Golden Temple - Knowledge

543: 3725:, Quote: "Ahmad Durrani was forced to return to India and declared a jihad, known as an Islamic holy war, against the Marathas. A multitude of tribes heralded the call of the holy war, which included the various Pashtun tribes, the Balochs, the Tajiks, and also the Muslim population residing in India. Led by Ahmad Durrani, the tribes joined the religious quest and returned to India (...) The domination and control of the empire began to loosen in 1762 when Ahmad Shah Durrani crossed Afghanistan to subdue the Sikhs, followers of an indigenous monotheistic religion of India found in the 16th century by Guru Nanak. (...) Ahmad Shah greatly desired to subdue the Sikhs, and his army attacked and gained control of the Sikh's holy city of Amritsar, where he brutally massacred thousands of Sikh followers. Not only did he viciously demolish the sacred temples and buildings, but he ordered these holy places to be covered with cow's blood as an insult and desecration of their religion (...)" 622: 581: 835: 1826: 1769: 1610: 2196: 1835: 1702: 1930:

well-known people to Christianity. Started in 1870s, the Singh Sabha movement's aims were to propagate the true Sikh religion, restore and reform Sikhism to bring back into the Sikh fold the apostates who had left Sikhism. There were three main groups with different viewpoints and approaches, of which the Tat Khalsa group had become dominant by the early 1880s. Before 1905, the Golden Temple had Brahmin priests, idols and images for at least a century, attracting pious Sikhs and Hindus. In 1890s, these idols and practices came under attack from reformist Sikhs. In 1905, with the campaign of the Tat Khalsa, these idols and images were removed from the Golden Temple. The Singh Sabha movement brought the Khalsa back to the fore of Gurdwara administration over the

1786: 1325:. The floor with the seated scripture is raised a few steps above the entrance causeway level. The upper floor in the sanctum is a gallery and connected by stairs. The ground floor is lined with white marble, as is the path surrounding the sanctum. The sanctum's exterior has gilded copper plates. The doors are gold leaf-covered copper sheets with nature motifs such as birds and flowers. The ceiling of the upper floor is gilded, embossed and decorated with jewels. The sanctum dome is semi-spherical with a pinnacle ornament. The sides are embellished with arched copings and small solid domes, the corners adorning cupolas, all of which are covered with gold leaf-covered gilded copper. There is a pavilion located on the second-floor called the 1058:, reported a death toll about twice of what authorities had admitted. According to the dispatch, about 780 militants and civilians and 400 troops had perished in fierce gun-battles. Chellaney reported that about "eight to ten" men suspected Sikh militants had been shot with their hands tied. In that dispatch, Chellaney interviewed a doctor who said he had been picked up by the army and forced to conduct postmortems despite the fact he had never done any postmortem examination before. In reaction to the dispatch, the Indian government charged Chellaney with violating Punjab press censorship, two counts of fanning sectarian hatred and trouble, and later with sedition, calling his report baseless and disputing his casualty figures. 1534: 3392: 3347: 4396:. Too many people, he wrote, were being persuaded by his teachings, and if the Guru would not become a Muslim the Panth had to be extinguished. Jahangir believed that Guru Arjan was a Hindu who pretended to be a saint and that he had been thinking of forcing Guru Arjan to convert to Islam or his false trade should be eliminated, for a long time. Mughal authorities seem to have been responsible for Arjan's death in custody in Lahore, and this may be accepted as an established fact. Whether the death was by execution, the result of torture, or drowning in the Ravi River remains unresolved. For Sikhs, Guru Arjan Dev is the first martyr Guru. 943: 2056: 1340: 703:(circumambulation marble path around the pool). The name, as stated by W. Owen Cole and other scholars, reflects the belief that visiting this temple is equivalent to 68 Hindu pilgrimage sites in the Indian subcontinent, or that a Tirath to the Golden Temple has the efficacy of all 68 Tiraths combined. The completion of the first version of the Golden Temple was a major milestone for Sikhism, states Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair, because it provided a central pilgrimage place and a rallying point for the Sikh community, set within a hub of trade and activity. 7162: 113: 1288: 1543: 47: 169: 707: 141: 1297: 654: 1601: 3371: 1136: 9167: 3359: 1424:

jaratkari marble panels in this lower exterior section is classified as pietra dura and semi-precious stones, like lapis lazuli and onyx, were utilised. While the Mughals also decorated their edifices using jaratkari and pietra dura art, what sets apart the Sikh form of the art technique from the Mughal one is that the Sikh jaratkari art form also depicts human and animal figuratives with it, something that is not found in Mughal jaratkari art.

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Akal Takht is also known as Takht Sri Akal Bunga. The Sikh tradition has five Takhts, all of which are major pilgrimage sites in Sikhism. These are in Anandpur, Patna, Nanded, Talwandi Sabo and Amritsar. The Akal Takht in the Golden Temple complex is the primary seat and chief. It is also the headquarters of the main political party of the Indian state of Punjab, Shiromani Akali Dal (Supreme Akali Party). The Akal Takht issues edicts or writs (

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one's ego before entering the premises to meet the Guru. He also demanded that the gurdwara compound be open on all sides to emphasise that it was open to all. The sanctum inside the pool where his Guru seat was, had only one bridge to emphasise that the end goal was one, states Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair. In 1589, the gurdwara made with bricks was complete. Guru Arjan is believed by some later sources to have invited the Sufi saint

1765:. A new underground museum near the clock tower, but outside the temple courtyard also shows Sikh history. According to Louis E. Fenech, the display does not present the parallel traditions of Sikhism and is partly ahistorical such as a headless body continuing to fight, but a significant artwork and reflects the general trend in Sikhism of presenting their history to be one of persecution, martyrdoms and bravery in wars. 1392:, and ivory inlay artwork. The external portions of the upper story's walls of the temple have been affixed with beaten copper plates that feature raised designs depicting usually florals and abstracts but there are some depictions of human figures as well. An example of embossed metal designs depicting humans are two raised copper panels located on the front-side of the temple prior, the first which depicts 176: 148: 120: 1175:). Rather than copying the traditional method of Hindu temple construction by building the shrine on a high plinth, Guru Arjan rather decided to build the shrine lower than the surroundings so that devotees would have to walk downwards to reach it. The four entrances represented that the Sikh faith was equally open to all four of the traditional Indian caste classifications ( 1279:, located on the backside of the temple proper, where pilgrims and worshippers can take a sip of the water from the holy temple tank. The water used for the daily ritual cleaning of the temple premises is also sourced from this section. The water is mixed with milk to dilute the milk content, with the combined solution used to clean the temple's surfaces on a daily basis. 912:" started giving yearly grants towards it. The management and operation of Durbar Sahib – a term that refers to the entire Golden Temple complex of buildings, was taken over by Ranjit Singh. He appointed Sardar Desa Singh Majithia (1768–1832) to manage it and made land grants whose collected revenue was assigned to pay for the Temple's maintenance and operation. 2023:, after the States Reorganization Commission set up after independence was not effective in the north of the country during its work to delineate states on a linguistic basis. The Golden Temple complex was the main centre of operations of the movement, and important events during the movement that occurred at the gurdwara included the 1181:). No surviving account, depiction, or record is extant or known of the proto-type, pre-1764 Harmandir Sahib that was built by the Sikh gurus themselves. However, Kanwarjit Singh Kang believes the original, Guru-constructed structure was mostly comparable and similar to the present-day structure said to have been constructed in 1764. 1736:, located on the other side of the sanctum, across the pool. It is believed in the Sikh tradition that this tree was the location where a Sikh was cured of his leprosy after taking a dip in the pool, giving the tree the epithet of "suffering remover". There is a small Gurdwara underneath the tree. The 1688:

cathedral style with red bricks. The clock tower construction started in 1862 and was completed in 1874. The tower was demolished by the Sikh community about 70 years later. In its place, a new entrance was constructed with a design more harmonious with the Temple. This entrance on the north side has

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of different shapes and forms around the temple to watch the area, house soldiers and defend the temple. These served defensive purposes, provided accommodation for Sikh pilgrims and served as centres of learning in the 19th century. Most of the Bungas were demolished during the British colonial era.

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Most of the artwork lost over the years, throughout the various changes and renovations to the temple, were murals. Murals started being lost in the temple around the last years of the 19th century, when devotees were allowed to start donating inlaid marble panels to affix to the walls of the shrine.

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against the militants. The operation caused severe damage and destroyed the Akal Takht. Numerous soldiers, militants and civilians died in the crossfire, with official estimates of death of 492 civilians and 83 Indian army men. Within days of the Operation Bluestar, some 2,000 Sikh soldiers in India

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was a late-19th century movement within the Sikh community to rejuvenate and reform Sikhism at a time when Christian, Hindu and Muslim proselytizers were actively campaigning to convert Sikhs to their religion. The movement was triggered by the conversion of Ranjit Singh's son Duleep Singh and other

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The various artists and craftsmen who worked on creating the mural artwork and other accessory art of the temple are mostly unknown and it is nearly impossible to link any particular art piece with a specific name, aside from a very few. A traditional Sikh artist who had worked at the Golden Temple,

1463:. Gharwanjh is a "decorative device involving knotted grapples between animals". The gharwanjh designs of the Golden Temple features cobras, lions, and elephants holding one another or carrying floral vases which feature fruit and fairies as decoration. The decorative border of the dehin is known as 1187:

considered the Golden Temple as a specimen of one of the forms that the architecture of Hindu temples developed into in the 19th century. When a list of structures of interest was prepared and published by the colonial government of Punjab in 1875, it was claimed that the architectural design of the

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were used to attack the militants, who responded with anti-tank and machine-gun fire from the heavily fortified Akal Takht. After a 24-hour firefight, the army gained control of the temple complex. Casualty figures for the army were 83 dead and 249 injured. According to the official estimates, 1,592

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to take back the temple. The Golden Temple was viewed by the Mughal rulers and Afghan Sultans as the centre of Sikh faith and it remained the main target of persecution. After the original temple was destroyed by hostile forces, the shrine was reconstructed in 1764 (a date which H.H. Cole affirms in

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of the era had contributed or donated in some manner to assist with the architectural and artistic renovations of the shrine. Owing to the large number of people helping with the renovation work back then, it is difficult to account for when certain parts of the temple were constructed or decorated

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Various personalities helped decorate and embellish the ceiling of the first floor, with names of some contributors to the cause being Tara Singh Gheba, Partap Singh, Jodh Singh, and Ganda Singh Peshawari. Ganda Singh Peshawari sent his donation in the year 1823. For the decoration and gilding with

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text likely composed in 1741, and the earliest known document dealing with the lives of all the ten Gurus. Guru Arjan installed the scripture of Sikhism inside the new gurdwara in 1604. Continuing the efforts of Guru Ram Das, Guru Arjan established Amritsar as a primary Sikh pilgrimage destination.

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The only mural depicting human figures within the temple proper is located on the wall behind the northern narrow staircase leading to the top of the shrine, and it is a depiction of Guru Gobind Singh on horseback alongside his retinue leaving the fort of Anandpur, ultimately a mural adaptation of

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The Temple was renovated in marble and copper in 1809, and in 1830 Ranjit Singh donated gold to overlay the sanctum with gold leaf. There is an inscription on embossed metal located at the entrance to the temple proper which commemorates the renovations of the temple undertaken by Ranjit Singh and

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in Amritsar in June 1984. The Golden Temple became a place for weapons training for the militants. Shabeg Singh's military expertise is credited with the creation of effective defences of the Gurdwara Complex that made the possibility of a commando operation on foot impossible. Supporters of this

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after the martyrdom of his father Guru Arjan, as a place to conduct ceremonial, spiritual and secular affairs, issuing binding writs on Sikh Gurdwaras far from his own location. A building was later constructed over the Takht founded by Guru Hargobind, and this came to be known as Akal Bunga. The

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ordered the army to launch Operation Blue Star, simultaneously attacking scores of Sikh temples across Punjab. A variety of army units and paramilitary forces surrounded the Golden Temple complex on 3 June 1984. The fighting started on 5 June with skirmishes and the battle went on for three days,

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can be described as a kind of stone or gypsum. Gach was transformed into a paste and used on the walls, similar in nature to lime-plaster. Once applied to the wall, it was decorated into shape with steel cutters and other tools. Sometimes the gach had coloured glass pieces placed on it, which is

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The art of the Golden Temple has rarely been analysed or studied in a serious manner. Within the Shish Mahal on the second-story of the building, there are mirror-work art designs which consist of small pieces of mirror which are inlaid into the walls and ceilings, highlighed with decorations of

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In 1581, Guru Arjan initiated the construction of the Gurdwara. During the construction the pool was kept empty and dry. It took 8 years to complete the first version of the Harmandir Sahib. Guru Arjan planned a gurdwara at a level lower than the city to emphasise humility and the need to efface

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The Golden Temple is an open house of worship for all people, from all walks of life and faiths. It has a square plan with four entrances, and a circumambulation path around the pool. The four entrances to the gurudwara symbolises the Sikh belief in equality and the Sikh view that all people are

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strengthened the opposition to colonial rule throughout India, particularly that from Sikhs. It triggered massive non-violent protests. The protests pressured the British colonial government to transfer the control over the management and treasury of the Golden Temple to an elected organisation

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The main entrance to the Gurdwara has many memorial plaques that commemorate past Sikh historical events, saints and martyrs, contributions of Ranjit Singh, as well as commemorative inscriptions of all the Sikh soldiers who died fighting in the two World Wars and the various Indo-Pakistan wars.

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wood, the front of the edifice is overlaid with silverwork, including ornamated silver panels. The back of the structure is decorated with panels consisting of floral and geometric designs but also animal figuratives, such as deer, tigers, lions, and birds. Portions of the inlaid ivory had been

1336:. The arches include verses from the Sikh scripture in gold letters. The frescoes follow the Indian tradition and include animal, bird and nature motifs rather than being purely geometrical. The stair walls have murals of Sikh Gurus such as the falcon carrying Guru Gobind Singh riding a horse. 1423:

was an art form and method which involved placing inlaid and cut stones of varying colours and types into marble. Surviving exemplars of jaratkari art from the temple can be found on the bottom-section of the exterior walls which are encased with marble panels featuring jaratkari artwork. The

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came into power, they were the only family allowed to do Katha since 1788 and were also he heads of the Giani Samparda, they had built all the Bungas around the Golden Temple and helped in construction work including overlaying the temple with Gold and Marble. One of the main Bungas that was

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While W. Wakefield had recorded that he observed murals depicting erotic scenes painted on the Golden Temple's walls in a work published in 1875, Kanwarjit Singh Kang finds this to be a spurious account which is likely false because there is no corroborative accounts to support this.

