Guru Granth Sahib - Knowledge

3357: 3337: 3144:, published the first philological study and a major but incomplete English translation of the Guru Granth Sahib in 1877, after an eight-year study of the text and field interviews with Sikh intelligentsia of his time. Trumpp included his criticism of the Sikh scripture in the preface and introductory sections, and stated "Sikhism is a waning religion, that will soon belong to history". Many in the Sikh community regarded these introductory remarks to his translation as extremely offensive. Nonetheless, according to Indologist Mark Juergensmeyer, Ernest Trumpp's years of scholarship, translations, and field notes and discussions with Sikhs at the Golden Temple remain valuable reference works for contemporary scholars. Akshaya Kumar holds Trumpp's translation to be "literal and mechanical" emphasizing preciseness and fastidiously retaining the words as well as the syntax of the original verses, avoiding any creative and inventive restatement to empathize with a believer. On the other hand, Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair noted the clear influence from the Brahmanical leanings of his 3565:; second, the hymn and pages existed in the original manuscript, the Banno bir is older, the pages were removed by Khalsa Sikhs from the Kartarpur manuscript and replaced with blank folios in their attempt to carve out a separate Sikh identity from the Hindus during the Singh Sabha Movement; third, the blank pages were intentionally left by Guru Arjan for unknown reasons, and the complete hymn in the Banno bir is an interpolation added by a Sikh follower who wanted to insert Brahminical rites-of-passage rituals in the text. According to G.B. Singh – a Sikh scholar who pioneered study of the early Sikh manuscripts, the evidence supports the second theory. According to Pashaura Singh, his examination of the manuscripts and linguistic evidence yields support for the third theory, noting that the smaller hand and different writing implement in which the remaining 22 lines were written, the lines themselves do not match earlier manuscripts and differ in structure and lexicon from the rest of Guru Arjan's writings, the presence of other short verses in all manuscripts like 3321: 2404: 1971: 2993: 919: 1793: 3186:

Macauliffe criticized Hinduism and wrote an introduction that presented the hymns of Sikh Gurus as Christian-like with affinities to "Protestant virtues and ethics", presumably for a British audience. Macauliffe's translation was well received by the Sikh community, and they considered it closer to how they interpret their scripture. Post-colonial scholarship has questioned Macauliffe's accounting for and incorporation of Sikh traditions as "uncritical" and "dubious", though one that pleased the Sikh community. Macauliffe's version has been widely followed by later scholars and translators. According to Christopher Shackle, a scholar of Languages and Religion, Macauliffe's approach to translation was to work with Khalsa Sikh reformists of the 1890s (

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as I feel here in these volumes. They are compact in spite of their length, and are a revelation of the vast reach of the human heart varying from the most noble concept of God to the recognition and indeed the insistence upon the practical needs of the human body. There is something strangely modern about these scriptures and this puzzled me until I learnt that they are in fact comparatively modern, compiled as late as the sixteenth century, when explorers were beginning to discover the globe upon which we all live as a single entity divided only by arbitrary lines of our own making.

3383:. Prior to 2006, Jeewan Singh Chattar Singh & Sons used to print the official versions and were the oldest publisher in Amritsar. However, in 2006, the Akal Takht banned them from printing the Sikh scripture after a sting operation showed that they were printing and mishandling the scripture as well as selling an illegal copy of the Sikh scripture to a Muslim seer. A subsidiary of the SGPC, the Delhi Sikh Gurudwara Management Committee, is the authorized printer and supplier of the Guru Granth Sahib to Sikhs outside of India. These facilities are a part of the 2956:(throne), while the congregation of devotees sits on the floor and prostrate before the guru as a sign of respect. The Guru Granth Sahib is given the greatest respect and honour. Sikhs cover their heads and remove their shoes while in the presence of this sacred scripture, their eternal living guru. The Guru Granth Sahib is normally carried on the head and as a sign of respect, never touched with unwashed hands or put on the floor. It is attended with all signs of royalty, with a canopy placed over it. A 46: 3607:. p. 13. "Any attempt at translating songs from the Adi Granth certainly involves working not with one language, but several, along with dialectical differences. The languages used by the saints range from Sanskrit; regional Prakrits; western, eastern and southern Apabhramsa; and Sahaskrit. More particularly, we find sant bhasha, Marathi, Old Hindi, central and Lehndi Panjabi, Sindhi and Persian. There are also many dialects deployed, such as Purbi Marwari, Bangru, Dakhni, Malwai, and Awadhi." 3822:. p. 13. "Any attempt at translating songs from the Adi Granth certainly involves working not with one language, but several, along with dialectical differences. The languages used by the saints range from Sanskrit; regional Prakrits; western, eastern and southern Apabhramsa; and Sahiskriti. More particularly, we find sant bhasha, Marathi, Old Hindi, central and Lehndi Panjabi, Sgettland Persian. There are also many dialects deployed, such as Purbi Marwari, Bangru, Dakhni, Malwai, and Awadhi." 3472: 2920: 8060: 3336: 1749:

Nanak wrote or maintained a pothi. The features in its Gurmukhi script and the language suggest that the hymns are significantly older, and that the pre-canonical hymns were being written down in early Sikhism and preserved by the Sikh Gurus prior to the editing by Guru Arjan. The existence of Guru Harsahai manuscript attests to the early tradition of Sikh scripture, its existence in variant forms and a competition of ideas on its contents including the

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well versed in the Sikh thought, Sanskrit traditions and philosophical schools of Indian religions. The variant manuscripts support this theory, as does the handwriting analysis of the Kartarpur bir (manuscript) allegedly approved by Guru Arjan which shows at least four distinct scribal styles. The variations in the manuscripts also affirm that the Adi Granth did not develop in a linear way, i.e. it was not simply copied from a previous version.

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away the soul and again restoreth it; Some that He appeareth far from mortal gaze; Some that He is all-seeing and omnipresent. Millions of men give millions upon millions of descriptions of Him, but they fail to describe Him. The Giver giveth; the receiver groweth weary of receiving. In every age man subsisteth by His bounty. The Commander by His order hath laid out the way of the world. Nanak, God the unconcerned is happy.

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of the manuscripts and close match particularly between the three manuscripts called the Guru Har Sahai MS, the Govindval MS, and the Guru Nanak Dev University MS 1245. This theory is weakened by variations observed in 27 manuscript variants now dated between 1642 and 1692. The alternate formulation of this theory states that two branches developed over time, with the Peshawar pothi and Kartarpur pothi being the two branches.

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attempts to adopt popular hymns of bhagats or adapt the hymns to local regional languages where Gurmukhi was not understood. It is these manuscripts that Guru Arjan collected and considered, then edited to produce an approved version of the Adi Granth. The Sikh scripture, according to this school, was thus a collaborative effort and there was no authentic version of the pre-canonical text in Sikhism.

192: 1745:) till 1969, when the state government requested it be displayed for the 500 years celebrations. It was moved for the first time in over 200 years and briefly displayed in Patiala for the event. Thereafter, the Sodhis consented to transfers. In 1970, however, during another such transfer, this early version of the Adi Granth manuscript was stolen. However, photos of some pages have survived. 2916:(a bard's scroll) by an eyewitness, Narbud Singh, who was a bard at the Rajput rulers' court associated with gurus. Sikhs since then have accepted the Guru Granth Sahib, the sacred scripture, as their eternal-living guru, as the embodiment of the ten Sikh Gurus, the highest religious and spiritual guide for Sikhs. It plays a central role in guiding the Sikh's way of life. 3201:ਗਾਵੈ ਕੋ ਤਾਣੁ ਹੋਵੈ ਕਿਸੈ ਤਾਣੁ ॥ ਗਾਵੈ ਕੋ ਦਾਤਿ ਜਾਣੈ ਨੀਸਾਣੁ ॥ ਗਾਵੈ ਕੋ ਗੁਣ ਵਡਿਆਈਆ ਚਾਰ ॥ ਗਾਵੈ ਕੋ ਵਿਦਿਆ ਵਿਖਮੁ ਵੀਚਾਰੁ ॥ਗਾਵੈ ਕੋ ਸਾਜਿ ਕਰੇ ਤਨੁ ਖੇਹ ॥ ਗਾਵੈ ਕੋ ਜੀਅ ਲੈ ਫਿਰਿ ਦੇਹ ॥ ਗਾਵੈ ਕੋ ਜਾਪੈ ਦਿਸੈ ਦੂਰਿ ॥ ਗਾਵੈ ਕੋ ਵੇਖੈ ਹਾਦਰਾ ਹਦੂਰਿ ॥ ਕਥਨਾ ਕਥੀ ਨ ਆਵੈ ਤੋਟਿ ॥ ਕਥਿ ਕਥਿ ਕਥੀ ਕੋਟੀ ਕੋਟਿ ਕੋਟਿ ॥ ਦੇਦਾ ਦੇ ਲੈਦੇ ਥਕਿ ਪਾਹਿ ॥ ਜੁਗਾ ਜੁਗੰਤਰਿ ਖਾਹੀ ਖਾਹਿ ॥ ਹੁਕਮੀ ਹੁਕਮੁ ਚਲਾਏ ਰਾਹੁ ॥ ਨਾਨਕ ਵਿਗਸੈ ਵੇਪਰਵਾਹੁ ॥੩॥ 2344:

scripture developed in linear, pure form becoming first the Adi Granth and finally the closed version of the Guru Granth Sahib. According to this view, there was no pre-canonical diversity, the scripture developed in an organized and disciplined format, and it denies the existence of alternate hymns and texts that were cherished by Sikhs of an earlier era.

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has another name, as Sri Manglacharan Purana. They believe that all three of these scriptures are authentic, written by the Gurus and are one of the same. For this reason, they will often place the Dasam and Aad Granths on the same level and on the same throne (also known as the palki). They also sometimes do this for the Sarbloh Granth as well.

3561:) in that version of the Adi Granth. According to W.H. McLeod, the difference in the two versions can be because of three possibilities, from which he withholds judgment: first, Guru Arjan deliberately left the blank folio pages to complete it later, but was unable to because he was arrested and executed by the Mughal emperor 2944:. Ram Rai tried to please the emperor by explaining that the text was miscopied and modified it, substituting "Musalman" with "Beiman" (faithless, evil) which Aurangzeb approved. The willingness to change a word led Guru Har Rai to bar his son from his presence, and name his younger son as his successor. 3544:

and Bhai Gurdas brought him a copy of the manuscript and read a few hymns from it. Akbar decided that this report had been false and donated 51 gold mohurs to the manuscript effort. However, this support for the Sikh scripture and Sikhism was short-lived once Akbar died, with Jehangir calling Sikhism

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Shri Guru Granth Sahib is a source book, an expression of man's loneliness, his aspiration, his longings, his cry to God and his hunger for communication with that being. I have studied the scriptures of other great religions, but I do not find elsewhere the same power of appeal to the heart and mind

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One sings his (i.e. God's) power, if one has power (so to do). Another sings (his) liberality, if he knows (his) sign. One sings his beautiful qualities and greatnesses. — Another sings a difficult thought of science. One sings: having made the body he reduces it to ashes. Another sings: having taken

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By (his) order are made the forms (of all things), his order (however) cannot be told. By his order are made the living beings, by his order greatness is obtained. By his order are the high and the low, by his order pain and pleasure are set down. By his order some are pardoned, some are by his order

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The fifth view held by scholars such as Pashaura Singh develops and refines the fourth view. It states that the Sikh scripture emerged from a collaborative effort of Guru Arjan and his trusted associates, particularly Bhai Gurdas and Jagana Brahmin of Agra. His collaborators were his devout admirers,

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This manuscript is claimed by the Sodhis to be the oldest and one written in part by Guru Nanak. However, this claim is first observed only much later, in texts attributed to the 17th-century Hariji, the grandson of Prithi Chand. Based on the evidence in the surviving photos, it is unlikely that Guru

