Sikhism - Knowledge

4293: 14227:(A former civil servant mentioned in his autobiography that weapon supplies had been sent from NWFP and money was supplied by Delhi-based politicians.) They had bands of stabbers and their auxiliaries, who covered the assailant, ambushed the victim and if necessary disposed of his body. These bands were subsidized monetarily by the Muslim League, and cash payments were made to individual assassins based on the numbers of Hindus and Sikhs killed. There were also regular patrolling parties in jeeps which went about sniping and picking off any stray Hindu or Sikh. ... Thousands of non-combatants including women and children were killed or injured by mobs, supported by the All India Muslim League. 4678:

retaliatory violence against each other. Estimates range between 200,000 and 2 million deaths of Sikhs, Hindus and Muslims. There were numerous rapes of and mass suicides by Sikh women, they being taken captives, their rescues and above all a mass exodus of Sikhs from newly created Pakistan into newly independent India. The partition created the "largest foot convoy of refugees recorded in history, stretching over 100 kilometer long", states Banga, with nearly 300,000 people consisting of mostly "distraught, suffering, injured and angry Sikhs". Sikh and Hindu refugees from Pakistan flooded into India, Muslim refugees from India flooded into Pakistan, each into their new homeland.

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violence was not one-sided. As Sikhs moved to the eastern side of the partition line, they engaged in reprisals against Muslims there, forcing them into Pakistan. Before the partition, Sikhs constituted about 15% of the population in West Punjab, the majority being Muslims (55%). The Sikhs were the economic elite in West Punjab, however. They had the largest representation in West Punjab's aristocracy, and there were nearly 700 Gurdwaras and 400 educational institutions that served the interests of the Sikhs. Prior to the partition, there were a series of disputes between the majority Muslims and minority Sikhs, such as on the matters of

3666: 5377: 3254: 2516:, states Pashaura Singh (a professor of Sikh studies), "one must first try all the peaceful means of negotiation in the pursuit of justice" and if these fail then it is legitimate to "draw the sword in defense of righteousness". Sikhism considers "an attack on dharam is an attack on justice, on righteousness, and on the moral order generally" and the dharam "must be defended at all costs". The divine name is its antidote for pain and vices. Forgiveness is taught as a virtue in Sikhism, yet it also teaches its faithful to shun those with evil intentions and to pick up the sword to fight injustice and religious persecution. 4543:– who claimed to be a direct descendant of Guru Nanak, Avtar Singh Vahiria and others supported a more inclusive approach which considered Sikhism as a reformed tradition of Hinduism, while Tat Khalsa campaigned for an exclusive approach to the Sikh identity, disagreeing with Sanatan Sikhs and seeking to modernize Sikhism. The Sikh Sabha movement expanded in north and northwest Indian subcontinent, leading to more than 100 Singh Sabhas. By the early decades of the 20th century, the influence of Tat Khalsa increased in interpreting the nature of Sikhism and their control over the Sikh 2539: 4312: 4359: 6329:

not teach a radical nondualism, it is perhaps more accurate to suggest that some aspects of Sikh thought constitute a qualified nondualism (in which Creator and Creation are part of the same whole) (GGS: 125) or panentheism (in which the Creator pervades the natural world) (GGS: 24), while many others are monotheistic, including passages in Japji Sahib, where God is described as the King of Kings (GGS: 6). These different interpretations lend themselves to varying understandings of the relationship between the natural world and divinity.

64: 4687: 4022: 1443: 1050: 5497:; while dalits would be allowed entry into the village gurdwaras they would not be permitted to cook or serve langar." The Sikh dalits of Punjab have tried to build their own gurdwara, other local level institutions and sought better material circumstances and dignity. According to Jodhka, due to economic mobility in contemporary Punjab, castes no longer mean an inherited occupation, nor are work relations tied to a single location. In 1953, the government of India acceded to the demands of the Sikh leader, 1944: 9640:

forms.' Although many of his sayings had a strong Hindu flavour in them—presumably because of Ramananda's influence—he made no distinction between Hinduism and Islam Similarly, though he usually referred to god as Hari or Rama, he used those words as synonyms of god, and not as the names of particular deities. 'I am not Hindu nor Muslim; Allah-Ram is the breath of my body,' he stated, and went on to declare that All that lives and dies, they are all one. The this and that haggling, is done.

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tradition, Guru Arjan asked his son Hargobind to start a military tradition to protect the Sikh people and always keep himself surrounded by armed Sikhs. The building of an armed Sikh militia began with Guru Hargobind. Guru Hargobind was soon arrested by the Mughals and kept in jail in Gwalior. It is unclear how many years he served in prison, with different texts stating it to be between 2 and 12. He married three women, built a fort to defend Ramdaspur and created a formal court called

1238: 2650: 1869: 3564: 24362: 19399: 5587: 4654: 24398: 937: 24372: 2996: 3442: 1963: 3890:, Nanak as a boy was fascinated by religion and spiritual matters, spending time with wandering ascetics and holy men. His friend was Mardana, a Muslim. Together they would sing devotional songs all night in front of the public, and bathe in the river in the morning. One day, at the usual bath, Nanak went missing and his family feared he had drowned. Three days later he returned home, and declared: "There is no Hindu, there is no Muslim" (" 19391: 2910: 24422: 3041: 5367:– philanthropists who engage in charitable work/seva, or selfless service, without expecting payment. They also work on academic projects. Bhai Kahnaiya, a Sikh of the ninth and tenth guru, served as the first head of the order and is renowned for his wartime medical assistance to wounded enemy soldiers. Very few of them exist today. The environment in which they lived and interacted with was a predominately Muslim. 14189:

conferences in Lahore to condemn the Muslim League. Master Tara Singh, leader of the Akali Dal, declared that his party would fight Pakistan 'tooth and nail'. Not be outdone, other Sikh political organizations, rival to the Akali Dal, namely the Central Khalsa Young Men Union and the moderate and loyalist Chief Khalsa Dewan, declared in equally strong language their unequivocal opposition to the Pakistan scheme.

5472: 3656: 2722: 1318: 3857: 274: 5609:, where they constitute 57.7% of the state's population. Large communities of Sikhs migrate to the neighboring states such as Indian State of Haryana which is home to the second largest Sikh population in India with 1.1 million Sikhs as per 2001 census, and large immigrant communities of Sikhs can be found across India. However, Sikhs only comprise about 1.7% of the Indian population. 3770:(nectar ceremony). During this ceremony, sweetened water is stirred with a double-edged sword while liturgical prayers are sung; it is offered to the initiating Sikh, who ritually drinks it. Many Sikhs are not formally and fully initiated, as they do not undergo this ceremony, but do adhere to some components of Sikhism and identify as Sikhs. The initiated Sikh, who is believed to be 3957:, some who lived and died before the birth of Nanak, and whose teachings are part of the Sikh scriptures. The Adi Granth and successive Sikh gurus repeatedly emphasised, states Mandair, that Sikhism is "not about hearing voices from God, but it is about changing the nature of the human mind, and anyone can achieve direct experience and spiritual perfection at any time". 9669:

transcended: "Some call it Rama, some call it Khuda; some worship it as Vishnu, some as Allah" (GGS: 885). Interestingly, even the atheistic Buddhist Nirvana is not omitted: "Itself Nirvana, It itself relishes pleasures" (GGS: 97). "God" or "gods" or "no god" alike are recognized as part of the infinite One! "Always, always you alone are the One Reality –

16558:"The tradition traces back to the time of Sri Guru Hargobind Sahib Ji who started the tradition of hunting for Sikhs ... The tradition of ritually sacrificing goats and consuming Mahaparshad remains alive not only with the Nihang Singh Dals, but also at Sachkhand Sri Hazoor Sahib and Sachkhand Sri Patna Sahib (two of the Sikhs holiest shrines)." 1154:), and honest conduct and livelihood. Following this standard, Sikhism rejects claims that any particular religious tradition has a monopoly on absolute truth. As a consequence, Sikhs do not actively proselytize, although voluntary converts are generally accepted. Sikhism emphasizes meditation and remembrance as a means to feel God's presence ( 2568:, meaning teacher, enlightener, guide, or mentor. The traditions and philosophy of Sikhism were established by ten gurus from 1469 to 1708. Each guru added to and reinforced the message taught by the previous, resulting in the creation of the Sikh religion. Guru Nanak was the first guru and appointed a disciple as successor. 6328:

In looking at the teachings of the Gurus as a whole, it seems that Lourdunathan overstates the degree to which Sikh scripture is anti-monistic. Guru Nanak famously referred to the world as a "palace of smoke" (GGS: 138) and made countless references to the idea of maya (Illusion). While the Gurus did

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against the militants. The fierce engagement took place in the precincts of Darbar Sahib and resulted in many deaths, including Bhindranwale. It also resulted in the destruction of the Sikh Reference Library, which was considered a national treasure that contained over a thousand rare manuscripts and

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Guru Har Rai is famed to have met Dara Shikoh during a time Dara Shikoh and his younger brother Aurangzeb were in a bitter succession fight. Aurangzeb summoned Guru Har Rai, who refused to go and sent his elder son Ram Rai instead. The emperor found a verse in the Sikh scripture insulting to Muslims,

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are celebrations or commemorations based on the lives of the Sikh gurus. They tend to be either birthdays or celebrations of Sikh martyrdom. All ten gurus have Gurpurbs on the Nanakshahi calendar, but it is Guru Nanak and Guru Gobind Singh who have a gurpurb that is widely celebrated in Gurdwaras and

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started the Shabad Kirtan tradition and taught that listening to kirtan is a powerful way to achieve tranquility while meditating, and singing of the glories of the Supreme Timeless One (God) with devotion is the most effective way to come in communion with the Supreme Timeless One. The three morning

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The main thrust of Kabir's mission was to unite Hindus and Muslims in a common quest for god realisation. 'Hindus and Muslims have the same god,, he held. 'God is the breath of all breath ... Look within your heart, for there you will find ... All men and women in the world are his living

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stated "civil war preparations were going on." The riots had triggered the early waves of migration in April, with some 20,000 people leaving northwest Punjab and moving to Patiala. In Rawalpindi, 40,000 people became homeless. The Sikh leaders made desperate petitions, but all religious communities

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Guru Nanak stated that his guru is God who is the same from the beginning of time to the end of time. Nanak said to be a God's slave and servant, but maintained that he was only a guide and teacher. Nanak stated that the human guru is mortal, who is to be respected and loved but not worshipped. When

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On the same dates, Muslim League-led mobs fell with determination and full preparations on the helpless Hindus and Sikhs scattered in the villages of Multan, Rawalpindi, Campbellpur, Jhelum and Sargodha. The murderous mobs were well supplied with arms, such as daggers, swords, spears and fire-arms.

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Sikhs also migrated to East Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia. These communities developed as Sikhs migrated out of Punjab to fill in gaps in imperial labour markets. Smaller populations of Sikhs are found within many countries in Western Europe, especially Italy, as well as other nations

4758:. According to Donald Horowitz, while anti-Sikh riots led to much damage and deaths, many serious provocations by militants also failed to trigger ethnic violence in many cases throughout the 1980s. The Sikhs and their neighbors, for most part, ignored attempts to provoke riots and communal strife. 4501:– and the subsequent decline and corruption of Sikh institutions during colonial rule, and the proselytization of other faith groups in the Punjab. It was started in the 1870s, and after a period of interfactional rivalry, united under the Tat Khalsa to reinvigorate Sikh practice and institutions. 4211:

attempted political means to undermine the Sikh tradition, by dividing and influencing the succession. The Mughal ruler gave land grants to Dhir Mal, a grandson of Guru Hargobind living in Kartarpur, and attempted to encourage Sikhs to recognise Dhir Mal as the rightful successor to Guru Hargobind.