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for sentinels to watch for any military raid approaching the temple and the surrounding area, help rapidly gather a defence to protect the Golden Temple complex. According to Fenech and McLeod, during the 18th century, Sikh misl chiefs and rich communities built over 70 such

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and means pool). The pool is 5.1 metres deep and is surrounded by a 3.7 metre wide circumambulatory marble passage that is circled clockwise. The sanctum is connected to the platform by a causeway and the gateway into the causeway is called the Darshani Ḍeorhi (from

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wanted to demolish the building after the Second Anglo-Sikh war and once they had annexed the Sikh Empire. The Sikhs opposed the demolition, but this opposition was ignored. In its place, the clock tower was added. The clock tower was designed by John Gordon in a

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The Punjab violence reached a peak in June, 1984, when the army attacked the Golden Temple in Amritsar, the holiest Sikh shrine, killing hundreds of Sikh militants who lived in the temple complex, and who the government said had turned it into an armory for Sikh

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north entrance has a Sikh history museum on the first floor, according to the Sikh tradition. The display shows various paintings, of gurus and martyrs, many narrating the persecution of Sikhs over their history, as well as historical items such as swords,

1451:. The mural artwork of the temple consists primarily of floral designs with scattered examples of animal designs and themes. There are over 300 different design patterns dispersed all over the walls of the edifice. These wall paintings were created by 790:

as the police commissioner who then occupied the Temple and converted it into his entertainment centre with dancing girls. He befouled the pool. Sikhs avenged the sacrilege of the Golden Temple by assassinating Masse Khan inside the Temple in August

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collected donations to rebuild the Golden Temple. A new main gateway (Darshan Deorhi), causeway and sanctum were completed in 1776, while the floor around the pool was completed in 1784. The Sikhs also completed a canal to bring in fresh water from

1804:, outside of the entrance. Food is served here to all visitors who want it, regardless of faith, gender or economic background. Vegetarian food is served and all people eat together as equals. Everyone sits on the floor in rows, which is called 1508:, surrounding it. These bungas were a great source and collection of murals and thus their artwork was lost when the vast majority of the bungas were demolished over the years under the guise of modernising the religious site and expanding its 641:

Guru Ram Das acquired the land for the site. Two versions of stories exist on how he acquired this land. In one, based on a Gazetteer record, the land was purchased with Sikh donations of 700 rupees from the people and owners of the village of

853:, paid homage at the Golden Temple and announced that he would renovate and rebuild it with marble and gold. The Sikh ruler donated the gilded copper panels for the roof, which was worth 500,000 rupees in the erstwhile currency. He entrusted 798:

working for Yahiya Khan, and seeking revenge for the death of his brother, filled the pool with sand. In 1749, Sikhs restored the pool when Muin ul-Mulk slackened Mughal operations against Sikhs and sought their help during his operations in

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is closed, carried on the head, placed into and then carried in a flower decorated, pillow-bed palki (palanquin), with chanting. Its bedroom is in the Akal Takht, on the first floor. Once it arrives there, the scripture is tucked into a

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and by whom (aside from instances where the work has a date inscribed to it) and a chronological record of how the temple evolved over time (in-regards to its murals, decorations, and other aspects) is near-impossible to complete.

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The walls that were covered by these marble panels usually were painted with murals and thus the murals were either hidden under the marble panels or destroyed. The Golden Temple used to have many traditional buildings, known as

1380:(inlaid stone design) artwork of the shrine, which features avian and other animalistic designs using semi-precious stones, was mostly inspired by the Mughal tradition. The temple premises is also decorated with embossed copper, 526:" is further appended to the shrine's name, the term often used within Sikh tradition to denote respect for places of religious significance. The Sikh tradition has several Gurdwaras named "Harmandir Sahib", such as those in 806:, also known as Ahmad Shah Abdali, attacked Amritsar and desecrated the Golden Temple. He had waste poured into the pool along with entrails of slaughtered cows, before departing for Afghanistan. The Sikhs restored it again. 572:

succeeded Guru Amar Das in 1574, and in the face of hostile opposition from the sons of Guru Amar Das, Guru Ram Das founded the town that came to be known as "Ramdaspur". He started by completing the pool with the help of

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it was laid by Guru Arjan himself. After the inauguration, the pool was filled with water. On 16 August 1604, Guru Arjan completed expanding and compiling the first version of the Sikh scripture and placed a copy of the

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But this strategy backfired in the spring of 1984, when a group of armed radicals led by Bhindranwale decided to provoke a confrontation with the government by occupying Akal Takhat building inside the Golden Temple

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The sanctum is a 12.25 x 12.25 metre square with two storeys and a gold leaf dome. This sanctum has a marble platform that is a 19.7 x 19.7 metre square. It sits inside an almost square (154.5 x 148.5 m) pool called

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Jaimal Singh, Harnam Singh, Ishar Singh (not to be confused with Mahant Ishar Singh), Gian Singh, Lal Singh Tarn Taran, Mangal Singh, Mistri Narain Singh, Mistri Jit Singh, Atma Singh, Darja Mal, and Vir Singh.

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financed by donations and constructed by voluntary work. The town grew to become the city of Amritsar, and the area grew into the temple complex). The construction activity between 1574 and 1604 is described in

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architecture" that the Sikhs adopted for their own constructions, which he praises, however he also critiqued the temple for having "gaudy" elements commonly found in Indian gurdwaras, an example being the

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demolished hundreds of houses and created a corridor around the compound called "Galliara" (also spelled Galiara or Galyara) for security reasons. This was made into a public park and opened in June 1988.

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It is, however, possible that Mian Mir, who had close links to Guru Arjan, was invited and present at the time of the laying of the foundation stone, even if he did not lay the foundation stone himself.

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militant movement circulated maps showing parts of northwest India, north Pakistan and eastern Afghanistan as historic and future boundaries of the Khalsa Sikhs, with varying claims in different maps.

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Ranjit Singh also made the position of Temple officials hereditary. The Giani family was the only family allowed to do Katha in the Golden Temple, they served the Sikh community till 1921, when the

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in 1955 to convey Sikh sentiments to the central government. The complex was also the site of speeches, demonstrations, and mass arrests, and where leaders of the movement domiciled in huts during

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There are several rites performed everyday in the Golden Temple as per the historic Sikh tradition. These rites treat the scripture as a living person, a Guru out of respect. They include:

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in the complex date back to the 1830s. Most of the vast array of murals that once coated the walls of the complex were destroyed in subsequent renovation works conducted under the guise of

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who also did try to become the Head Granthi in the late 1800s, but was not allowed (his father Bhai Atma Singh, grandfather Bhai Mohar Singh and their ancestors were also Head Granthis).

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English translation of a Gurmukhi inscription on embossed metal located at the entrance way to the temple, translated in 'Punjab Art and Culture' (1988), page 59, by Kanwarjit Singh Kang

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militants were apprehended and there were 493 combined militant and civilian casualties. According to the government claims, high civilian casualties were attributed to militants using

3864: 5601:, pp. 64–65 Quote: "The Golden Temple (...) By 1776, the present structure, a harmonious blending of Mughal and Rajput (Islamic and Hindu) architectural styles was complete." 4823: 1713:

The Golden Temple complex originally was open and had numerous trees around the pool. It is now a walled, two-storey courtyard with four entrances, that preserve three Ber trees (

1487:), and craftsmen he could recount that had also worked at some point in time at the Golden Temple, the names are as follows: Kishan Singh, Bishan Singh, Kapur Singh, Kehar Singh, 1216:

also classified the temple as being a synthesis of Islamic and Hindu architectural styles, but also observed that the structure has its own unique characteristics and inventions.

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to lay its foundation stone, signalling pluralism and that the Sikh tradition welcomed all. This belief is however unsubstantiated. According to Sikh traditional sources such as

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along with 29 other Sikhs lead a last stand against the much larger Afghan forces and were killed in the skirmish. Abdali then destroyed Shri Harmandir Sahib for the 3rd time.

9214: 890:"The Great Guru in His wisdom looked upon Maharaja Ranjit Singh as his chief servitor and Sikh and, in his benevolence, bestowed on him the privilege of serving the temple." 764:(1889), a slightly later date of 1776 is given for the construction of the temple tank (sarovar), the temple edifice proper, the causeway, and the entry gateway or archway ( 6792: 5430: 981:, had invited Bhindranwale to take up residence in the Golden Temple Complex to evade arrest. The government claimed Bhindranwale later made the sacred temple complex an 6600: 1317:

is seated on the lower square floor for about 20 hours every day, and for 4 hours it is taken to its bedroom inside Akal Takht with elaborate ceremonies in a palki, for

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Granthi is a person, female or male, of the Sikh religion who is a ceremonial reader of the Sri Guru Granth Sahib, which is the Holy Book in Sikhism. Here is list of

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tree. Sikh devotees, states Charles Townsend, believe that bathing in the pool near this spot delivers the same fruits as a visit to 68 pilgrimage places in India.

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The Darshani Deorhi is a two-storey structure that houses the temple management offices and treasury. At the exit of the path leading away from the sanctum is the

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The military action in the temple complex was criticised by Sikhs worldwide, who interpreted it as an assault on the Sikh religion. Many Sikh soldiers in the army

467:, leading to the deaths of thousands of soldiers, militants and civilians, as well as causing significant damage to the gurdwara and the destruction of the nearby 8358: 5516: 1514:. When the Darshani Deori was covered with marble panels, many wall paintings that had been executed by Mahant Ishar Singh were covered up and lost due to them. 5261: 859:

Yar Muhammad Khan to carry-out the roofing work, who himself was supervised by Bhai Sand Singh. The first gilded copper panel was placed on the shrine in 1803.

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his monograph on the temple), however most of the elaborate decorations and additions were added to the shrine in the early 19th century. However, according to

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The latter name was attached to it after Maharaja Ranjit Singh gilded the upper two stories, and it became known as the Suvaran Mandir, or the Golden Temple

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In 1762, Ahmad Shah Durrani returned and had the Golden Temple blown up with gunpowder. Sikhs returned and celebrated Diwali in its premises. In 1764, Baba

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The Clock Tower did not exist in the original version of the temple. In its location was a building, now called the "lost palace". The officials of the

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which is described as "a medium of expression of the imaginative study of the artist's own creation of idealized forms". The base of dehin is known as

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The Mughal rulers of Punjab were evidently concerned with the growth of the Panth, and in 1605 the Emperor Jahangir made an entry in his memoirs, the

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to all visitors without discrimination. Over 150,000 people visit the holy shrine everyday for worship. The gurdwara complex has been nominated as a

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artists, who had developed their own lingo to differentiate their various themes and designs. The most prominent design category was referred to as

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Inlaid ivory work can be witnessed on the doors of the Darshani Deori structure of the complex. The structure of the Darshani Deori was made out of

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watchtowers to protect the Golden temple, Right: An 1860s photo of the Golden Temple during the colonial British era with the under-construction

1110:(evening prayer) at the sanctum of the temple. He reportedly jumped over a railing and picked up the sword lying before the temple's copy of the 834: 405:

in the Golden Temple and was a prominent figure in its development. The gurdwara was repeatedly rebuilt by the Sikhs after it became a target of

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what was originally a Kangra miniature painting. When H.H. Cole wrote about the murals of the Golden Temple, he witnessed many murals depicting

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between 1947 and 1966. In the early 1980s, the gurdwara became a centre of conflict between the Indian government and a radical movement led by

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mutinied and attempted to reach Amritsar to liberate the Golden Temple. Within six months, on 31 October 1984, Indira Gandhi's Sikh bodyguards

9199: 6699: 4770: 1768: 5994: 1268:. Some carry bottles of the pool water home particularly for sick friends and relatives. The pool is maintained by volunteers who perform 6331: 4827: 3509: 4318: 1725:. It is believed in the Sikh tradition to be the tree where Baba Buddha sat to supervise the construction of the pool and first temple. 5382: 3932: 786:

In 1737, the Mughal governor ordered the capture of the custodian of the Golden Temple named Mani Singh and executed him. He appointed

59: 5131: 3842: 1609: 1447:, such as by being covered by marble slabs affixed to the walls. A prominent artist who painted many of the murals in the complex was 1233:. The Temple is described by Ian Kerr, and other scholars, as a mixture of the Indo-Islamic Mughal and the Hindu Rajput architecture. 8362: 2093:

had begun to build bunkers and observations posts in and around the Golden Temple. They organised the armed militants present at the

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An 1880 photograph of the Golden Temple, sacred pool and the nearby buildings. The walled courtyard and entrances were added later.

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forces he inherited and those of his mother-in-law Rani Sada Kaur. In 1802, at age 22, he took Amritsar from the Bhangi Sikh

783:. But the Sikhs defied by gathering in the Golden Temple. In 1716, Banda Singh and numerous Sikhs were arrested and executed. 496: 7130: 7097: 7043: 7010: 6977: 6923: 6890: 6857: 6647: 6371: 5860: 5709: 3712: 568:, after he had asked his disciple Ram Das to find land to start a new town with a man-made pool as its central point. After 8767: 6669: 3898: 3792: 1039:, provided the first non-governmental news reports on the bloody operation in Amritsar. His first dispatch, front-paged by 6166: 9224: 9204: 7890: 7853: 3370: 1977: 1897:

sounding across the causeway. It is brought to the sanctum. Then after ritual singing of a series of Var Asa kirtans and

1834: 1676:

Sikh community's identity, their historic sacrifices and contribution to defending the Golden Temple over the centuries.

775:

In 1709, the governor of Lahore sent in his army to suppress and prevent the Sikhs from gathering for their festivals of

475:

welcome into their holy place. The complex is a collection of buildings around the sanctum and the pool. One of these is

4498: 4046: 1647:(buêgā) towers were built in the 18th century, a period of Afghan attacks and temple demolitions. It is named after the 7311: 6407: 6365: 6135: 5164: 5058: 4369: 4209: 4183: 3981: 3503: 3358: 3346: 1091:

renovations were undertaken at the shrine complex, including a complete draining and then cleaning of the temple tank (

1001: 507:

The Harmandir Sahib (Gurmukhi: ਹਰਿਮੰਦਰ ਸਾਹਿਬ) is also spelled as Harimandar or Harimandir Sahib. It is also called the

112: 5512: 1467:, usually utilising creepers for its design. Furthermore, some dehin feature designs incorporating aquatic creatures. 560:

According to the Sikh historical records, the land that became Amritsar and houses the Harimandir Sahib was chosen by

7189: 6823: 6641: 5637: 5283: 5253: 4743: 4672: 4484: 2182: 2024: 4088: 3945:

Situated in the middle of an enormous tank connected to land via a long causeway, the shrine is known as Harimandir.

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ordered repairs to the Akal Takht Sahib. These repairs were removed and Sikhs rebuilt the Akal Takht Sahib in 1999.

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to take up residence in Golden Temple Complex. The Bhindranwale-led group under the military leadership of General

168: 9234: 8327: 8008: 7547: 3420: 2077:, the Babbar Khalsa, the AISSF and the National Council of Khalistan. In December 1983, the Sikh political party 2069:

The Golden Temple and Akal Takht were occupied by various militant groups in the early 1980s. These included the

2028: 954:. It was the codename of an Indian military action carried out between 1 and 8 June 1984 to remove militant Sikh 584:

A Sikh Guru (perhaps Guru Arjan) seated in the Golden Temple at Amritsar in the late 16th or early 17th century,

371: 6589:

Khushwant Singh, A History of the Sikhs, Volume II: 1839–2004, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2004, p. 337.

4955:

Khushwant Singh, A History of the Sikhs, Volume II: 1839–2004, New Delhi, Oxford University Press, 2004, p. 332.

1893:

is taken out its bedroom, carried on the head, placed and carried in a flower-decorated palki with chanting and

1163:

The first structure of the Harmandir Sahib constructed under the purview of Guru Arjan combined the concepts of

1081:. Public outcry over Gandhi's death led to the killings of more than 3,000 Sikhs in Delhi alone, in the ensuing 9194: 9066: 9061: 2160: 2156: 2111: 1533: 1374:

floral designs. The celings, walls and arches of the structure are embellished by intricate mural artwork. The

1165: 1070: 488: 140: 20: 6809: 1732:, believed to the one under which Guru Arjan rested while the temple was being built. The third one is called 1204:

architecture." Major Henry Hardy Cole described the architecture of the edifice as being primarily drawn from

8576: 7858: 6127: 3564: 1217: 727:

and asked to convert to Islam. He refused, was tortured and executed in 1606. Guru Arjan's son and successor

1968:

and other policies implemented by the British colonial government. A large crowd had gathered, when Colonel

1643:(circumambulation) walkway around the tank, is named after a Sikh subgroup. The red sandstone minaret-style 8937: 7885: 7736: 7689: 4881: 3410: 1065:

their units; several Sikhs resigned from civil administrative office and returned awards received from the

1000:

The army had underestimated the firepower possessed by the militants, whose armament included Chinese-made

196: 1800:, a community-run free kitchen and dining hall. It is attached to the east side of the courtyard near the 8747: 7878: 1213: 1184: 4998: 2047:

script, are the result of the movement, which culminated in the setting of the current borders in 1966.