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as extensions of the Guru Granth Sahib. As such, they refer to these scriptures as Sri Dasam Guru Granth Sahib, and Sri Sarbloh Guru Granth Sahib. They call the Guru Granth Sahib, Aad Guru Granth Sahib. They also sometimes refer to the granths as "Durbar", such as Aad Guru Durbar. The Sarbloh Granth

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added the religious compositions of Guru Tegh Bahadur to the Adi Granth to create the final edition, called the Guru Granth Sahib. Prior to Guru Gobind Singh, three versions of the Adi Granth pothi with minor variations were in circulation at Sikh shrines across the Indian subcontinent. In addition,

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Some sing His power according to their abilities; Some sing His gifts according to their knowledge of His signs; Some sing His attributes, His greatness, and His deeds; Some sing His knowledge whose study is arduous; Some sing that He fashioneth the body and again destroyeth it; Some that He taketh

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The second view held by scholars such as Gurinder Singh Mann states that the scripture started from a single process, proceeded linearly, then diversified into separate textual traditions with some variations, over time. This school of scholars supports their theory by highlighting the similarities

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The original Guru Granth Sahib is in the possession of the Sodhi family of Kartarpur village, and is placed at Gurdwara Thum Sahib. The Sodhis are descendants of Guru Arjan Dev and Kartarpur was founded by him in 1598. Since the early 20th century, it has been printed in a standard edition of 1430

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The fourth view builds upon this third view and is supported by scholars such as Jeevan Deol. According to this view, there were independent textual traditions in Sikhism before Guru Arjan decided to edit and redact them into the Adi Granth. These textual traditions developed in different parts of

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and was published by Oxford University Press in 1909. Unlike Trumpp, who was unconcered with the sensibilities of the Sikhs, Macauliffe used his editorial abilities to incorporate such considerations. According to Indologist Giorgio Shan, while Trumpp criticized Sikhism and the Guru Granth Sahib,

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collaborators, among the British-supported Sikh class which had been long enjoying British patronage as they helped to keep "hostile" elements under control. For example, they induced Trumpp to omit the numeral "one" in the phrase Ik Oankar in his translation, in an attempt to bring the scripture

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Many minor variations, and three significant Adi Granth recensions, are known; these provide insights into how the Sikh scripture was compiled, edited and revised over time. There is a fourth significant version called the Lahori bir, but it primarily differs in how the hymns are arranged and the

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Guru Arjan began compiling an officially approved version of the sacred scripture for the Sikh community. He sent his associates across the Indian subcontinent to collect the circulating hymns of Sikh gurus and convinced Mohan, the son of Guru Amar Das, to give him the collection of the religious

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Gāvai ko tāṇ hovai kisai tāṇ. Gāvai ko dāt jāṇai nīsāṇ. Gāvai ko guṇ vadiāīā chār. Gāvai ko vidiā vikham vīchār. Gāvai ko sāj kare tan kheh. Gāvai ko jīa lai fir deh. Gāvai ko jāpai disai dūr. Gāvai ko vekhai hādrā hadūr. Kathnā kathī na āvai tot. Kath kath kathī kotī kot kot. Dedā de laide thak

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According to Kristina Myrvold, every Sikh scripture copy is treated like a person and venerated with elaborate ceremonies which are a daily means of "merit bestowing ministrations". These daily ritual ministrations and paying of homage for the scripture by Sikhs, states Myrvold, is not unique to

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The third view held by scholars such as Piar Singh states that independent versions of the Sikh scripture developed in geographically distant regions of the Indian subcontinent. These versions developed because of the forgetfulness or creativity of the local Sikh leaders, errors made by scribes,

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The first view held by scholars such as Balwant Singh Dhillon states that there was a consistent "mother tradition", where the hymns of Guru Nanak were carefully preserved as a single codex without any corruption or unauthorized changes, to which the later Gurus added additional hymns. The Sikh

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saint poets. There are also idolatry verses for the Gurus such as Guru Nanak fused into some pages, those composed by bards (Bhatts). The hymns and verses are different lengths, some very long, others being just a few line verses. Twenty-two of the thirty-one ragas contain the contributions of

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The Guru Granth Sahib contains predominantly hymns of the following Sikh Gurus: Guru Nanak, Guru Angad, Guru Amar Das, Guru Ram Das, Guru Arjan and Guru Teg Bahadur. Whilst these six gurus are widely accepted as having their writings included in the Guru Granth Sahib, there are some who argue

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Another controversy has been the discovery of two blank folios in the Kartarpur manuscript (near page 703) and why the Ramakali hymn on that page is just two opening lines. In contrast to the Kartarpur manuscript, the Banno manuscript of Adi Granth, discovered in Kanpur and dated to 1644, is

3190:) and exegetically present the scripture in a "progressive monotheism" fold that deserved the support of the British administration as a distinct tradition, and of the native Sikh clergy. He used considerable freedom in restating the archaic poetry into a "vaguely psalm-like translation". 1853:, Guru Arjan's elder brother. Guru Gobind Singh issued the definitive final edition that included the hymns of his father, and closed the canon. This manuscript is called the Damdama bir, and a 1707 rare copy of this manuscript is now preserved at the Toshakhana in Nanded, Maharashtra. 3153:. Trumpp's translation was seen to be a challenge to the administration's already-established view that the Sikhs were a distinct community, prompting the Khalsa to commission its own translation. Trumpp, as well as other translators, were commissioned by colonial administrators. 2931:

No one can change or alter any of the writings of the Sikh gurus written in the Guru Granth Sahib. This includes sentences, words, structure, grammar, and meanings. This tradition was set by Guru Har Rai. He sent his eldest son Ram Rai as an emissary to the Mughal emperor

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In the 19th and 20th-century, several manuscript versions of the Adi Granth and the Guru Granth Sahib hymns were discovered. This triggered contesting theories about authenticity and how the canonical text of Sikhism evolved over time. There are five views:

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Hukmī hovan ākār hukam na kahiā jāī. Hukmī hovan jīa hukam milai vadiāī. Hukmī utam nīch hukam likh dukh sukh pāīah. Iknā hukmī bakhsīs ik hukmī sadā bhavāīah. Hukmai andar sabh ko bāhar hukam na koe. Nānak hukmai je bujhai ta haumai kahai na koe.

3105:. Sikhs install it in the sanctum of Sikh temples, and devotees reverentially greet it by bowing and prostrating before it. Since the early 20th century, Farquhar and other scholars consider it as a form of idolatry that believers practice the 3198:ਹੁਕਮੀ ਹੋਵਨਿ ਆਕਾਰ ਹੁਕਮੁ ਨ ਕਹਿਆ ਜਾਈ ॥ ਹੁਕਮੀ ਹੋਵਨਿ ਜੀਅ ਹੁਕਮਿ ਮਿਲੈ ਵਡਿਆਈ ॥ ਹੁਕਮੀ ਉਤਮੁ ਨੀਚੁ ਹੁਕਮਿ ਲਿਖਿ ਦੁਖ ਸੁਖ ਪਾਈਅਹਿ ॥ ਇਕਨਾ ਹੁਕਮੀ ਬਖਸੀਸ ਇਕਿ ਹੁਕਮੀ ਸਦਾ ਭਵਾਈਅਹਿ ॥ ਹੁਕਮੈ ਅੰਦਰਿ ਸਭੁ ਕੋ ਬਾਹਰਿ ਹੁਕਮ ਨ ਕੋਇ ॥ ਨਾਨਕ ਹੁਕਮੈ ਜੇ ਬੁਝੈ ਤ ਹਉਮੈ ਕਹੈ ਨ ਕੋਇ ॥੨॥ 3269:

By His order bodies are produced; His order cannot be described. By His order souls are infused into them; by His order greatness is obtained. By His order men are high or low; by His order they obtain preordained pain or pleasure.

1670:, opened centers and distributed these hymns. The community would sing the hymns and his agents collected donations. This tradition was continued by the third and fourth gurus as well. The fifth guru, Guru Arjan, discovered that 3052:, the Guru Granth Sahib is closed, carried on the head, placed into and then carried in a flower decorated, pillow-bed palki (palanquin), with chanting to its bedroom. Once it arrives there, the scripture is tucked into a bed. 4250:, in Sikh Studies: Comparative Perspectives on a Changing Tradition by Mark Jurgensmeyer and N Gerald Barrier (editors), University of California Press, Berkeley Religious Studies Series and Theological Union, pp. 101–103 3306:, was published in 1960. A revised version published in 1978 removed archaic English words such as "thee" and "thou". In 1962, an eight-volume translation into English and Punjabi by Manmohan Singh was published by the 3391:

Angs. Prior to the late nineteenth century, only handwritten copies were prepared. The first printed copy of the Guru Granth Sahib was made in 1864. Any copies of the Guru Granth Sahib deemed unfit to be read from are

1926:. Within this composition, it praises various types of weapons from all over the world, including swords, saifs, curved swords (tulwars), arrows, guns, etc. There is a famous line within the composition which states, 1431:

The vision in the Guru Granth Sahib is of a society based on divine freedom, mercy, love, belief in one god and justice without oppression of any kind. While the Granth acknowledges and respects the scriptures of

1682:) with hymns and was distributing hymns of the earlier gurus along with his own of hymns. Guru Arjan considered these as spurious and became concerned about establishing an authentic anthology of approved hymns. 3569:

with only three stanzas, and points to the fact that G.B. Singh had made the claim without actually examining the text, positing that he seemed to have been serving the interests of the Arya Samaj based on his

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and was used from the outset for compiling Sikh scriptures. The Sikhs assign a high degree of sanctity to the Gurmukhī script. It is the official script for writing Punjabi in the Indian State of Punjab.

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life he gives it again. One sings: he is known (manifest), (but) seen afar off. Another sings: being present he sees in the presence. There is no end of sayings and tellings. The story, story is told by

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By Harjinder Singh. "The Guru Granth Sahib also contains hymns which are written in a language known as Sahiskriti as well as Sant Bhasha, it also contains many Persian and Sanskrit words throughout."

2967:, who is responsible for reciting from the sacred hymns and leading Sikh prayers. The Granthi also acts as caretaker for the Guru Granth Sahib, keeping the scripture covered in clean cloths, known as 2558:

refers to the "color" and, more specifically, the emotion or mood produced by a combination or sequence of pitches. A rāga is composed of a series of melodic motifs, based upon a definite scale or

3159:, a British civil servant, was next to publish a major but incomplete translation of the Guru Granth Sahib, covering the same ground as Trumpp. However, he interspersed his translation between 3555:

identical in all respects but it has no blank pages and on the folio pages near 703 is a complete hymn. The Banno bir has been controversial because it includes many Hindu rites-of-passage (

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which means "light". About dawn everyday, the Guru Granth Sahib is taken out its bedroom, carried on the head, placed and carried in a flower-decorated palki with chanting, sometimes with

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By His order some obtain their reward; by His order others must ever wander in transmigration. All are subject to His order; none is exempt from it. He who understandeth God's order, O

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Perhaps this sense of unity is a source of power I find in these volumes. They speak to persons of any religion or of none. They speak for the human heart and the searching mind...

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to the Adi Granth and affirmed the text as his successor. This second rendition became known as the Guru Granth Sahib and is also sometimes referred to as the Adi Granth.

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a kind of lingua franca used by the medieval saint-poets of northern India. But the broad range of contributors to the text produced a complex mix of regional dialects."

1285:(line compositions), which are poetically rendered and set to a rhythmic ancient north Indian classical form of music. The bulk of the scripture is divided into 31 main 1830:

tunes for nine out of 22 Vars. The hymns of IX Guru Tegh Bahadur, after his beheading in Delhi, were added to the scripture by his son and successor Guru Gobind Singh.