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Sikhs have also supported and helped develop major pilgrimage traditions to sacred sites such as Harmandir Sahib, Anandpur Sahib, Fatehgarh Sahib, Patna Sahib, Hazur Nanded Sahib, Hemkund Sahib and others. Sikh pilgrims and Sikhs of other sects customarily consider these as holy and a part of their

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involves the processional singing of holy hymns throughout a community. While practiced at any time, it is customary in the month of Visakhi (or Vaisakhi). Traditionally, the procession is led by the saffron-robed Panj Piare (the five beloved of the guru), who are followed by the Guru Granth Sahib,

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The copies of the Guru Granth Sahib are not regarded as material objects, but as living subjects which are alive. According to Myrvold, the Sikh scripture is treated with respect like a living person, in a manner similar to the Gospel in early Christian worship. Old copies of the Sikh scripture are

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No sooner was it made public than the Sikhs launched a virulent campaign against the Lahore Resolution. Pakistan was portrayed as a possible return to an unhappy past when Sikhs were persecuted and Muslims the persecutor. Public speeches by various Sikh political leaders on the subject of Pakistan

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When partition was announced, the newly created line divided the Sikh population. Along with Hindus, Sikhs suffered organized violence and riots against them in West Pakistan. As a result, Sikhs moved en masse to the Indian side, leaving behind their property and holy sites. However, the anti-Sikh

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ceremony. The marriage ceremony is performed in front of the Guru Granth Sahib by a baptised Khalsa, Granthi of the Gurdwara. The tradition of circling the Guru Granth Sahib and Anand Karaj among Khalsa is practised since the fourth guru, Guru Ram Das. Its official recognition and adoption came in

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The concept of humanity as elaborated by Guru Nanak refines and negates the "monotheistic concept of self/God", declaring that "monotheism becomes almost redundant in the movement and crossings of love". Sikh gurus have taught that the human's goal is to end all dualities of "self and other, I and

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Sikh sects are sub-traditions within Sikhism that believe in an alternate lineage of gurus, or have a different interpretation of the Sikh scriptures, or believe in following a living guru, or hold other concepts that differ from the orthodox Khalsa Sikhs. The major historic sects of Sikhism have

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at age eleven became the sixth guru of the Sikhs, and Sikhism dramatically evolved to become a political movement in addition to being religious. Guru Hargobind carried two swords, calling one spiritual and the other for temporal purpose, reflecting the concept of Miri Piri. According to the Sikh

5936:– in order to preserve their traditional practices. According to a recent BBC article, "Traditionally they also drank shaheedi degh, an infusion of cannabis, to become closer with God". Baba Santa Singh was excommunicated and replaced with Baba Balbir Singh, who agreed to shun the consumption of 5317: 4649:

in June 1945, headed by Lord Wavell, the Sikh leaders initially expressed their desire to be recognized as a third community, but ultimately relegated these demands and sought a United India where Sikhs, Hindus and Muslims would live together, under a Swiss-style constitution. The Muslim League

9681: – Hindus and Muslims share the One sovereign" (GGS: 1158). (The term "Turk" referred to all Muslims in this period.) Since everything is a manifestation of That One being, all the manifestations would be a part of it. No god, no body, and no thing is excluded from this all pervasive being 4677:

When the partition line was formally announced in August 1947, the violence was unprecedented, with Sikhs being one of the most affected religious community both in terms of deaths, as well as property loss, injury, trauma and disruption. Sikhs and Muslims were both victims and perpetrators of

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While emphasizing Bhakti, the Sikh gurus also taught that the spiritual life and secular householder life are intertwined, and not separate. This logically follows from the panentheistic nature of Sikh philosophy. In Sikh worldview, the everyday world is part of the Infinite Reality, increased

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influences, some Indian Sikh scholars disagree and state that Sikhism transcended the environment it emerged from. The basis of the latter analysis is that Bhakti traditions did not clearly disassociate from Vedic texts and their cosmologies and metaphysical worldview, while the Sikh tradition

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The Sikh Divine comprises every imaginable theological ideal! Hindu, Buddhist, Tantric, and Islamic views that were current in medieval India come together in the wide-ranging literary spectrum of the GGS. The stereotypical oppositions between the Indic and Abrahamic worldviews of the day are

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After the collapse of Mughal Empire, and particularly during the rule of Ranjit Singh, Udasi Sikhs protected Sikh shrines, preserved the Sikh scripture and rebuilt those that were desecrated or destroyed during the Muslim–Sikh wars. However, Udasi Sikhs kept idols and images inside these Sikh

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and heroes. Reactions to the Lahore Resolution were uniformly negative and Sikh leaders of all political persuasions made it clear that Pakistan would be 'wholeheartedly resisted'. The Shiromani Akali Dal, which had a substantial following among rural Sikhs, organized several well-attended

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Since the Sikh concept of the divine is panentheistic, the divine is always greater than the created universe, its systems such as karma and samsara, and all phenomena within it. In Sikhism, due to the sovereignty of God, the doctrines of Nadar and Hukam override all systems, both concepts

3953:, clarify Cole and Sambhi, in Sikhism is not limited to the teachings of Nanak, but is extended to all Sikh gurus, as well as the words of past, present and future men and women, who possess divine knowledge intuitively through meditation. The Sikh revelations include the words of non-Sikh 4467:" is derived. After the death of Ranjit Singh in 1839, the Sikh Empire fell into disorder. Ranjit Singh had failed to establish a lasting structure for Sikh government or stable succession, and the Sikh Empire rapidly declined after his death. Factions divided the Sikhs, and led to 5300:

warriors or armed troops. There are two main groups within this order: Buddha Dal, or the army of veterans, and Tarna Dal, or the army of youth. There are other smaller sub-orders connected to these two. The president of Buddha Dal, previously always served as the president of the

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Sikhism does not differentiate religious obligations by sex. God in Sikhism has no sex, and the Sikh scripture does not discriminate against women, nor bar them from any roles. Women in Sikhism have been in positions of leadership, including leading in wars and issuing orders or

4138:. The new guru faced hostilities from the sons of Guru Amar Das and therefore shifted his official base to lands identified by Guru Amar Das as Guru-ka-Chak. He moved his commune of Sikhs there and the place then was called Ramdaspur, after him. This city grew and later became 3945:. According to Singha, "Sikhism does not subscribe to the theory of incarnation or the concept of prophethood. But it has a pivotal concept of Guru. He is not an incarnation of God, not even a prophet. He is an illumined soul." The second theory continues that hagiographical 4403:. Banda Singh advanced his army towards the main Muslim Mughal city of Sirhind and, following the instructions of the guru, punished all the culprits. Soon after the invasion of Sirhind, while resting in his chamber after the Rehras prayer Guru Gobind Singh was stabbed by a 4504:

The last Maharaja of the Sikh Empire, Duleep Singh, converted to Christianity in 1853, a controversial but influential event in Sikh history. Along with his conversion, and after Sikh Empire had been dissolved and the region made a part of the colonial British Empire,

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into Hindu-majority India and Muslim-majority Pakistan (East and West) in 1947. According to Banga, the partition was a watershed event in Sikh history. The Sikhs had historically lived in northwestern region of Indian subcontinent on both sides of the partition line

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authorities who were suspicious and hostile to the religious community he was developing. His persecution and death inspired his successors to promote a military and political organization of Sikh communities to defend themselves against the attacks of Mughal forces.

17054:"Today, the idea of religious Sikh men wearing earrings would be ridiculous – and in many puritan circles, the idea of any form of piercing for all Sikhs, including women and their jewelry, would be off-limits. Yet the historical record tells us a different story..." 5690:

Sikhs who have undergone baptism. While the Sikh gurus did not enforce religion and did not believe in forcing people to follow any particular religion in general, the Sikh community does encourage all people to become better individuals by following the guru's way

6199:"Technically this would place the Sikh community's origins at a much further remove than 1469, perhaps to the dawning of the Sant movement, which possesses clear affinities to Guru Nanak's thought sometime in the tenth century. The predominant ideology of the Sant 1524:

and his successors. Sikh ethics emphasize the congruence between spiritual development and everyday moral conduct. Its founder, Guru Nanak, summarized this perspective as: "Truth is the highest virtue, but higher still is truthful living." Sikhism lays emphasis on

2940:'s hymns. The predominant bulk of Guru Granth Sahib consists of compositions by seven Sikh gurus: Guru Nanak, Guru Angad, Guru Amar Das, Guru Ram Das, Guru Arjan, Guru Teg Bahadur and Guru Gobind Singh. It also contains the traditions and teachings of thirteen 3387:

is a scripture containing 6,500 poetic stanzas, mistakenly attributed to Guru Gobind Singh, by some people. While scholars, attribute the work to after the guru's death, being authored by an unknown poet. This scripture contains, alongside various topics, the

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Between March and August 1947, a series of riots, arson, plunder of Sikh and property, assassination of Sikh leaders, and killings in Jhelum districts, Rawalpindi, Attock and other places led to Tara Singh calling the situation in Punjab a "civil war", while

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The tenth guru, Guru Gobind Singh ji, named the Sikh scripture Guru Granth Sahib as his successor, terminating the line of human gurus and making the scripture the literal embodiment of the eternal, impersonal guru, serving as the spiritual guide for Sikhs.

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In India the Guru Granth Sahib is officially recognised by the Supreme Court of India as a judicial person which can receive donations and own land. Yet, some Sikhs also warn that, without true comprehension of the text, veneration for the text can lead to

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are written in a form of poetry and rhyme to be recited in thirty-one Ragas of the Classical Indian Music as specified. However, the exponents of these are rarely to be found amongst the Sikhs who are conversant with all the Ragas in the Guru Granth Sahib.

4455:. The Sikh Empire entered into a treaty with the colonial British powers, with each side recognizing Sutlej River as the line of control and agreeing not to invade the other side. Ranjit Singh's most lasting legacy was the restoration and expansion of the 4674:

were suffering in the political turmoil. Sikhs constituted only 4 million out of a total of 28 million in Punjab, and 6 million out of nearly 400 million in India; they did not constitute the majority, not even in a single district.

16579:"Another noteworthy practice performed here is that a goat is sacrificed on Dussehra night every year. This ceremony was performed on Diwali day this year (Oct 28, 2008). The fresh blood of the sacrificed goat is used for tilak on the Guru's weapons." 16254:

estimated the Sikh American adult population to be 140,000 and the total population at 200,000 in 2012 while the World Religion Database at Boston University estimated the American Sikh population to be at 280,000 in 2012. Sikh organizations like the

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rejected this approach, demanding that the entire Punjab should be granted to Pakistan. The Sikh leaders then sought the original partition instead, and the Congress Working Committee passed a resolution in support of partitioning Punjab and Bengal.

4153:, the youngest son of Guru Ram Das, became the fifth guru of the Sikhs. The choice of successor, as throughout most of the history of Sikh guru successions, led to disputes and internal divisions among the Sikhs. The elder son of Guru Ram Das named 2614:. Guru Nanak's teachings emphasised the pursuit of salvation; Guru Amar Das began building a cohesive community of followers with initiatives such as sanctioning distinctive ceremonies for birth, marriage, and death. Amar Das also established the 15748: 1629:, the primary Sikh scripture, says that all humans are soul-brides who long to unite with their husband Lord. In addition, the gurus also wrote in the Guru Granth Sahib that there are many worlds on which the transcendental God has created life. 2142:

is a doctrine that has been practiced in Sikh religion since the seventeenth century. The doctrine of the "Mir" (social and political aspects of life) and the "Pir" (guides to spiritual aspect of life) was revealed by the first guru of Sikhism,

4292: 4411:. Gobind Singh killed the attacker with his sword. Though a European surgeon stitched the guru's wound, the wound re-opened as the guru tugged at a hard strong bow after a few days, causing profuse bleeding that led to Gobind Singh's death. 16420: 3456:

Observant Sikhs adhere to long-standing practices and traditions to strengthen and express their faith. The daily recitation of the divine name of God, Waheguru, and from a memory of specific passages from the Guru Granth Sahib, like the

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spiritual awareness leads to increased and vibrant participation in the everyday world. Guru Nanak described living an "active, creative, and practical life" of "truthfulness, fidelity, self-control and purity" as being higher than the

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proposed the idea of Khalistan as a buffer state between an independent India and what would become Pakistan. These leaders, however, were largely ignored. The early 1980s witnessed some Sikh groups seeking an independent state named

15798: 4311: 12994:, Quote: "The Guru's stance was a clear and unambiguous challenge, not to the sovereignty of the Mughal state, but to the state's policy of not recognizing the sovereign existence of non-Muslims, their traditions and ways of life". 11952:

Thus the social barriers between various castes and creeds were broken and intermarriages took place not only between the Sikhs coming from various castes but there were marriages even between Muslim converts to Sikhism with Hindu

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in Sikhism, but, metaphorically, God is presented as masculine and God's power as feminine. For example, Guru Gobind Singh refers to God as his father, and God's creative power as his mother. Similarly, another example is that the

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After its inception, Sikhism grew as it gained converts among Hindus and Muslims in the Punjab region. In 1539, Guru Nanak chose his disciple Lahiṇā as a successor to the Guruship rather than either of his sons. Lahiṇā was named

3793:– the five beloved ones, who in turn baptised Guru Gobind Singh himself. To males who initiated, the last name Singh, meaning "lion", was given, while the last name Kaur, meaning "princess", was given to baptised Sikh females. 5450:

All these sects differ from Khalsa orthodox Sikhs in their beliefs and practices, such as continuing to solemnize their weddings around fire and being strictly vegetarian. Many accept the concept of living gurus such as Guru

12954:, Quote:"This is the reputed place where several Kashmiri pandits came seeking protection from Auranzeb's army.", Quote:"this second martyrdom helped to make 'human rights and freedom of conscience' central to its identity." 3182:, and the names of gods and goddesses in Hindu bhakti movement traditions, such as Vishnu, Shiva, Brahma, Parvati, Lakshmi, Saraswati, Rama, Krishna, but not to worship. It also refers to the spiritual concepts in Hinduism ( 3993:; however, Sikhism was not simply an extension of the Bhakti movement. Sikhism, for instance, disagreed with some of the views of Bhakti saints Kabir and Ravidas. Sikhism developed while the region was being ruled by the 3469:) hymns is recommended immediately after rising and bathing. Baptised Sikhs recite the five-morning prayers, the evening and night prayer. Family customs include both reading passages from the scripture and attending the 3426:

look at Guru Nanak's life and the early start of Sikhism. There are several – often contradictory and sometimes unreliable – Janamsākhīs and they are not held in the same regard as other sources of scriptural knowledge.