1934:(priests) class, who had taken over control of the main gurdwaras and other institutions vacated by the 8541: 8208: 7788: 6818:(3rd ed.). Patiala, Punjab, India: Punjab University, Patiala (published 2011). pp. 391–404. 4850: 2086: 2074: 955: 924:. The other family were the Kapurs, who were made as the Head Granthis, this included the ancestors of 492: 449: 1434:

coloured red or green, an aspect of the artwork that was praised by H.H. Cole for its harmoniousness.

8833: 8813: 8762: 8621: 8446: 8354: 8261: 8158: 8153: 8046: 5208: 1981: 1951: 1847:

ritual to carry the scripture to a bedroom; Right: A Sikh pilgrim. Some Sikhs take a dip in the pool.

1123: 732: 6813: 821:

Shri Harmandir Sahib was attacked by the Afghan forces under Ahmed Shah Durrani on 1 December 1764.

483:. Additional buildings include a clock tower, the offices of the Gurdwara Committee, a Museum and a 8942: 8818: 8797: 8148: 7572: 7401: 6121: 3425: 2145: 1305:

Left: Causeway to the sanctum with people, behind the pool is Ath Sath Tirath; Right: Entrance view

863:

copper of the main entryway and archway to the causeway leading to the temple proper, known as the

440:

The Golden Temple is spiritually the most significant shrine in Sikhism. It became a centre of the

8742: 9131: 9108: 8706: 8218: 8193: 7828: 7631: 7456: 7431: 7338: 7316: 3405: 2149: 2082: 974: 967: 453: 8727: 6314:

The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition

6227:

The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition

8962: 8661: 8646: 8636: 8616: 8611: 8416: 8322: 8223: 8198: 7843: 7833: 7793: 7659: 1078: 871:. Due to the central and paramount importance of the shrine in Sikhism, essentially every Sikh 6776: 6431: 6341: 6312: 6255: 6225: 6091: 5815: 5654: 5154: 5048: 3493: 1188:

Golden Temple, in the form it was constructed as by Ranjit Singh, was based ultimately on the

9146: 9086: 8999: 8732: 8601: 8571: 8350: 8309: 7674: 7621: 7542: 7182: 6564: 6397: 6283: 5937: 5910: 5883: 5786: 5627: 4357: 4333: 4202:

State Formation and the Establishment of Non-Muslim Hegemony: Post-Mughal 19th-century Punjab

4176:

State Formation and the Establishment of Non-Muslim Hegemony: Post-Mughal 19th-century Punjab

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of the day, it is read out loud, and then written out for the pilgrims to read over that day.

1659: 1156:

The Golden Temple's architecture reflects different architectural practices prevalent in the

810: 445: 379: 7567: 7557: 6633:

The Nation's Tortured Body: Violence, Representation, and the Formation of a Sikh "Diaspora"

6566:

The Sikh Separatist Insurgency in India: Political Leadership and Ethnonationalist Movements

5366: 4112: 3916: 9076: 9034: 9019: 8957: 8927: 8737: 8631: 8436: 8289: 8276: 8233: 8039: 7996: 7974: 7823: 7753: 7664: 7591: 7321: 5117: 3834: 3735: 3733: 3731: 2795: 1926: 1920: 1205: 1082: 549:

overseeing the construction of the original Golden Temple (Harmandir Sahib), painting from

441: 406: 7562: 5405:"Five years on, govt yet to announce closure of Galliara Project : The Tribune India" 942: 8: 9136: 9071: 9029: 8989: 8984: 8947: 8626: 8561: 8551: 7868: 7848: 7808: 7778: 7207: 5127: 5123: 2106: 2064: 2020: 1685: 1623: 1157: 1099: 951: 937: 925: 822: 464: 375: 7113:

Syan, Hardip S. (2014). "Sectarian Works". In Singh, Pashaura; Fenech, Louis E. (eds.).

5087: 3728: 2055: 1339: 9162: 9141: 8972: 8897: 8701: 8686: 8681: 8676: 8671: 8566: 8441: 8421: 8346: 8317: 8256: 8188: 8133: 7863: 7721: 7711: 7701: 7679: 7669: 7646: 7611: 7514: 7306: 7301: 7211: 7161: 6763: 5487:"Nanhi Chhaan's Golden Temple 'galliara' upkeep contract ends : The Tribune India" 4712: 4243:. Amritsar: Dept. of Guru Nanak Studies, Guru Nanak Dev University Press. p. 174. 3869: 3435: 3430: 3415: 2070: 1956:

As per tradition, the Sikhs gathered in the Golden Temple to celebrate the festival of

1448: 1209: 1189: 1041: 994: 958:

and his followers from the buildings of the Harmandir Sahib (Golden Temple) complex in

909: 803: 6205: 4407:

Louis E. Fenech, Martyrdom in the Sikh Tradition, Oxford University Press, pp. 118–121

4078: 4076: 9024: 8857: 8823: 8666: 8651: 8531: 8299: 8251: 8203: 8173: 8168: 7838: 7818: 7813: 7803: 7726: 7716: 7684: 7636: 7552: 7524: 7494: 7464: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7120: 7087: 7066: 7033: 7000: 6967: 6946: 6913: 6880: 6847: 6819: 6782: 6740: 6637: 6570: 6437: 6403: 6361: 6318: 6291: 6261: 6231: 6131: 6097: 6093:

The Death of Sacred Texts: Ritual Disposal and Renovation of Texts in World Religions

6031: 5943: 5916: 5889: 5850: 5792: 5750: 5699: 5660: 5633: 5372: 5318: 5160: 5054: 4803: 4776: 4749: 4668: 4490: 4480: 4453: 4365: 4244: 4205: 4179: 4118: 4016: 3977: 3922: 3798: 3771: 3702: 3499: 2335: 1973: 1557:

In front of the sanctum and the causeway is the Akal Takht building. It is the chief

1405: 1313: 1149: 1111: 1066: 1031:'s South Asia correspondent, was the only foreign reporter who managed to stay on in 744: 626: 946:

Interior of Darbar Sahib with gold encrusted walls and featuring a golden chandelier

9170: 9096: 9056: 8889: 8828: 8596: 8556: 8546: 8536: 8451: 8426: 8380: 8332: 8294: 8266: 8246: 8241: 8183: 8178: 8143: 8138: 8125: 7912: 7873: 7783: 7773: 7768: 7731: 7696: 7606: 7581: 7371: 7262: 7175: 5964:"Golden Temple's hi-tech basement showcases Sikh history, ethos opens for pilgrims" 4297: 4295: 4293: 4291: 4289: 4287: 4073: 3617: 2040: 2012: 1961: 1797: 1789: 1429: 1287: 1177: 1028: 1024: 846: 795: 757: 484: 342: 316: 46: 1475:

but these murals have since been seemingly lost to time and are no longer extant.

9100: 9039: 8792: 8752: 8696: 8606: 8526: 8284: 8213: 8163: 8086: 7798: 7763: 7758: 7706: 7626: 7328: 7296: 7288: 7155: 7114: 7081: 7060: 7027: 6994: 6961: 6940: 6907: 6874: 6841: 6734: 6631: 6450: 6355: 6052: 6025: 5844: 5744: 5693: 4797: 4447: 4417: 4415: 4413: 3902: 3895: 3765: 3696: 2324: 2221: 2094: 1636: 1619: 1590: 1483:

named Hari Singh, had prepared a list of all the names of the artists, painters (

1472: 1197: 1106:

In December 2021, a young man was allegedly beaten to death after disrupting the

1009: 905: 752: 4284: 1542: 9046: 8849: 8711: 8462: 8411: 7991: 7952: 7922: 7509: 7474: 7351: 7252: 6193: 6158: 5826: 5824: 5742: 5315:

Questioning The Secular State: The Worldwide Resurgence of Religion in Politics

4663:

Kang, Kanwarjit Singh (1988). "13. Art and Architecture of the Golden Temple".

1566: 1419:. The Shish Mahal features a lot of examples of tukri work. On the other hand, 740: 736: 728: 610: 527: 509: 414: 398: 4410: 1404:, on each side. The second embossed panel features an equestrian portrayal of 9183: 8979: 8757: 8488: 8406: 7981: 7654: 7601: 7396: 7386: 7237: 6068: 6066: 6064: 4393: 4042: 3955: 3953: 3397: 2759: 2102: 2036: 2032: 1969: 1942:

during the 18th century and had been most prominent during the 19th century.

1680: 1074: 989: 970: 963: 787: 720: 706: 677: 634: 561: 456: 410: 383: 359: 218: 205: 89: 7391: 5821: 5192:

Hamlyn, Michael (12 June 1984). "Amritsar witness puts death toll at 1000".

4494: 4248: 1332:

The floral designs on the marble panels of the walls around the sanctum are

653: 8902: 8862: 8691: 8498: 8431: 8106: 8081: 8076: 7969: 7741: 7596: 7469: 7436: 7257: 7242: 6030:. Oxford University Press. pp. 44–45, 57–61, 114–115, 157 with notes. 4353: 3645: 3643: 3489: 3472: 3470: 3468: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3460: 2118: 2090: 1740:, or the spot equivalent to 68 pilgrimages, is in the shade underneath the 1689:

a clock, houses a museum on its upper floor, and it continues to be called

1397: 1221: 1107: 1054: 1018: 931: 921: 842: 643: 569: 418: 394: 6181: 6061: 5885:

Religion and Urbanism: Reconceptualising Sustainable Cities for South Asia

5238:

Chellaney, Brahma (14 June 1984). "Sikhs in Amritsar 'tied up and shot'".

5050:

Faith, Unity, Discipline: The Inter-Service-Intelligence (ISI) of Pakistan

4218: 4155: 3950: 1574:) on matters related to Sikhism and the solidarity of the Sikh community. 1296: 719:

The growing influence and success of Guru Arjan drew the attention of the

8787: 8641: 8591: 8521: 8493: 8483: 8478: 8385: 8062: 8025: 8003: 7932: 7489: 7421: 7416: 7381: 4474: 4143: 4131: 4061: 2216: 2211: 2016: 1965: 1626: 1565:

means "throne of the Timeless (God)". The institution was established by

1376: 1171: 1069:. Five months after the operation, on 31 October 1984, Indira Gandhi was 686: 605: 574: 460: 422: 390: 6767: 3640: 3457: 1135: 272: 36: 9126: 9118: 9051: 8952: 8932: 8912: 8872: 8656: 8390: 8096: 8091: 7947: 7616: 7586: 7499: 7484: 7406: 7376: 7356: 7247: 7232: 7227: 7219: 6938: 5939:

Sacred Objects in Secular Spaces: Exhibiting Asian Religions in Museums

5724: 3739: 3335: 1663: 1523: 1393: 868: 815: 682: 630: 596: 546: 476: 468: 402: 367: 243: 4772:

History Of The Sikhs Vol. II Evolution Of Sikh Confederacies (1707–69)

2199:"A Priest of the Golden Temple," from a stereoscopic viewing set, 1908 900:

After learning of the Gurdwara through Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the 7th

471:. The gurdwara complex was rebuilt again after the 1984 attack on it. 8994: 8586: 8581: 8101: 7942: 7411: 5604: 5461:"Golden Temple: Galiara haven for drug addicts, cops claim 'no info'" 5368:

Federalism, Nationalism and Development: India and the Punjab Economy

4929: 2078: 1673: 1652: 1510: 1401: 1355:

facility, where volunteers serve a flour-based sweet offering called

1333: 1062: 1047: 978: 845:

founded the nucleus of the Sikh Empire at the age of 36 with help of

771:

The Golden Temple was the centre of historic events in Sikh history:

609:

He wrote a voluminous amount of Sikh scripture including the popular

434: 5673: 5156:

Winning Wars amongst the People: Case Studies in Asymmetric Conflict

4681: 3660: 3658: 3583: 2134: 1600: 699:, which means "shrine of 68 pilgrimages", is a raised canopy on the 9091: 8922: 8917: 8907: 8879: 7957: 7927: 7532: 6754:

Bal, Sarjit Singh (1985). "Punjab After Independence (1947–1956)".

5842: 2044: 2039:, along with the official status of the state's native language of 2019:. It was first presented as a policy position in April 1948 by the 1957: 1443: 1368: 1193: 1032: 959: 776: 724: 669: 355: 351: 79: 7361: 5691: 4969:"Operation Blue Star: India's first tryst with militant extremism" 2117:

In 1986, Indira Gandhi's son and the next Prime Minister of India

1874: 739:. For about a century after the Golden Temple was occupied by the 7479: 7441: 7198: 6959: 4082: 3655: 2204: 1939: 1014: 982: 723:. Guru Arjan was arrested under the orders of the Mughal Emperor 690: 480: 393:

on the site of the temple was completed by the fourth Sikh Guru,

363: 64: 6963:

Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures

6120:

Barrier, N. Gerald; Singh, Nazer (2002) . Singh, Harbans (ed.).

5254:"India is set to drop prosecution of AP reporter in Punjab Case" 4799:

Empire of the Sikhs: The Life and Times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh

3745: 1087: 650:

is stated to have donated the land to the wife of Guru Ram Das.

9081: 9014: 9009: 8456: 7937: 7917: 7504: 7446: 7426: 7366: 7346: 5431:"SGPC seeks control of Golden Temple galliara, heritage street" 4748:(3rd ed.). Punjabi University, Patiala. pp. 131–132. 1935: 1870: 1714: 1495: 1489: 1272:(community service) by draining and desilting it periodically. 1230: 873: 855: 780: 748: 714: 673: 519: 430: 426: 8031: 1551:

Left: Akal Takht illuminated; Right: One of the entrance gates

988:

On 1 June 1984, after negotiations with the militants failed,

735:

and later left Amritsar and its surrounding areas in 1635 for

9004: 8867: 7986: 7962: 6992: 6942:

Asia and Oceania: International Dictionary of Historic Places

6456: 6337: 6211: 6126:(4th ed.). Patiala, Punjab: Punjab University. pp. 5811: 5540:"Amritsar: Youth disrupts religious service in Golden Temple" 4301: 3990: 2008: 1894: 1438: 1264: 1225: 1160:, as various iterations of temple were rebuilt and restored. 1085:. A few months after the government operation of 1984, major 1036: 901: 867:, the prime personality who helped assist with this work was 647: 531: 523: 99: 6429: 5743:

Pashaura Singh; Norman Gerald Barrier; W. H. McLeod (2004).

2027:

by the government to quash the movement, and the subsequent

7902: 6839: 6402:(illustrated ed.). London: A&C Black. p. 83. 6199: 6027:

Martyrdom in the Sikh Tradition: Playing the "game of Love"

5830: 5788:

A History of Modern South Asia: Politics, States, Diasporas

5340:"Sikh Army deserters are paying the price for their action" 4925:"RAW chief consulted MI6 in build-up to Operation Bluestar" 4824:"Maharaja Ranjit Singh's contributions to Harimandir Sahib" 4421: 4161: 4149: 3959: 3649: 1655: 1648: 1201: 1005: 564:, the third Guru of the Sikh tradition. It was then called 515: 7167: 5763: 5570:"National Security Guard team at Amritsar twin blast site" 1869:

means "position"). At night, after a series of devotional

1517: 950:

The destruction of the temple complex occurred during the

8013: 7058: 6357:

Religion and Nationalism in India: The Case of the Punjab

6072: 5730: 5652: 4849:

Pandharipande, Reeti; Nadimpally, Lasya (5 August 2017).