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under the purview of the Dharm Prachar Kendra of the Shiromani Committee will begin officially printing copies of the Guru Granth Sahib to cater to the demands of the

3395:, with a ceremony similar to that for cremating a deceased person. Such a cremation is called Agan Bheta. The Guru Granth Sahib is currently printed in an authorized 3360:

Title-page of a metal-type print of the Guru Granth Sahib based upon the Kartarpur Bir, by Rai Sahib Munshi Gulab Singh and Sons, published by the Mufidam Press, 1899

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Sikhism. It moulds "meanings, values and ideologies" and creates a framework for congregational worship, states Myrvold, that is found in all major faiths.

5672: 2426:, an early Sikh manuscript, Guru Angad Dev had taught and spread Gurmukhi at the suggestion of Guru Nanak Dev who invented the Gurmukhi script. The word 1176: 3125:) in major Sikh Gurdwaras. When open in the sanctum of a Sikh Gurdwara, it is within an expensive brocade and attendants fan it as an act of homage. 1694:

O Mohan, your temple is so lofty, and your mansion is unsurpassed. O Mohan, your gates are so beautiful. They are the worship-houses of the Saints.

5821: 3769:. p. 22. "(...) the compositions in the Sikh holy book, Adi Granth, are a melange of various dialects, often coalesced under the generic title of 2992: 1480: 5752: 1970: 1704: 2063:. The following is a list of contributors whose hymns are present in the Guru Granth Sahib as well as the number of hymns they contributed: 2317: 1800:

In 1604, the first edition of the Sikh scripture, Adi Granth, was complete and officially approved by Guru Arjan. It was installed at the

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several unauthorized versions were in circulation, issued by sects founded by one of the sons or relatives of earlier Sikh Gurus such as

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as a "false traffic". Under his orders, Guru Arjan, who compiled the first edition of the Sikh scripture, was tortured and executed.

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The oldest surviving manuscript version of the Adi Granth is the Guru Nanak Dev University Manuscript 1245, which has been dated to

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Singh, Pashaura. "Fearlessness and human justice: Exploring Guru Tegh Bahadur's teachings and sacrifice from a fresh perspective."

1741:. It was initially installed in Amritsar, then was moved in the 18th-century and preserved in Guru Harsahai (35 kilometers west of 3376: 3307: 1712:

As his associates returned with their collections, Guru Arjan selected and edited the hymns for inclusion in the Adi Granth with

1169: 6639: 2446:– which resulted in communion with God. The Guru Granth Sahib is divided by musical settings or rāgas into 1430 pages known as 2046:(10) have been attributed by some to the seventh and tenth gurus, respectively. It also contains hymns and verses of thirteen 6946: 5657: 5627: 5557: 5530: 5469: 5442: 5410: 5378: 5351: 5324: 5261: 5236: 5179: 5149: 5117: 5085: 5024: 4981: 4843: 4738: 4706: 4684: 4642: 4534: 4504: 4453: 4337: 4191: 4164: 4108: 4055: 3882: 3819: 3801: 3783: 3640: 3604: 3579:

In moderate-size gurdwaras, the palanquin step may be skipped and the scripture is simply carried on the head to its bedroom.

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always caused to wander about (in transmigration). Every one is under (within) his order, exempt from his order is no one.

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versions. The Adi Granth reflects the review, editing and compilation of complex and diverse textual traditions before him.

2529: 6783: 6746: 5279:, Ernest Trumpp (1877), WH Allen & Co., London; Notes: In this 876 pages publication, Trumpp's translation starts at 6055: 3342:

English translation of the opening lines of Guru Nanak's Japji Sahib composition by Max Arthur MacAuliffe, published in

3014:

ritual to carry the scripture to a bedroom; Right: The palanquin carrying the Guru Granth Sahib to the sanctum at dawn (

2566:

psalmizations, that provide a basic structure around which the musician performs. Gurbani raags are not time dependent.

6204: 4923: 4898: 4874: 4364: 4288: 3990: 3969: 3948: 3927: 3906: 3766: 3745: 3724: 3685: 3379:(SGPC). The SGPC printers are the only authorized worldwide publisher of the scripture, states the Sikh religious body 3149:

closer to the Brahmanical-influenced interpretation of the sects that differed with the interpretation of the orthodox

1162: 2352: 6082: 6021: 5969: 5721: 5206: 5058: 4954: 4813: 4788: 4763: 4562: 3368:

was the first person to print an edition of the Guru Granth Sahib, which was likely printed in 1868 or even earlier.

4212:

Arjan, Guru; Singh, Pashaura (1996). "Guru Arjan's Rāmakalī Hymn: The Central Issue in the Kartarpur-Banno Debate".

1716:

as his scribe. This effort yielded several drafts and manuscripts, some of which have survived into the modern era.

7860: 2569:

Following is the list of all sixty rāgas under which Gurbani is written, in order of appearance with page numbers:

1045: 1040: 7220: 6901: 6440: 3063:

sounding its passage. It is brought to the sanctum. Then after ritual singing of a series of Var Asa kirtans and

1737:

and is believed to be the one that existed before Guru Arjan's compilation and one he gave to his eldest brother

7959: 7954: 2492: 1765: 1035: 1007: 94: 4997: 7469: 6751: 5877: 5485: 2940:) that stated, "the clay from a Musalman's grave is kneaded into potter's lump", considering it an insult to 1631: 878: 1446:(temple). A Sikh typically prostrates before it on entering such a temple. The Granth is revered as eternal 7830: 6778: 6629: 6582: 5676: 2805: 1965: 1651: 7640: 6771: 4264: 2843:

section contains the typical compositions of the Gurus in chronological order by Guru (who wrote in that

1866:. The compilation and release of this definitive edition of the latter was completed by Bhai Mani Singh. 764: 2952:

The Guru Granth Sahib is always the focal point in any gurdwara, seated on a raised platform known as a

1933:

romanized: As Kripan Khando Kharag, Tupak Tabar Ar Teer || Saif Sarohee Saithhee, Yehai Hamare Pir ||3||

8082: 7434: 7101: 6681: 3557: 1796:

A folio from an early 19th-century manuscript copy of the Guru Granth Sahib (Schoyen Collection Norway)

17: 3310:. In the 2000s, a translation by Sant Singh Khalsa appeared on major Sikhism-related websites such as 2422:

script, which was standardized by Guru Angad in the 16th century. According to Sikh tradition and the

7726: 7706: 7655: 7514: 7339: 7247: 7154: 7051: 7046: 6939: 3438: 3384: 3028:. These rituals treat the scripture as a living person, a guru, out of respect. The rituals include: 3001: 1440:, it does not imply a moral reconciliation with either of these religions. It is installed in a Sikh 466: 3703: 7835: 7711: 7690: 7041: 6465: 6294: 5284: 5280: 3403:; misprints and set-up sheets, and printer's waste with any of its sacred text on, are cremated at 3303: 2851:

at the end however some form of certain types of special compositions such as the common recurring

2799: 2787: 1974:

3 principal Sikh Granths (Adi - Dasam - Sarbloh) placed together being recited, Nanded, Maharashtra

1624: 871: 774: 707: 7635: 4445: 2431: 2325: 1856:

The compositions of Guru Gobind Singh were not included in the Guru Granth Sahib and set into the

8024: 8001: 7599: 7111: 7086: 6721: 6524: 6349: 6324: 6231: 6209: 5988:"SGPC decided to establish a press in America and print the holy images of Sri Guru Granth Sahib" 5973: 5276: 4829: 2598: 1464: 1060: 712: 632: 583: 548: 534: 7620: 5714:

The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition

5699: 5050: 5044: 7855: 7554: 7539: 7529: 7509: 7504: 7309: 7215: 7116: 7091: 6736: 6726: 6686: 6552: 5495: 4946: 4940: 4866: 4860: 4433: 3113:

or before the Guru Granth Sahib, and other daily rituals such as putting the scripture to bed (

3075:) of the day. It is read out loud, and then written out for the pilgrims to read over that day. 799: 5520: 5400: 5341: 5226: 5196: 5139: 4728: 4674: 4268: 1674:– his eldest brother and a competing claimant to the Sikh guruship – had a copy of an earlier 8039: 7979: 7892: 7625: 7494: 7464: 7243: 7202: 6567: 6514: 6435: 6075: 5647: 5617: 5432: 3156: 2258: 1699: 722: 717: 6460: 6450: 4354: 3616: 3169:

of Santokh Singh, and his primary translation advisor was the prominent Khalsa Sikh scholar

3163:-based mythical history of the Sikh Gurus. A major source of his historical information was 2364:

the Indian subcontinent, greatly influenced by the popularity of regional bhagats and their

1246:(1564–1606). Its compilation was completed on 29 August 1604 and first installed inside the 7969: 7927: 7912: 7850: 7820: 7630: 7524: 7329: 7182: 7169: 7126: 6932: 6889: 6867: 6716: 6646: 6557: 6484: 6214: 5947: 5801:

Modern eco-friendly printing press to print Guru Granth Sahib at Gurudwara Rakabganj: DSGMC

5702:, Max Authur Macauliffe (1909), Clarendon Press, pp. 196–197 (see footnotes for alternates) 5488:, Encyclopedia of Sikhism, Volume III, Harbans Singh (Editor), Punjabi University, Patiala; 1679: 829: 804: 794: 769: 677: 6455: 5767: 1907:, etc. in front of the Guru Granth Sahib. This was brought about due to the emphasis of a 8: 8092: 8087: 8029: 7964: 7922: 7882: 7877: 7840: 7519: 7454: 7444: 6761: 6741: 6701: 6671: 6100: 5924: 5788: 5687: 5228:

South Asian Religions on Display: Religious Processions in South Asia and in the Diaspora

3499: 2356:

Bhai Banno (right) being given the Adi Granth by Guru Arjan (centre-left) to get it bound

839: 789: 779: 221: 1686:

writings of the first three gurus in a humble manner by singing the hymns registered in

1655:

Folio from the Jalandhar recension of the Goindwal Pothi, dated to the late 16th century

8055: 8034: 7865: 7790: 7594: 7579: 7574: 7569: 7564: 7459: 7334: 7314: 7239: 7210: 7149: 7081: 7026: 6756: 6614: 6604: 6594: 6572: 6562: 6539: 6504: 6407: 6199: 6194: 6104: 5871: 5746: 5598: 5590: 4590: 4229: 3870: 3852: 3599:

Songs of the Saints from the Adi Granth By Nirmal Dass. Published by SUNY Press, 2000.

2936:

in Delhi. Aurangzeb, a devout Muslim ruler, objected to a verse in the Sikh scripture (

2909: 2408: 1612: 1498: 1219: 1065: 982: 543: 510: 216: 211: 5891: 3835:

Shapiro, Michael C.; Dass, Nirmal (2002). "Songs of the Saints, from the Adi Granth".

3024:

Several rituals are performed every day in major Sikh gurdwaras (temples) such as the

7917: 7750: 7716: 7559: 7544: 7424: 7192: 7144: 7096: 7066: 7061: 6731: 6711: 6706: 6696: 6619: 6609: 6577: 6529: 6445: 6417: 6387: 6165: 6160: 6017: 5965: 5851: 5717: 5653: 5623: 5602: 5553: 5526: 5465: 5438: 5406: 5374: 5347: 5320: 5257: 5232: 5202: 5175: 5145: 5141:

The Death of Sacred Texts: Ritual Disposal and Renovation of Texts in World Religions

5113: 5081: 5054: 5020: 4977: 4950: 4919: 4894: 4870: 4839: 4809: 4784: 4759: 4734: 4702: 4680: 4638: 4568: 4558: 4530: 4500: 4449: 4411: 4360: 4333: 4284: 4187: 4160: 4104: 4051: 3986: 3965: 3944: 3923: 3902: 3878: 3815: 3797: 3779: 3762: 3741: 3720: 3681: 3636: 3600: 3411: 2099: 2035: 1923: 1602: 1578: 1395: 1340: 1328: 1271: 1267: 834: 286: 281: 138: 122: 59: 8063: 7989: 7949: 7782: 7721: 7489: 7449: 7439: 7429: 7344: 7319: 7273: 7225: 7187: 7159: 7139: 7134: 7076: 7071: 7036: 7031: 7018: 6805: 6766: 6676: 6666: 6661: 6624: 6589: 6499: 6474: 6264: 6155: 6068: 5582: 4441: 4403: 4221: 3844: 3365: 3170: 2140: 2134: 1823: 1774: 1742: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1300: 1231: 1206: 1194: 1138: 1017: 809: 736: 578: 383: 353: 276: 175: 158: 154: 150: 146: 134: 90: 3213:

pāhi. Jugā jugantar khāhī khāhi. Hukmī hukam chalāe rāhu. Nānak vigsai veparvāhu.