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Vaisakhi is one of the most important festivals of Sikhs, while other significant festivals commemorate the birth, lives of the gurus and Sikh martyrs. Historically, these festivals have been based on the moon calendar

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The Guru Granth Sahib started as a volume of Guru Nanak's poetic compositions. Prior to his death, he passed on his volume to the subsequent guru, Guru Angad. The final version of the Guru Granth Sahib was compiled by

2406:(remembrance of the divine Name through recitation). The verbal repetition of the name of God or a sacred syllable has been an ancient established practice in religious traditions in India, however, Sikhism developed 16263:

estimate the Sikh American population to be as high as 1,000,000, but do not provide any sources for these figures; 500,000 nevertheless remains the most cited Sikh American population size in news media. With 1% of

16246:, 194,640 Canadians declared Sikh as their ethnicity while 771,790 Canadians declared Sikh as their religion, indicating that the Sikh American population may be around 280,329, or 0.08% of the total population. The 9234:"Sikhism rejects the view that any particular religious tradition has a monopoly regarding Absolute Truth. Sikhism rejects the practice of converting people to other religious traditions." Kalsi, Sewa Singh (2008). 4384:) as the Sikh temporal authority in the year 1699. It created a community that combines its spiritual purpose and goals with political and military duties. Shortly before his death, Guru Gobind Singh proclaimed the 3485:). There are many gurdwaras prominently constructed and maintained across India, as well as in almost every country where Sikhs reside. Gurdwaras are open to all, regardless of religion, background, caste, or race. 1646:(sometimes capitalized) is more loosely rendered 'the one supreme reality', 'the one creator', 'the all-pervading spirit', and other ways of expressing a diffused but unified and singular sense of God and creation. 1893:", is one of the core deviations from the pursuit of God and salvation: where worldly attractions give only illusory temporary satisfaction and pain that distracts from the process of the devotion of God. However, 4739:

the Akal Takht. Numerous soldiers, civilians and militants died in the cross fire. Within days of the Operation Bluestar, some 2,000 Sikh soldiers in India mutinied and attempted to reach Amritsar to liberate the

3941:, and states that Nanak's teachings and Sikhism were a revelation from God, and not a social protest movement nor any attempt to reconcile Hinduism and Islam in the 15th century. The other states that Nanak was a 4621:. During the discussions with the colonial authorities, Tara Singh emerged as an important leader who campaigned to prevent the partition of colonial India and for the recognition of Sikhs as a third community. 3303:

The Dasam Granth is a scripture of Sikhs which contains texts attributed to Guru Gobind Singh. Scholars, on the other hand, attribute the work to after the guru's death, being authored by an unknown poet. The

16815: 16546:"The most special occasion of the Chhauni is the festival of Diwali which is celebrated for ten days. This is the only Sikh shrine at Amritsar where Maha Prasad (meat) is served on special occasions in Langar" 3488:

Worship in a gurdwara consists chiefly of the singing of passages from the scripture. Sikhs will commonly prostrate before the holy scripture when entering a gurdwara. The recitation of the eighteenth century

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The Sikh scripture contains verses which have been literally interpreted as relevant to pilgrimage and taking dips in waters for salvific value; some criticize it (AG 358, 75); others support it (AG 623–624).

5744:

food, and believe all should follow this diet. This is due to various social, cultural, political, and familial aspects. As such, there has always been major disagreement among Sikhs over the issue of eating

4060:

Sikhs, the first parallel sect of Sikhism that formed in Sikh history. The Udasis believe that the Guruship should have gone to Sri Chand, since he was a man of pious habits in addition to being Nanak's son.

3504:

or the community meal. All gurdwaras are open to anyone of any faith for a free meal, which is always vegetarian. People eat together, and the kitchen is maintained and serviced by Sikh community volunteers.

2216:", i.e. loving devotion to a divine without qualities or physical form. While Western scholarship generally places Sikhism as arising primarily within a Hindu Bhakti movement milieu while recognizing some 2012:. The human body is just a means to achieve the reunion with Truth. Once truth starts to shine in a person's heart, the essence of current and past holy books of all religions is understood by the person. 5455:. The Nirankari sect, though unorthodox, was influential in shaping the views of Tat Khalsa and the contemporary-era Sikh beliefs and practices. Another significant Sikh sect of the 19th century was the 5216:

Canada is home to the largest proportion of Sikhs, as a ratio of the country's total population, in the world, at 2.1%. Within Canada, Sikhs form 5.9% of the total population in the western province of

4130:

tradition of Sikhism where anyone, without discrimination of any kind, could get a free meal in a communal seating. The collection of revenue from Sikhs through regional appointees helped Sikhism grow.

16421:"Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Profile table Abbotsford, City (CY) British Columbia [Census subdivision] Total – Religion for the population in private households – 25% sample data" 10189: 4078:

and children were living, until he was able to bridge the divide between his followers and the Udasis. Guru Angad continued the work started by Guru Nanak and is widely credited for standardising the

5825: 2817:

script used in the Punjab at that time. The Gurmukhī script was standardised by Guru Angad, the second guru of the Sikhs, for use in the Sikh scriptures and is thought to have been influenced by the

16369:"Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Profile table Surrey, City (CY) British Columbia [Census subdivision] Total – Religion for the population in private households – 25% sample data" 3710:

Upon a child's birth, the Guru Granth Sahib is opened at a random point and the child is named using the first letter on the top left hand corner of the left page. All boys are given the last name

5256:

and in other parts of Pakistan. During the partition, Sikhs and Hindus left the newly created Muslim-majority Pakistan and mostly moved to Hindu-majority India—with some moving to Muslim-majority

1133:, which is the central religious scripture in Sikhism, as his successor. This brought the line of human gurus to a close. Sikhs regard the Guru Granth Sahib as the 11th and eternally living guru. 11040:

The name of the wedding ceremony, anand karaj (anand=bliss, karaj=event), is derived from Guru Amar Das's rapturous hymn Anand (bliss) and institutionalized by the fourth Sikh Guru, Guru Ram Das.

4565:

during the 1800s. They undertook a sustained campaign to standardize how Sikh gurdwaras looked and ran, while looking to Sikh scriptures and the early Sikh tradition to purify the Sikh identity.

4240:) Guru Har Krishan became the eighth guru at the age of five, and died of smallpox before reaching the age of eight. No hymns composed by these three gurus are included in the Guru Granth Sahib. 2171:

in center, so the combination of both is considered supreme. This means that all action informed or arising out of the spiritual heart completes one's purpose and meaning in the world of action:

11966: 4559:

marriage ceremony in accordance with Sikh scripture, and the idols and the images of Sikh gurus from the Golden Temple in 1905, traditions which had taken root during the administration of the

6221:"In its earliest stage Sikhism was clearly a movement within the Hindu tradition; Nanak was raised a Hindu and eventually belonged to the Sant tradition of northern India." (McLeod 2019/1998). 4588:

Sikhs participated and contributed to the decades-long Indian independence movement in the first half of the 20th century. Ultimately when the British Empire recognized independent India, the

6408: 4601:

demands and saw it as "perpetuation of Muslim domination" and anti-Sikh policies in what just a hundred years before was a part of the Sikh Empire. As such, Sikh organizations, including the

3543:

which includes Parades and Nagar Kirtan and occurs on 13 April or 14 April. Sikhs celebrate it because on this day, which fell on 30 March 1699, the tenth guru, Gobind Singh, inaugurated the

16343:"Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Profile table Brampton, City (CY) Ontario [Census subdivision] Total – Religion for the population in private households – 25% sample data" 16395:"Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Profile table Calgary, City (CY) Alberta [Census subdivision] Total – Religion for the population in private households – 25% sample data" 4521:, Muslim Anjuman-i-Islamia and Ahmadiyah sought to convert the Sikhs in northwestern Indian subcontinent into their respective faiths. These developments launched the Singh Sabha Movement. 3973:

Few Sikhs would mention these Indic texts and ideologies in the same breadth as the Sikh tradition, let alone trace elements of their tradition to this chronological and ideological point,

3894:"). Thereafter, Nanak started preaching his ideas that form the tenets of Sikhism. In 1526, Guru Nanak at age 50, started a small commune in Kartarpur and his disciples came to be known as 16140:

Despite its relatively recent arrival in Chicago, Sikhism is the world's fifth-largest religion, with 25 to 30 million adherents around the globe and an estimated 500,000 in America today.

1444: 1051: 16917: 11899:

A large number of Hindu and Muslim peasants converted to Sikhism from conviction, fear, economic motives, or a combination of the three (Khushwant Singh 1999: 106; Ganda Singh 1935: 73).

5948:

Piercing of the nose or ears for wearing ornaments is forbidden for Sikh men and women. However, this is a point of contention as it was common for Sikh men and women to wear during the

2008:

only with accumulation of selfless search of truth. Ultimately the seeker realises that it is the consciousness within the body which is the seeker/follower of the Word that is the true

5373:– the university of Sikhi, whilst technically not an order, it essentially serves as one. Made up from individuals belonging to all of the above sects. Many branches within this order. 6944: 6909: 7219:

In Sikh religion the word 'Guru' does not denote a teacher, or an expert or a guide in human body. When God manifested his attributes in person, that person was called 'Guru Nanak'

24462: 17385: 4723:

demand-related terrorist attacks against civilians in parts of India. By late 1983, the Bhindranwale led group had begun to build bunkers and observations posts in and around the

4176:(literally "the first book") and included the writings of the first five gurus and other enlightened 13 Hindu and 2 Muslim Sufi saints. In 1606, he was tortured and killed by the 3898:. Although the exact account of his itinerary is disputed, hagiographic accounts state he made five major journeys, spanning thousands of miles: the first tour being east towards 1847:"There is one supreme being, the eternal reality, the creator, without fear and devoid of enmity, immortal, never incarnated, self-existent, known by grace through the true guru." 16279: 15853:"Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2012 - Section 1: Population - Table 75: Self-Described Religious Identification of Adult Population: 1990, 2001, and 2008 (page 61)" 15825:"Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2012 - Section 1: Population - Table 75: Self-Described Religious Identification of Adult Population: 1990, 2001, and 2008 (page 61)" 9939:

Kristina Myrvold (2016). "Making the Scripture a Person: Reinventing Death Rituals of Guru Granth Sahib in Sikhism", pp. 134–136, 142–143, 152–155; In: Kristina Myrvold (2016),

5316: 4220:

and Ram Rai agreed it was a mistake then changed it. Ram Rai thus pleased Aurangzeb, but displeased Guru Har Rai who excommunicated his elder son. He nominated his younger son

1555:

religion. Sikhs believe that there exists only one God and that God is simultaneously within everything and is all-encompassing. The oneness of God is reflected by the phrase

16635:

Perspectives on Sikhism: Papers Presented at the International Seminar on Sikhism: a Religion for the Third Millennium Held at Punjabi University, Patiala on 27–29 March 2000

3949:

were not written by Nanak, but by later followers without regard for historical accuracy, and contain numerous legends and myths created to show respect for Nanak. The term

5976:

Sikhs cannot wear any token of any other faith, nor participate in idol worship (Idolatry) according to the Guru Granth Sahib. Sikhs must not have their head bare or wear

1136:

The core beliefs and practices of Sikhism, articulated in the Guru Granth Sahib and other Sikh scriptures, include faith and meditation in the name of the one creator (

4268:

for refusing to convert to Islam. His beheading traumatized the Sikhs. His body was cremated in Delhi, while the head was carried secretively by Sikhs and cremated in

6271:

From the rest of this introduction to the Guru Granth Sahib, and from Guru Nank's compositions, it is a monotheistic, rather than a monist, view of God which emerges.

4096:

became an important centre for Sikhism during the Guruship of Guru Amar Das. He was a reformer, and discouraged veiling of women's faces (a Muslim custom) as well as

3589:

Band Chor Diwas has been another important Sikh festival in its history. In recent years, instead of Diwali, the post-2003 calendar released by SGPC has named it the

2572:

was the final guru in human form. Before his death, Guru Gobind Singh decreed in 1708, that the Gurū Granth Sāhib would be the final and perpetual guru of the Sikhs.