4775:. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 216. 4392:, concerning Guru Arjan's support for his rebellious son 4224: 7025: 6187: 5513:"Golden temple's galiara, a picture of complete neglect" 4479:. Vol. 3. Patiala: Punjabi University. p. 88. 4137: 4067: 3476: 1989:(SGPC). The SGPC continues to manage the Golden Temple. 1972:

ordered a detachment of ninety soldiers (drawn from the

1909: 1493:

Ishar Singh, Sardul Singh, Jawahar Singh, Mehtab Singh,

1200:

stated in 1882 that the shrine was a "handsome style of

932:

Destruction and reconstruction after Indian independence

6503: 6501: 5791:. Yale University Press. pp. 80–81 with Figure 8. 4848: 3835:"Nature and importance of Harmandir Sahib – Pilgrimage" 6257:

Arya Dharm: Hindu Consciousness in 19th-century Punjab

4882:"The Origins of the Giani Samprada: Giani Surat Singh" 4110: 2007:

was a long-drawn political agitation, launched by the

6700:"Know facts about Harmandir Sahib, The Golden Temple" 3740:

Trudy Ring, Noelle Watson & Paul Schellinger 2012

1035:

despite the media blackout. His dispatches, filed by

437:

in 1830. This has led to the name the Golden Temple.

9215:

Religious buildings and structures completed in 1604

6939:

Trudy Ring; Noelle Watson; Paul Schellinger (2012).

6537: 6525: 6498: 6486: 6462: 6260:. University of California Press. pp. 211–212. 5692:

Fahlbusch, Erwin; Geoffrey William Bromiley (1999).

5159:(Illustrated ed.). Potomac Books. p. 100. 4816: 3498:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 146. 3387: 1960:

in 1919. After their visit, many walked over to the

1808:. The meal is served by volunteers as part of their 6732: 6513: 6474: 5679: 5610: 4687: 4427: 3664: 2059:

Aerial view of the Galliara park around the complex

2015:-speaking state, in the post-independence state of 1709:

tree inside the courtyard, next to Ath Sath Tirath.