1726:. Other early editions of the Adi Granth with some variations include the Bahoval 7993: 7932: 7685: 7645: 7589: 7499: 7419: 7177: 7106: 7056: 6979: 6691: 6656: 6651: 6599: 6519: 6221: 6189: 6181: 5690:, Ernest Trumpp (1877), WH Allen & Co, pp. 2–5 (see footnotes for alternates) 5547: 5459: 5368: 5314: 5297: 5169: 5107: 5075: 5014: 4971: 4833: 4696: 4632: 4494: 4327: 4305: 4181: 4154: 4130: 4075: 4021: 4004: 3509: 3085: 2365: 1956:

For this reason, weapons are meant to be kept in front of the Guru Granth Sahib.

1845: 1733:

Another early variant manuscript is called the Guru Harsahai pothi, preserved by

1472: 1404: 1344: 1332: 1320: 1150: 1012: 859: 697: 328: 142: 126: 114: 4045: 7939: 7742: 7604: 7355: 7304: 6884: 6845: 6815: 6402: 6367: 6244: 6145: 5367:

Mark Juergensmeyer (1993). John Stratton Hawley and Gurinder Singh Mann (ed.).

3533: 3491: 3396: 3145: 2772: 2580: 2276: 2264: 2164: 2093: 2075: 2069: 1942: 1883: 1838: 1815: 1593: 1263: 1123: 954: 656: 348: 343: 318: 266: 206: 45: 5299:

Ernest Trumpp and W.H. McLeod as scholars of Sikh history religion and culture

3121:), waking it up every morning, carrying it in a procession and re-opening it ( 2536:

of Guru Nanak, Guru Amar Das, Guru Ramdas, Guru Arjan, and Guru Tegh Bhaduar,

8076: 7872: 7650: 7381: 7299: 6874: 6547: 6494: 6430: 6289: 6279: 6130: 5855: 5573:

Jones, Kenneth W. (1973). "Ham Hindū Nahīn: Arya Sikh Relations, 1877–1905".

4415: 3985:(Editors: Gregory M. Reichberg and Henrik Syse), Cambridge University Press, 3901:(Editors: Gregory M. Reichberg and Henrik Syse), Cambridge University Press, 3434: 3423: 3419: 3165: 3137: 3025: 2778: 2670: 2513: 2412: 2282: 2235: 2229: 2211: 2158: 2128: 2081: 1834: 1801: 1786: 1583: 1545: 1383: 1247: 997: 977: 619: 609: 428: 413: 388: 363: 251: 191: 6284: 5000:, Encyclopedia of Sikhism, Editor in Chief: Harbans Singh, Punjab University 4572: 3786:

p. 5. "The language of the hymns recorded in the Adi Granth has been called

3067:, a random page is opened. The first complete verse on the left page is the 1050: 563: 7795: 7755: 7584: 7391: 7324: 6999: 6974: 6969: 6862: 6634: 6489: 6362: 6329: 6150: 6135: 3528:

According to Khushwant Singh, while the manuscript was being put together,

3477: 2766: 2751: 2652: 2610: 2559: 2305: 2205: 2170: 2110: 2087: 2031: 1950: 1912: 1879: 1862: 1850: 1819: 1738: 1671: 1564: 1503: 1425: 1387: 1075: 1002: 649: 521: 516: 500: 408: 323: 271: 256: 5283:, while philological notes on the language of the Sikh scripture start at 501: 492: 483: 7680: 7534: 7484: 7414: 7386: 7376: 7371: 7278: 6955: 6918: 6896: 6825: 6382: 6314: 6309: 6274: 5923:. Chandigarh, India. Tribune News Service. 26 August 2004. Archived from 4693:

For a more comprehensive discussion of these theories and evidence, see:

3541: 3223: 3187: 2826: 2724: 2703: 2682: 2462: 2311: 2299: 2270: 2223: 2217: 2199: 2193: 2176: 2152: 2146: 1929:ਅਸ ਕ੍ਰਿਪਾਨ ਖੰਡੋ ਖੜਗ ਤੁਪਕ ਤਬਰ ਅਰੁ ਤੀਰ ॥ ਸੈਫ ਸਰੋਹੀ ਸੈਹਥੀ ਯਹੈ ਹਮਾਰੈ ਪੀਰ ॥੩॥ 1911:

within the Sikh religion, as well as an influential composition from the

1908: 1805: 1782: 1713: 1535: 1530: 1368: 1324: 1255: 1113: 1070: 949: 944: 614: 573: 491: 453: 443: 423: 418: 403: 398: 368: 358: 333: 85: 5313:

W.H. McLeod (1993). John Stratton Hawley and Gurinder Singh Mann (ed.).

4391: 3808:(saint-language), it appears that some Indian saint of 16th century...." 3804:. "When we go through the hymns and compositions of the Guru written in 2919: 2450:

s "limbs" in Sikh tradition. It can be categorized into three sections:

8019: 8011: 7944: 7845: 7825: 7805: 7765: 7549: 7283: 6989: 6984: 6840: 6509: 6479: 6392: 6377: 6299: 6269: 6249: 6140: 6125: 6120: 6112: 5594: 4591:"Punjab: Cradle of Indian Civilization and Khalsa of Guru Gobind Singh" 4407: 3856: 3778:

by Gurinder Singh Mann. Published by Oxford University Press US, 2001.

3504: 3471: 3415: 3380: 3094: 2589: 2574: 2455: 2398: 2293: 2247: 2241: 2187: 1946: 1778: 1750: 1667: 1659: 1573: 1555: 1391: 1379: 1375: 1312: 1243: 1223: 1128: 992: 959: 939: 784: 759: 702: 683: 663: 604: 482: 448: 438: 433: 393: 261: 246: 241: 232: 118: 106: 55: 4233: 2908:

In 1708, Guru Gobind Singh conferred the title of "Guru of the Sikhs"

7887: 7479: 7474: 6994: 6835: 6304: 5716:(Illustrated ed.). University of Chicago Press. pp. 274–5. 3536:, received a report that the Adi Granth contained passages vilifying 3141: 2933: 2122: 1841: 1409: 1336: 476: 130: 5586: 5519:

JS Grewal (1993). John Stratton Hawley; Gurinder Singh Mann (eds.).

3848: 3302:

The first complete English translation of the Guru Granth Sahib, by

3109:(bowing down and touching one's head to the floor) at the door of a 1374:

The Guru Granth Sahib was composed predominantly by six Sikh gurus:

7984: 7815: 7810: 7800: 7772: 6850: 6820: 6425: 4225: 3562: 3410:

In September 2023, it was announced by the SGPC that a location in

3404: 3400: 3392: 3372: 3110: 2658: 2507: 2419: 2394: 2329:

Map showing birthplace of various contributors of Guru Granth Sahib

2116: 1896: 1826:. In the Sikh tradition, Guru Hargobind is credited for adding the 1550: 1442: 1433: 1316: 1296: 1251: 934: 854: 754: 744: 692: 378: 110: 6254: 5319:. State University of New York Press. pp. 16–17, 67 note 25. 3250:! if one understand his order, he will not speak in self-conceit. 3049: 2971:, to protect from heat and dust. The Guru Granth Sahib rests on a 2430:

translates to "from the mouth of the guru". It descended from the

1730:(c. 1600), Vanjara pothi (c. 1601) and Bhai Rupa pothi (c. 1603). 553: 6372: 6334: 6091: 5402:

Poetry, Politics and Culture: Essays on Indian Texts and Contexts

4630: 4492: 3090: 2964: 2924: 2733: 2715: 2688: 2676: 2643: 2541: 2523: 1904: 1810: 1777:. This is the manuscript that was said to have been completed by 1491: 1448: 1308: 1259: 1211: 1103: 1055: 987: 568: 183: 102: 75: 6040: 5302:. International Centre of Sikh Studies. pp. xv–xvii, 45–49. 4634:

Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures

4496:

Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures

4392:"The Guru's Way: Exploring Diversity Among British Khalsa Sikhs" 1295:

in which they are read. The Guru Granth Sahib is written in the

7974: 7907: 7902: 7349: 6830: 6810: 6397: 6339: 6319: 6259: 6239: 5814:"Original copy of holy Guru Granth Sahib at Kartarpur villages" 3255: 3181:. Macauliffe's translation appeared embedded in the six-volume 3150: 3045: 2859: 2793: 2694: 2470: 2466: 2055: 1938: 1900: 1875: 1540: 1421: 1417: 1364: 1304: 1133: 1118: 1098: 1080: 749: 598: 593: 588: 558: 373: 338: 304: 162: 98: 6924: 6050: 6014:

Dharma: The Hindu, Jain, Buddhist and Sikh Traditions of India

5252:

Kristina Myrvold (2017). "Guru Granth: Ceremonial Treatment".

5167: 3456:

Dharma: The Hindu, Jain, Buddhist and Sikh Traditions of India

2480:

s who know only God, collected according to the chronology of

7897: 7760: 6879: 6855: 5171:

A Popular Dictionary of Sikhism: Sikh Religion and Philosophy

4726: 4672: 4325: 4152: 3983:

Religion, War, and Ethics: A Sourcebook of Textual Traditions

3899:

Religion, War, and Ethics: A Sourcebook of Textual Traditions

3537: 3529: 3273: 3247: 3060: 2941: 2893: 2873: 2563: 2047: 1837:, during a one-year respite from the heavy fighting with the 1734: 1727: 1437: 1413: 1399: 1215: 313: 201: 6045: 1890: 1398:. It also contains the traditions and teachings of fourteen 1367:. Copies in these languages often have the generic title of 6795: 5791:, Varinder Walia, Tribune India, April 23, 2006, Chandigarh 5494:

and his hymns in the Guru Granth Sahib are in Macauliffe's

5012: 3371:

Official versions of the Guru Granth Sahib are produced in

3102: 2852: 2554: 1512: 1287: 1239: 1108: 6060: 3344:

The Sikh Religion - Its Gurus, Sacred Writings and Authors

3044:

means "position"). At night, after a series of devotional

6906: 5946:. Chandigarh, India. Tribune News Service. Archived from 5458:

TN Madan (1994). Martin Marty and R Scott Appleby (ed.).

