolution
701:Sudan Political Service
651:National Unionist Party
393:• 1967–1969
381:• 1966–1967
369:• 1965–1966
357:• 1964–1965
345:• 1958–1964
333:• 1956–1958
287:• 1965–1969
275:• 1964–1965
263:• 1958–1964
251:• 1956–1958
105:نحن جند الله، جند الوطن
2543:Military dictatorships
1757:United Nations Mission
1174:The Problem of Dar Fur
1159:Short History of Sudan
999:, whereas Azhari, the
872:University of Khartoum
765:Abd al-Rahman al-Mahdi
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683:Muhammad Ahmad Mahgoub
681:and opposition leader
619:General Ibrahim Abboud
399:Muhammad Ahmad Mahgoub
374:Muhammad Ahmad Mahgoub
223:(1956–1958; 1964–1969)
220:Parliamentary republic
2131:Native administration
1737:Coalitions/Bashir Era
1650:Pre and early history
1057:Imam al-Hadi al-Mahdi
997:Muhammad Ahmad Mahjub
920:United National Front
884:Ahmed al-Gurashi Taha
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590:Republic of the Sudan
227:Military dictatorship
165:Common languages
34:Republic of the Sudan
1042:Abd al Khaliq Mahjub
886:from Garrasa in the
598:Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
525:Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
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1890:Non-marine molluscs
956:Stanislaus Payasama
892:Babiker Abdel Hafiz
741:Ahmed al-Mirghani's
641:'s progress toward
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280:Sovereignty Council
256:Sovereignty Council
49:Jumhūrīyat as-Sūdān
2230:Telecommunications
1665:Turkish occupation
984:national elections
915:civil disobedience
894:from Wad-Duroo in
879:October Revolution
813:Ahmad Abd al Wahab
774:Gamal Abdel Nasser
692:Supreme Commission
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643:self-determination
615:Supreme Commission
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177:Regional languages
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1928:
1927:
1907:Natural disasters
1812:
1811:
1797:October 2021 coup
1762:Nomadic conflicts
1687:Independent Sudan
1585:
1584:
1182:978-0-595-36502-9
1062:Babiker Awadallah
930:Post-October 1964
685:on 1 January 1956
586:
585:
568:
567:
564:
563:
544:
543:
539:Republic of Egypt
138:
16:(Redirected from
2550:
2500:
2499:
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2490:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2478:
2453:
2254:
2253:
2220:
2207:
2175:
2174:
2064:
2063:
1930:
1929:
1903:
1902:
1823:
1822:
1722:Second Civil War
1633:
1632:
1612:
1605:
1598:
1589:
1588:
1212:
1205:
1198:
1189:
1188:
1154:
1137:
1136:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1117:
1095:
1074:History of Sudan
904:Mohammed al-Amin
830:Al-Hadi al-Mahdi
770:Arab nationalism
743:leadership. The
710:Arab imperialism
679:Isma'il Alazhari
560:
559:
548:
547:
535:
534:
521:
520:
514:
513:
498:
497:
401:
326:Ismail al-Azhari
292:Ismail al-Azhari
231:
224:
150:
140:
139:
126:
115:
107:
106:
84:
68:
41:
30:
29:
21:
2558:
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2503:
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2493:
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2239:
2218:
2205:
2160:
2156:State Governors
2049:
2031:
1924:
1901:
1808:
1692:First Civil War
1622:
1616:
1586:
1581:
1223:
1216:
1146:Country Studies
1143:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1124:
1115:
1113:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1070:
948:Saturnino Ohure
932:
867:
862:
821:
757:Abdallah Khalil
671:
635:
579:
557:
532:
518:
463:
442:
429:
397:
394:
382:
370:
358:
346:
338:Abdallah Khalil
334:
322:
288:
276:
264:
252:
229:
225:
222:
197:
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175:
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141:
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116:
109:
94:
93:
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85:
77:
76:
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69:
51:
47:
40:
39:جمهورية السودان
37:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2556:
2546:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2494:15.633; 32.533
2466:
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2271:Child marriage
2268:
2257:
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2240:
2238:
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2227:
2222:
2214:
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2184:
2178:
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2166:
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2161:
2159:
2158:
2153:
2151:Vice President
2148:
2143:
2141:Prime Minister
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2120:September Laws
2113:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2012:South Kordofan
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1982:North Kordofan
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1957:Central Darfur
1954:
1949:
1944:
1938:
1936:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1915:Climate change
1911:
1909:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1802:2023 Civil war
1799:
1794:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
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1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1712:Communist coup
1709:
1704:
1699:
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1274:
1269:
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1259:
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1244:
1239:
1234:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1222:(1956–present)
1215:
1214:
1207:
1200:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1170:
1155:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1076:
1069:
1066:
952:Roman Catholic
931:
928:
900:Mohammed Wardi
866:
863:
861:
858:
834:Sadiq al-Mahdi
820:
817:
809:Ibrahim Abboud