14724:, Sikhism is the largest religion in Punjab and second in Chandigarh. These are the only two Indian states/UTs where Sikhism is one of the two most common religions. 14567: 5493:, has been more common in rural parts of Punjab. The landowning dominant Sikh castes, states Jodhka, "have not shed all their prejudices against the lower castes or 13518: 12403: 12360: 2825:

scripts. An authoritative scripture was created to protect the integrity of hymns and teachings of the Sikh gurus, and thirteen Hindu and two Muslim bhagats of the

6877: 4536:, which had quickly gained dominance by the early 1880s. The movement became a struggle between Sanatan Sikhs and Tat Khalsa in defining and interpreting Sikhism. 3764:(meaning "pure and sovereign") is the collective name given by Guru Gobind Singh, to those Sikhs who have been fully initiated by taking part in a ceremony called 16805: 2076:, etc.). Guru Nanak states that "the body takes birth because of karma, but salvation is attained through grace." To get closer to God, Sikhs: avoid the evils of 18590: 9768:

Torkel Brekke (2014), Religion, War, and Ethics: A Sourcebook of Textual Traditions (Editors: Gregory M. Reichberg and Henrik Syse), Cambridge University Press,

4358: 5435:

era. Some of these sects were financially and administratively supported by the Mughal rulers in the hopes of gaining a more favorable and compliant citizenry.

4338: 3703:

of the tank particularly for sick friends and relatives, believing that the waters of such sacred sites have restorative powers and the ability to purify one's

2977:(line compositions), which are poetically rendered and set to rhythmic ancient north Indian classical music. The bulk of the scripture is classified into sixty 14657: 11588:

The Archeology of World Religions: the Background of Primitivism, Zoroastrianism, Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, Shinto, Islam, and Sikhism

15723: 10181: 3627:. Guru Gobind Singh modified Holi with a three-day Hola Mohalla extension festival of martial arts. The extension started the day after the Holi festival in 1935:. The fate of people vulnerable to the five thieves is separation from God, and the situation may be remedied only after intensive and relentless devotion. 14696: 7779: 7740: 7547: 5605:, and one of the youngest. Worldwide, there are 30 million Sikhs, which makes up 0.4% of the world's population. Approximately 75% of Sikhs live in 3134:(temple); many Sikhs bow or prostrate before it on entering the temple. The Guru Granth Sahib is installed every morning and put to bed at night in many 3065:, an iconic verse which received Guru Nanak directly from Akal Purakh (God). The traditional Mul Mantar goes from Ik Oankar until Nanak Hosee Bhee Sach. 6230:

These views include Sikhs believing in achieving blissful mukhti while alive, Sikhs placing emphasis on the path of the householder, Sikhs disbelief in

4157:

is remembered in the Sikh tradition as vehemently opposing Guru Arjan, creating a faction Sikh community which the Sikhs following Guru Arjan called as

20829: 16082:

Sikhism is the fifth largest religion in the world, and, today, there are more than 30 million Sikhs worldwide and an estimated 500,000 Sikh Americans;

14509:"Religion by visible minority and generation status: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts" 5912:), "Dry-sweet", is the term Akali Nihangs use to refer to it. It was traditionally crushed and consumed as a liquid, especially during festivals like 4005:, refused to convert to Islam and were tortured and executed by the Mughal rulers. The Islamic era persecution of Sikhs triggered the founding of the 3563: 4400: 4216:. Guru Hargobind rejected Dhir Mal, the latter refused to give up the original version of the Adi Granth he had, and the Sikh community was divided. 1512:. They argue that an "-ism" connotes a fixed and immutable worldview which is not congruent with the internally fluid nature of the Sikh philosophy. 7274: 6849: 6404: 4637:

in Lahore which Muslims sought as a mosque and Sikhs as a Gurdwara, and the insistence of the provincial Muslim government on switching from Indian

1529:, 'From the one light, the entire universe welled up.' Guru Nanak also emphasized his teachings to his disciples by giving them real-life examples. 23315: 16069: 15470: 14742: 3032:

script, believed to have been developed by Guru Angad. The language shares the Indo-European roots found in numerous regional languages of India.

23164: 16930: 16305: 5636:(0.9% Sikh). While these communities are over 125 years old, most Sikhs in the West are first, second, or third-generation immigrants. As of the 4146:

organization for clerical appointments in Sikh temples, and for revenue collections to theologically and economically support the Sikh movement.

3392:. This scripture is largely revered by Akali Nihangs with many non-Nihang Sikhs rejecting it as an authentic work of the 10th guru. According to 14671: 24221: 16188: 3495:

is also customary for attending Sikhs. The ardās recalls past sufferings and glories of the community, invoking divine grace for all humanity.

14516: 2295:

not-I", attain the "attendant balance of separation-fusion, self-other, action-inaction, attachment-detachment, in the course of daily life".

24467: 16012: 5660:, newspapers, radio stations, and markets cater to these large, multi-generational Sikh Canadian groups. Sikh festivals such as Vaisakhi and 3739:

Upon death, the body of a Sikh is usually cremated. If this is not possible, any respectful means of disposing the body may be employed. The

2897:. However, the bhagats in context often spoke of transcending their religious labels, Kabir often attributed to being a Muslim states in the 11931:

He made many converts to Sikhism from the Hindus and the Muslims. In Kashmir particularly he converted thousands who had gone over to Islam.

3396:

the authenticity of the work is rejected on the grounds of its writing style and mastery of poetry not matching up with Guru Gobind Singh's

3375:. The text played a significant role in Sikh history, but in modern times parts of the text have seen antipathy and discussion among Sikhs. 2901:, "I am not Hindu nor Muslim." The gurus following on this message taught that different methods of devotion are for the same infinite God. 2072:

such as a state of "heaven" or "nirvana." Nevertheless, in Sikhism, both karma and liberation are "modified by the concept of God's grace" (

24173: 21526: 12150: 16521: 7497: 6938: 6903: 4532:, Gianis, priests, and granthis. Shortly thereafter, Nihang Sikhs began influencing the movement, followed by a sustained campaign by the 2660:

The Sikh gurus established a mechanism which allowed the Sikh religion to react as a community to changing circumstances. The sixth guru,

15017: 10558: 7470: 7330: 6629: 5921: 3404:

dates the work to the late 18th century and believes it was authored by an unknown poet and was mistakenly attributed to the tenth guru.

16960: 14483: 12981: 12656: 7843: 7356: 6203:

in turn corresponds in many respects to the much wider devotional Bhakti tradition in northern India. (Pashaura and Fenech 2014, p. 35).

4009:, as an order for freedom of conscience and religion. A Sikh is expected to embody the qualities of a "Sant-Sipāhī" – a 2382:

principle is taught by gurus which literally means blessings for everyone, blessings to humankind in good faith without discrimination.

23209: 23136: 20354: 19455: 17233: 10357: 10317: 10277: 10237: 3069:

One God exists, truth by name, creative power, without fear, without enmity, timeless form, unborn, self-existent, by the guru's grace.

2676:. The Akal Takht is located in the city of Amritsar. The leader is appointed by the Shiromani Gurdwara Pabandhak Committee (SPGC). The 16283: 16094: 14213: 3536:

calendar. The new calendar is highly controversial among Sikhs and is not universally accepted. Sikh festivals include the following:

2410:

as an important Bhakti practice. Guru Nanak's ideal is the total exposure of one's being to the divine Name and a total conforming to

23014: 19433: 18594: 14627: 967: 23460: 4391:

The Sikh Khalsa's rise to power began in the 17th century during a time of growing militancy against Mughal rule. The creation of a

2508:, which in Sikhism connotes 'moral order' and righteousness (derived, but distinct from the etymologically related Hindu concept of 23300: 23174: 23159: 16268:

being Sikh, and 90.7% of Sikh Americans being Asian American, the American Sikh population can be estimated around 280,000 in 2021.

3985: ... and adds delicate nuance and substance to the sacred symbolic universe of the Sikhs of today and of their past ancestors. 2042:

makes it clear that human birth is obtained with great fortune, and therefore one needs to be able to make the most of this life.

16563: 6488: 5502: 4573: 2700:

may only be passed on a subject that affects the fundamental principles of Sikh religion; it is binding upon all Sikhs. The term

16585: 5987:

Hereditary priest – Sikhism does not have priests, as they were abolished by Guru Gobind Singh. The only position he left was a

5193:). In addition to Punjab, the states and union territories of India where Sikhs constitute more than 1.5% of its population are 3056:

The vision in the Guru Granth Sahib, states Torkel Brekke, is a society based on divine justice without oppression of any kind.

17978: 16158: 9849: 5955:

Female infanticide: A Sikh should not kill their daughter; nor should they maintain any relationship with a killer of daughter.

5335:

as well. The tenth guru also institutionalized them. Bhai Daya Singh Ji Samparda and Bhai Dharam Singh Ji Samparda, two of the

23320: 18285: 17329: 17307: 17288: 17269: 17197: 17150: 16877: 16850: 16821: 16772: 16745: 16718: 16691: 16454: 15681: 15609: 15582: 15555: 15376: 15278: 15247: 15184: 15153: 14948: 14917: 14883: 14806: 14775: 14460: 14429: 14393: 14342: 14261: 14176: 14147: 14090: 14059: 14028: 14001: 13970: 13943: 13916: 13889: 13849: 13819: 13781: 13736: 13661: 13629: 13555: 13512: 13481: 13449: 13410: 13385: 13356: 13329: 13199: 13048: 13017: 12975: 12947: 12918: 12837: 12803: 12767: 12736: 12705: 12636: 12614: 12582: 12551: 12522: 12483: 12440: 12397: 12354: 12324: 12297: 12270: 12239: 12183: 12144: 12108: 12078: 12042: 12008: 11976: 11924: 11892: 11863: 11841: 11817: 11789: 11758: 11732: 11711: 11668: 11642: 11618: 11557: 11529: 11466: 11435: 11404: 11360: 11329: 11288: 11245: 11203: 11129: 11095: 11063: 11033: 10987: 10956: 10929: 10902: 10872: 10845: 10818: 10787: 10756: 10725: 10688: 10661: 10634: 10591: 10552: 10518: 10488: 10461: 10437: 10413: 10167: 10147: 10121: 10101: 10069: 10047: 10026: 9987: 9961: 9921: 9895: 9874: 9857: 9833: 9799: 9773: 9753: 9729: 9697: 9661: 9632: 9607: 9578: 9553: 9510: 9481: 9453: 9431: 9410: 9389: 9358: 9303: 9271: 9243: 9204: 9179: 9149: 9124: 9088: 9027: 8996: 8965: 8935: 8902: 8875: 8848: 8810: 8782: 8754: 8723: 8694: 8663: 8632: 8605: 8563: 8538: 8459: 8434: 8409: 8379: 8349: 8318: 8291: 8264: 8233: 8206: 8175: 8146: 8119: 8090: 8064: 8043: 8015: 7991: 7936: 7911: 7884: 7702: 7621: 7596: 7530: 7435: 7401: 7254: 7190: 7164: 7136: 7104: 7079: 7048: 7021: 6980: 6830: 6771: 6665: 6589: 6550: 6470: 6163: 6131: 5182: 4780: 3422:), are writings which profess to be biographies of Guru Nanak. Although not scripture in the strictest sense, they provide a 13561: 13205: 13054: 12843: 12588: 12489: 12446: 11366: 11294: 11251: 10597: 9033: 8492: 6986: 6671: 6595: 6556: 2983:, with each Granth rāga subdivided according to length and author. The hymns in the scripture are arranged primarily by the 2163:

introduced the two swords of Miri and Piri symbolizing both worldly (social and political) and spiritual authority. The two

24457: 23785: 20824: 18999: 15852: 15824: 4618: 4228:(land grant). Ram Rai founded a town there and enjoyed Aurangzeb's patronage; the town came to be known as Dehradun, after 4056:, Guru Nanak's son was also a religious man, and continued his own commune of Sikhs. His followers came to be known as the 3570: 14563: 13751:

Dr Harjinder Singh Dilgeer, Sikh History in 10 Volumes, Sikh University Press, Belgium, published in 2012; vol 4, pp 49–69

13700: 3937:

There are two competing theories on Guru Nanak's teachings. One, according to Cole and Sambhi, is based on hagiographical

24447: 23903: 23184: 22785: 18122: 18085: 16238:

does not ask about religion, 70,697 Americans (or 0.02% of the total population) declared Sikh as their ethnicity in the

15773: 15418: 10335: 10255: 5820: 5210: 5061: 4911: 4860: 16616:"Sikh Identity: An Exploration of Groups Among Sikhs" by Opinderjit Kaur Takhar, pg. 51, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd, 2005, 13592: 12884: 12208: 11483: 10295: 10215: 6867: 6513: 24113: 23843: 23725: 23179: 21764: 19718: 17543: 16260: 11947: 11145: 11025: 8927: 8840: 8686: 8256: 8035: 3864:

Sikhism originated around the 15th century. Guru Nanak (1469–1539), the founder of Sikhism, was born in the village of

3257:

The Dasam Granth is a Sikh scripture which contains texts attributed to Guru Gobind Singh, including his autobiography

3241:

by Muslims, or Hindu rituals such as wearing thread; the former being, though, a disciplinary aspect of worship, given

15934: 14597: 5602: 3631:, where Sikh soldiers would train in mock battles, compete in horsemanship, athletics, archery and military exercises. 2155:, Guru Hargobind was elevated to the Guruship and fulfilled the prophecy that was given by the primal figure of Sikh, 24163: 22989: 20239: 17421: 17347: 17247: 17229: 17215: 16902: 16642: 16621: 16605: 8486: 7773: 7734: 6705: 6374: 6350: 6321: 6292: 6264: 5339:

or cherished ones of the tenth guru, founded two Nirmala orders. There are further sub-orders with these two orders.