5339: 4891:

The Concise Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, Volume 2

4488: 4486: 4484: 4103:. India: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. p. lxxxi. 3311: 5917:"Sodhi Family Asked to Hand over Kartarpuri Bir to SGPC" 5545: 5430: 5201:. Houghton Mifflin (Orig year: 1915). pp. 250–251. 4783:. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers (P) Ltd. p. 114. 4753: 1945:, the scimitar, the axe, the rifle, and the arrow. The 5373:. State University of New York Press. pp. 16–17. 4781:

History of the Sikhs Vol. 1; The Sikh Gurus, 1469–1708

4722: 4720: 4718: 4668: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4660: 4658: 4656: 4654: 4481: 4148: 4146: 4144: 4142: 1869: 5789:

Publishers barred from bringing out Guru Granth Sahib

2834: 2476:

Compositions of Sikh gurus, followed by those of the

2442:

as the best means of attaining that state of bliss –

1981:

Number of hymns contributed to the Guru Granth Sahib

5163: 5161: 4938: 3875:

World Religions: From Ancient History to the Present

3467: 3328:

The Ādi Granth: Or, the Holy Scriptures of the Sikhs

1662:

composed hymns, which were sung by his followers in

5645: 5194: 5077:

The Guru Granth Sahib: Canon, Meaning and Authority

4973:

The Guru Granth Sahib: Canon, Meaning and Authority

4715: 4698:

The Guru Granth Sahib: Canon, Meaning and Authority

4651: 4179: 4139: 4069: 4067: 4043: 3441:in 1938, stated the following about the scripture: 5366: 5133: 5131: 5129: 4101:The Ādi Granth or the Holy Scriptures of the Sikhs 4080:. Oxford University Press. pp. 57–58, 294–295 4039: 4037: 4035: 4033: 3717:The Intimate Other: Love Divine in Indic Religions 2960:(fan whisk) is waved above the Guru Granth Sahib. 2376:forms of the divine, with Guru Arjan favoring the 1238:), its first rendition, was compiled by the fifth 6056:DISR – German Informationcenter for Sikh Religion 5464:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 604–610. 5231:. Routledge. pp. 144–145, context: 140–154. 5225:Kristina Myrvold (2008). Knut A. Jacobsen (ed.). 5158: 5008: 5006: 4279:William Owen Cole and Piara Singh Sambhi (1995), 3960:William Owen Cole and Piara Singh Sambhi (1995), 3939:William Owen Cole and Piara Singh Sambhi (1995), 1899:, one will find an assortment of weapons such as 8074: 5514: 5512: 5510: 5508: 5506: 5504: 5426: 5424: 5422: 5394: 5392: 5390: 5251: 5224: 5137: 4299: 4297: 4281:The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices 4124: 4122: 4120: 4064: 3962:The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices 3941:The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices 2888:(poems based on the twelve months of the year), 5295: 5126: 4267:; For discussion in English, see Chapter 22 of 4030: 3918:Christopher Shackle and Arvind Mandair (2005), 3736:Christopher Shackle and Arvind Mandair (2005), 3010:Left: A palanquin being prepared for the daily 2418:The entire Guru Granth Sahib is written in the 5646:Christopher Shackle (2005). Lynne Long (ed.). 5539: 5340:Nikky-Guninder Kaur Singh (22 February 2011). 5073: 5019:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 260–261. 5003: 4969: 4694: 4474:Singh, Kamalroop. "Sikh Martial Art (Gatkā)." 4427: 4425: 2903: 2847:) followed by the typical compositions of the 2407:The end part of the handwritten Adi Granth by 1949:, the dagger, the spear: these indeed are our 6940: 6076: 5844:"Descendants of Arjan Dev have original text" 5641: 5639: 5619:Sikh Nationalism and Identity in a Global Age 5615: 5501: 5419: 5398: 5387: 5220: 5218: 5067: 4976:. Oxford University Press. pp. 271–275. 4963: 4733:. Oxford University Press. pp. 127–129. 4679:. Oxford University Press. pp. 125–128. 4332:. Oxford University Press. pp. 129–130. 4294: 4159:. Oxford University Press. pp. 127–129. 4117: 3863: 3830: 3828: 1632: 1210:) is the central holy religious scripture of 1170: 1090:Poetical metres, modes, measures, and rhythms 879: 5858:. Archived from the original on 4 April 2019 5609: 5522:Studying the Sikhs: Issues for North America 5370:Studying the Sikhs: Issues for North America 5316:Studying the Sikhs: Issues for North America 5245: 5046:World Religions:An Introduction for Students 4942:The Sikhs : Faith, Philosophy and Folks 4637:. Routledge. pp. xv–xix, xli, 149–158. 4631:Christopher Shackle; Arvind Mandair (2013). 4493:Christopher Shackle; Arvind Mandair (2013). 3628: 2963:The Guru Granth Sahib is taken care of by a 2896:) themes are found near the end of the most 5312: 5289: 4529:. Gyan Publishing House. pp. 103–104. 4440:, Oxford University Press, pp. 39–59, 4422: 4186:. Oxford University Press. pp. 36–38. 4050:. Oxford University Press. pp. 33–36. 3834: 3399:in the basement of the Gurudwara Ramsar in 3266:Translation by Max Arthur Macauliffe (1909) 6947: 6933: 6083: 6069: 5751:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5636: 5581:(3). Cambridge University Press: 457–475. 5215: 4939:Singh, Gurbachan; Sondeep Shankar (1998). 4321: 4319: 4317: 4310:. Oxford University Press. pp. 93–94. 4211: 4207: 4205: 4203: 4135:. Oxford University Press. pp. 57–61. 3825: 3730: 3699: 3697: 2884:(poems about the seven days of the week), 1639: 1625: 1177: 1163: 886: 872: 44: 7256:List of battles involving the Sikh Empire 5518: 5198:India and Its Faiths: A Traveler's Record 5188: 5168:W. Owen Cole; Piara Singh Sambhi (2005). 5101: 5099: 5097: 4990: 4446:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198075547.003.0003 4307:A History of the Sikhs: Vol. 1. 1469–1839 4132:A History of the Sikhs: Vol. 1. 1469–1839 4077:A History of the Sikhs: Vol. 1. 1469–1839 4023:A History of the Sikhs: Vol. 1. 1469–1839 4006:A History of the Sikhs: Vol. 1. 1469–1839 3891: 3869: 3655: 1891:Weapons in front of the Guru Granth Sahib 1262:of the Golden Temple. Shortly afterwards 50:Illuminated Guru Granth Sahib folio with 5652:. Multilingual Matters. pp. 50–51. 5457: 5080:. Oxford University Press. p. 104. 4754:Hoiberg, Dale; Indu Ramchandani (2000). 4727:Pashaura Singh; Louis E. Fenech (2014). 4673:Pashaura Singh; Louis E. Fenech (2014). 4598:Gyankosh: An Interdisciplinary e-Journal 4356:Textual Sources for the Study of Sikhism 4326:Pashaura Singh; Louis E. Fenech (2014). 4261:Sri Guru Granth Sahib dian Prachin Biran 4214:Journal of the American Oriental Society 4153:Pashaura Singh; Louis E. Fenech (2014). 3837:Journal of the American Oriental Society 3715:Anna S. King and JL Brockington (2005), 3671: 3669: 3667: 3355: 3314:/Sikh Dharma Brotherhood's Sikhnet.com. 2918: 2438:Gurus considered divine worship through 2402: 2351: 2324: 1969: 1791: 1764: 1650: 1452:and the spiritual authority in Sikhism. 5437:. Bloomsburg Academic. pp. 86–87. 4858: 4314: 4200: 3812:Songs of the Saints from the Adi Granth 3694: 3377:Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee 3364:According to Namdhari Sikh literature, 3308:Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee 2864:(poems based on a annunciation metre), 2454:Introductory section consisting of the 1860:, which is more popularly known as the 14: 8075: 6016:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 219. 6011: 5803:, United News of India (July 28, 2019) 5711: 5094: 5042: 5038: 5036: 5013:Louis E. Fenech; W. H. McLeod (2014). 4913: 4808:. Oxford University Press. p. 5. 4352: 4098: 4026:. Oxford University Press. p. 50. 4009:. Oxford University Press. p. 46. 3877:. United States: Hamlyn. p. 256. 3709: 3675: 2333: 1299:script in various languages including 1270:, the tenth Sikh guru, added hymns of 6928: 6064: 5985: 5937: 5765: 5736: 5572: 5451: 5105: 4828: 4822: 4778: 4613: 4611: 4588: 4584: 4582: 4552: 4548: 4546: 4522: 4518: 4516: 4478:. Oxford University Press, 2014. 459. 4431: 4389: 4385: 4383: 4303: 4128: 4073: 4019: 4002: 3664: 3617:Sikhism. The Guru Granth Sahib (GGS) 3540:. Therefore, he asked to inspect it. 1207:[ɡʊɾuːɡɾənt̪ʰᵊsäː(ɦ)(ɪ)bᵊ(˦)] 1205: 5256:. Brill Academic. pp. 141–145. 4803: 4747: 3656:Partridge, Christopher Hugh (2005). 3235: 3192: 5979: 5712:Oberoi, Harjot (15 December 1994). 5705: 5106:Singh, Nikky-Guninder Kaur (2011). 5033: 4730:The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies 4676:The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies 4476:The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies 4432:Singh, Pashaura (13 October 2011), 4329:The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies 4156:The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies 3678:Guru Granth Sahib: An Advance Study 3649: 3458:by Veena R. Howard (2017), page 219 3242:Translation by Ernest Trumpp (1877) 1870:Extensions of the Guru Granth Sahib 24: 6051:Khoj Gurbani, several translations 5962:Sikhism: A Very Short Introduction 5938:Singh, Varinder (26 August 2004). 5549:Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed 5434:Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed 5049:. Sussex Academic Press. pp. 4758:. Popular Prakashan. p. 207. 4608: 4579: 4557:. London: Routledge. p. 198. 4543: 4513: 4380: 3097:. It considers its scripture, the 2835:Other recurring composition styles 1814:or reader. No hymns were added by 25: 8104: 6034: 5986:Singh, Amrik (6 September 2023). 5552:. A&C Black. pp. 85–89. 5546:Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair (2013). 5431:Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair (2013). 4838:. Psychology Press. p. 200. 4526:Faith & Philosophy of Sikhism 3759:Religion and Nationalism in India 3295:Guru Granth Sahib Japji Sahib 2–3 3289:Guru Granth Sahib Japji Sahib 2–3 2484:or musical settings. (see below). 8059: 8058: 8050: 7861:Sikhs in the British Indian Army 5820:. 29 August 2004. Archived from 5768:"Sikh holy book flown to Canada" 5741:(in Punjabi). Delhi. p. 56. 5525:. SUNY Press. pp. 164–165. 5490:The translation of Guru Nanak's 5112:. I. B. Tauris. pp. 81–82. 5016:Historical Dictionary of Sikhism 4893:. Routledge. 2013. p. 935. 4499:. Routledge. pp. xvii–xix. 4248:The Sikh scriptures: Some Issues 3484: 3470: 3335: 3319: 3000: 2991: 1479: 917: 853: 190: 8051: 6954: 6902:Contemporary Sant Mat movements 6005: 5954: 5931: 5909: 5884: 5836: 5806: 5794: 5782: 5759: 5730: 5693: 5681: 5666: 5566: 5478: 5405:. Routledge. pp. 167–168. 5360: 5333: 5306: 5270: 5254:Brill's Encyclopedia of Sikhism 5144:. Routledge. pp. 125–144. 4996:Gurucharan Singh Anand (2011), 4932: 4907: 4883: 4852: 4797: 4772: 4624: 4589:Singh, Anurag (December 2018). 4468: 4359:. University of Chicago Press. 4346: 4273: 4253: 4240: 4173: 4092: 4013: 3996: 3975: 3954: 3933: 3912: 3658:Introduction to World Religions 3573: 3548: 3522: 3132: 2927:reciting from Guru Granth Sahib 2017: Guru Tegh Bahadur (5.92%) 1959: 1785:, in 1604 and installed in the 1757:final pages of the Adi Granth. 7955:Sikhism and sexual orientation 5346:. I.B. Tauris. pp. 128–. 5174:. Routledge. pp. 38, 79. 4945:. Roli & Janssen. p. 4523:Singh, Sardar Harjeet (2009). 3796:. p. 48. National Book, 1993. 3751: 3680:. Hemkunt Press. p. 139. 3622: 3610: 3593: 3079: 2912:. The event was recorded in a 2388: 1266:added Ramkali Ki Vaar. Later, 1008:Salok Sahaskriti Mahalla Pehla 13: 1: 5622:. Routledge. pp. 30–31. 4916:Encyclopaedia of Indian music 4804:Mann, Gurinder Singh (2001). 4263:, Modern Publishers Lahore, ( 3794:History of Punjabi Literature 3635:. A&C Black. p. 17. 3629:Jhutti-Johal, Jagbir (2011). 3586: 3276:, is never guilty of egoism. 2947: 2892:(astrological poems based on 1720: 1666:set to music. His successor, 1222:following the lineage of the 5766:Jolly, Asit (3 April 2004). 5575:The Journal of Asian Studies 5195:James Bissett Pratt (1975). 4806:The making of Sikh Scripture 4183:The Making of Sikh Scripture 4180:Gurinder Singh Mann (2001). 4047:The Making of Sikh Scripture 4044:Gurinder Singh Mann (2001). 3776:The Making of Sikh Scripture 2858:(longer ballad type poems), 1999: Guru Amar Das (15.38%) 1966:Writers of Guru Granth Sahib 1218:as the final, sovereign and 27:Primary scripture of Sikhism 7: 6090: 4914:Amrita, Priyamvada (2007). 4701:. Oxford University Press. 4390:Singh, Jasjit (July 2014). 3920:Teachings of the Sikh Gurus 3738:Teachings of the Sikh Gurus 3463: 3351: 2904:Meaning and role in Sikhism 2625:Gauri Poorabi Deepaki (157) 2005: Guru Ram Das (11.52%) 1878:sect of Sikhs consider the 1760: 1277:The text consists of 1,430 823:Sikhism and other religions 502: 493: 484: 10: 8109: 7315:British East India Company 5498:, The Sikh Religion (1909) 4756:Students' Britannica India 4265:Original (Gurmukhi script) 3706:, Encyclopaedia Britannica 3086:Bibliolatry § Sikhism 3083: 2982: 2868:(contemplative measure), 2411:on the first floor of the 2392: 1963: 1455: 8048: 8010: 7781: 7741: 7727:Treaty of Amritsar (1846) 7707:Treaty of Amritsar (1809) 7699: 7673: 7656:Johann Martin Honigberger 7613: 7515:Chattar Singh Attariwalla 7407: 7400: 7364: 7292: 7266: 7234: 7201: 7168: 7125: 7017: 7008: 6962: 6917: 6794: 6538: 6416: 6348: 6230: 6180: 6111: 6098: 6012:Howard, Veena R. (2017). 5940:"Sodhis refuse to oblige" 5876:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 5138:Kristina Myrvold (2016). 5043:Fowler, Jeaneane (1997). 4438:Sikhism in Global Context 4304:Singh, Khushwant (1991). 4283:, Sussex Academic Press, 4129:Singh, Khushwant (1991). 4074:Singh, Khushwant (1991). 4020:Singh, Khushwant (1991). 4003:Singh, Khushwant (1991). 3964:, Sussex Academic Press, 3943:, Sussex Academic Press, 3454:Pearl S. Buck, quoted in 3439:Nobel Prize in Literature 3429: 3426:living in North America. 3093:is a religion founded by 3040:means "comfort or rest", 2979:until brought out again. 2473:, composed by Guru Nanak; 2011: Guru Arjan (32.63%) 1987: Guru Nanak (16.53%) 1235: 1198: 81: 71: 66: 43: 34: 7717:Treaty of Chushul (1842) 7712:Tripartite Treaty (1838) 5700:The Sikh Religion Vol. 1 5649:Translation and Religion 5461:Fundamentalisms Observed 5343:Sikhism: An Introduction 5296:Trilochan Singh (1994). 