778:1958 elections
670:
667:
634:
631:
623:Gaafar Nimeiry
606:United Kingdom
584:
583:
574:
570:
569:
566:
565:
562:
561:
554:
545:
542:
541:
536:
528:
527:
522:
510:
509:
504:
494:
493:
488:
482:
481:
479:Sudanese pound
476:
472:
471:
464:
461:
458:
457:
451:
450:
447:
446:
443:
440:Disestablished
437:
434:
433:
432:1 January 1956
430:
424:
421:
420:
417:
416:
411:
410:Historical era
407:
406:
403:
402:
395:
392:
389:
388:
386:Sadiq al-Mahdi
383:
380:
377:
376:
371:
368:
365:
364:
359:
356:
353:
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350:Ibrahim Abboud
347:
344:
341:
340:
335:
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329:
328:
323:
320:
317:
316:
313:
312:
309:
307:Prime minister
303:
302:
299:
298:
289:
286:
283:
282:
277:
274:
271:
270:
268:Ibrahim Abboud
265:
262:
259:
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243:
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217:
211:
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184:
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166:
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129:
96:
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38:
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33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2288:Ethnic groups
2286:
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2279:
2276:
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2259:
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2231:
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2200:
2197:
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2173:
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2157:
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2139:
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2132:
2129:
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2065:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2022:West Kordofan
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
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1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
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1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
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1828:
1827:
1824:
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1792:Peace process
1790:
1789:
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1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1752:War in Darfur
1750:
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1740:
1738:
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1325:
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1300:
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1293:
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1213:
1208:
1206:
1201:
1199:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1168:
1167:0-595-31425-2
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1141:
1140:public domain
1132:
1131:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1105:Sudan Tribune
1101:
1094:
1090:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
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1063:
1058:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1037:
1034:
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1020:
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1002:
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990:
985:
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978:
974:
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966:
962:
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949:
945:
941:
936:
927:
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921:
916:
911:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
880:
875:
873:
857:
855:
850:
845:
843:
837:
835:
831:
825:
816:
814:
810:
806:
805:military coup
801:
797:
793:
789:
786:
785:Gezira Scheme
781:
779:
775:
771:
766:
760:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
729:
727:
723:
719:
718:United States
713:
711:
706:
702:
696:
693:
684:
680:
675:
666:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
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640:
630:
628:
624:
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616:
611:
607:
603:
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591:
582:
578:
575:
573:Today part of
571:
555:
553:
550:
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546:
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537:
530:
529:
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523:
516:
515:
512:
511:
508:
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503:
500:
499:
495:
492:
489:
487:
486:ISO 3166 code
483:
480:
477:
473:
469:
465:
459:
456:
452:
448:
444:
441:
435:
431:
428:
422:
418:
415:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
390:
387:
384:
378:
375:
372:
366:
363:
360:
354:
351:
348:
342:
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336:
330:
327:
324:
318:
314:
310:
308:
304:
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297:
293:
290:
284:
281:
278:
272:
269:
266:
260:
257:
254:
248:
244:
240:
238:
234:
228:
221:
218:
216:
212:
209:
206:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
185:
181:
178:
174:
170:
167:
163:
160:
157:
153:
149:
144:
121:
120:
113:
101:
97:
89:
83:
73:
67:
59:
54:
50:
45:
31:
19:
2470:
2370:Architecture
2278:Demographics
2192:Central Bank
2106:Human rights
2081:Constitution
2007:South Darfur
1977:North Darfur
1686:
1660:Islamization
1173:
1158:
1145:
1114:. Retrieved
1103:
1093:
1054:
1050:Soviet Union
1038:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1005:
993:
981:
944:William Deng
937:
933:
912:
878:
876:
868:
846:
838:
826:
822:
802:
798:
794:
790:
782:
772:espoused by
761:
739:(PDP) under
730:
714:
697:
695:Commission.
688:
665:in advance.