1629:(which was later demolished) on extreme right-side. 6085: 6083: 6081: 5260:. Associated Press. 14 September 1985. p. 5. 4472: 1584: 1577:The Teja Singh Samundri Hall is the office of the 829: 487:– a free Sikh community-run kitchen that offers a 6736:The Golden Temple: history, art, and architecture 6317:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 320–327. 6249: 6247: 6230:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 382–383. 5935: 5621: 5619: 3763: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3598: 1073:in an act of revenge by her two Sikh bodyguards, 993:ending on 8 June. A clean-up operation codenamed 534:. Of these, the one in Amritsar is most revered. 9181: 6670:"What happened during 1984 Operation Blue Star?" 6629: 6558: 6556: 6554: 6552: 6253: 6089: 5995:"Golden Temple's story comes alive at its plaza" 5875: 5780: 5778: 4907:"The Kapurs, including Bhai Jawahir Singh Kapur" 2329:Head Granthi: 1 Vaisakh 1755 (Bikrami), 1698 AD 1964:next to it to listen to speakers protesting the 966:. The decision to launch the attack rested with 6905: 6078: 6023: 5912:The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries) 5625: 5598: 4963: 4961: 3751: 3589: 2011:, demanding the creation of a Punjabi Suba, or 1843:Left: A palanquin being prepared for the daily 1311:The sanctum has two floors. The Sikh Scripture 1220:believed that the temple's architecture was a " 6601:"Wounds heal but another time bomb ticks away" 6562: 6244: 5843:Pashaura Singh; Norman Gerald Barrier (1999). 5616: 5085: 4316: 3767:Maharaja Ranjit Singh: Lord of the Five Rivers 3595: 3571:. Punjabi University Patiala. pp. 239–248 3329: 1889:which means "light". About dawn everyday, the 1721:entrance with the clock, and it is called the 1275:There is a section of the shrine known as the 16:Sikh religious site in Amritsar, Punjab, India 9220:Religious buildings and structures with domes 8047: 7183: 7119:. Oxford University Press. pp. 170–179. 6549: 6310: 6223: 6115: 6113: 5775: 5749:. Oxford University Press. pp. 201–215. 5284:"Indian Police Question Reporter on Amritsar" 4795: 4711:Bakshi, Artika Aurora; Dhillon, Ganeev Kaur. 4274: 4272: 4270: 4236: 4083:Christopher Shackle & Arvind Mandair 2013 1561:, a centre of authority in Sikhism. Its name 479:, the chief centre of religious authority of 7079: 6960:Christopher Shackle; Arvind Mandair (2013). 6872: 6774: 6623: 6281: 6119: 5908: 5882:Shikha Jain (2015). Yamini Narayanan (ed.). 5769: 5331: 5185: 4958: 4851:"A Brief History of The Nizams of Hyderabad" 4445: 4352: 4348: 4346: 4278: 4094: 4036: 4034: 4032: 4008: 3996: 3841:(GCSE Religious Studies Revision ed.). 3694: 3679: 3675: 3673: 2750:19 April 1983 Head Granthi: 26 January 1987 1945: 1672:The Ramgarhia Bunga remains a symbol of the 977:, the President of the Sikh political party 715:Mughal Empire era destruction and rebuilding 518:", which scholars translate as "God ", and " 401:, the fifth Sikh Guru, placed a copy of the 6592: 6391: 6389: 6217: 5881: 5231: 5206: 4999:"Sikh Leader in Punjab Accord Assassinated" 4319:"Understanding the Martyrdom of Guru Arjan" 4199: 4173: 4040: 3921:. Cambridge University Press. p. 316. 3770:. Oxford University Press. pp. 95–96. 2911:Giani Joginder Singh Vedanti (Second Term) 2163:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1717:). One of them is to the right of the main 1343:Side view of the causeway leading from the 595:Ramdaspur town expanded during the time of 325: 296: 8054: 8040: 7190: 7176: 7160: 6756:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 6636:. Duke University Press. pp. 96–107. 6110: 6054:The Sikh Review, Volume 32, Issues 361–372 5992: 5784: 5312: 5088:"Army reveals startling facts on Bluestar" 5032:Wolpert, Stanley A., ed. (2009). "India". 4267: 3865:"Soon, Golden Temple to use phone jammers" 3690: 3688: 1117: 362:. It is the pre-eminent spiritual site of 45: 9210:Rebuilt buildings and structures in India 8363:List of battles involving the Sikh Empire 6457:Pashaura Singh & Louis E. Fenech 2014 6338:Pashaura Singh & Louis E. Fenech 2014 6212:Pashaura Singh & Louis E. Fenech 2014 5942:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 76–78. 5812:Pashaura Singh & Louis E. Fenech 2014 5685: 5659:. Infobase Publishing. pp. 100–101. 5237: 5046: 4991: 4745:The Encyclopedia of Sikhism Volume II E-L 4710: 4439: 4343: 4302:Pashaura Singh & Louis E. Fenech 2014 4029: 3976:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 269. 3670: 2183:Learn how and when to remove this message 7080:Henry Walker (2002). Kerry Brown (ed.). 6993:Pashaura Singh; Louis E. Fenech (2014). 6876:Textual Sources for the Study of Sikhism 6386: 2194: 2054: 1992: 1987:Shiromani Gurudwara Prabandhak Committee 1938:in their fight for survival against the 1784: 1767: 1700: 1338: 1134: 941: 833: 705: 652: 620: 579: 541: 495:, and its application is pending on the 9240:World Heritage Tentative List for India 6846:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 6725: 6430:Kristen Haar; Sewa Singh Kalsi (2009). 6395: 6200:Louis E. Fenech & W. H. McLeod 2014 6050: 5831:Louis E. Fenech & W. H. McLeod 2014 5031: 5005:. Times Wire Services. 21 August 1985. 4842: 4667:. Atma Ram & Sons. pp. 56–62. 4658: 4656: 4654: 4652: 4650: 4648: 4646: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4636: 4634: 4632: 4630: 4628: 4626: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4618: 4616: 4614: 4612: 4610: 4608: 4606: 4604: 4602: 4600: 4598: 4596: 4594: 4592: 4590: 4588: 4586: 4584: 4582: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4574: 4572: 4570: 4568: 4566: 4564: 4562: 4560: 4558: 4556: 4554: 4552: 4550: 4548: 4546: 4544: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4536: 4422:Louis E. Fenech & W. H. McLeod 2014 4162:Louis E. Fenech & W. H. McLeod 2014 4150:Louis E. Fenech & W. H. McLeod 2014 3960:Louis E. Fenech & W. H. McLeod 2014 3698:The History of Afghanistan, 2nd Edition 3685: 3650:Louis E. Fenech & W. H. McLeod 2014 1914: 1901:, a random page is opened. This is the 1747: 1639:– the two high towers visible from the 1579:Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee 1518:Akal Takht and Teja Singh Samundri Hall 917:Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee 794:In 1746, another Lahore official Diwan 433:in 1809, and overlaid the sanctum with 409:and was destroyed several times by the 9182: 6840:Louis E. Fenech; W. H. McLeod (2014). 5337: 5290:. Associated Press. 24 November 1984. 5191: 4916: 4534: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4526: 4524: 4522: 4520: 4518: 4516: 4312: 4310: 3971: 3896:Sri Harimandir Sahib, Amritsar, Punjab 3790: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3550: 3488: 2050: 1780: 997:was also initiated throughout Punjab. 882:done through Giani Sant Singh, of the 261:1589 (temple), 1604 (with Adi Granth) 8035: 7171: 6680:from the original on 11 November 2019 6598: 6569:. Sage Publications. pp. 85–95. 6169:from the original on 26 December 2019 5974:from the original on 23 December 2019 5550:from the original on 19 December 2021 5519:from the original on 26 February 2023 5493:from the original on 26 February 2023 5467:from the original on 26 February 2023 5441:from the original on 26 February 2023 5411:from the original on 26 February 2023 5364: 5306: 4922: 4768: 4741: 4706: 4704: 4702: 4700: 4698: 4696: 3914: 3548: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3530: 2297:Singh Sahiban of Sri Harmandir Sahib 1910:Influence on contemporary era Sikhism 341: 315: 175: 147: 119: 9200:Buildings and structures in Amritsar 7112: 6807: 6611:from the original on 11 October 2018 6543: 6531: 6507: 6492: 6468: 6436:. Infobase Publishing. p. 112. 6353: 6057:. Sikh Cultural Centre. p. 114. 5846:Sikh Identity: Continuity and Change 5537: 5152: 5009:from the original on 29 January 2016 4979:from the original on 3 November 2017 4937:from the original on 18 January 2014 4879: 4662: 4433: 4255:from the original on 4 February 2021 3935:from the original on 1 November 2022 3562: 2161:adding citations to reliable sources 2128: 444:between 1883 and the 1920s, and the 7133:from the original on 11 August 2023 7116:The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies 6996:The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies 6926:from the original on 11 August 2023 6860:from the original on 17 August 2023 6753: 6519: 6480: 5698:(Reprint ed.). Leiden: Brill. 5317:. C. Hurst & Co. p. 1276. 5294:from the original on 3 January 2011 5264:from the original on 2 January 2011 5119:White Paper on the Punjab Agitation 4513: 4307: 4240:The Golden Temple: Past and Present 3915:Asher, Catherine Blanshard (1992). 3794:The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies 1815: 1772:Volunteers helping prepare the food 1662:. It was constructed as the temple 1004:with armour piercing capabilities. 625:Maharaja Ranjit Singh listening to 13: 7059:Nikky-Guninder Kaur Singh (2011). 7029:Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed 6909:Sikhism: A Very Short Introduction 6710:from the original on 1 August 2018 6399:Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed 6396:Mandair, Arvind-Pal Singh (2013). 5653:Nikky-Guninder Kaur Singh (2004). 5538:Rana, Yudhvir (19 December 2021). 5134:from the original on 30 March 2023 4923:Swami, Praveen (16 January 2014). 4693: 4466: 3845:from the original on 16 March 2022 3628:from the original on 10 March 2018 3527: 3006:Giani Jaswant Singh (Manji Sahib) 2124: 1002:rocket-propelled grenade launchers 14: 9251: 7147: 7100:from the original on 8 March 2024 7046:from the original on 8 March 2024 7026:Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair (2013). 7013:from the original on 8 March 2024 6980:from the original on 8 March 2024 6893:from the original on 8 March 2024 6795:from the original on 8 March 2024 6650:from the original on 8 March 2024 6374:from the original on 8 March 2024 6005:from the original on 8 March 2024 5863:from the original on 8 March 2024 5712:from the original on 8 March 2024 5385:from the original on 8 March 2024 5346:from the original on 19 June 2018 5219:from the original on 9 March 2021 5173:from the original on 8 March 2024 5067:from the original on 8 March 2024 4861:from the original on 2 April 2019 4501:from the original on 8 March 2024 4378:from the original on 8 March 2024 4117:. Sahitya Akademi. pp. 6–8. 4049:from the original on 29 July 2017 3811:from the original on 8 April 2023 3715:from the original on 8 March 2024 3512:from the original on 8 April 2023 3334:Commemorative stamps released by 2105:ordered the Indian Army to begin 9166: 9165: 9157: 8968:Sikhs in the British Indian Army 6843:Historical Dictionary of Sikhism 6692: 6662: 6583: 6423: 6347: 6304: 6275: 6151: 5695:The encyclopedia of Christianity 5580:from the original on 16 May 2023 5098:from the original on 5 July 2009 5086:Varinder Walia (20 March 2007). 4802:. Peter Owen. pp. 18, 177. 4723:from the original on 26 May 2023 4449:Historical Dictionary of Sikhism 3974:Historical Dictionary of Sikhism 3495:Historical Dictionary of Sikhism 3390: 3369: 3357: 3345: 3024:Giani Mohan Singh (Second Term) 2893:Giani Puran Singh (Second Term) 2133: 1833: 1824: 1608: 1599: 1541: 1532: 1295: 1286: 317:[ɦəɾᵊmən̪d̪əɾᵊsaːɦ(ɪ)bᵊ] 174: 167: 146: 139: 118: 111: 9230:Tourist attractions in Amritsar 9158: 8061: 8009:Contemporary Sant Mat movements 6879:. University of Chicago Press. 6290:. Scarecrow Press. p. 97. 6096:. Routledge. pp. 125–144. 6044: 6017: 5993:G. S. Paul (22 December 2016). 5986: 5956: 5929: 5902: 5836: 5736: 5646: 5592: 5562: 5531: 5505: 5479: 5453: 5423: 5397: 5358: 5276: 5246: 5209:"Golden Temple Sikhs Surrender" 5200: 5146: 5110: 5079: 5040: 5025: 4949: 4899: 4873: 4789: 4762: 4735: 4452:. Scarecrow. pp. 130–131. 4401: 4364:. Scarecrow Press. p. 20. 4230: 4193: 4167: 4111:Mahindara Siṅgha Joshī (1994). 4104: 4002: 3965: 3908: 3889: 3857: 3827: 3784: 3757: 3421:Delhi Amritsar Katra Expressway 3125:Head Granthi: 22 November 2022 3042:Giani Mohan Singh (Third Term) 2990:Head Granthi: 18 November 2012 2528:Head Granthi: 10 February 1963 1585:Ramgarhia Bunga and Clock Tower 1143: 869:Raja Sangat Singh of Jind State 830:Ranjit Singh era reconstruction 616: 502: 372:Gurdwara Darbar Sahib Kartarpur 9062:Sikhism and sexual orientation 6605:Gunfire Over the Golden Temple 6073:Nikky-Guninder Kaur Singh 2011 5731:Nikky-Guninder Kaur Singh 2011 5338:Sandhu, Kanwar (15 May 1990). 4225:Nikky-Guninder Kaur Singh 2011 3873:. 19 July 2012. Archived from 3797:. OUP Oxford. pp. 30–31. 3482: 2934:Head Granthi: 9 December 2000 2713:Head Granthi: 26 January 1986 2426:Giani Kartar Singh Kalaswalia 1796:Harmandir Sahib complex has a 1396:surrounded by his companions, 1208:with a significant input from 1130: 685:in the gurdwara. He appointed 646:. In another version, Emperor 21:Golden Temple (disambiguation) 1: 6360:. Routledge. pp. 75–78. 6188:Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair 2013 5915:. Hemkunt Press. p. 64. 5888:. Routledge. pp. 76–77. 4880:Nama, Khalsa (8 March 2024). 4138:Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair 2013 4068:Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair 2013 4045:. Punjab University Patiala. 4015:. Hemkunt Press. p. 97. 3701:. Greenwood. pp. 69–71. 3477:Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair 2013 3446: 2857:Giani Joginder Singh Vedanti 2787:Pandit Giani Bakhshish Singh 2488:Head Granthi: 1 October 1940 2101:In June 1984, Prime Minister 1347:(right) to the sanctum (left) 1139:The Golden temple complex map 1017:trapped inside the temple as 710:The Golden Temple at twilight 658: 657:The Golden Temple, Amritsar, 633:and Golden Temple, Amritsar, 585: 550: 343:[d̪əɾᵊbaːɾᵊsaːɦ(ɪ)bᵊ] 9190:1604 establishments in India 6808:Doad, Karnail Singh (1997). 6733:Pardeep Singh Arshi (1989). 4476:The encyclopaedia of Sikhism 3918:Architecture of Mughal India 3451: 3411:Amritsar Jamnagar Expressway 3117:Giani Jagtar Singh Ludhiana 3027:Additional: 1 February 2004 2770:Giani Jaswant Singh Parwana 2707:Head Granthi: 16 April 1983 2035:. The borders of the modern 1696: 1098:Following the operation the 678:Sri Gur Suraj Parkash Granth 7: 7197: 6999:. Oxford University Press. 6912:. Oxford University Press. 6812:. In Siṅgh, Harbans (ed.). 6599:Tully, Mark (3 June 2014). 5207:Eric Silver (7 June 1984). 5053:. Oxford University Press. 4473:Harbans Singh (1992–1998). 4204:. Sage Publications India. 4178:. Sage Publications India. 4012:The Encyclopedia of Sikhism 3383: 3330:Commemorative Postal Stamps 3278:Head Granthi: 30 June 2023 3122:Additional: 20 August 2013 2731:Head Granthi: 29 July 1988 2073:led by Sikh fundamentalist 1126:on 7 May and on 9 May 2023. 10: 9256: 9225:Religious tourism in India 9205:Gurdwaras in Punjab, India 8422:British East India Company 6781:. Dunedin Academic Press. 5936:Bruce M. Sullivan (2015). 5313:Westerlund, David (1996). 4713:"The Mural Arts of Panjab" 4332:(1): 29–62. Archived from 4043:"Encyclopaedia of Sikhism" 3764:Jean Marie Lafont (2002). 3567:. In Harbans Singh (ed.). 