5109:Sikhism: An Introduction 4779:Gupta, Hari Ram (2000). 4099:Trumpp, Ernest (2004) . 3676:Kapoor, Sukhbir (2002). 3515: 1993: Guru Angad (1.10%) 1844:, Guru Gobind Singh and 1258:was appointed the first 7722:Treaty of Lahore (1846) 7600:Malik Fateh Khan Tiwana 6525:Samadhi of Ranjit Singh 5974:Oxford University Press 5673:Guru Granth Sahib ॥ ੫ ॥ 5074:Pashaura Singh (2000). 4970:Pashaura Singh (2000). 4862:Glory Of Indian Culture 4859:Giriraj, Ruhel (2003). 4835:Sikh Art and Literature 4695:Pashaura Singh (2003). 4555:Sikh Art and Literature 4434:"The Guru Granth Sahib" 3909:, pp. 673, 675, 672–686 2894:the fifteen lunar dates 2820:Parbhati Dakhani (1344) 1858:Dasven Padsah ka Granth 901:Part of a series on the 306:Selected revered saints 58:) in the penmanship of 7555:Ajit Singh Sandhawalia 7540:Mangal Singh Ramgarhia 7530:Ranjodh Singh Majithia 7510:Sher Singh Attariwalla 7505:Sham Singh Attariwalla 7401:Officials and warriors 7310:Emirate of Afghanistan 7216:Battle of Chillianwala 6441:Darbar Sahib Kartarpur 6190:Beliefs and principles 6041:Panjab Digital Library 5616:Giorgio Shani (2007). 5486:Macauliffe, Max Arthur 5399:Akshaya Kumar (2014). 4918:. Anmol. p. 252. 4353:McLeod, W. H. (1990). 3981:Torkel Brekke (2014), 3897:Torkel Brekke (2014), 3792:Surindar Singh Kohli, 3461: 3361: 3330:by Ernest Trumpp, 1877 3263: 3239: 3206: 3196: 3055:Opening ritual called 3032:Closing ritual called 2928: 2823:Bibhas Parbhati (1347) 2814:Parbhati Bibhas (1327) 2811:Kaliyan Bhopali (1321) 2415: 2357: 2330: 1975: 1895:In virtually all Sikh 1797: 1789: 1710: 1656: 1420:among others, and one 800:Jathedar of Akal Takht 7893:Fariduddin Ganjshakar 7636:François Henri Mouton 7626:Jean-Baptiste Ventura 7465:Khushal Singh Jamadar 7252:Panchayati Revolution 7248:Hill States–Sikh Wars 7203:Second Anglo-Sikh War 6515:Qila Mubarak, Patiala 5737:Singh, Nahar (1955). 5675:, Pages 1–2 of 1430, 4621:17.4 (2021): 409–434. 4553:Brown, Kerry (1999). 3443: 3359: 3157:Max Arthur Macauliffe 2922: 2739:Ramkali Dakhani (907) 2721:Bilaval Dakhani (843) 2667:Vadhans Dakhani (580) 2607:Gauri Guarairee (151) 2406: 2355: 2328: 2038:are also included. A 1973: 1795: 1768: 1700:Sri Guru Granth Sahib 1692: 1654: 1254:on 1 September 1604. 1226:of the religion. The 1066:Guruship proclamation 7674:Influential families 7631:Claude Auguste Court 7621:Jean-François Allard 7535:Surat Singh Majithia 7525:Lehna Singh Majithia 7330:Hill States Alliance 7183:Battle of Ferozeshah 7170:First Anglo-Sikh War 6890:Akhand Kirtani Jatha 6868:Piara Singh Bhaniara 6747:United Arab Emirates 6485:Hazuri Bagh Baradari 6215:Cannabis and Sikhism 5484:Donald Dawe (2011), 4246:W.H. McLeod (1979), 3814:. SUNY Press, 2000. 3719:, Orient Blackswan, 2784:Basant Hindol (1170) 2622:Gauri Bairagan (155) 2044:Dohra Mahalla Dasvan 2040:Salok Mahalla Satvan 2023: Other (16.92%) 1680:palm-leaf manuscript 1061:Appellations for God 926:Popular compositions 830:Sikhism and Hinduism 115:Hindustani languages 7965:Idolatry in Sikhism 7883:Nanakshahi calendar 7878:Sikh Light Infantry 7520:Amar Singh Majithia 7455:Mahan Singh Mirpuri 7246:, Katoch–Sikh War, 5992:Punjab News Express 4865:. Diamond. p. 4259:G.B. Singh (1944), 3871:Parrinder, Geoffrey 3761:. Routledge, 2000. 3500:Glossary of Sikhism 3385:Gurudwara Rakabganj 2910:upon the Adi Granth 2760:Maru Dakhani (1033) 2730:Bilaval Gound (874) 2619:Gauri Chaitee (154) 2616:Gauri Dakhani (152) 2491:section containing 2334:Manuscript versions 860:Religion portal 840:Sikhism and Jainism 790:Nanakshahi calendar 7866:11th Sikh Regiment 7681:Sandhawalia family 7595:Sultan Mahmud Khan 7580:Jarnail Ghaus Khan 7565:Sangat Singh Saini 7460:Dewan Mokham Chand 7335:Kingdom of Mankera 7211:Battle of Ramnagar 7155:Battle of Peshawar 7150:Battle of Nowshera 7027:Battle of Bhangani 6505:Nanak Shahi bricks 6408:Tav-Prasad Savaiye 6200:Sikh Rehat Maryada 6195:Guru Maneyo Granth 5950:on 1 October 2004. 5927:on 1 October 2004. 5896:www.sikhmuseum.com 5850:. 30 August 2004. 5848:The Times of India 5824:on 4 December 2020 4408:10.1111/rec3.12111 3362: 3222:Guru Granth Sahib 2929: 2637:Gauri Sorath (330) 2595:Gauri Poorabi (13) 2586:Gauri Deepaki (12) 2416: 2409:Pratap Singh Giani 2358: 2331: 1976: 1798: 1790: 1769:Photograph of the 1657: 1613:Outline of Sikhism 1408:(saints), such as 1281:(pages) and 5,894 983:Bhattan De Savaiye 969:Other compositions 544:Sikh Rehat Maryada 511:Guru Maneyo Granth 8083:Guru Granth Sahib 8070: 8069: 7751:Bandi Chhor Divas 7735: 7734: 7669: 7668: 7641:Alexander Gardner 7560:Kahan Singh Nakai 7545:Akali Phula Singh 7425:Diwan Bhawani Das 7262: 7261: 7193:Battle of Sobraon 7145:Battle of Shopian 6630:Jammu and Kashmir 6530:Well of Dina Nath 6358:Guru Granth Sahib 6171:Guru Granth Sahib 6166:Guru Gobind Singh 6161:Guru Tegh Bahadur 5960:Eleanor Nesbitt, 5659:978-1-84769-550-5 5629:978-1-134-10189-4 5559:978-1-4411-0231-7 5532:978-0-7914-1425-5 5471:978-0-226-50878-8 5444:978-1-4411-0231-7 5412:978-1-317-80963-0 5380:978-0-7914-1426-2 5353:978-0-85773-549-2 5326:978-0-7914-1426-2 5263:978-90-04-29745-6 5238:978-1-134-07459-4 5181:978-1-135-79760-7 5151:978-1-317-03640-1 5119:978-0-85771-962-1 5087:978-0-19-564894-2 5026:978-1-4422-3601-1 4983:978-0-19-564894-2 4845:978-0-415-20289-3 4740:978-0-19-969930-8 4708:978-0-19-908773-0 4686:978-0-19-969930-8 4644:978-1-136-45108-9 4536:978-81-7835-721-8 4506:978-1-136-45108-9 4455:978-0-19-807554-7 4339:978-0-19-969930-8 4193:978-0-19-513024-9 4166:978-0-19-969930-8 4110:978-81-215-0244-3 4057:978-0-19-513024-9 3884:978-0-87196-129-7 3820:978-0-7914-4683-6 3802:978-81-7116-141-6 3784:978-0-19-513024-9 3642:978-1-4411-7001-9 3605:978-0-7914-4683-6 3300: 3299: 3234: 3233: 3230:—Transliteration 3183:The Sikh Religion 3099:Guru Granth Sahib 2742:Nut Narayan (975) 2712:Suhee Lalit (793) 2700:Tilang Kafi (726) 2649:Asa Asavari (409) 2631:Gauri Malva (214) 2100:Guru Tegh Bahadur 2054:(saints) and two 2036:Guru Gobind Singh 1937:Translation: The 1924:Guru Gobind Singh 1917:Shastar Naam Mala 1688:Guru Granth Sahib 1649: 1648: 1603:Varan Bhai Gurdas 1522:Guru Granth Sahib 1396:Guru Tegh Bahadur 1272:Guru Tegh Bahadur 1268:Guru Gobind Singh 1191:Guru Granth Sahib 1187: 1186: 908:Guru Granth Sahib 896: 895: 835:Sikhism and Islam 765:Nirgun and Sargun 643:Guru Granth Sahib 292:Guru Granth Sahib 287:Guru Gobind Singh 282:Guru Tegh Bahadur 169: 168: 60:Guru Gobind Singh 35:Guru Granth Sahib 16:(Redirected from 8100: 8062: 8061: 8054: 8053: 7990:Punjabi language 7950:Women in Sikhism 7490:Balbhadra Kunwar 7450:Hari Singh Nalwa 7440:Misr Diwan Chand 7430:Diwan Buta Singh 7405: 7404: 7345:Barakzai dynasty 7320:Kingdom of Nepal 7274:Sikh Khalsa Army 7226:Battle of Gujrat 7188:Battle of Aliwal 7160:Battle of Jamrud 7140:Battle of Multan 7135:Battle of Attock 7127:Afghan–Sikh wars 7019:Mughal-Sikh Wars 7015: 7014: 6949: 6942: 6935: 6926: 6925: 6806:Sects of Sikhism 6772:Northern Ireland 6500:Moti Bagh Palace 6475:Bahadurgarh Fort 6173:(Sikh holy book) 6156:Guru Har Krishan 6085: 6078: 6071: 6062: 6061: 6028: 6027: 6009: 6003: 6002: 6000: 5998: 5983: 5977: 5958: 5952: 5951: 5935: 5929: 5928: 5913: 5907: 5906: 5904: 5902: 5888: 5882: 5881: 5875: 5867: 5865: 5863: 5840: 5834: 5833: 5831: 5829: 5810: 5804: 5798: 5792: 5786: 5780: 5779: 5777: 5775: 5763: 5757: 5756: 5750: 5742: 5734: 5728: 5727: 5709: 5703: 5697: 5691: 5685: 5679: 5670: 5664: 5663: 5643: 5634: 5633: 5613: 5607: 5606: 5570: 5564: 5563: 5543: 5537: 5536: 5516: 5499: 5482: 5476: 5475: 5455: 5449: 5448: 5428: 5417: 5416: 5396: 5385: 5384: 5364: 5358: 5357: 5337: 5331: 5330: 5310: 5304: 5303: 5293: 5287: 5274: 5268: 5267: 5249: 5243: 5242: 5222: 5213: 5212: 5192: 5186: 5185: 5165: 5156: 5155: 5135: 5124: 5123: 5103: 5092: 5091: 5071: 5065: 5064: 5040: 5031: 5030: 5010: 5001: 4994: 4988: 4987: 4967: 4961: 4960: 4936: 4930: 4929: 4911: 4905: 4904: 4887: 4881: 4880: 4856: 4850: 4849: 4826: 4820: 4819: 4801: 4795: 4794: 4776: 4770: 4769: 4751: 4745: 4744: 4724: 4713: 4712: 4690: 4670: 4649: 4648: 4628: 4622: 4615: 4606: 4605: 4595: 4586: 4577: 4576: 4550: 4541: 4540: 4520: 4511: 4510: 4490: 4479: 4472: 4466: 4465: 4464: 4462: 4429: 4420: 4419: 4396:Religion Compass 4387: 4378: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4350: 4344: 4343: 4323: 4312: 4311: 4301: 4292: 4277: 4271: 4257: 4251: 4244: 4238: 4237: 4209: 4198: 4197: 4177: 4171: 4170: 4150: 4137: 4136: 4126: 4115: 4114: 4096: 4090: 4089: 4087: 4085: 4071: 4062: 4061: 4041: 4028: 4027: 4017: 4011: 4010: 4000: 3994: 3979: 3973: 3958: 3952: 3937: 3931: 3916: 3910: 3895: 3889: 3888: 3867: 3861: 3860: 3832: 3823: 3755: 3749: 3734: 3728: 3713: 3707: 3701: 3692: 3691: 3673: 3662: 3661: 3653: 3647: 3646: 3626: 3620: 3614: 3608: 3597: 3580: 3577: 3571: 3552: 3546: 3526: 3494: 3489: 3488: 3487: 3480: 3475: 3474: 3459: 3437:, winner of the 3366:Diwan Buta Singh 3346:(volume 1), 1909 3339: 3323: 3236: 3193: 3175:Gurmat Prabhakar 3173:, the author of 3171:Kahn Singh Nabha 3117:) in a bedroom ( 3101:, as the living 3004: 2995: 2757:Maru Kafi (1014) 2748:Mali Gaura (984) 2709:Suhee Kafi (751) 2634:Gauri Mala (214) 2628:Gauri Majh (172) 2141:Bhagat Parmanand 2135:Bhagat Trilochan 2050:Bhakti movement 2030:compositions of 2022: 2016: 2010: 2004: 1998: 1992: 1986: 1824:Guru Har Krishan 1781:and his scribe, 1743:Faridkot, Punjab 1725: 1722: 1708: 1707: 1641: 1634: 1627: 1483: 1460: 1459: 1402:Bhakti movement 1237: 1209: 1204: 1200: 1199:ਗੁਰੂ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ ਸਾਹਿਬ 1179: 1172: 1165: 1018:Gagan mein thaal 921: 911: 910:ਗੁਰੂ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ ਸਾਹਿਬ 898: 897: 888: 881: 874: 858: 857: 824: 739: 686: 680: 635: 537: 505: 496: 487: 469: 384:Bhagat Trilochan 354:Bhagat Parmanand 307: 277:Guru Har Krishan 235: 194: 171: 170: 48: 39: 38:ਗੁਰੂ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ ਸਾਹਿਬ 32: 31: 21: 8108: 8107: 8103: 8102: 8101: 8099: 8098: 8097: 8073: 8072: 8071: 8066: 8044: 8006: 7777: 7737: 7736: 7731: 7695: 7686:Majithia family 7665: 7646:Paolo Avitabile 7609: 7590:Fakir Azizuddin 7500:Mehta Basti Ram 7420:Diwan Dina Nath 7396: 7360: 7340:Namgyal dynasty 7288: 7267:Military forces 7258: 7230: 7221:Siege of Multan 7197: 7178:Battle of Mudki 7164: 7121: 7010: 7004: 6980:Nau Nihal Singh 6958: 6953: 6913: 6798:and communities 6797: 6790: 6534: 6520:Ramgarhia Bunga 6431:Harmandir Sahib 6412: 6344: 6226: 6222:Diet in Sikhism 6176: 6107: 6094: 6089: 6037: 6032: 6031: 6024: 6010: 6006: 5996: 5994: 5984: 5980: 5959: 5955: 5936: 5932: 5915: 5914: 5910: 5900: 5898: 5892:"Kartarpur Bir" 5890: 5889: 5885: 5869: 5868: 5861: 5859: 5842: 5841: 5837: 5827: 5825: 5812: 5811: 5807: 5799: 5795: 5787: 5783: 5773: 5771: 5764: 5760: 5744: 5743: 5739:Namdhari Itihas 5735: 5731: 5724: 5710: 5706: 5698: 5694: 5686: 5682: 5671: 5667: 5660: 5644: 5637: 5630: 5614: 5610: 5587:10.2307/2052684 5571: 5567: 5560: 5544: 5540: 5533: 5517: 5502: 5489: 5483: 5479: 5472: 5456: 5452: 5445: 5429: 5420: 5413: 5397: 5388: 5381: 5365: 5361: 5354: 5338: 5334: 5327: 5311: 5307: 5294: 5290: 5275: 5271: 5264: 5250: 5246: 5239: 5223: 5216: 5209: 5193: 5189: 5182: 5166: 5159: 5152: 5136: 5127: 5120: 5104: 5095: 5088: 5072: 5068: 5061: 5041: 5034: 5027: 5011: 5004: 4995: 4991: 4984: 4968: 4964: 4957: 4937: 4933: 4926: 4912: 4908: 4901: 4889: 4888: 4884: 4877: 4857: 4853: 4846: 4827: 4823: 4816: 4802: 4798: 4791: 4777: 4773: 4766: 4752: 4748: 4741: 4725: 4716: 4709: 4692: 4687: 4671: 4652: 4645: 4629: 4625: 4619:Sikh Formations 4616: 4609: 4593: 4587: 4580: 4565: 4551: 4544: 4537: 4521: 4514: 4507: 4491: 4482: 4473: 4469: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4430: 4423: 4388: 4381: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4351: 4347: 4340: 4324: 4315: 4302: 4295: 4278: 4274: 4258: 4254: 4245: 4241: 4210: 4201: 4194: 4178: 4174: 4167: 4151: 4140: 4127: 4118: 4111: 4097: 4093: 4083: 4081: 4072: 4065: 4058: 4042: 4031: 4018: 4014: 4001: 3997: 3980: 3976: 3959: 3955: 3938: 3934: 3930:, pp. xxxiv–xli 3917: 3913: 3896: 3892: 3885: 3868: 3864: 3849:10.2307/3217680 3833: 3826: 3809: 3791: 3774: 3756: 3752: 3735: 3731: 3714: 3710: 3702: 3695: 3688: 3674: 3665: 3654: 3650: 3643: 3627: 3623: 3615: 3611: 3598: 3594: 3589: 3584: 3583: 3578: 3574: 3553: 3549: 3527: 3523: 3518: 3510:Sikh scriptures 3490: 3485: 3483: 3476: 3469: 3466: 3460: 3453: 3448: 3447: 3432: 3354: 3347: 3340: 3331: 3324: 3282: 3278: 3277: 3271: 3268: 3260: 3252: 3251: 3244: 3215: 3211: 3210: 3203: 3200: 3199: 3179:Hum Hindu Nahin 3135: 3088: 3082: 3048:and three part 3022: 3021: 3020: 3019: 3007: 3006: 3005: 2997: 2996: 2985: 2950: 2906: 2837: 2832: 2817:Parbhati (1327) 2540:(closing), and 2401: 2393:Main articles: 2391: 2366:Bhakti movement 2336: 2323: 2123:Bhagat Ramanand 2117:Bhagat Jayadeva 2027: 2026: 2025: 2024: 2020: 2018: 2014: 2012: 2008: 2006: 2002: 2000: 1996: 1994: 1990: 1988: 1984: 1968: 1962: 1893: 1872: 1846:Bhai Mani Singh 1763: 1723: 1709: 1703: 1698: 1645: 1509: 1508: 1494: 1473:Sikh scriptures 1458: 1321:Hindi languages 1224:ten human gurus 1202: 1183: 1151:Sikh scriptures 1143: 1085: 1027:Various aspects 1022: 964: 909: 907: 892: 852: 845: 844: 825: 822: 815: 814: 740: 735: 728: 727: 698:Harmandir Sahib 688: 684: 678: 670: 669: 637: 633: 625: 624: 539: 535: 527: 526: 471: 467: 459: 458: 329:Bhagat Ramanand 309: 305: 297: 296: 237: 233: 88: 62: 37: 36: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8106: 8096: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8068: 8067: 8049: 8046: 8045: 8043: 8042: 8037: 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6035:External links 6033: 6030: 6029: 6022: 6004: 5978: 5953: 5930: 5908: 5883: 5835: 5805: 5793: 5781: 5758: 5729: 5722: 5704: 5692: 5688:The Adi Granth 5680: 5665: 5658: 5635: 5628: 5608: 5565: 5558: 5538: 5531: 5500: 5477: 5470: 5450: 5443: 5418: 5411: 5386: 5379: 5359: 5352: 5332: 5325: 5305: 5288: 5277:The Adi Granth 5269: 5262: 5244: 5237: 5214: 5207: 5187: 5180: 5157: 5150: 5125: 5118: 5093: 5086: 5066: 5059: 5032: 5025: 5002: 4989: 4982: 4962: 4955: 4931: 4925:978-8126131143 4924: 4906: 4900:978-1136096020 4899: 4882: 4876:978-8171825929 4875: 4851: 4844: 4821: 4814: 4796: 4789: 4771: 4764: 4746: 4739: 4714: 4707: 4685: 4650: 4643: 4623: 4607: 4578: 4563: 4542: 4535: 4512: 4505: 4480: 4467: 4454: 4421: 4402:(7): 209–219. 