2287:(spiritual meditative qualities). This was developed into the concept of the "saint soldier" by the tenth Sikh guru, 1015: 14649: 13656:(4th ed.). Patiala, Punjab, India: Punjab University, Patiala, 2002. pp. 44, 50, 110, 121, 126, 212, 349. 9384:

Christopher Shackle and Arvind Mandair (2005), Teachings of the Sikh Gurus, Abingdon-on-Thames, England: Routledge,

7958: 6135: 5353:

activity. Although not promoting it to others, certain of their practices depart from the majority of Sikh beliefs.

2696:(literally, 'guru's intention') is an order passed by the Sarbat Ḵẖālsā in the presence of the Gurū Granth Sāhib. A 24216: 21774: 19199: 4124:(tithe) system of revenue collection in the name of guru and as pooled community religious resource, and the famed 2682:(a representative portion of the Khalsa Panth) historically gathers at the Akal Takht on special festivals such as 2020:

Guru Nanak's teachings are founded not on a final destination of heaven or hell, but on a spiritual union with the

1897:

emphasized māyā as not a reference to the unreality of the world, but of its values. In Sikhism, the influences of

1329: 16041: 5320:

Sant Singh Khalsa, a white convert to Sikhism, authored the most widely used translation of the Guru Granth Sahib.

24477: 24178: 24073: 23199: 23194: 23150: 22780: 21624: 20883: 19873: 18559: 18240: 17779: 4440:

emerged, but these fought between themselves. Ranjit Singh achieved a series of military victories and created a

2495:

Sikhism regards God as the true emperor, the king of all kings, the one who dispenses justice through the law of

2437: 1294: 14689: 9319: 1925:'), are believed to be particularly distracting and hurtful. Sikhs believe the world is currently in a state of 24033: 23858: 23131: 22150: 22091: 21978: 21857: 21789: 20217: 19855: 19774: 19298: 19293: 14847: 7763: 7724: 7562: 7289: 6793: 6037: 5489:

population in India". Although decried by Sikhism, Sikhs have practiced a caste system. The system, along with

5447:

sects were formed in Sikhism, seeking to reform and return to what each believed was the pure form of Sikhism.

4751: 3778:

or Khalsa Sikh, while those who are not initiated or baptised are referred to as Kesdhari or Sahajdhari Sikhs.

22270: 22145: 16600:"Sikhism, A Complete Introduction" by H.S. Singha & Satwant Kaur Hemkunt, Hemkunt Press, New Delhi, 1994, 14824: 9692:

Anna S. King and JL Brockington (2005), The Intimate Other: Love Divine in Indic Religions, Orient Blackswan,

3400:

work. Also, the text makes mention of a work composed in 1719, much after the death of the Guru Gobind Singh.

3156:, with the concrete form of the teachings becoming the object of worship instead of the teachings themselves. 1192:, which are five articles of faith which physically distinguish Sikhs from non-Sikhs. Among these include the 24183: 23598: 23335: 22999: 22848: 22770: 22192: 21234: 20787: 19426: 18808: 18090: 11181:

Pashaura Singh (2005), Understanding the Martyrdom of Guru Arjan, Journal of Punjab Studies, 12(1), pp. 29–62

8111: 6212:"Historically, Sikh religion derives from this nirguni current of bhakti religion." (Lorenzen 1995, pp. 1–2). 5813:: Cohabiting with a person other than one's spouse (sexual relations with anyone who you are not married to). 5621: 5174: 4418:

became the commander-in-chief of the Khalsa. He organised the civilian rebellion and abolished or halted the

4183:, for refusing to convert to Islam. His martyrdom is considered a watershed event in the history of Sikhism. 2777:. While the Guru Granth Sahib is an unquestioned scripture in Sikhism, another important religious text, the 2610:

succeeded Guru Nanak. Later, an important phase in the development of Sikhism came with the third successor,

960: 10717: 5664:

are celebrated in those Canadian cities by the largest groups of followers in the world outside the Punjab.

24241: 24043: 21256: 20006: 19169: 18117: 17968: 17921: 15883: 15698: 15519: 5991:

to look after the Guru Granth Sahib; any Sikh is free to become Granthi or read from the Guru Granth Sahib.

5625: 5170: 5099: 1230:

The baptism bequeathed by the tenth Guru, and who does not owe allegiance to any other religion, is a Sikh.

22280: 16869:

Re-imagining South Asian Religions: Essays in Honour of Professors Harold G. Coward and Ronald W. Neufeldt

15294:

Mooney, Nicola (2012). "Reading Weber Among the Sikhs: Asceticism and Capitalism in the 3HO/Sikh Dharma".

14490:, Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India 13651: 6846: 4451:, spread over almost 200,000 square miles (520,000 square kilometres) comprising what is now northwestern 3638:

Sikh homes. The martyrdoms are also known as a Shaheedi Gurpurbs, which mark the martyrdom anniversary of

24251: 23963: 23958: 23730: 22253: 22214: 21769: 21683: 21251: 19623: 18979: 18110: 16214: 15859: 15831: 15777: 15752: 15699:"The Daily — The Canadian census: A rich portrait of the country's religious and ethnocultural diversity" 14940: 14184:

invariably invoked images of atrocities committed by Muslims against Sikhs and of the martyrdom of their

13773: 13547: 12389: 12070: 10779: 8341: 7694: 5796: 4617:

and the movement to create Pakistan, viewing it as inviting possible persecution; the Sikhs largely thus

846: 17: 22285: 22275: 16184: 7829:"Religious Movements in Hindu Social Contexts: A Study of Paradigms for Contextual 'Church' Development" 4719:, the Babbar Khalsa, the AISSF and the National Council of Khalistan. Between 1982 and 1983, there were 24388: 23029: 22974: 22670: 21410: 20927: 19618: 19560: 18773: 18440: 18020: 15447: 14734: 11592: 9913: 9263: 7427: 6390: 6155: 4716: 1614: 21008: 17365: 16938: 15631: 15423: 15204: 13694: 12869: 7506: 5799:

dated 15 February 1980, states that eating meat does not go against the code of conduct of the Sikhs.

5485:

According to Surinder Jodhka, the state of Punjab with a Sikh majority has the "largest proportion of

5260:—while numerous Muslims in India moved to Pakistan. According to 2017 news reports, only about 20,000 5161:

Estimates as of 2019 state that Sikhism has some 25–30 million followers worldwide. According to

4561: 4246:, the uncle of Guru Har Krishan, became guru in 1665. Tegh Bahadur resisted the forced conversions of 1988:('teacher') to mean the voice of "the spirit": the source of knowledge and the guide to salvation. As 24452: 24276: 24065: 23923: 23375: 22263: 22042: 21673: 21303: 20868: 20000: 19752: 19589: 19544: 19065: 19045: 18994: 18853: 18678: 18586: 18493: 18390: 18385: 18278: 14675: 8401:

Religion and the Specter of the West: Sikhism, India, Postcoloniality and the Politics of Translation

8077:

Mandair, Arvind-Pal Singh (2011). "Time and religion-making in modern Sikhism". In Murphy, A. (ed.).

5656:(38,395). Brampton, Surrey, and Abbotsford are 25.1% Sikh, 27.4% Sikh, and 25.5% Sikh, respectively. 4661: 548: 22381: 11983:

During the time of Guru Nanak, a number of Hindus, Muslims and Dalits joined the fold of Guru Nanak.

5376: 3253: 23780: 23740: 23695: 23485: 23475: 23280: 23034: 22859: 22795: 22765: 22655: 22420: 22329: 22297: 22258: 22170: 21077: 20334: 20270: 19740: 19725: 19419: 19174: 19050: 19029: 18380: 17804: 17633: 17028: 16989: 16123: 15959: 15496: 15120: 14508: 5234: 5222: 4298: 3665: 2418:

as a "growing towards and into God" through a gradual process of five stages. The last of these is

2261:

The sixth guru, Guru Hargobind, after Guru Arjan's martyrdom, faced with oppression by the Islamic

1621: 953: 856: 789: 20777: 18974: 15199: 15115: 10706: 5283:

included Udasi, Nirmala, Nanakpanthi, Khalsa, Sahajdhari, Namdhari Kuka, Nirankari, and Sarvaria.

3969:-tradition of India whose ideology grew to become the Bhakti tradition. Furthermore, adds Fenech: 3024:

and used extensively across medieval northern India by proponents of popular devotional religion (

1395: 24231: 24168: 24118: 24078: 24023: 23658: 23653: 23543: 23490: 23380: 23310: 23106: 22917: 22832: 22037: 22015: 21814: 21636: 21161: 20819: 20746: 20430: 19801: 19601: 19510: 19363: 19340: 18938: 18450: 18425: 18060: 17863: 17688: 17663: 17570: 17548: 17261: 16842: 16663: 16306:"2071.0 – Census of Population and Housing: Reflecting Australia – Stories from the Census, 2016" 16029:

Scholars and government officials estimate the Sikh American population to number around 500,000.

15270: 15176: 15145: 14909: 14875: 14082: 14051: 13993: 13881: 13811: 13621: 13504: 13473: 13191: 13040: 12939: 12829: 12574: 12475: 12136: 12034: 11750: 11549: 11427: 11396: 11352: 11280: 11237: 11121: 10979: 10713: 10626: 10544: 10003: 9825: 9599: 9502: 9469: 9116: 9080: 9019: 8988: 7071: 6462: 6123: 5718: 5677: 5364: 4728: 4598: 3670: 2450: 1308: 1259: 794: 714: 665: 630: 616: 18959: 17390: 15096: 14936:

The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition

14334: 13769:

The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition

13543:

The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition

13346: 12066:

The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition

10775:

The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition

5769:. Nonetheless, all Sikhs agree with the minimum consensus that meat slaughtered via the Muslim ( 5668:

such as Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Hong Kong, Fiji, Nepal, China, Afghanistan, and Iran.

5520:

castes wield considerable influence within the Sikh community. Other common Sikh castes include

4134:

Guru Amar Das named his disciple and son-in-law Jēṭhā as the next guru, who came to be known as

3086:

Ika ōaṅkāra sati nāmu karatā purakhu nirabha'u niravairu akāla mūrati ajūnī saibhaṅ gura prasādi

2460:). This, it states, is the primary root of five evil impulses and the cycle of birth and death. 2121:

definition of a politicized community, sharing common ancestry myths and historical memories of

24098: 23993: 23953: 23933: 23790: 23765: 23670: 23643: 23593: 23563: 23553: 23470: 23435: 23420: 23405: 23360: 23295: 22969: 22900: 22805: 22800: 22541: 22464: 22226: 22108: 22032: 21829: 21819: 21678: 21646: 21584: 21555: 21072: 21067: 20764: 20724: 20509: 19850: 19845: 19825: 19821: 19194: 18893: 18878: 18868: 18848: 18843: 18648: 18554: 18455: 18430: 18075: 18065: 18025: 17891: 16513: 15938: 7957:. Translated by Khalsa, Sant Singh. SriGranth.org. 2006. pp. 305–306 (verses 305–16 to 306–2). 7494: 6922:

If you long for your Husband Lord, O soul-bride, you must know that He is not met by falsehood.

6032: 6027: 5633: 5122: 5115: 5038: 5010: 4748: 4699: 1877: 1303: 1099: 881: 16836: 16762: 16708: 16681: 16581:, SIGNIFICANT DEVELOPMENTS OF THE SIKH COMMUNITY, Dr Madanjit Kaur, Institute of Sikh Studies 15572: 15545: 15139: 15021: 14765: 14421: 14415: 13987: 13933: 13875: 13767: 12753: 12287: 11775: 11421: 11115: 11053: 11019: 10919: 10678: 10538: 10508: 10495:

Since the time of Guru Amar Das it has been customary for Sikhs to assemble before their Guru.

10478: 9257: 9169: 8919: 8832: 8680: 8280:

Singh, Kaur; Guninder, Nikky (30 January 2004). Sundararajan, K. R.; Mukerji, Bithika (eds.).