636:
625:founded the
589:
587:
507:Succeeded by
506:
501:
462:• Total
427:Independence
321:• 1956
191:Christianity
117:
99:
48:
2492: /
2427:Photography
2422:Decorations
2182:Agriculture
2110:LGBT rights
2071:Ambassadors
2017:West Darfur
1962:East Darfur
1880:Butterflies
1707:Nimeiry Era
973:Joseph Lagu
659:Nile Valley
594:condominium
581:South Sudan
502:Preceded by
445:25 May 1969
230:(1958–1964)
187:Sunni Islam
91:(1956–1970)
75:(1956–1970)
2507:Categories
2407:Literature
2293:minorities
2219:(currency)
2136:Parliament
2091:Corruption
2027:White Nile
1997:River Nile
1947:Al Qadarif
1116:2019-10-16
1085:References
1046:Arab world
888:White Nile
753:Khatmiyyah
733:Khatmiyyah
722:Washington
663:plebiscite
633:Background
629:in 1969.
215:Government
203:Demonym(s)
123:(English:
2330:Squatting
2305:Languages
2283:Education
2235:Transport
2199:Companies
2146:President
2096:Elections
2040:Districts
1952:Blue Nile
1850:Volcanoes
1840:Mountains
1818:Geography
1772:2019 coup
1742:1989 coup
1727:1985 coup
1702:1969 coup
1697:1958 coup
1218:Years in
963:based in
237:President
183:Religion
56:1956–1969
2480:032°32′E
2460:Category
2385:Clothing
2320:Religion
2315:Refugees
2266:Polygamy
2261:Marriage
2225:Taxation
2126:Military
2116:Islamism
2059:Politics
1987:Northern
1972:Khartoum
1895:Reptiles
1855:Wildlife
1670:Mahdiyya
1655:Medieval
1640:Timeline
1232:Pre-1956
1110:Archived
1068:See also
896:Omdurman
751:and the
705:Khartoum
604:and the
475:Currency
414:Cold War
208:Sudanese
159:Khartoum
2477:15°38′N
2451:Outline
2400:History
2357:Culture
2335:Toilets
2325:Slavery
2249:Society
2187:Banking
2170:Economy
2076:Cabinet
1992:Red Sea
1967:Kassala
1865:Mammals
1830:Geology
1680:History
1628:History
1128:Sources
965:Kampala
854:Anyanya
849:Arabize
438:•
425:•
195:Animism
173:English
155:Capital
100:Anthem:
2390:Emblem
2380:Cinema
2365:Anthem
2300:Health
2217:Pound
2212:Energy
2204:Dinar
2045:Cities
2002:Sennar
1942:Gezira
1934:States
1920:Floods
1875:Horses
1845:Rivers
1180:
1165:
1142:.
1033:Mahjub
977:Israel
969:Uganda
726:cotton
311:
241:
169:Arabic
112:Arabic
108:
102:
88:Emblem
44:Arabic
2432:Sport
2417:Music
2412:Media
2347:Women
2086:Coups
1885:Moths
1870:Birds
1860:Fauna
1835:Lakes
1747:RCCNS
1619:Sudan
1220:Sudan
749:Ansar
647:Egypt
639:Sudan
602:Egypt
577:Sudan
455:Area
294:with
2395:Flag
2310:LGBT
1577:2024
1572:2023
1567:2022
1562:2021
1557:2020
1552:2019
1547:2018
1542:2017
1537:2016
1532:2015
1527:2014
1522:2013
1517:2012
1512:2011
1507:2010
1502:2009
1497:2008
1492:2007
1487:2006
1482:2005
1477:2004
1472:2003
1467:2002
1462:2001
1457:2000
1452:1999
1447:1998
1442:1997
1437:1996
1432:1995
1427:1994
1422:1993
1417:1992
1412:1991
1407:1990
1402:1989
1397:1988
1392:1987
1387:1986
1382:1985
1377:1984
1372:1983
1367:1982
1362:1981
1357:1980
1352:1979
1347:1978
1342:1977
1337:1976
1332:1975
1327:1974
1322:1973
1317:1972
1312:1971
1307:1970
1302:1969
1297:1968
1292:1967
1287:1966
1282:1965
1277:1964
1272:1963
1267:1962
1262:1961
1257:1960
1252:1959
1247:1958
1242:1957
1237:1956
1178:ISBN
1163:ISBN
1011:and
1009:Juba
950:– a
946:and
940:SANU
913:The
902:and
890:and
811:and
745:Umma
588:The
72:Flag
2375:Art
1029:DUP
1013:Wau
1001:NUP
596:of
468:9th
2509::
1149:.
1108:.
1102:.
979:.
967:,
836:.
780:.
755:,
491:SD
2122:)
2118:(
2112:)
2108:(
1611:e
1604:t
1597:v
1211:e
1204:t
1197:v
1184:.
1169:.
1153:.
1119:.
470:)
127:)
114:)
110:(
46:)
42:(
20:)
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