4379: 4366:978-0226560854 4365: 4345: 4338: 4313: 4293: 4289:978-1898723134 4272: 4252: 4239: 4226:10.2307/605443 4220:(4): 724–729. 4199: 4192: 4172: 4165: 4138: 4116: 4109: 4091: 4063: 4056: 4029: 4012: 3995: 3991:978-0521450386 3974: 3970:978-1898723134 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6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6355: 6353: 6351: 6347: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6295:Three Pillars 6293: 6291: 6290:Antam Sanskar 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6280:Amrit Sanchar 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6237: 6235: 6233: 6229: 6223: 6220: 6216: 6213: 6212: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6205:The 52 Hukams 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6187: 6185: 6183: 6179: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6131:Guru Amar Das 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6118: 6116: 6114: 6110: 6106: 6102: 6097: 6093: 6086: 6081: 6079: 6074: 6072: 6067: 6066: 6063: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6038: 6025: 6023:9781786732125 6019: 6015: 6008: 5993: 5989: 5982: 5975: 5971: 5970:0-19-280601-7 5967: 5963: 5957: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5934: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5912: 5897: 5893: 5887: 5879: 5873: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5839: 5823: 5819: 5818:Outlook India 5815: 5809: 5802: 5797: 5790: 5785: 5769: 5762: 5754: 5748: 5740: 5733: 5725: 5723:9780226615929 5719: 5715: 5708: 5701: 5696: 5689: 5684: 5678: 5677:srigranth.org 5674: 5669: 5661: 5655: 5651: 5650: 5642: 5640: 5631: 5625: 5621: 5620: 5612: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5569: 5561: 5555: 5551: 5550: 5542: 5534: 5528: 5524: 5523: 5515: 5513: 5511: 5509: 5507: 5505: 5497: 5493: 5487: 5481: 5473: 5467: 5463: 5462: 5454: 5446: 5440: 5436: 5435: 5427: 5425: 5423: 5414: 5408: 5404: 5403: 5395: 5393: 5391: 5382: 5376: 5372: 5371: 5363: 5355: 5349: 5345: 5344: 5336: 5328: 5322: 5318: 5317: 5309: 5301: 5300: 5292: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5273: 5265: 5259: 5255: 5248: 5240: 5234: 5230: 5229: 5221: 5219: 5210: 5208:9780524026595 5204: 5200: 5199: 5191: 5183: 5177: 5173: 5172: 5164: 5162: 5153: 5147: 5143: 5142: 5134: 5132: 5130: 5121: 5115: 5111: 5110: 5102: 5100: 5098: 5089: 5083: 5079: 5078: 5070: 5062: 5060:1-898723-48-6 5056: 5052: 5048: 5047: 5039: 5037: 5028: 5022: 5018: 5017: 5009: 5007: 4999: 4993: 4985: 4979: 4975: 4974: 4966: 4958: 4956:81-7436-037-9 4952: 4948: 4944: 4943: 4935: 4927: 4921: 4917: 4910: 4902: 4896: 4892: 4886: 4878: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4863: 4855: 4847: 4841: 4837: 4836: 4831: 4825: 4817: 4815:0-19-513024-3 4811: 4807: 4800: 4792: 4790:81-215-0276-4 4786: 4782: 4775: 4767: 4765:0-85229-760-2 4761: 4757: 4750: 4742: 4736: 4732: 4731: 4723: 4721: 4719: 4710: 4704: 4700: 4699: 4688: 4682: 4678: 4677: 4669: 4667: 4665: 4663: 4661: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4646: 4640: 4636: 4635: 4627: 4620: 4614: 4612: 4603: 4599: 4592: 4585: 4583: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4564:0-415-20288-4 4560: 4556: 4549: 4547: 4538: 4532: 4528: 4527: 4519: 4517: 4508: 4502: 4498: 4497: 4489: 4487: 4485: 4477: 4471: 4457: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4428: 4426: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4386: 4384: 4368: 4362: 4358: 4357: 4349: 4341: 4335: 4331: 4330: 4322: 4320: 4318: 4309: 4308: 4300: 4298: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4276: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4256: 4249: 4243: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4208: 4206: 4204: 4195: 4189: 4185: 4184: 4176: 4168: 4162: 4158: 4157: 4149: 4147: 4145: 4143: 4134: 4133: 4125: 4123: 4121: 4112: 4106: 4102: 4095: 4079: 4078: 4070: 4068: 4059: 4053: 4049: 4048: 4040: 4038: 4036: 4034: 4025: 4024: 4016: 4008: 4007: 3999: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3978: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3957: 3951:, pp. 40, 157 3950: 3946: 3942: 3936: 3929: 3925: 3922:, Routledge, 3921: 3915: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3894: 3886: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3866: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3831: 3829: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3810:Nirmal Dass, 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3757:Harnik Deol, 3754: 3748:, pp. xvii–xx 3747: 3743: 3740:, Routledge, 3739: 3733: 3727:, pp. 359–361 3726: 3722: 3718: 3712: 3705: 3700: 3698: 3689: 3683: 3679: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3659: 3652: 3644: 3638: 3634: 3633: 3632:Sikhism Today 3625: 3618: 3613: 3606: 3602: 3596: 3592: 3576: 3568: 3564: 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Buck 3427: 3425: 3424:Sikh diaspora 3421: 3417: 3413: 3408: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3388: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3369: 3367: 3358: 3345: 3338: 3333: 3329: 3322: 3317: 3316: 3315: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3296: 3292: 3290: 3286: 3285: 3281: 3275: 3267: 3262: 3259: 3257: 3249: 3243: 3238: 3237: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3219: 3218: 3214: 3205: 3202: 3195: 3194: 3191: 3189: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3167: 3166:Suraj Prakash 3162: 3158: 3154: 3152: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3138:Ernest Trumpp 3130: 3126: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3087: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3030: 3029: 3027: 3026:Golden Temple 3017: 3013: 3003: 2994: 2980: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2961: 2959: 2955: 2945: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2926: 2921: 2917: 2915: 2911: 2901: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2876:of the day), 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2862: 2857: 2855: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2828: 2825: 2822: 2819: 2816: 2813: 2810: 2807: 2804: 2801: 2798: 2795: 2792: 2789: 2786: 2783: 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2291: 2290: 2284: 2283:Bhagat Dhanna 2281: 2278: 2275: 2272: 2269: 2266: 2263: 2260: 2257: 2256: 2255: 2249: 2246: 2243: 2240: 2237: 2236:Bhatt Mathura 2234: 2231: 2230:Bhatt Kalshar 2228: 2225: 2222: 2219: 2216: 2213: 2212:Bhatt Harbans 2210: 2207: 2204: 2201: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2189: 2186: 2185: 2184: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2169: 2166: 2163: 2160: 2159:Bhagat Surdas 2157: 2154: 2151: 2148: 2145: 2142: 2139: 2136: 2133: 2130: 2129:Bhagat Namdev 2127: 2124: 2121: 2118: 2115: 2112: 2109: 2108: 2107: 2101: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2089: 2086: 2083: 2082:Guru Amar Das 2080: 2077: 2074: 2071: 2068: 2067: 2064: 2062: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 1982: 1972: 1967: 1957: 1954: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1935: 1934: 1930: 1927: 1925: 1921: 1918: 1915:known as the 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1888: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1867: 1865: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1852: 1847: 1843: 1840: 1836: 1835:Damdama Sahib 1831: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1812: 1808:as the first 1807: 1803: 1802:Golden Temple 1794: 1788: 1787:Golden Temple 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1771:Kartarpur Bir 1767: 1758: 1754: 1752: 1746: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1731: 1729: 1717: 1715: 1706: 1701: 1695: 1691: 1689: 1683: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1653: 1642: 1637: 1635: 1630: 1628: 1623: 1622: 1620: 1619: 1614: 1611: 1610: 1609: 1608: 1605: 1604: 1600: 1599: 1596: 1595: 1591: 1590: 1585: 1584:Amrit Savaiye 1582: 1580: 1579:Benti Chaupai 1577: 1575: 1572: 1571: 1570: 1569: 1566: 1563: 1562: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1546:Kirtan Sohila 1544: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1528: 1527: 1526: 1523: 1520: 1519: 1514: 1511: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1496: 1493: 1489: 1488: 1487: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1477: 1474: 1471: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1461: 1453: 1451: 1450: 1445: 1444: 1439: 1435: 1429: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1406: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1384:Guru Amar Das 1381: 1377: 1372: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1289: 1284: 1280: 1275: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1248:Golden Temple 1245: 1241: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1208: 1196: 1192: 1180: 1175: 1173: 1168: 1166: 1161: 1160: 1158: 1157: 1152: 1149: 1148: 1147: 1146: 1140: 1137: 1135: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1125: 1122: 1120: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1096: 1094: 1093: 1089: 1088: 1082: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1033: 1031: 1030: 1026: 1025: 1019: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1009: 1006: 1004: 1001: 999: 998:Dakhni Oankar 996: 994: 991: 989: 986: 984: 981: 979: 978:Salok Mardana 976: 975: 973: 972: 968: 967: 961: 958: 956: 953: 951: 948: 946: 943: 941: 938: 936: 933: 932: 930: 929: 925: 924: 920: 916: 915: 912: 905: 904: 900: 899: 889: 884: 882: 877: 875: 870: 869: 867: 866: 861: 856: 851: 850: 849: 848: 841: 838: 836: 833: 831: 828: 827: 819: 818: 811: 808: 806: 803: 801: 798: 796: 793: 791: 788: 786: 783: 781: 778: 776: 773: 771: 768: 766: 763: 761: 758: 756: 753: 751: 748: 746: 743: 742: 738: 732: 731: 724: 721: 719: 716: 714: 713:Damdama Sahib 711: 709: 706: 704: 701: 699: 696: 694: 691: 690: 687: 681: 674: 673: 666: 665: 661: 659: 658: 654: 652: 651: 647: 645: 644: 640: 639: 636: 629: 628: 621: 620:Antam Sanskar 618: 616: 613: 611: 610:Amrit Sanskar 608: 606: 603: 600: 597: 595: 592: 590: 587: 585: 582: 580: 577: 575: 572: 570: 567: 565: 562: 560: 557: 555: 552: 550: 547: 545: 542: 541: 538: 531: 530: 523: 520: 518: 515: 513: 512: 508: 506: 504: 499: 497: 495: 490: 488: 486: 481: 479: 478: 474: 473: 470: 463: 462: 455: 452: 450: 447: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 429:Bhatt Mathura 427: 425: 422: 420: 417: 415: 414:Bhatt Harbans 412: 410: 407: 405: 402: 400: 397: 395: 392: 390: 389:Bhatt Kalshar 387: 385: 382: 380: 379:Bhagat Jaidev 377: 375: 374:Bhagat Surdas 372: 370: 367: 365: 364:Bhagat Dhanna 362: 360: 357: 355: 352: 350: 347: 345: 342: 340: 339:Bhagat Namdev 337: 335: 332: 330: 327: 325: 322: 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