8192: 7455: 7315: 7065: 6762: 6618: 6178:"Sikhism, Indian religion founded in the Punjab in the late 15th century." (McLeod 2019/1998). 6149: 5765:. Thus, there is a wide range of views that exist on the issue of a proper "Sikh diet" in the 5252:. Likewise, Sikhism was founded in what is now Pakistan, and some of the gurus were born near 5185:, but it is predominantly found in the northwestern and northern states. Only in the state of 2483: 1475:'disciple'), which connotes the "temporal path of learning" and is rooted in the verb 24339: 24284: 24201: 24153: 24128: 23928: 23750: 23745: 23613: 23603: 23425: 23101: 23044: 22864: 22810: 22231: 22209: 22128: 22069: 21735: 21174: 21035: 20197: 19796: 19708: 19378: 19318: 19231: 18964: 18833: 18803: 18582: 18541: 17906: 17853: 17774: 17414: 17053: 16964: 16867: 16735: 16016: 14934: 14792: 14480: 14383: 14076: 14045: 14018: 13960: 13906: 13839: 13805: 13726: 13615: 13498: 12965: 12789: 12722: 12671: 12512: 12383: 12344: 12314: 12256: 12173: 12130: 12098: 12064: 12028: 11452: 10946: 10835: 10804: 10742: 10651: 9074: 8982: 8955: 8223: 7638: 7367: 6816: 5722: 5498: 5310: 4498: 4476: 3581: 3308:

is important to a great number of Sikhs. However, it does not have the same authority as the

2923:

The Guru Granth Sahib is the holy scripture of the Sikhs and is regarded as the living guru.

2894: 2783:, does not enjoy universal consensus, but is considered a secondary scripture by many Sikhs. 2538: 1363: 1279: 1264: 804: 799: 135: 21055: 21003: 17799: 17789: 15599: 15237: 15095: 14992: 14967: 14385:

The Sikh Separatist Insurgency in India: Political Leadership and Ethnonationalist Movements

13221:

Fenech, Louis E. (2001). "Martyrdom and the Execution of Guru Arjan in Early Sikh Sources".

13076:

Fenech, Louis E. (2001). "Martyrdom and the Execution of Guru Arjan in Early Sikh Sources".

10973: 10892: 8740: 8649: 7421: 6146:"As an Indian religion, Sikhism affirms transmigration, the continued rebirth after death". 2818: 24329: 24319: 24304: 24211: 24138: 24108: 24083: 24048: 24008: 24003: 23978: 23848: 23770: 23720: 23700: 23690: 23578: 23525: 23500: 23350: 23345: 23325: 23290: 23275: 23219: 22994: 22927: 22895: 22775: 22710: 22576: 22454: 22307: 22187: 22086: 21998: 21966: 21961: 21809: 21541: 20836: 20420: 20180: 19791: 19735: 19686: 19671: 19524: 19308: 19266: 19251: 19189: 19159: 18969: 18863: 18668: 18521: 18508: 18465: 18271: 18228: 18206: 18055: 17985: 17896: 17823: 17553: 16548:, The Sikh review, Volume 35, Issue 409 – Volume 36, Issue 420, Sikh Cultural Centre., 1988 16243: 14205: 13154: 10088:

Deol, J. (2000). Mandair, Arvind-Pal Singh; Shackle, Christopher; Singh, Gurharpal (eds.).

9815: 7038: 5917: 5865: 5754: 5637: 5629: 5190: 5132: 4755: 4493:

The Singh Sabha movement, a movement to revitalize Sikhism, also saw the resurgence of the

4488: 4468: 4045: 3771: 3733: 3532:, the Sikh organisation in charge of upkeep of the historical gurdwaras of Punjab, adopted 3389: 3165: 1978:

is the biggest barrier in making this connection. Using the Guru's teaching remembrance of

1353: 1274: 1142:), the divine unity and equality of all humankind, engaging in selfless service to others ( 911: 886: 876: 851: 759: 104: 20033: 17794: 16985: 16265: 15654: 15046: 14619: 4286:, and Sikh identity was redefined into a political force resisting religious persecution. 3934:. In his last and final tour, he returned to the banks of the Ravi River to end his days. 2773:

in 1604. The Guru Granth Sahib is the final expanded version of the scripture compiled by

2212:

Some scholars call Sikhism a Bhakti sect of Indian traditions, adding that it emphasises "

1984:(the divine Name of the Lord) leads to the end of egotism. Guru Nanak designated the word 8: 24334: 24309: 24289: 24266: 24193: 24143: 24123: 24038: 24028: 23983: 23943: 23898: 23893: 23883: 23873: 23868: 23863: 23853: 23838: 23833: 23828: 23823: 23818: 23795: 23705: 23680: 23558: 23548: 23510: 23480: 23465: 23450: 23440: 23430: 23395: 23390: 23340: 23285: 23260: 23204: 23061: 23049: 22937: 22932: 22922: 22790: 22591: 22504: 22449: 22425: 22312: 22197: 22155: 21950: 21799: 21427: 21219: 21104: 20900: 20702: 20587: 20515: 20405: 20326: 20153: 19806: 19630: 19476: 19368: 19303: 19261: 19221: 19216: 19179: 18858: 18793: 18783: 18100: 18080: 18040: 18010: 17439: 16251: 16162: 16057:

There are an estimated 500,000 Sikhs living in the U.S., many in New York and California.

15887: 14798: 14720:

Sikhism is the second-largest religion in British Columbia, Manitoba, and Yukon. Per the

11781: 11660: 10810: 10453:

Food & Material Culture: Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery 2013

10182:"The 3 granths in Sikhism & the debate surrounding Sarbloh Granth & Dasam Granth" 7828: 6744: 6300:

reinforcing panentheism. Hence one becomes a jivanmukt only in accordance with the Hukam.

6042: 5459:

movement in Punjab led by Baba Shiv Dyal. Other contemporary era Sikhs sects include the

5261: 5162: 4735: 4720: 4657: 4634: 4606: 4452: 4415: 4396: 4349: 4272:. He was succeeded by his son, Gobind Rai, who militarised his followers by creating the 4212:

Dhir Mal issued statements in favour of the Mughal state and critical of his grandfather

1470: 1367: 1284: 1254: 1213:, the Sikh code of conduct, is any human being who faithfully believes in the following: 1095: 1077: 921: 871: 861: 303: 17024: 5463:, formed in 1971, which exists outside India, particularly in North America and Europe. 4104:

people to fight in order to protect people and for the sake of justice, stating this is

24314: 24294: 24261: 24158: 24148: 24093: 24088: 24018: 23998: 23988: 23973: 23968: 23948: 23918: 23913: 23888: 23878: 23810: 23775: 23760: 23665: 23638: 23628: 23588: 23573: 23568: 23520: 23515: 23455: 23410: 23370: 23265: 23252: 23039: 22964: 22837: 22660: 22334: 22292: 22133: 22101: 22076: 22003: 21983: 21804: 21752: 21740: 21718: 21310: 21268: 21141: 20976: 20971: 20966: 20797: 20581: 20557: 19936: 19860: 19608: 19554: 19394: 19373: 19204: 19129: 18933: 18918: 18913: 18908: 18903: 18798: 18673: 18653: 18578: 18549: 18488: 18420: 18365: 18095: 17953: 17943: 17933: 17911: 17901: 17878: 17843: 17746: 17538: 17533: 17443: 17103: 17091: 17079: 17067: 17041: 16788: 16534:

A Nihang carries out 'Chatka' on a 'Chatanga' (a specially selected goat for sacrifice)

16486: 16470: 16247: 15988: 15346: 15319: 14721: 14327: 13267: 13238: 13136: 13101: 11916: 10405: 10397: 9721: 9713: 9295: 9287: 7666: 7246: 7238: 7128: 7120: 6731: 6384: 6052: 5581: 5512:

caste, which is an agrarian caste. Despite being very small in numbers, the mercantile

5241: 5054: 5000: 4993: 4712: 4602: 4589: 3851: 3766: 3218: 3121: 2672:), which serves as the supreme decision-making centre of Sikhism and sits opposite the 2359: 625: 592: 298: 293: 155: 21422: 20981: 20609: 20339: 17107: 16800: 16560: 16501: 16490: 16474: 9677: – Only the One is, there is none other; Only you, you only" (GGS: 144). Again, " 4479:, ultimately succeeded, but he was arrested and exiled after the defeat of the Sikhs. 4236:

Sikhs. However, according to rough estimates, there are around 120–150 million (12–15

4092:

tradition of Hinduism for much of his life, before joining the commune of Guru Angad.

4079: 3237:), instead of practices such as praying by prostrating on the ground to God towards a 24371: 24365: 24299: 24256: 24246: 24236: 24226: 24133: 24053: 24013: 23938: 23908: 23800: 23755: 23735: 23710: 23685: 23648: 23633: 23608: 23583: 23495: 23445: 23400: 23385: 23365: 23355: 23330: 23270: 23214: 22979: 22755: 22351: 22322: 22246: 22241: 22202: 22140: 22096: 22081: 22064: 22059: 22054: 21993: 21728: 21614: 21380: 21350: 21330: 21151: 20956: 20937: 20932: 20878: 20841: 20562: 20477: 20400: 20298: 20288: 20256: 20244: 20212: 20189: 20171: 20067: 19922: 19830: 19816: 19779: 19767: 19596: 19515: 19467: 19256: 19089: 19055: 18898: 18883: 18763: 18531: 18483: 18435: 18405: 18400: 18070: 18050: 18045: 18035: 17958: 17948: 17916: 17868: 17784: 17756: 17726: 17696: 17509: 17504: 17499: 17343: 17325: 17303: 17284: 17265: 17243: 17225: 17211: 17193: 17146: 16898: 16873: 16846: 16768: 16741: 16714: 16687: 16638: 16617: 16601: 16582: 16450: 16327: 16210: 15802: 15677: 15605: 15578: 15551: 15372: 15323: 15311: 15274: 15243: 15180: 15149: 14944: 14913: 14879: 14802: 14771: 14456: 14425: 14389: 14338: 14257: 14172: 14143: 14086: 14055: 14024: 13997: 13966: 13939: 13912: 13885: 13845: 13815: 13777: 13732: 13657: 13625: 13551: 13508: 13477: 13445: 13406: 13381: 13352: 13325: 13296: 13195: 13093: 13044: 13013: 12971: 12943: 12914: 12833: 12799: 12763: 12732: 12701: 12632: 12610: 12578: 12547: 12518: 12479: 12436: 12393: 12350: 12320: 12293: 12266: 12235: 12179: 12140: 12104: 12074: 12038: 12004: 11972: 11920: 11888: 11859: 11837: 11813: 11785: 11754: 11728: 11707: 11664: 11638: 11614: 11553: 11525: 11462: 11431: 11400: 11356: 11325: 11284: 11241: 11199: 11125: 11091: 11059: 11029: 10983: 10952: 10925: 10898: 10868: 10841: 10814: 10783: 10752: 10721: 10684: 10657: 10630: 10587: 10548: 10514: 10484: 10457: 10433: 10409: 10351: 10311: 10271: 10231: 10163: 10143: 10117: 10097: 10065: 10043: 10022: 9983: 9957: 9941:

The Death of Sacred Texts: Ritual Disposal and Renovation of Texts in World Religions

9917: 9891: 9870: 9853: 9829: 9795: 9769: 9749: 9725: 9693: 9657: 9628: 9603: 9574: 9549: 9506: 9477: 9449: 9427: 9406: 9385: 9354: 9299: 9267: 9239: 9200: 9175: 9145: 9120: 9084: 9023: 8992: 8961: 8931: 8898: 8894:

The Sikhs: History, Religion, and Society (ACLS Lectures on the History of Religions)

8871: 8844: 8806: 8778: 8750: 8719: 8690: 8659: 8628: 8601: 8559: 8534: 8482: 8455: 8430: 8405: 8375: 8345: 8314: 8287: 8260: 8229: 8202: 8171: 8142: 8115: 8086: 8060: 8039: 8011: 7987: 7932: 7907: 7880: 7769: 7730: 7698: 7670: 7658: 7617: 7592: 7526: 7431: 7397: 7250: 7160: 7132: 7100: 7075: 7044: 7017: 6976: 6826: 6767: 6701: 6661: 6585: 6546: 6485: 6466: 6370: 6346: 6317: 6288: 6260: 6159: 6127: 5661: 5641: 5617: 5533: 5237:

in the world with Sikhism as the second-most followed religion among the population.