3276:Additional: 10 March 2023 2839:Giani Jagtar Singh Jachak 2632:Head Granthi: 30 May 1988 2591:Head Granthi: 2 June 1974 2508:Head Granthi: 23 May 1955 2087:Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale 2075:Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale 2062: 1996: 1970:Reginald Edward Harry Dyer 1949: 1918: 1588: 1521: 1366: 1169:and the holy water tanks ( 1147: 956:Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale 935: 920:destroyed in 1988 was the 802:In 1757, the Afghan ruler 537: 493:UNESCO World Heritage Site 450:Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale 370:in Sikhism, alongside the 18: 9155: 9117: 8888: 8848: 8834:Treaty of Amritsar (1846) 8814:Treaty of Amritsar (1809) 8806: 8780: 8763:Johann Martin Honigberger 8720: 8622:Chattar Singh Attariwalla 8514: 8507: 8471: 8399: 8373: 8341: 8308: 8275: 8232: 8124: 8115: 8069: 8024: 7901: 7645: 7523: 7455: 7337: 7287: 7218: 7205: 6630:Brian Keith Axel (2001). 6254:Kenneth W. Jones (1976). 6090:Kristina Myrvold (2016). 5632:. Brill. pp. 14–15. 5371:. Routledge. p. 45. 4326:Journal of Punjab Studies 3791:Fenech, Louis E. (2014). 3312:Giani Parwinderpal Singh 2755:Head Granthi: 1 May 1988 1952:Jallianwala Bagh massacre 1946:Jallianwala Bagh massacre 1865:means "comfort or rest", 1473:Indic mythological scenes 1124:2023 Golden Temple blasts 604:, a semi-historical Sikh 522:", which means "house". " 270: 265: 257: 249: 239: 234: 195: 105: 95: 85: 75: 70: 58: 53: 44: 35: 30: 8824:Treaty of Chushul (1842) 8819:Tripartite Treaty (1838) 7062:Sikhism: An Introduction 6906:Eleanor Nesbitt (2016). 6815:Encyclopaedia of Sikhism 6214:, pp. 28–29, 73–76. 6024:Louis E. Fenech (2000). 5849:. Manohar. p. 264. 5680:Pardeep Singh Arshi 1989 5626:Gene R. Thursby (1992). 5611:Pardeep Singh Arshi 1989 5527:– via PressReader. 5047:Kiessling, Hein (2016). 4717:Nishaan Nagaara Magazine 4688:Pardeep Singh Arshi 1989 3665:Pardeep Singh Arshi 1989 3569:Encyclopaedia of Sikhism 3426:Gurudwara Sis Ganj Sahib 3164:Additional: 3 July 2023 2483:Mahant Giani Mool Singh 1728:A second tree is called 926:Bhai Jawahir Singh Kapur 497:tentative list of UNESCO 8829:Treaty of Lahore (1846) 8707:Malik Fateh Khan Tiwana 7632:Samadhi of Ranjit Singh 7083:Sikh Art and Literature 7032:. Bloomsbury Academic. 6810:"Punjabi Sūbā Movement" 6563:Jugdep S Chima (2008). 6163:Encyclopædia Britannica 6159:"Singh Sabha (Sikhism)" 5153:Kiss, Peter A. (2014). 5034:Encyclopædia Britannica 4742:Singh, Harbans (2011). 4317:Pashaura Singh (2005). 3622:Encyclopedia Britannica 3081:Giani Sukhjinder Singh 2250:Kartar Singh kalaswalia 2083:Harchand Singh Longowal 1118:Damage from 2023 events 975:Harchand Singh Longowal 743:. In the 18th century, 629:being recited near the 354:located in the city of 9235:17th-century gurdwaras 8662:Ajit Singh Sandhawalia 8647:Mangal Singh Ramgarhia 8637:Ranjodh Singh Majithia 8617:Sher Singh Attariwalla 8612:Sham Singh Attariwalla 8508:Officials and warriors 8417:Emirate of Afghanistan 8323:Battle of Chillianwala 7548:Darbar Sahib Kartarpur 7297:Beliefs and principles 6607:. The Times of India. 6311:Harjot Oberoi (1994). 6224:Harjot Oberoi (1994). 5365:Singh, Pritam (2008). 4796:Patwant Singh (2008). 4665:Punjab Art and Culture 4237:Madanjit Kaur (1983). 3592:, pp. 64–65, 150. 3406:Golden Temple, Vellore 3198:Giani Balwinder Singh 3180:Giani Gurminder Singh 2949:Giani Jaswinder Singh 2546:Giani Bhupinder Singh 2200: 2060: 1793: 1773: 1710: 1362: 1348: 1140: 947: 898: 839: 711: 664: 638: 592: 557: 313:Punjabi pronunciation: 197:Geographic coordinates 9195:Architecture in India 9000:Fariduddin Ganjshakar 8743:François Henri Mouton 8733:Jean-Baptiste Ventura 8572:Khushal Singh Jamadar 8359:Panchayati Revolution 8355:Hill States–Sikh Wars 8310:Second Anglo-Sikh War 7622:Qila Mubarak, Patiala 6873:W. H. McLeod (1990). 6778:Understanding Sikhism 6775:W. Owen Cole (2004). 6354:Deol, Harnik (2003). 6288:The A to Z of Sikhism 6282:W. H. McLeod (2009). 5909:H. S. Singha (2000). 5130:. 1984. p. 169. 4446:W. H. McLeod (2005). 4362:The A to Z of Sikhism 4009:H. S. Singha (2000). 3972:McLeod, W.H. (2014). 3695:M. L. Runion (2017). 3563:Kerr, Ian J. (2011). 3441:Takht Sri Patna Sahib 3159:Giani Amarjeet Singh 2648:Giani Niranjan Singh 2198: 2058: 2005:Punjabi Suba movement 1999:Punjabi Suba movement 1993:Punjabi Suba movement 1788: 1771: 1704: 1660:Jassa Singh Ramgarhia 1342: 1138: 945: 888: 837: 811:Jassa Singh Ahluwalia 762:Tawarikh Sri Amritsar 709: 656: 624: 602:Mahima Prakash Vartak 583: 545: 446:Punjabi Suba movement 421:, after founding the 380:Gurdwara Janam Asthan 219:31.62000°N 74.87639°E 155:Golden Temple (India) 8781:Influential families 8738:Claude Auguste Court 8728:Jean-François Allard 8642:Surat Singh Majithia 8632:Lehna Singh Majithia 8437:Hill States Alliance 8290:Battle of Ferozeshah 8277:First Anglo-Sikh War 7997:Akhand Kirtani Jatha 7975:Piara Singh Bhaniara 7854:United Arab Emirates 7592:Hazuri Bagh Baradari 7322:Cannabis and Sikhism 6726:General bibliography 6123:Singh Sabha Movement 5970:. 22 December 2016. 5599:Eleanor Nesbitt 2016 4886:The Khalsa Chronicle 4769:Gupta, Hari (2007). 4200:Rishi Singh (2015). 4174:Rishi Singh (2015). 3752:Eleanor Nesbitt 2016 3590:Eleanor Nesbitt 2016 3270:Giani Raghbir Singh 3234:Giani Rajdeep Singh 3141:Giani Raghbir Singh 2551:Head Granthi: 1952 2157:improve this section 1927:Singh Sabha movement 1921:Singh Sabha Movement 1915:Singh Sabha movement 1885:Opening rite called 1857:Closing rite called 1748:Sikh history museums 1083:1984 anti-Sikh riots 442:Singh Sabha Movement 397:, in 1577. In 1604, 277:/sri-harmandir-sahib 183:Golden Temple (Asia) 19:For other uses, see 9072:Idolatry in Sikhism 8990:Nanakshahi calendar 8985:Sikh Light Infantry 8627:Amar Singh Majithia 8562:Mahan Singh Mirpuri 8353:, Katoch–Sikh War, 6459:, pp. 433–434. 6202:, pp. 273–274. 5785:Ian Talbot (2016). 5746:Sikhism and History 5128:Government of India 5124:Shiromani Akali Dal 4975:. 5 November 2016. 4424:, pp. 146–147. 4304:, pp. 435–436. 3901:16 May 2022 at the 3252:Giani Baljit Singh 3216:Giani Sultan Singh 3099:Giani Ravail Singh 2967:Giani Jagtar Singh 2875:Giani Charan Singh 2822:Giani Pritam Singh 2666:Giani Jasbir Singh 2586:Giani Kirpal Singh 2503:Giani Achhar Singh 2466:Giani Thakur Singh 2451:Head Granthi: 1937 2431:Head Granthi: 1929 2394:Giani Harnam Singh 2298: 2107:Operation Blue Star 2065:Operation Blue Star 2051:Operation Blue Star 2029:Amritsar Convention 2021:Shiromani Akali Dal 1781:Guru Ram Das Langar 1158:Indian subcontinent 952:Operation Blue Star 938:Operation Blue Star 823:Baba Gurbaksh Singh 747:after creating the 465:Operation Blue Star 366:. It is one of the 291:(also known as the 215: / 127:Shown within Punjab 8973:11th Sikh Regiment 8788:Sandhawalia family 8702:Sultan Mahmud Khan 8687:Jarnail Ghaus Khan 8672:Sangat Singh Saini 8567:Dewan Mokham Chand 8442:Kingdom of Mankera 8318:Battle of Ramnagar 8262:Battle of Peshawar 8257:Battle of Nowshera 8134:Battle of Bhangani 7612:Nanak Shahi bricks 7515:Tav-Prasad Savaiye 7307:Sikh Rehat Maryada 7302:Guru Maneyo Granth 5613:, pp. 97–116. 5288:The New York Times 5258:The New York Times 4933:. Chennai, India. 4085:, pp. xv–xvi. 3877:on 26 January 2013 3870:The Times of India 3436:List of Gurudwaras 3431:Hazur Sahib Nanded 3416:Amritsar Ring Road 3294:Giani Kewal Singh 2928:Giani Puran Singh 2747:Giani Puran Singh 2726:Giani Mohan Singh 2702:Giani Sahib SIngh 2627:Giani Sohan Singh 2609:Giani Kapur Singh 2569:Giani Arjan Singh 2410:Giani Fateh Singh 2362:Bhai Gurdas Singh 2296: 2201: 2071:Dharam Yudh Morcha 2061: 1978:59th Scinde Rifles 1794: 1774: 1754:ghanta ghari deori 1711: 1449:Gian Singh Naqqash 1437:The oldest extant 1349: 1224:transformation of 1192:of the Sufi saint 1141: 1100:central government 1042:The New York Times 995:Operation Woodrose 985:and headquarters. 948: 910:Mir Osman Ali Khan 840: 804:Ahmad Shah Durrani 733:Battle at Amritsar 712: 665: 639: 593: 558: 224:31.62000; 74.87639 130:Show map of Punjab 9177: 9176: 8858:Bandi Chhor Divas 8842: 8841: 8776: 8775: 8748:Alexander Gardner 8667:Kahan Singh Nakai 8652:Akali Phula Singh 8532:Diwan Bhawani Das 8369: 8368: 8300:Battle of Sobraon 8252:Battle of Shopian 7737:Jammu and Kashmir 7637:Well of Dina Nath 7465:Guru Granth Sahib 7278:Guru Granth Sahib 7273:Guru Gobind Singh 7268:Guru Tegh Bahadur 7126:978-0-19-969930-8 7093:978-1-134-63136-0 7072:978-0-85771-962-1 7039:978-1-4411-0231-7 7006:978-0-19-100411-7 6973:978-1-136-45101-0 6952:978-1-136-63979-1 6919:978-0-19-874557-0 6886:978-0-226-56085-4 6853:978-1-4422-3601-1 6788:978-1-906716-91-2 6746:978-81-85151-25-0 6576:978-81-321-0538-1 6443:978-1-4381-0647-2 6324:978-0-226-61593-6 6297:978-0-8108-6344-6 6267:978-0-520-02920-0 6237:978-0-226-61593-6 6190:, pp. 85–86. 6103:978-1-317-03640-1 6075:, pp. 81–82. 6037:978-0-19-564947-5 5949:978-1-4725-9083-1 5922:978-81-7010-301-1 5895:978-1-317-75542-5 5856:978-81-7304-236-2 5833:, pp. 74–75. 5798:978-0-300-19694-8 5770:W. Owen Cole 2004 5756:978-0-19-566708-0 5705:978-90-04-14596-2 5682:, pp. 68–73. 5666:978-1-4381-1779-9 5378:978-0-415-45666-1 5324:978-1-85065-241-0 4855:Outlook Traveller 4809:978-0-7206-1323-0 4782:978-81-215-0248-1 4755:978-81-7380-204-1 4690:, pp. 22–25. 4459:978-0-8108-5088-0 4390:Tuzuk-i-Jahāṅgīrī 4279:W. Owen Cole 2004 4227:, pp. 34–35. 4140:, pp. 42–43. 4124:978-81-7201-769-9 4095:W. H. McLeod 1990 4070:, pp. 38–40. 4041:G.S. Mansukhani. 4022:978-81-7010-301-1 3999:, pp. 95–98. 3997:Henry Walker 2002 3928:978-0-521-26728-1 3804:978-0-19-969930-8 3777:978-0-19-566111-8 3754:, pp. 64–65. 3742:, pp. 28–29. 3708:978-0-313-33798-7 3680:W. Owen Cole 2004 3618:"Harmandir-Sahib" 3479:, pp. 41–42. 3327: 3326: 3063:Giani Maan Singh 2973:22 November 2022 2896:21 November 1990 2878:29 November 1989 2842:29 November 1988 2711:24 December 1986 2684:Giani Mani SIngh 2672:27 February 1976 2615:3 September 1973 2612:10 February 1963 2523:Giani Chet Singh 2446:Giani Labh Singh 2346:Bhai Surat Singh 2336:Guru Gobind Singh 2193: 2192: 2185: 1974:9th Gorkha Rifles 1891:Guru Granth Sahib 1879:Guru Granth Sahib 1802:Dukh Bhanjani Ber 1742:Dukh Bhanjani Ber 1734:Dukh Bhanjani Ber 1719:ghanta ghar deori 1707:Dukh Bhanjani Ber 1691:ghanta ghar deori 1406:Guru Gobind Singh 1314:Guru Granth Sahib 1253:is short form of 1231:rococo-styled art 1150:Sikh architecture 1112:Guru Granth Sahib 1095:) by volunteers. 1067:Indian government 745:Guru Gobind Singh 627:Guru Granth Sahib 417:armies. Maharaja 285: 284: 158:Show map of India 9247: 9169: 9168: 9161: 9160: 9097:Punjabi language 9057:Women in Sikhism 8597:Balbhadra Kunwar 8557:Hari Singh Nalwa 8547:Misr Diwan Chand 8537:Diwan Buta Singh 8512: 8511: 8452:Barakzai dynasty 8427:Kingdom of Nepal 8381:Sikh Khalsa Army 8333:Battle of Gujrat 8295:Battle of Aliwal 8267:Battle of Jamrud 8247:Battle of Multan 8242:Battle of Attock 8234:Afghan–Sikh wars 8126:Mughal-Sikh Wars 8122: 8121: 8056: 8049: 8042: 8033: 8032: 7913:Sects of Sikhism 7879:Northern Ireland 7607:Moti Bagh Palace 7582:Bahadurgarh Fort 7280:(Sikh holy book) 7263:Guru Har Krishan 7192: 7185: 7178: 7169: 7168: 7164: 7159: 7158: 7156:Official website 7142: 7140: 7138: 7109: 7107: 7105: 7076: 7065:. I. B. Tauris. 7055: 7053: 7051: 7022: 7020: 7018: 6989: 6987: 6985: 6956: 6935: 6933: 6931: 6902: 6900: 6898: 6869: 6867: 6865: 6836: 6834: 6832: 6804: 6802: 6800: 6771: 6750: 6720: 6719: 6717: 6715: 6706:. 22 June 2014. 6696: 6690: 6689: 6687: 6685: 6666: 6660: 6659: 6657: 6655: 6627: 6621: 6620: 6618: 6616: 6596: 6590: 6587: 6581: 6580: 6560: 6547: 6541: 6535: 6529: 6523: 6517: 6511: 6505: 6496: 6490: 6484: 6478: 6472: 6466: 6460: 6454: 6448: 6447: 6427: 6421: 6420: 6418: 6416: 6393: 6384: 6383: 6381: 6379: 6351: 6345: 6335: 6329: 6328: 6308: 6302: 6301: 6279: 6273: 6271: 6251: 6242: 6241: 6221: 6215: 6209: 6203: 6197: 6191: 6185: 6179: 6178: 6176: 6174: 6155: 6149: 6148: 6146: 6144: 6117: 6108: 6107: 6087: 6076: 6070: 6059: 6058: 6051:K Singh (1984). 6048: 6042: 6041: 6021: 6015: 6014: 6012: 6010: 5990: 5984: 5983: 5981: 5979: 5960: 5954: 5953: 5933: 5927: 5926: 5906: 5900: 5899: 5879: 5873: 5872: 5870: 5868: 5840: 5834: 5828: 5819: 5809: 5803: 5802: 5782: 5773: 5767: 5761: 5760: 5740: 5734: 5728: 5722: 5721: 5719: 5717: 5689: 5683: 5677: 5671: 5670: 5650: 5644: 5643: 5623: 5614: 5608: 5602: 5596: 5590: 5589: 5587: 5585: 5566: 5560: 5559: 5557: 5555: 5535: 5529: 5528: 5526: 5524: 5509: 5503: 5502: 5500: 5498: 5483: 5477: 5476: 5474: 5472: 5463:. 12 July 2016. 5457: 5451: 5450: 5448: 5446: 5437:. 31 July 2021. 5427: 5421: 5420: 5418: 5416: 5401: 5395: 5394: 5392: 5390: 5362: 5356: 5355: 5353: 5351: 5335: 5329: 5328: 5310: 5304: 5303: 5301: 5299: 5280: 5274: 5273: 5271: 5269: 5250: 5244: 5243: 5235: 5229: 5228: 5226: 5224: 5204: 5198: 5197: 5189: 5183: 5182: 5180: 5178: 5150: 5144: 5143: 5141: 5139: 5114: 5108: 5107: 5105: 5103: 5083: 5077: 5076: 5074: 5072: 5044: 5038: 5037: 5029: 5023: 5022: 5016: 5014: 4995: 4989: 4988: 4986: 4984: 4965: 4956: 4953: 4947: 4946: 4944: 4942: 4920: 4914: 4913: 4911: 4903: 4897: 4896: 4894: 4892: 4877: 4871: 4870: 4868: 4866: 4846: 4840: 4839: 4837: 4835: 4830:on 17 April 2015 4826:. 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In July 1982, 896: 847:Sukerchakia Misl 758:Giani Gian Singh 663: 660: 590: 587: 555: 552: 425:, rebuilt it in 345: 339: 336: 333: 330: 327: 319: 314: 310: 307: 304: 301: 298: 281: 278: 276: 274: 230: 229: 227: 226: 225: 220: 216: 213: 212: 211: 208: 187: 186:Show map of Asia 178: 177: 171: 159: 150: 149: 143: 131: 122: 121: 115: 49: 28: 27: 9255: 9254: 9250: 9249: 9248: 9246: 9245: 9244: 9180: 9179: 9178: 9173: 9151: 9113: 8884: 8844: 8843: 8838: 8802: 8793:Majithia family 8772: 8753:Paolo Avitabile 8716: 8697:Fakir Azizuddin 8607:Mehta Basti Ram 8527:Diwan Dina Nath 8503: 8467: 8447:Namgyal dynasty 8395: 8374:Military forces 8365: 8337: 8328:Siege of Multan 8304: 8285:Battle of Mudki 8271: 8228: 8117: 8111: 8087:Nau Nihal Singh 8065: 8060: 8020: 7905:and communities 7904: 7897: 7641: 7627:Ramgarhia Bunga 7538:Harmandir Sahib 7519: 7451: 7333: 7329:Diet in Sikhism 7283: 7214: 7201: 7196: 7154: 7153: 7150: 7145: 7136: 7134: 7127: 7103: 7101: 7094: 7073: 7049: 7047: 7040: 7016: 7014: 7007: 6983: 6981: 6974: 6953: 6929: 6927: 6920: 6896: 6894: 6887: 6863: 6861: 6854: 6830: 6828: 6826: 6798: 6796: 6789: 6747: 6728: 6723: 6713: 6711: 6698: 6697: 6693: 6683: 6681: 6676:. 6 June 2018. 6668: 6667: 6663: 6653: 6651: 6644: 6628: 6624: 6614: 6612: 6597: 6593: 6588: 6584: 6577: 6561: 6550: 6542: 6538: 6530: 6526: 6518: 6514: 6506: 6499: 6491: 6487: 6479: 6475: 6467: 6463: 6455: 6451: 6444: 6428: 6424: 6414: 6412: 6410: 6394: 6387: 6377: 6375: 6368: 6352: 6348: 6336: 6332: 6325: 6309: 6305: 6298: 6280: 6276: 6268: 6252: 6245: 6238: 6222: 6218: 6210: 6206: 6198: 6194: 6186: 6182: 6172: 6170: 6157: 6156: 6152: 6142: 6140: 6138: 6118: 6111: 6104: 6088: 6079: 6071: 6062: 6049: 6045: 6038: 6022: 6018: 6008: 6006: 5991: 5987: 5977: 5975: 5968:Hindustan Times 5962: 5961: 5957: 5950: 5934: 5930: 5923: 5907: 5903: 5896: 5880: 5876: 5866: 5864: 5857: 5841: 5837: 5829: 5822: 5810: 5806: 5799: 5783: 5776: 5768: 5764: 5757: 5741: 5737: 5729: 5725: 5715: 5713: 5706: 5690: 5686: 5678: 5674: 5667: 5651: 5647: 5640: 5624: 5617: 5609: 5605: 5597: 5593: 5583: 5581: 5568: 5567: 5563: 5553: 5551: 5536: 5532: 5522: 5520: 5511: 5510: 5506: 5496: 5494: 5485: 5484: 5480: 5470: 5468: 5459: 5458: 5454: 5444: 5442: 5435:Hindustan Times 5429: 5428: 5424: 5414: 5412: 5403: 5402: 5398: 5388: 5386: 5379: 5363: 5359: 5349: 5347: 5342:. India Today. 5336: 5332: 5325: 5311: 5307: 5297: 5295: 5282: 5281: 5277: 5267: 5265: 5252: 5251: 5247: 5236: 5232: 5222: 5220: 5205: 5201: 5190: 5186: 5176: 5174: 5167: 5151: 5147: 5137: 5135: 5116: 5115: 5111: 5101: 5099: 5084: 5080: 5070: 5068: 5061: 5045: 5041: 5030: 5026: 5012: 5010: 4997: 4996: 4992: 4982: 4980: 4967: 4966: 4959: 4954: 4950: 4940: 4938: 4921: 4917: 4909: 4905: 4904: 4900: 4890: 4888: 4878: 4874: 4864: 4862: 4847: 4843: 4833: 4831: 4822: 4821: 4817: 4810: 4794: 4790: 4783: 4767: 4763: 4756: 4740: 4736: 4726: 4724: 4709: 4694: 4686: 4682: 4675: 4661: 4514: 4504: 4502: 4487: 4471: 4467: 4460: 4444: 4440: 4432: 4428: 4420: 4411: 4406: 4402: 4381: 4379: 4372: 4358:"Arjan's Death" 4351: 4344: 4336: 4321: 4315: 4308: 4300: 4285: 4277: 4268: 4258: 4256: 4235: 4231: 4223: 4219: 4212: 4198: 4194: 4186: 4172: 4168: 4160: 4156: 4148: 4144: 4136: 4132: 4125: 4109: 4105: 4093: 4089: 4081: 4074: 4066: 4062: 4052: 4050: 4039: 4030: 4023: 4007: 4003: 3995: 3991: 3984: 3970: 3966: 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1750: 1738:Ath Sath Tirath 1723:Ber Baba Buddha 1699: 1637:Ramgarhia Bunga 1633: 1632: 1631: 1630: 1620:Ramgarhia Bunga 1615: 1614: 1613: 1605: 1604: 1593: 1591:Ramgarhia Bunga 1587: 1555: 1554: 1553: 1552: 1548: 1547: 1546: 1538: 1537: 1526: 1520: 1371: 1365: 1345:Darshani Deorhi 1329:(mirror room). 1309: 1308: 1307: 1306: 1302: 1301: 1300: 1292: 1291: 1206:Islamic sources 1198:Louis Rousselet 1185:James Fergusson 1152: 1146: 1133: 1120: 1010:heavy artillery 940: 934: 897: 894: 832: 753:Bhai Mani Singh 717: 697:Ath Sath Tirath 661: 619: 588: 553: 540: 505: 489:vegetarian meal 337: 335:'exalted court' 334: 331: 328: 312: 308: 305: 302: 299: 293:Harmandir Sahib 271: 223: 221: 217: 214: 209: 206: 204: 202: 201: 191: 190: 189: 188: 185: 184: 181: 180: 179: 162: 161: 160: 157: 156: 153: 152: 151: 134: 133: 132: 129: 128: 125: 124: 123: 40: 38: 37:Harmandir Sahib 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9253: 9243: 9242: 9237: 9232: 9227: 9222: 9217: 9212: 9207: 9202: 9197: 9192: 9175: 9174: 9156: 9153: 9152: 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8468: 8466: 8465: 8463:Maqpon Dynasty 8460: 8454: 8449: 8444: 8439: 8434: 8429: 8424: 8419: 8414: 8412:Durrani Empire 8409: 8403: 8401: 8397: 8396: 8394: 8393: 8388: 8383: 8377: 8375: 8371: 8370: 8367: 8366: 8347:Nepal–Sikh War 8345: 8343: 8339: 8338: 8336: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8314: 8312: 8306: 8305: 8303: 8302: 8297: 8292: 8287: 8281: 8279: 8273: 8272: 8270: 8269: 8264: 8259: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8238: 8236: 8230: 8229: 8227: 8226: 8221: 8216: 8211: 8206: 8201: 8196: 8191: 8186: 8181: 8176: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8156: 8151: 8146: 8141: 8136: 8130: 8128: 8119: 8113: 8112: 8110: 8109: 8104: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8079: 8073: 8071: 8067: 8066: 8059: 8058: 8051: 8044: 8036: 8030: 8028: 8022: 8021: 8019: 8018: 8017: 8016: 8006: 8001: 8000: 7999: 7994: 7992:Damdami Taksal 7984: 7979: 7978: 7977: 7967: 7966: 7965: 7960: 7955: 7950: 7945: 7940: 7935: 7930: 7925: 7920: 7909: 7907: 7899: 7898: 7896: 7895: 7894: 7893: 7883: 7882: 7881: 7876: 7871: 7866: 7859:United Kingdom 7856: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7836: 7831: 7826: 7821: 7816: 7811: 7806: 7801: 7796: 7791: 7786: 7781: 7776: 7771: 7766: 7761: 7756: 7751: 7750: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7729: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7693: 7692: 7682: 7677: 7672: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7651: 7649: 7643: 7642: 7640: 7639: 7634: 7629: 7624: 7619: 7614: 7609: 7604: 7599: 7594: 7589: 7584: 7579: 7578: 7577: 7576: 7575: 7570: 7565: 7560: 7550: 7545: 7540: 7529: 7527: 7521: 7520: 7518: 7517: 7512: 7510:Sukhmani Sahib 7507: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7475:Sarbloh Granth 7472: 7467: 7461: 7459: 7453: 7452: 7450: 7449: 7444: 7439: 7434: 7429: 7424: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7404: 7399: 7394: 7389: 7384: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7352:Sikh practices 7349: 7343: 7341: 7335: 7334: 7332: 7331: 7326: 7325: 7324: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7293: 7291: 7285: 7284: 7282: 7281: 7275: 7270: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7253:Guru Hargobind 7250: 7245: 7240: 7235: 7230: 7224: 7222: 7216: 7215: 7206: 7203: 7202: 7195: 7194: 7187: 7180: 7172: 7166: 7165: 7149: 7148:External links 7146: 7144: 7143: 7125: 7110: 7092: 7077: 7071: 7056: 7038: 7023: 7005: 6990: 6972: 6957: 6951: 6936: 6918: 6903: 6885: 6870: 6852: 6837: 6824: 6805: 6787: 6772: 6751: 6745: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6721: 6691: 6661: 6642: 6622: 6591: 6582: 6575: 6548: 6546:, p. 404. 6536: 6534:, p. 398. 6524: 6522:, p. 426. 6512: 6510:, p. 397. 6497: 6495:, p. 392. 6485: 6483:, p. 419. 6473: 6471:, p. 391. 6461: 6449: 6442: 6422: 6409:978-1441102317 6408: 6385: 6367:978-1134635351 6366: 6346: 6330: 6323: 6303: 6296: 6284:"Idol Worship" 6274: 6266: 6243: 6236: 6216: 6204: 6192: 6180: 6150: 6137:978-8173803499 6136: 6109: 6102: 6077: 6060: 6043: 6036: 6016: 5985: 5955: 5948: 5928: 5921: 5901: 5894: 5874: 5855: 5835: 5820: 5804: 5797: 5774: 5762: 5755: 5735: 5723: 5704: 5684: 5672: 5665: 5645: 5638: 5615: 5603: 5591: 5576:. 9 May 2023. 5561: 5544:Times of India 5530: 5504: 5478: 5452: 5422: 5396: 5377: 5357: 5330: 5323: 5305: 5275: 5245: 5230: 5199: 5184: 5166:978-1612347004 5165: 5145: 5109: 5078: 5060:978-1849048637 5059: 5039: 5024: 4990: 4957: 4948: 4915: 4898: 4872: 4841: 4815: 4808: 4788: 4781: 4761: 4754: 4734: 4692: 4680: 4673: 4512: 4485: 4465: 4458: 4438: 4436:, p. 176. 4426: 4409: 4400: 4371:978-0810863446 4370: 4342: 4306: 4283: 4281:, pp. 6–9 4266: 4229: 4217: 4211:978-9351505044 4210: 4192: 4185:978-9351505044 4184: 4166: 4164:, p. 205. 4154: 4142: 4130: 4123: 4114:Guru Arjan Dev 4103: 4087: 4072: 4060: 4028: 4021: 4001: 3989: 3983:978-1442236011 3982: 3964: 3962:, p. 146. 3949: 3927: 3907: 3888: 3856: 3826: 3803: 3783: 3776: 3756: 3744: 3727: 3707: 3684: 3669: 3654: 3639: 3594: 3582: 3526: 3505:978-1442236011 3504: 3481: 3455: 3453: 3450: 3448: 3445: 3444: 3443: 3438: 3433: 3428: 3423: 3418: 3413: 3408: 3402: 3401: 3385: 3382: 3375: 3368: 3367: 3363: 3356: 3355: 3351: 3344: 3343: 3342: 3341: 3340: 3331: 3328: 3325: 3324: 3322: 3319: 3316: 3313: 3310: 3307: 3306: 3304: 3301: 3298: 3295: 3292: 3289: 3288: 3286: 3283: 3280: 3274: 3272:(Second Term) 3268: 3265: 3264: 3262: 3259: 3256: 3253: 3250: 3247: 3246: 3244: 3241: 3238: 3235: 3232: 3229: 3228: 3226: 3223: 3220: 3217: 3214: 3211: 3210: 3208: 3205: 3202: 3201:21 April 2014 3199: 3196: 3193: 3192: 3190: 3187: 3184: 3183:21 April 2014 3181: 3178: 3175: 3174: 3172: 3169: 3166: 3162:21 April 2014 3160: 3157: 3154: 3153: 3151: 3148: 3145: 3144:21 April 2014 3142: 3139: 3136: 3135: 3133: 3130: 3127: 3118: 3115: 3112: 3111: 3109: 3106: 3103: 3100: 3097: 3094: 3093: 3091: 3088: 3085: 3082: 3079: 3076: 3075: 3073: 3070: 3067: 3064: 3061: 3058: 3057: 3055: 3052: 3049: 3043: 3040: 3037: 3036: 3034: 3031: 3028: 3025: 3022: 3019: 3018: 3016: 3013: 3010: 3007: 3004: 3001: 3000: 2998: 2995: 2992: 2986: 2983: 2980: 2979: 2977: 2974: 2971: 2970:15 March 2001 2968: 2965: 2962: 2961: 2959: 2956: 2953: 2952:15 March 2001 2950: 2947: 2944: 2943: 2941: 2938: 2935: 2932: 2926: 2923: 2922: 2920: 2917: 2915: 2912: 2909: 2906: 2905: 2903: 2900: 2899:28 March 2000 2897: 2894: 2891: 2888: 2887: 2885: 2882: 2881:14 March 2001 2879: 2876: 2873: 2870: 2869: 2867: 2864: 2863:30 April 1998 2861: 2858: 2855: 2852: 2851: 2849: 2846: 2843: 2840: 2837: 2834: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2826: 2823: 2820: 2817: 2816: 2814: 2811: 2810:29 April 1998 2808: 2805: 2802: 2799: 2798: 2793: 2791: 2788: 2785: 2782: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2774: 2771: 2768: 2765: 2764: 2762: 2757: 2751: 2748: 2745: 2742: 2741: 2739: 2736: 2733: 2727: 2724: 2721: 2720: 2718: 2715: 2709: 2703: 2700: 2697: 2696: 2694: 2691: 2688: 2685: 2682: 2679: 2678: 2676: 2673: 2670: 2667: 2664: 2661: 2660: 2658: 2655: 2654:16 March 1976 2652: 2649: 2646: 2643: 2642: 2640: 2637: 2634: 2628: 2625: 2622: 2621: 2619: 2616: 2613: 2610: 2607: 2604: 2603: 2601: 2596: 2595:16 April 1983 2593: 2587: 2584: 2581: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2573: 2570: 2567: 2564: 2563: 2561: 2556: 2553: 2547: 2544: 2541: 2540: 2538: 2533: 2530: 2524: 2521: 2518: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2510: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2490: 2484: 2481: 2478: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2470: 2467: 2464: 2461: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2453: 2447: 2444: 2441: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2433: 2427: 2424: 2421: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2413: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2392: 2389: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2381: 2378: 2375: 2372: 2371: 2369: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2360: 2357: 2356: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2347: 2344: 2341: 2340: 2338: 2333: 2330: 2327: 2322: 2319: 2318: 2315: 2312: 2309: 2306: 2303: 2294: 2293: 2290: 2287: 2284: 2281: 2280:Niranjan Singh 2278: 2275: 2272: 2269: 2266: 2263: 2260: 2257: 2254: 2251: 2248: 2245: 2242: 2239: 2236: 2233: 2230: 2229:Chanchal Singh 2227: 2224: 2219: 2214: 2191: 2190: 2141: 2139: 2132: 2126: 2123: 2063:Main article: 2052: 2049: 2033:hunger strikes 1997:Main article: 1994: 1991: 1950:Main article: 1947: 1944: 1919:Main article: 1916: 1913: 1911: 1908: 1907: 1906: 1883: 1842: 1841: 1832: 1831: 1823: 1822: 1821: 1820: 1819: 1817: 1814: 1782: 1779: 1749: 1746: 1698: 1695: 1617: 1616: 1607: 1606: 1598: 1597: 1596: 1595: 1594: 1589:Main article: 1586: 1583: 1567:Guru Hargobind 1550: 1549: 1540: 1539: 1531: 1530: 1529: 1528: 1527: 1522:Main article: 1519: 1516: 1367:Main article: 1364: 1361: 1304: 1303: 1294: 1293: 1285: 1284: 1283: 1282: 1281: 1260:Darshana Dvara 1249:means nectar, 1145: 1142: 1132: 1129: 1128: 1127: 1119: 1116: 968:Prime Minister 933: 930: 892: 884:Giani Samparda 865:Darshani Deori 831: 828: 827: 826: 819: 807: 800: 792: 784: 766:Darshani Deori 729:Guru Hargobind 716: 713: 618: 615: 611:Sukhmani Sahib 591:Guler painting 539: 536: 504: 501: 454:Prime Minister 348:Suvaran Mandir 283: 282: 268: 267: 263: 262: 259: 255: 254: 251: 250:Groundbreaking 247: 246: 241: 237: 236: 232: 231: 199: 193: 192: 182: 173: 172: 166: 165: 164: 163: 154: 145: 144: 138: 137: 136: 135: 126: 117: 116: 110: 109: 108: 107: 106: 103: 102: 97: 93: 92: 87: 83: 82: 77: 73: 72: 68: 67: 62: 56: 55: 51: 50: 42: 41: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9252: 9241: 9238: 9236: 9233: 9231: 9228: 9226: 9223: 9221: 9218: 9216: 9213: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9198: 9196: 9193: 9191: 9188: 9187: 9185: 9172: 9164: 9154: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9138: 9137:Kesgarh Sahib 9135: 9133: 9132:Damdama Sahib 9130: 9128: 9125: 9124: 9122: 9120: 9116: 9110: 9107: 9102: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9085: 9084: 9083: 9080: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9045: 9041: 9038: 9037: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9026: 9023: 9021: 9018: 9016: 9013: 9011: 9008: 9006: 9003: 9001: 8998: 8996: 8993: 8991: 8988: 8986: 8983: 8981: 8980:Sikh Regiment 8978: 8974: 8971: 8970: 8969: 8966: 8964: 8961: 8959: 8956: 8954: 8951: 8949: 8946: 8944: 8941: 8939: 8936: 8934: 8931: 8929: 8926: 8924: 8921: 8919: 8916: 8914: 8911: 8909: 8906: 8904: 8901: 8899: 8896: 8895: 8893: 8891: 8887: 8881: 8878: 8874: 8871: 8870: 8869: 8866: 8864: 8861: 8859: 8856: 8855: 8853: 8851: 8847: 8835: 8832: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8811: 8809: 8805: 8799: 8798:Tiwana family 8796: 8794: 8791: 8789: 8786: 8785: 8783: 8779: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8759: 8758:Josiah Harlan 8756: 8754: 8751: 8749: 8746: 8744: 8741: 8739: 8736: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8725: 8723: 8719: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8685: 8683: 8680: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8602:Jawahar Singh 8600: 8598: 8595: 8593: 8590: 8588: 8585: 8583: 8580: 8578: 8577:Zorawar Singh 8575: 8573: 8570: 8568: 8565: 8563: 8560: 8558: 8555: 8553: 8550: 8548: 8545: 8543: 8540: 8538: 8535: 8533: 8530: 8528: 8525: 8523: 8520: 8519: 8517: 8513: 8510: 8506: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8489:Harkishangarh 8487: 8485: 8482: 8480: 8477: 8476: 8474: 8470: 8464: 8461: 8458: 8455: 8453: 8450: 8448: 8445: 8443: 8440: 8438: 8435: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8415: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8407:Mughal Empire 8405: 8404: 8402: 8398: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8379: 8378: 8376: 8372: 8364: 8360: 8356: 8352: 8351:Sino-Sikh war 8348: 8344: 8340: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8315: 8313: 8311: 8307: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8282: 8280: 8278: 8274: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8239: 8237: 8235: 8231: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8219:Gurdas Nangal 8217: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8194:Chappar Chiri 8192: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8131: 8129: 8127: 8123: 8120: 8114: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8078: 8075: 8074: 8072: 8068: 8064: 8057: 8052: 8050: 8045: 8043: 8038: 8037: 8034: 8029: 8027: 8023: 8015: 8012: 8011: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7989: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7982:Agrahari Sikh 7980: 7976: 7973: 7972: 7971: 7968: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7915: 7914: 7911: 7910: 7908: 7906: 7903:Groups, sects 7900: 7892: 7891:U.S. Military 7889: 7888: 7887: 7886:United States 7884: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7861: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7734: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7691: 7688: 7687: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7652: 7650: 7648: 7644: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7615: 7613: 7610: 7608: 7605: 7603: 7602:Khanda museum 7600: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7574: 7573:North America 7571: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7555: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7535: 7534: 7531: 7530: 7528: 7526: 7522: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7462: 7460: 7458: 7454: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7402:Three Pillars 7400: 7398: 7397:Antam Sanskar 7395: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7387:Amrit Sanchar 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7344: 7342: 7340: 7336: 7330: 7327: 7323: 7320: 7319: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7312:The 52 Hukams 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7294: 7292: 7290: 7286: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7238:Guru Amar Das 7236: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7225: 7223: 7221: 7217: 7213: 7209: 7204: 7200: 7193: 7188: 7186: 7181: 7179: 7174: 7173: 7170: 7163: 7157: 7152: 7151: 7132: 7128: 7122: 7118: 7117: 7111: 7099: 7095: 7089: 7086:. Routledge. 7085: 7084: 7078: 7074: 7068: 7064: 7063: 7057: 7045: 7041: 7035: 7031: 7030: 7024: 7012: 7008: 7002: 6998: 6997: 6991: 6979: 6975: 6969: 6966:. Routledge. 6965: 6964: 6958: 6954: 6948: 6945:. Routledge. 6944: 6943: 6937: 6925: 6921: 6915: 6911: 6910: 6904: 6892: 6888: 6882: 6878: 6877: 6871: 6859: 6855: 6849: 6845: 6844: 6838: 6827: 6825:9788173803499 6821: 6817: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6794: 6790: 6784: 6780: 6779: 6773: 6769: 6765: 6761: 6757: 6752: 6748: 6742: 6738: 6737: 6731: 6730: 6709: 6705: 6701: 6695: 6679: 6675: 6671: 6665: 6649: 6645: 6643:0-8223-2615-9 6639: 6635: 6634: 6626: 6610: 6606: 6602: 6595: 6586: 6578: 6572: 6568: 6567: 6559: 6557: 6555: 6553: 6545: 6540: 6533: 6528: 6521: 6516: 6509: 6504: 6502: 6494: 6489: 6482: 6477: 6470: 6465: 6458: 6453: 6445: 6439: 6435: 6434: 6426: 6411: 6405: 6401: 6400: 6392: 6390: 6373: 6369: 6363: 6359: 6358: 6350: 6343: 6339: 6334: 6326: 6320: 6316: 6315: 6307: 6299: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6278: 6269: 6263: 6259: 6258: 6250: 6248: 6239: 6233: 6229: 6228: 6220: 6213: 6208: 6201: 6196: 6189: 6184: 6168: 6164: 6160: 6154: 6139: 6133: 6129: 6125: 6124: 6116: 6114: 6105: 6099: 6095: 6094: 6086: 6084: 6082: 6074: 6069: 6067: 6065: 6056: 6055: 6047: 6039: 6033: 6029: 6028: 6020: 6004: 6000: 5999:Tribune India 5996: 5989: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5959: 5951: 5945: 5941: 5940: 5932: 5924: 5918: 5914: 5913: 5905: 5897: 5891: 5887: 5886: 5878: 5862: 5858: 5852: 5848: 5847: 5839: 5832: 5827: 5825: 5817: 5813: 5808: 5800: 5794: 5790: 5789: 5781: 5779: 5772:, p. 10. 5771: 5766: 5758: 5752: 5748: 5747: 5739: 5733:, p. 80. 5732: 5727: 5711: 5707: 5701: 5697: 5696: 5688: 5681: 5676: 5668: 5662: 5658: 5657: 5649: 5641: 5639:90-04-09554-3 5635: 5631: 5630: 5622: 5620: 5612: 5607: 5600: 5595: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5565: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5534: 5518: 5514: 5508: 5492: 5488: 5482: 5466: 5462: 5456: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5426: 5410: 5406: 5400: 5384: 5380: 5374: 5370: 5369: 5361: 5345: 5341: 5334: 5326: 5320: 5316: 5309: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5279: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5249: 5241: 5234: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5203: 5195: 5188: 5172: 5168: 5162: 5158: 5157: 5149: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5120: 5113: 5097: 5093: 5092:Tribune India 5089: 5082: 5066: 5062: 5056: 5052: 5051: 5043: 5035: 5028: 5021: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4994: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4964: 4962: 4952: 4936: 4932: 4931: 4926: 4919: 4908: 4902: 4887: 4883: 4876: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4845: 4829: 4825: 4819: 4811: 4805: 4801: 4800: 4792: 4784: 4778: 4774: 4773: 4765: 4757: 4751: 4747: 4746: 4738: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4707: 4705: 4703: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4689: 4684: 4676: 4674:9788170430964 4670: 4666: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4645: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4635: 4633: 4631: 4629: 4627: 4625: 4623: 4621: 4619: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4611: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4603: 4601: 4599: 4597: 4595: 4593: 4591: 4589: 4587: 4585: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4567: 4565: 4563: 4561: 4559: 4557: 4555: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4547: 4545: 4543: 4541: 4539: 4537: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4521: 4519: 4517: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4486:0-8364-2883-8 4482: 4478: 4477: 4469: 4461: 4455: 4451: 4450: 4442: 4435: 4430: 4423: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4404: 4397: 4395: 4394:Khusrau Mirza 4391: 4377: 4373: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4349: 4347: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4320: 4313: 4311: 4303: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4292: 4290: 4288: 4280: 4275: 4273: 4271: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4241: 4233: 4226: 4221: 4213: 4207: 4203: 4196: 4187: 4181: 4177: 4170: 4163: 4158: 4152:, p. 67. 4151: 4146: 4139: 4134: 4126: 4120: 4116: 4115: 4107: 4100: 4096: 4091: 4084: 4079: 4077: 4069: 4064: 4048: 4044: 4037: 4035: 4033: 4024: 4018: 4014: 4013: 4005: 3998: 3993: 3985: 3979: 3975: 3968: 3961: 3956: 3954: 3946: 3934: 3930: 3924: 3920: 3919: 3911: 3904: 3900: 3897: 3892: 3876: 3872: 3871: 3866: 3860: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3830: 3823: 3810: 3806: 3800: 3796: 3795: 3787: 3779: 3773: 3769: 3768: 3760: 3753: 3748: 3741: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3714: 3710: 3704: 3700: 3699: 3691: 3689: 3681: 3676: 3674: 3666: 3661: 3659: 3652:, p. 33. 3651: 3646: 3644: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3591: 3586: 3570: 3566: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3523: 3511: 3507: 3501: 3497: 3496: 3491: 3485: 3478: 3473: 3471: 3469: 3467: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3456: 3442: 3439: 3437: 3434: 3432: 3429: 3427: 3424: 3422: 3419: 3417: 3414: 3412: 3409: 3407: 3404: 3403: 3399: 3398:Punjab portal 3388: 3372: 3360: 3348: 3339: 3337: 3323: 3320: 3317: 3315:15 July 2024 3314: 3311: 3309: 3308: 3305: 3302: 3299: 3297:15 July 2024 3296: 3293: 3291: 3290: 3287: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3275: 3273: 3269: 3267: 3266: 3263: 3260: 3257: 3254: 3251: 3249: 3248: 3245: 3242: 3239: 3236: 3233: 3231: 3230: 3227: 3224: 3221: 3218: 3215: 3213: 3212: 3209: 3206: 3203: 3200: 3197: 3195: 3194: 3191: 3188: 3185: 3182: 3179: 3177: 3176: 3173: 3170: 3167: 3165: 3161: 3158: 3156: 3155: 3152: 3149: 3146: 3143: 3140: 3138: 3137: 3134: 3131: 3129:30 June 2023 3128: 3126: 3123: 3119: 3116: 3114: 3113: 3110: 3107: 3104: 3102:1 March 2009 3101: 3098: 3096: 3095: 3092: 3089: 3086: 3084:1 March 2009 3083: 3080: 3078: 3077: 3074: 3071: 3068: 3066:1 March 2009 3065: 3062: 3060: 3059: 3056: 3053: 3051:25 July 2009 3050: 3048: 3047:20 July 2004 3044: 3041: 3039: 3038: 3035: 3032: 3030:18 July 2004 3029: 3026: 3023: 3021: 3020: 3017: 3014: 3011: 3008: 3005: 3003: 3002: 2999: 2996: 2993: 2991: 2987: 2984: 2982: 2981: 2978: 2975: 2972: 2969: 2966: 2964: 2963: 2960: 2957: 2955:9 April 2015 2954: 2951: 2948: 2946: 2945: 2942: 2939: 2936: 2933: 2931: 2930:(Third Term) 2927: 2925: 2924: 2921: 2918: 2916: 2913: 2910: 2908: 2907: 2904: 2901: 2898: 2895: 2892: 2890: 2889: 2886: 2883: 2880: 2877: 2874: 2872: 2871: 2868: 2865: 2862: 2859: 2856: 2854: 2853: 2850: 2847: 2844: 2841: 2838: 2836: 2835: 2832: 2830: 2827: 2824: 2821: 2819: 2818: 2815: 2812: 2809: 2807:6 March 1987 2806: 2803: 2801: 2800: 2797: 2796:Sarbat Khalsa 2794: 2792: 2789: 2786: 2784: 2783: 2780: 2778: 2775: 2772: 2769: 2767: 2766: 2763: 2761: 2760:Sarbat Khalsa 2758: 2756: 2752: 2749: 2746: 2744: 2743: 2740: 2737: 2734: 2732: 2728: 2725: 2723: 2722: 2719: 2716: 2714: 2710: 2708: 2704: 2701: 2699: 2698: 2695: 2692: 2690:8 April 1983 2689: 2686: 2683: 2681: 2680: 2677: 2674: 2671: 2669:2 April 1974 2668: 2665: 2663: 2662: 2659: 2656: 2653: 2651:2 April 1974 2650: 2647: 2645: 2644: 2641: 2638: 2636:25 July 1988 2635: 2633: 2629: 2626: 2624: 2623: 2620: 2617: 2614: 2611: 2608: 2606: 2605: 2602: 2600: 2597: 2594: 2592: 2589:2 April 1958 2588: 2585: 2583: 2582: 2579: 2577: 2574: 2571: 2568: 2566: 2565: 2562: 2560: 2557: 2555:October 1963 2554: 2552: 2548: 2545: 2543: 2542: 2539: 2537: 2534: 2531: 2529: 2525: 2522: 2520: 2519: 2516: 2514: 2511: 2509: 2505: 2502: 2500: 2499: 2496: 2494: 2491: 2489: 2485: 2482: 2480: 2479: 2476: 2474: 2471: 2468: 2465: 2463: 2462: 2459: 2457: 2454: 2452: 2448: 2445: 2443: 2442: 2439: 2437: 2434: 2432: 2428: 2425: 2423: 2422: 2419: 2417: 2414: 2412: 2409: 2407: 2406: 2403: 2401: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2391: 2390: 2387: 2385: 2382: 2379: 2376: 2374: 2373: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2361: 2359: 2358: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2348: 2345: 2343: 2342: 2339: 2337: 2334: 2331: 2328: 2326: 2323: 2321: 2320: 2316: 2314:Appointed by 2313: 2310: 2307: 2304: 2301: 2300: 2291: 2288: 2285: 2282: 2279: 2276: 2273: 2270: 2267: 2264: 2261: 2258: 2255: 2252: 2249: 2246: 2243: 2241:Jawahar Singh 2240: 2237: 2234: 2231: 2228: 2225: 2223: 2220: 2218: 2215: 2213: 2210: 2209: 2208: 2206: 2197: 2187: 2184: 2176: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2152: 2151: 2147: 2142:This section 2140: 2136: 2131: 2130: 2122: 2120: 2115: 2113: 2108: 2104: 2103:Indira Gandhi 2099: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2081:'s President 2080: 2076: 2072: 2066: 2057: 2048: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2000: 1990: 1988: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1953: 1943: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1928: 1922: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1855: 1854: 1846: 1836: 1827: 1813: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1791: 1787: 1778: 1770: 1766: 1764: 1760: 1755: 1745: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1726: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1708: 1705:The historic 1703: 1694: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1681:British India 1677: 1675: 1670: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1628: 1625: 1621: 1611: 1602: 1592: 1582: 1580: 1575: 1573: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1544: 1535: 1525: 1515: 1513: 1512: 1507: 1501: 1498: 1497: 1492: 1491: 1486: 1480: 1476: 1474: 1468: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1445: 1440: 1435: 1432: 1431: 1425: 1422: 1418: 1413: 1409: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1378: 1370: 1360: 1358: 1354: 1346: 1341: 1337: 1335: 1330: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1315: 1298: 1289: 1280: 1278: 1273: 1271: 1267: 1266: 1261: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1234: 1232: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1218:Hermann Goetz 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1186: 1182: 1180: 1179: 1174: 1173: 1168: 1167: 1161: 1159: 1154: 1151: 1137: 1125: 1122: 1121: 1115: 1113: 1109: 1104: 1101: 1096: 1094: 1090: 1089: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1075:Satwant Singh 1072: 1068: 1064: 1059: 1057: 1056: 1051: 1049: 1044: 1043: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1020: 1019:human shields 1016: 1011: 1007: 1003: 998: 996: 991: 990:Indira Gandhi 986: 984: 980: 976: 972: 971:Indira Gandhi 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 944: 939: 929: 927: 923: 918: 913: 911: 907: 903: 891: 887: 885: 879: 876: 875: 870: 866: 860: 858: 857: 852: 848: 844: 836: 824: 820: 818:for the pool. 817: 812: 808: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 782: 778: 774: 773: 772: 769: 767: 763: 759: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 721:Mughal Empire 708: 704: 702: 698: 694: 692: 689:as the first 688: 684: 679: 675: 671: 655: 651: 649: 645: 636: 635:Punjab, India 632: 628: 623: 614: 612: 607: 603: 598: 582: 578: 576: 571: 567: 566:Guru Da Chakk 563: 562:Guru Amar Das 548: 544: 535: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 511: 500: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 472: 470: 466: 462: 458: 457:Indira Gandhi 455: 451: 447: 443: 438: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 413:and invading 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 389:The man-made 387: 385: 384:Nankana Sahib 381: 377: 373: 369: 368:holiest sites 365: 361: 360:Punjab, India 357: 353: 349: 344: 323: 318: 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Retrieved 3494: 3490:McLeod, W.H. 3484: 3338:(by year) – 3333: 3277: 3271: 3163: 3124: 3121: 3120:7 July 2011 3069:9 June 2021 3046: 3045:Additional: 3009:31 May 2002 2989: 2929: 2914:22 May 1999 2860:13 May 1989 2754: 2730: 2729:August 1978 2712: 2706: 2687:2 June 1974 2631: 2590: 2550: 2532:31 May 1974 2527: 2507: 2487: 2450: 2430: 2292:Pritam Singh 2286:Kirpal Singh 2277:Kapoor Singh 2271:Achhru Singh 2262:Makhan Singh 2244:Harnam Singh 2202: 2179: 2173:January 2021 2170: 2155:Please help 2143: 2119:Rajiv Gandhi 2116: 2100: 2091:Shabeg Singh 2085:had invited 2068: 2002: 1955: 1931: 1924: 1902: 1898: 1890: 1886: 1878: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1852: 1844: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1795: 1775: 1762: 1758: 1753: 1751: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1727: 1722: 1718: 1712: 1706: 1690: 1678: 1668: 1651:warrior and 1644: 1640: 1634: 1576: 1571: 1562: 1558: 1556: 1509: 1505: 1502: 1494: 1488: 1484: 1481: 1477: 1469: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1442: 1436: 1428: 1426: 1420: 1416: 1411: 1410: 1398:Bhai Mardana 1389: 1385: 1381: 1375: 1372: 1357:Karah prasad 1356: 1352: 1350: 1344: 1331: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1312: 1310: 1277:Har-Ki-Pauri 1276: 1274: 1269: 1263: 1259: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1243:amritsarovar 1242: 1238: 1235: 1210:Hindu styles 1183: 1176: 1170: 1164: 1162: 1155: 1153: 1144:Architecture 1108:Rehras Sahib 1105: 1097: 1092: 1086: 1071:assassinated 1060: 1055:The Guardian 1053: 1046: 1040: 1023: 999: 987: 949: 922:Burj Gianian 914: 899: 889: 880: 872: 864: 861: 854: 850: 843:Ranjit Singh 841: 770: 765: 761: 718: 700: 696: 695: 666: 640: 617:Construction 601: 594: 570:Guru Ram Das 565: 559: 508: 506: 503:Nomenclature 473: 459:sent in the 439: 419:Ranjit Singh 395:Guru Ram Das 388: 347: 322:Darbār Sahib 321: 306:House of God 292: 288: 286: 235:Architecture 39:Darbar Sahib 25: 9147:Patna Sahib 9142:Hazur Sahib 8677:Hukma Singh 8592:Gulab Singh 8522:Dhian Singh 8494:Lahore Fort 8484:Multan Fort 8479:Jamrud Fort 8432:Qing Empire 8400:Adversaries 8386:Fauj-i-Khas 8063:Sikh Empire 8026:Sikh Empire 8004:Singh Sabha 7933:Nanakpanthi 7844:Switzerland 7834:South Korea 7794:New Zealand 7789:Netherlands 7660:Afghanistan 7490:Japji Sahib 7422:The Five Ks 7417:Vand Chhako 7382:Anand Karaj 6831:24 February 6799:2 September 6762:: 416–430. 6684:13 December 6674:India Today 6340:, pp. 6173:10 November 6009:23 December 5978:23 December 5716:13 February 5554:19 December 5523:26 February 5497:26 February 5471:26 February 5445:26 February 5415:26 February 4834:25 February 4259:2 September 4097:, pp. 3682:, p. 7 2773:4 May 1985 2753:2 May 1988 2705:1 May 1976 2308:Term Start 2289:Sahib Singh 2274:Arjan Singh 2268:Takur Singh 2247:Fateh Singh 2217:Bidhi Chand 2017:East Punjab 1966:Rowlatt Act 1664:watchtowers 1627:clock tower 1377:pietra dura 1327:Shish Mahal 1214:Percy Brown 1166:dharamsaals 1131:Description 1079:Beant Singh 796:Lakhpat Rai 687:Baba Buddha 662: 1840 606:hagiography 589: 1830 575:Baba Buddha 554: 1890 463:as part of 461:Indian Army 452:. 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Harman. 6378:3 December 6143:3 December 5867:2 November 5814:, p. 5298:14 January 5268:14 January 5020:terrorism. 4983:29 October 4941:31 January 4053:19 January 3447:References 3336:India Post 3318:Incumbent 3300:Incumbent 3282:Incumbent 3258:Incumbent 3240:Incumbent 3222:Incumbent 3204:Incumbent 3186:Incumbent 3168:Incumbent 2283:Mani Singh 2265:Labh Singh 2259:Chet Singh 2253:Mool Singh 2238:Jass Singh 2235:Sham Singh 2232:Atma Singh 2222:Mani Singh 2212:Baba Budha 1730:Laachi Ber 1563:Akal Takht 1524:Akal Takht 1394:Guru Nanak 1148:See also: 936:See also: 816:Ravi River 788:Masse Khan 683:Adi Granth 631:Akal Takht 597:Guru Arjan 547:Guru Arjan 477:Akal Takht 469:Akal Takht 403:Adi Granth 399:Guru Arjan 320:), or the 244:Guru Arjan 210:74°52′35″E 207:31°37′12″N 9077:Criticism 8995:Ramananda 8850:Festivals 8587:Lal Singh 8582:Tej Singh 8459:of Poonch 8209:Jalalabad 8118:conflicts 8102:Jind Kaur 7943:Nirankari 7824:Singapore 7754:Indonesia 7690:Vancouver 7665:Australia 7457:Scripture 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