5178: 5165:, a think tank and research group based in Washington, DC, over 9-in-10 Sikhs are in 4614: 4610: 4399:, to fight the Mughal rulers of India and those who had committed atrocities against 4385: 4373: 4302: 4283: 4243: 4002: 3643: 3619:

is a tradition started by Guru Gobind Singh. It starts the day after Sikhs celebrate

3590: 3446: 3372: 3325: 3169: 2937: 2933: 2918: 2774: 2757: 2569: 2513: 2333: 2205: 2039: 1931:('age of darkness') because the world is led astray by the love of and attachment to 1854: 1642:), the 'One Creator', understood in the Sikh tradition as monotheistic unity of God. 1349: 1130: 1126: 1087: 916: 724: 373: 368: 363: 21834: 21432: 21092: 20846: 12864: 6369:. Oxford Handbooks. Pashaura Singh, Louis E. Fenech. OUP Oxford. 2014. p. 380. 5431:

with the patronage of Aurangzeb. Many splintered Sikh communities formed during the

4711:

and Akal Takht were occupied by various militant groups in 1982. These included the

4686: 3609:

in 1619. This day continues to be commemorated on the same day of Hindu festival of

2721: 2414:

or the "Divine Order". Nanak described the result of the disciplined application of

24442: 24324: 24206: 24103: 23715: 23675: 23623: 23618: 23535: 23505: 23415: 23305: 23169: 23121: 23116: 22680: 22645: 22618: 22376: 22361: 22236: 22160: 22010: 21988: 21896: 21757: 21536: 21499: 21355: 21340: 21288: 21082: 21062: 21030: 21025: 20996: 20991: 20915: 20905: 20734: 20698: 20690: 20661: 20574: 20494: 20489: 20452: 20442: 20368: 20306: 20148: 19985: 19835: 19493: 19402: 19328: 19288: 19121: 19060: 18828: 18788: 18778: 18768: 18683: 18658: 18612: 18564: 18526: 18498: 18478: 18473: 18415: 18410: 18375: 18370: 18357: 18144: 18105: 18015: 18005: 18000: 17963: 17928: 17838: 17813: 17603: 17494: 17407: 16239: 15303: 13288: 13259: 13230: 13166: 13128: 13085: 7873: 7650: 6234:, and the Sikhs afterlife aspect of merging with God rather than a physical heaven. 6022: 6002: 5613: 5573: 5328: 5277: 5249: 5218: 5166: 5071: 4921: 4888: 4670: 4646: 4472: 4431: 4221: 4165: 4126: 4044:

and became the second guru of the Sikhs. Nanak conferred his choice at the town of

3525: 3500: 3107: 3073: 3017: 2882: 2866: 2634: 2543: 2118: 2113:

is one of the key ways to achieve liberation from the cycles of reincarnation. The

1450: 1437: 1421: 1409: 1321: 1057: 1044: 1028: 986: 891: 818: 660: 465: 435: 358: 257: 170: 21973: 12609:

Louis E. Fenech (2006), Martyrdom in the Sikh Tradition, Oxford University Press,

8481:. Religions of the World. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers. pp. 41–50. 4164:

Guru Arjan is remembered among Sikhs for many accomplishments. He built the first

4021: 2814: 2706:(literally, 'edict' or 'royal order') is often used interchangeably with the term 2690:

and when there is a need to discuss matters that affect the entire Sikh nation. A

24472: 24402: 24375: 23004: 22984: 22474: 22366: 22356: 22025: 21693: 21484: 21464: 21395: 21360: 21293: 21013: 20986: 20961: 20910: 20888: 20681: 20624: 20395: 19912: 19713: 19639: 19579: 19534: 19503: 19332: 19271: 19024: 18984: 18928: 18838: 18758: 18516: 18445: 18395: 18318: 18030: 17995: 17990: 17938: 17858: 17560: 17528: 17520: 17380: 17253: 16589: 16567: 15984: 15393: 15337:

Jodhka, Surinder S (11–17 May 2002). "Caste and Untouchability in Rural Punjab".

15307: 15264: 15170: 14903: 14869: 14851: 14828: 14487: 14446: 14247: 14133: 13541: 13465: 13315: 13185: 13034: 12888: 12823: 12570:

Life and Work of Guru Arjan: History, Memory, and Biography in the Sikh Tradition

12568: 12469: 12426: 11586: 11388: 11346: 11274: 11231: 11085: 10862: 10773: 10620: 10581: 10451: 10162:

William McLeod (2009), The A to Z of Sikhism, Toronto: Rowman & Littlefield,

10116:

Robert Zaehner (1988), The Hutchinson Encyclopedia of Living Faiths, Hutchinson,

9819: 9110: 9013: 8892: 8865: 8622: 8580: 8476: 8399: 8369: 8335: 8308: 8281: 8250: 8165: 8136: 7981: 7901: 7688: 7684: 7501: 7010: 6970: 6853: 6697: 6655: 6579: 6536: 6492: 6136:

https://web.archive.org/web/20050318143533/http://www.ik13.com/online_library.htm

6115: 5889: 5868:, but ritually consumed in edible form by some Sikhs. Some Sikh groups, like the 5681: 5595: 5452: 5419:

respectively, in parallel to the official succession of the Sikh gurus. Later on

5146: 5085: 4904: 4540: 4456: 4177: 4109: 4097: 3990: 3966: 3820: 3290: 3258: 2826: 2822: 2673: 2661: 2379: 1952: 1885: 1298: 1289: 1150: 1083: 941: 779: 410: 89: 63: 6957:

You are the One True Lord and Master of all the other beings, of so many worlds.

4475:, then disbanded them into destitution. The youngest son of Ranjit Singh, named 4172:). He was a poet and created the first edition of Sikh sacred text known as the 2769:– literally, 'First Volume' – refers to the version of the scripture created by 2481:, that is, "honest work". Sikh teachings also stress the concept of sharing, or 1970:

According to Guru Nanak, the supreme purpose of human life is to reconnect with

1943: 24426: 23126: 23019: 22959: 22675: 22650: 22435: 22339: 22221: 22165: 22118: 21531: 21479: 21375: 21345: 21325: 21320: 21315: 21298: 21194: 21114: 21097: 21050: 21040: 20084: 19747: 19730: 19549: 19529: 19498: 19278: 19081: 18943: 18694: 18643: 18223: 18184: 18154: 17741: 17706: 17583: 17484: 17003: 16447:

Between Colonialism and Diaspora: Sikh Cultural Formations in an Imperial World

16256: 15963: 15913: 13689: 12795: 12728: 11321: 9788:

Shared Idioms, Sacred Symbols, and the Articulation of Identities in South Asia

8715: 8598:

Religion and the Body: Modern Science and the Construction of Religious Meaning

7654: 6872: 5981: 5869: 5750: 5746: 5741: 5653: 5490: 5400: 5370: 5324: 5024: 4773: 4594: 4569: 4423: 4345: 4322: 4269: 4192: 4074:. On Nanak's advice, Guru Angad moved from Kartarpur to Khadur, where his wife 3907: 3887: 3873: 3842:(special undergarment). The five Ks have both practical and symbolic purposes. 3826: 3814: 3786: 3690: 3628: 3594: 3520:, wherein he asked Sikhs to assemble and share the festivities as a community. 3384: 3368: 3021: 2870: 2854: 2504:

The term for justice in the Sikh tradition is Niāyā. It is related to the term

2199: 2168: 2160: 2148: 1341: 1194: 738: 430: 425: 400: 348: 288: 96: 21087: 20349: 13292: 13170: 10331: 10251: 7211:

in Sikhism is "not a teacher or a guide", but "God's own manifestation"; see:

4597:"). According to Banga and other scholars, the Sikhs had strongly opposed the 4232:

referring to Ram Rai's shrine. Sikhs who followed Ram Rai came to be known as

3363:

has in modern times become one of the most debated topics within Sikhism. The

2342:

prayers for Sikhs consist of Japji Sahib, Jaap Sahib, and Tav-Prasad Savaiye.

1098:

around the end of the 15th century CE. It is one of the most recently founded

24436: 24414: 23054: 22608: 22489: 21881: 21876: 21824: 21661: 21599: 21494: 21385: 21283: 21214: 21146: 21136: 21109: 21045: 20942: 20920: 20858: 20754: 20717: 20636: 20544: 19995: 19946: 19651: 19211: 18989: 18720: 18638: 18213: 17886: 17833: 17769: 17628: 17618: 17469: 17375: 17317: 15909: 15315: 14845:

Pakistan's Sikh community disappointed at being 'left out' of national census

13584: 13300: 13097: 12881: 12200: 11491: 10291: 10211: 7662: 6505: 5833: 5816: 5606: 5577: 5432: 5387:

Sikhs are a sect of Sikhism known for their crisp white dress and horizontal

5327:– scholars. Composed texts as well as traditionally studying a wide range of 5186: 4790: 4744: 4740: 4731: 4724: 4708: 4525: 4464: 4408: 4381: 4318: 4258: 4169: 4085: 3994: 3869: 3749: 3718:(this was once a title which was conferred on an individual upon joining the 3700: 3513: 3393: 3337: 3321: 3262: 3049: 2995: 2858: 2678: 2642: 2611: 2546:-style painting from the late 19th century depicting the ten Sikh Gurus with 2396: 2363: 2326: 2262: 2225: 2095: 2082: 2046: 1980: 1956: 1890: 1602: 1245: 1209: 701: 691: 510: 495: 470: 445: 333: 273: 196: 159: 151: 77: 69: 21723: 17623: 17184:(in 10 volumes); Sikh University Press / Singh Brothers Amritsar, 2010–2012. 11149: 11052:

Skinner Keller, Rosemary; Radford Ruether, Rosemary; Cantlon, Marie (2006).

10371: 9673:" (GGS: 139). Persian terminology is used to emphasize the unity of being: " 8170:. "Sikh Studies" series, book 7. New Delhi: Hemkunt Press. 2009. p. 8. 3707:. The various gurus of Sikhism have had different approaches to pilgrimage. 2792: 2477: 2034:('enlightenment/liberation within one's lifetime'), a concept also found in 1198:(uncut hair). Most religious Sikh men thus do not cut their hair but rather 645: 23189: 23091: 22952: 22640: 22635: 22613: 22603: 22484: 21916: 21851: 21794: 21779: 21745: 21370: 21278: 20316: 20207: 20202: 20053: 20023: 19897: 19865: 19613: 19584: 19571: 19134: 19094: 18923: 18730: 18663: 18338: 18313: 18308: 18201: 17973: 17828: 17701: 17668: 17489: 17474: 17360: 16677: 15626: 14589: 14538: 10806:

Health and Religious Rituals in South Asia: Disease, Possession and Healing

6430: 6017: 5913: 5781:

represents the final authority on controversial issues concerning the Sikh

5475: 5424: 5416: 5412: 4529: 4514: 4427: 4365: 4204: 4154: 4135: 4029: 3682: 3659: 3616: 3598: 3573: 3550: 3401: 3298: 3003: 2965: 2779: 2687: 2626: 2551: 2471:(mental service, such as dedicating your heart for service of others), and 2351: 2288: 2274: 2172: 1922: 1384:

The majority of Sikh scriptures were originally written in the alphabet of

1237: 731: 603: 598: 582: 490: 405: 353: 338: 21417: 20104: 14902:

Takhar, Opinderjit Kaur (2014). Singh, Pashaura; Fenech, Louis E. (eds.).

13314:

Mandair, Arvind-Pal Singh; Shackle, Christopher; Singh, Gurharpal (2013).

8867:

Fighting Words: Religion, Violence, and the Interpretation of Sacred Texts

8337:

Fundamentalisms and the State: Remaking Polities, Economies, and Militance

7690:

Fundamentalisms and the State: Remaking Polities, Economies, and Militance

6108: 6100: 6098: 4301:

in Delhi. The long window under the marble platform is the location where

1429: 1036: 583: 574: 565: 23111: 23086: 22910: 22878: 22869: 22815: 22745: 22730: 22623: 22514: 22175: 22123: 21911: 21629: 21609: 21449: 21390: 21128: 21124: 20947: 20467: 20415: 20385: 20222: 20076: 19968: 19892: 19757: 19693: 19644: 19019: 18873: 18823: 18753: 18725: 18715: 18710: 18617: 18294: 18257: 18235: 18164: 17721: 17653: 17648: 17613: 16235: 11703: 10748: 9323: 7952: 7194: 6007: 5916:. It is never smoked, as this practice is forbidden in Sikhism. In 2001, 5841: 5726: 5257: 5245: 5206: 4846: 4743:. Within six months, on 31 October 1984, Indira Gandhi's Sikh bodyguards 4555: 4547:. The Tat Khalsa banished Brahmanical practices including the use of the 4506: 4441: 4392: 4089: 4010: 3965:

The roots of the Sikh tradition are, states Louis Fenech, perhaps in the

3938: 3880: 3727: 3547:, the 11th body of Guru Granth Sahib and leader of Sikhs until eternity. 3423: 3413: 3226: 3153: 3012: 2874: 2850: 2842: 2802: 2649: 2367: 2255: 2229: 2156: 2069: 2066: 1993: 1868: 1552: 1505: 1399: 1372: 1269: 696: 655: 573: 535: 525: 505: 500: 485: 480: 450: 440: 415: 178: 174: 125: 22430: 22371: 21474: 20895: 20729: 20278: 16013:"American Sikhs are targets of bigotry, often due to cultural ignorance" 14674:. The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived from 5944:

Other mentioned practices to be avoided, as per the Sikh Rehat Maryada:

4463:

of the Sikhs, with marble and gold, from which the popular name of the "

3206:) to assert that these are just "alternate names for the Almighty One". 1810:{ੴ} ਸਤਿ ਨਾਮੁ ਕਰਤਾ ਪੁਰਖੁ ਨਿਰਭਉ ਨਿਰਵੈਰੁ ਅਕਾਲ ਮੂਰਤਿ ਅਜੂਨੀ ਸੈਭੰ ਗੁਰ ਪ੍ਰਸਾਦਿ॥ 23077: 23072: 22947: 22942: 22905: 22883: 22740: 22720: 22715: 22556: 22546: 22509: 22113: 21891: 21839: 21579: 21224: 21204: 20782: 20707: 20646: 20410: 20390: 20311: 19963: 19931: 19902: 19681: 19676: 19661: 19358: 19350: 19283: 19184: 19164: 19144: 19104: 18888: 18622: 18328: 18323: 18179: 17848: 17818: 17731: 17716: 17638: 17608: 17588: 17479: 17464: 17459: 17451: 16660:

Relocating Gender in Sikh History: Transformation, Meaning and Identity

16045: 15520:"US Sikhs tirelessly travel their communities to feed hungry Americans" 15350: 8833:"Sikhism and Restorative Justice: Theory and Practice – Pashaura Singh" 8032:

Bhakti Religion in North India: Community Identity and Political Action

6934: 6899: 5933: 5899: 5790: 5778: 5733: 5645: 5640:, more than half of Canada's Sikhs can be found in one of four cities: 5501:, to include Sikh Dalit castes in the list of scheduled castes. In the 5456: 5408: 5358: 5350: 5336: 5302: 5287: 5194: 4804: 4533: 4518: 4510: 4278: 4213: 4208: 4197: 4173: 4150: 4088:

became the third Sikh guru in 1552 at the age of 73. He adhered to the

4075: 4049: 4041: 4025: 3998: 3923: 3911: 3886:

composed more than two centuries after his death and probably based on

3790: 3775: 3639: 3533: 3436: 3317: 3078:ੴ ਸਤਿ ਨਾਮੁ ਕਰਤਾ ਪੁਰਖੁ ਨਿਰਭਉ ਨਿਰਵੈਰੁ ਅਕਾਲ ਮੂਰਤਿ ਅਜੂਨੀ ਸੈਭੰ ਗੁਰ ਪ੍ਰਸਾਦਿ ॥ 3061: 3045: 2999: 2878: 2806: 2770: 2665: 2654: 2638: 2607: 2533: 2420: 2355: 2347: 2338: 2194: 2178: 2152: 2144: 2030: 1894: 1873: 1651: 1548: 1521: 1391: 1345: 1249: 1122: 1114: 866: 841: 784: 765: 745: 686: 564: 530: 520: 515: 475: 343: 328: 323: 314: 233: 218: 207: 188: 140: 120: 21921: 20802: 13271: 13242: 13140: 13105: 8252:

The Socially Involved Renunciate – Guru Nanaks Discourse to Nath Yogis

4727:, with militants involved in weapons training. In June 1984, the then 4653: 2442:

The Sikh gurus taught that by constantly remembering the divine name (

2203:, recommended the true religion as one of loving devotion to God. The 23024: 22820: 22735: 22725: 22596: 22551: 22536: 22469: 22317: 21784: 21706: 21666: 21656: 21619: 21594: 21574: 21469: 21335: 21189: 21179: 20951: 20809: 20619: 20604: 20569: 20552: 20534: 20447: 20227: 20143: 20122: 20117: 20094: 20089: 20048: 20043: 19980: 19917: 19840: 19811: 19762: 19703: 19656: 19226: 18818: 18813: 18333: 18174: 17643: 14868:

Syan, Hardip Singh (2014). Singh, Pashaura; Fenech, Louis E. (eds.).

14452: 14253: 14168: 14139: 13377: 13321: 13009: 12910: 12543: 12432: 12262: 12000: 11884: 11881:

Federalism, Nationalism and Development: India and the Punjab Economy

11521: 11458: 11454:

Federalism, Nationalism and Development: India and the Punjab Economy

10139: 10093: 9979: 9791: 9546:

Comparative Religious and Philosophies: Anthropomorphism and Divinity

9350: 8746: 8655: 8198: 8082: 6542: 6012: 5949: 5786: 5657: 5586: 5561: 5525: 5479: 5444: 5404: 5354: 4874: 4704: 4577: 4460: 4261: 4101: 4053: 3689:, for example, is a ceremonial and customary gathering every year in 3441: 2949: 2936:

in 1678. It consists of the original Ādi Granth with the addition of

2834: 2702: 2547: 2521: 2134: 2099:; and serve humanity. Sikhs believe that being in the company of the 2025: 1962: 1927: 1508:

rather than by Sikhs themselves, and they instead prefer the endonym

1167: 558: 20499: 20028: 16250:

estimated the adult Sikh American population at 78,000 in 2008. The

14844: 14821: 11051: 6785: 5221:, representing the third-largest Sikh proportion amongst all global 3860:

Map of Punjab, where Sikhism originated, against present-day borders

3498:

The gurdwara is also the location for the historic Sikh practice of

2909: 2273:) realms are mutually coexistent. According to the ninth Sikh guru, 24397: 22827: 22571: 22561: 22416: 21906: 21886: 21713: 21589: 21444: 21018: 20772: 20712: 20631: 20539: 20526: 20504: 20484: 20462: 20457: 20437: 20377: 20344: 20283: 20127: 20112: 19990: 19951: 19907: 19698: 19635: 19539: 19442: 19323: 19154: 19149: 19139: 19111: 18189: 18159: 17764: 17122: 15774:"Asian Indian Was The Largest Asian Alone Population Group in 2020" 15263:

Dusenbery, Verne (2014). Singh, Pashaura; Fenech, Louis E. (eds.).

13263: 13234: 13132: 13089: 12759: 9908:

Brekke, Torkel (2014). Reichberg, Gregory M.; Syse, Henrik (eds.).

8452:

Sikhs in the Diaspora: A Modern Guide to the Practice of Sikh Faith

6786:"The Art & Architecture of THE GOLDEN TEMPLE COMPLEX, AMRITSAR" 6093: 5963: 5881: 5873: 5857: 5810: 5793: 5774: 5729:, or any other alteration from any body part is strictly forbidden. 5591: 5541: 5529: 5509: 5440: 5428: 5420: 5380: 5346: 5226: 4935: 4642: 4638: 4544: 4430:

after refusing the offer of a pardon if he converted to Islam. The

4419: 4233: 4180: 4139: 4120: 4093: 3782: 3606: 3540: 3517: 3470: 3450: 3234: 3188: 3029: 2862: 2810: 2683: 2630: 2562: 2243: 2209:

includes suggestions on how a Sikh should perform constant Bhakti.

2190: 2090: 2058: 2054: 2035: 1589: 1563: 1557: 1542: 1538: 1385: 1333: 1138: 936: 836: 826: 774: 460: 192: 73: 17593: 16502:

Sikh Rehat Maryada: Section Six, Chapter XIII, Article XXIV, p. 2.

13684: 13682: 13680: 5695:), as opposed to living life without the guru's code of disciple ( 4224:

to succeed him in 1661. Aurangzeb responded by granting Ram Rai a

4114:(zones of religious administration with an appointed chief called 3789:

in Punjab. It was on that occasion that Gobind Singh baptised the

3491: 3333: 2475:(material service, including financial support). Sikhism stresses 2375: 2242:(the ceremonial use of lamps) during Bhakti observances in a Sikh 635: 23096: 22700: 22665: 22586: 22499: 22440: 22344: 22047: 21901: 21651: 21604: 21489: 21365: 21184: 20614: 20425: 19975: 19941: 19784: 19485: 17711: 17673: 16801:

Section Six, Chapter XIII, Article XXIV, p. 4. & q. 1., q. 5.

14590:"Religious affiliations in the Bay of Plenty Region, New Zealand" 9839: 5988: 5861: 5837: 5714: 5710: 5649: 5557: 5198: 4963: 4949: 4818: 4247: 3931: 3915: 3801: 3695: 3634: 3345: 3266: 3210: 3192: 3184: 3140: 3040: 2973: 2846: 2743: 2692: 2619: 2604:

it is often referring to the highest expression of truthfulness.

2581: 2305: 2101: 2062: 1975: 1898: 1189: 650: 17222:

Five Paragons of Peace: Magic and Magnificence in the Guru's Way

12907:

Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures

12540:

Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures

12428:

Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures

11997:

Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures

11777:

The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture

11745:

Fenech, Louis (2014). Singh, Pashaura; Fenech, Louis E. (eds.).

11518:

Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures

7189:. Council for Research in Values & Philosophy. p. 599. 6538:

Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures

5225:, behind only Punjab and Chandigarh in India. British Columbia, 1144: 23009: 22888: 22873: 22692: 22581: 22566: 22524: 22302: 22180: 21454: 21209: 21199: 20853: 20814: 20656: 20264: 20234: 19958: 19313: 19246: 19241: 18688: 18169: 18149: 17736: 17678: 17658: 17598: 17578: 17394: 13677: 13650:

Barrier, N. Gerald; Singh, Nazer (1998). Singh, Harbans (ed.).

8059:, edited by P. Singh and L E. Fenech. Oxford University Press. 6822: 6231: 6047: 5925: 5885: 5853: 5804: 5800: 5762: 5758: 5737: 5687: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5537: 5513: 5494: 5471: 5332: 5306: 5293: 5253: 4691: 4626: 4494: 4448: 4404: 4377: 4273: 4250: 4105: 4066: 4006: 3954: 3919: 3899: 3838: 3832: 3761: 3719: 3655: 3610: 3577: 3544: 3364: 3329: 3282: 3278: 3270: 3230: 3222: 3025: 2957: 2953: 2838: 2509: 2456: 2444: 2411: 2402: 2343: 2329: 2279: 2217: 2182: 2164: 2122: 2085: 1948: 1358: 1317: 1199: 1162: 1156: 1148:), striving for justice for the benefit and prosperity of all ( 1091: 831: 680: 675: 670: 640: 455: 420: 386: 222: 37: 21400: 18263: 15724:"Religion, England and Wales – Office for National Statistics" 11021:

The Birth of the Khalsa: A Feminist Re-Memory of Sikh Identity

9533:. Journal of the American Oriental Society. pp. 924, 925. 9497:

Nesbitt, E. (2014). Singh, Pashaura; Fenech, Louis E. (eds.).

7765:

Making Lahore Modern: Constructing and Imaging a Colonial City

6206: 4497:

after their defeat in wars with the British – latterly in the

4330: 3977:

that the Indic mythology permeates the Sikh sacred canon, the

3221:

bridge between Hinduism and Islam, but emphasises focusing on

2725:

Approximate Life Spans and Guruship Spans of the 10 Sikh Gurus

995: 22705: 22479: 22459: 22444: 22020: 21846: 21641: 21504: 21459: 21439: 20641: 20038: 19884: 19666: 19236: 19099: 18218: 18194: 16000:

Today there are well over 500,000 Sikhs in the United States.

13250:

Fenech, Louis E. (1997). "Martyrdom and the Sikh Tradition".

13119:

Fenech, Louis E. (1997). "Martyrdom and the Sikh Tradition".

12258:

A Popular Dictionary of Sikhism: Sikh Religion and Philosophy

11657:

A Popular Dictionary of Sikhism: Sikh Religion and Philosophy

9910:

Religion, War, and Ethics: A Sourcebook of Textual Traditions

9259:

Religion, War, and Ethics: A Sourcebook of Textual Traditions

8742:

A Popular Dictionary of Sikhism: Sikh Religion and Philosophy

8651:

A Popular Dictionary of Sikhism: Sikh Religion and Philosophy

8008:

A Popular Dictionary of Sikhism: Sikh Religion and Philosophy

6195: 6193: 6151:

Religion, War, and Ethics: A Sourcebook of Textual Traditions

5959: 5849: 5782: 5777:) methods is strictly against Sikh dogma and principles. The 5770: 5766: 5521: 5517: 5486: 5396: 5342: 5297: 5230: 5202: 4977: 4832: 4767: 4630: 4549: 4436: 4265: 4254: 4237: 4225: 4071: 4070:(priest) and religious teacher centered around Hindu goddess 4064:

Guru Angad, before joining Guru Nanak's commune, worked as a

4057: 4033: 3927: 3903: 3876: 3856: 3797: 3711: 3274: 3242: 3238: 3214: 3202: 3197: 3179: 3175: 2961: 2941: 2890: 2497: 2371: 2238: 2233: 2114: 2050: 1902: 1404: 1356:. The persecution of the Sikhs triggered the founding of the 1337: 1107: 1007: 395: 283: 244: 33: 16320: 15075:

Shriniwas, Geeta. "sevapanthi sampradaya itihash aur vikas."

14358: 14356: 14354: 14305: 14303: 5761:

have traditionally eaten meat and are famous for performing

3747:

prayers are performed during the funeral ceremony (known as

3693:

attracting over 100,000 Sikhs. Major Sikh temples feature a

2428:) – the final union of the spirit with God. 2185:

saint. He taught that the most important form of worship is

1221:

Ten Gurus, from Guru Nanak Sahib to Guru Gobind Singh Sahib,

22630: 22519: 20472: 19411: 18134: 17141:

Banga, Indu (2017). Jacobsen, Knut A.; et al. (eds.).

16514:"The Multifarious Faces of Sikhism throughout Sikh History" 16419: