562:
180:
372:(c. 1188–1266), a celebrated and revered Sufi saint of the Punjab, composed poetry in the Lahnda lect. Saraiki and Hindko have been cultivated as literary languages. The development of the standard written Saraiki began in the 1960s. The national census of Pakistan has counted Saraiki speakers since 1981, and Hindko speakers from 2017, prior to which both were represented by Punjabi.
535:
into Sindhi. In the south-east there is a clearly defined boundary between Lahnda and
Rajasthani, and in the west a similarly well-marked boundary between it and the Iranian languages Baluchi and Pushtu. The number of people speaking Lahnda can only be guessed at: it is probably in excess of 20 million.
534:
LAHNDA – Lahnda (Lahndi) or
Western Panjabi is the name given to a group of dialects spread over the northern half of Pakistan. In the north, they come into contact with the Dardic languages with which they share some common features, In the east, they turn gradually into Panjabi, and in the south
754:
776:
1370:
2001:
402:, is more like Punjabi in this regard, though the equivalent of the low-rising tone of Punjabi is a high-falling tone in Peshawar Hindko.
1953:
1143:
3825:
415:
classifies the western dialects of
Punjabi as Lahnda, so that the Lahnda–Punjabi isogloss approximates the Pakistani–Indian border.
834:
378:(c. 1830 - 1907) is another Punjabi poet who composed poetry in a mixture of both the Eastern and Lahnda varieties of Punjabi.
3835:
1022:
866:
1363:
301:
1994:
254:
3530:
702:
663:
527:
87:
1417:
1136:
2400:
1758:
1356:
1152:
92:
3182:
2217:
1987:
153:
3153:
2973:
2819:
2136:
1943:
394:, Siraiki retains breathy-voiced consonants, has developed implosives, and lacks tone. Hindko, also called
3716:
3684:
3540:
3250:
1129:
1116:
1050:
3830:
3689:
3390:
3364:
2803:
2687:
1893:
1775:
491:
350:
1076:
561:
3585:
2346:
361:— for a dialect group that had no general local name. This term has currency only among linguists.
335:
1108:
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20:
496:
358:
72:
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3662:
2938:
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2084:
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77:
848:(2). Lahore: Department of English Language & Literature, University of the Punjab: 45–55.
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2010:
1928:
1888:
1770:
460:
375:
242:
82:
817:
Lahndi-speaking Sikhs frequently use the
Gurmukhi alphabet to write texts in the language.
8:
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1650:
1567:
972:
944:
936:
896:
634:
281:
280:(with almost five million speakers in north-western Punjab and neighbouring regions of
130:
999:. Department of Anthropological Linguistics, Punjabi University, Patiala. p. 205.
386:
Lahnda has several traits that distinguish it from
Punjabi, such as a future tense in
3803:
3617:
3286:
3255:
3233:
3197:
3039:
2997:
2902:
2844:
2609:
2531:
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2258:
2183:
2100:
2033:
1968:
1958:
1938:
1828:
1823:
1590:
1499:
1446:
1403:
1397:
1034:"A comparative study of acoustic cues of Punjabi velar plosives in Majhi and Lehandi"
1033:
1018:
976:
948:
928:
862:
770:
698:
669:
659:
638:
523:
406:
322:
also subsumes under Lahnda a group of varieties that it labels as "Western
Punjabi" (
305:
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3458:
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2018:
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815:. Nauka Publishing House, Central Department of Oriental Literature. p. 28.
391:
289:
277:
64:
3776:
3518:
3427:
3359:
3354:
3336:
3316:
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1552:
1547:
1527:
1436:
1331:
1304:
1207:
1186:
1181:
273:
245:
language varieties spoken in parts of
Pakistan and India. It is defined in the
117:
1051:"Phonation differences in the stop laryngeal contrasts of Jangli (Indo-Aryan)"
924:
789:
630:
3819:
3761:
3417:
3331:
3306:
3091:
2430:
2331:
1833:
1309:
1220:
1215:
1176:
1171:
1112:
980:
932:
331:
313:
285:
45:
673:
357:) probably around 1890 and later adopted by a number of linguists — notably
3756:
2521:
1793:
1428:
1327:
876:
854:
451:
For the difficulties in assigning the labels "language" and "dialect", see
297:
549:
170:
2834:
2649:
2152:
1883:
1625:
1339:
653:
1348:
2943:
2912:
2883:
1979:
1575:
1532:
900:
794:
554:
411:
318:
940:
3733:
3642:
3622:
2311:
2306:
2038:
432:
431:
script for recording the language rather than the Perso-Arabic-based
323:
261:
employed by linguists, and are not used by the speakers themselves.
163:
145:
1121:
892:
3771:
3513:
2864:
2326:
2321:
2301:
2059:
428:
253:" or as a "series of dialects" by other authors. Its validity as a
55:
3705:
3576:
3049:
2783:
2296:
1509:
1008:. Publication Bureau, Panjab University, Chandigarh. p. 290.
258:
246:
3044:
2893:
2868:
2425:
2341:
2232:
2157:
1948:
1728:
1670:
1660:
1610:
1504:
1268:
1245:
2859:
2757:
1962:
1785:
1263:
424:
257:
is not certain. The terms "Lahnda" and "Western
Punjabi" are
203:
1032:
Malik, Moazzam Ali; Abbas, Furrakh; Noreen, Khadija (2020).
757:. 22 March 2019. Archived from the original on 22 March 2019
3560:
2873:
1903:
1393:
212:
1066:
Karamat, Nayyara (2001). "Phonemic
Inventory of Punjabi".
861:. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge University Press.
850:(This PDF contains multiple articles from the same issue.)
693:(2010). "Lahnda". In Brown, Keith; Ogilvie, Sarah (eds.).
3652:
959:(1979). "Problems of classification in Pakistan Panjab".
573:
571:
835:"Saraiki political movement: its impact in south Punjab"
619:
Bulletin of the School of
Oriental and African Studies
588:
586:
568:
522:(Reprint ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 52.
711:
598:
206:
911:(1977). "Siraiki: A Language Movement in Pakistan".
735:
655:
Guru Gobind Singh : a multi-faceted personality
209:
200:
723:
583:
197:
16:
Group of Northwestern Indo-Aryan language varieties
1087:"Segmental study of Punjabi glottal fricative /H/"
755:"Mian Muhammad Bakhsh – A great Punjabi Sufi Poet"
484:
617:Grierson, George A. (1930). "Lahndā and Lahndī".
3817:
1031:
775:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
483:
1068:Center for Research in Urdu Language Processing
685:
683:
338:; these are spoken by about 66 million people.
879:(1997). "Language and Ethnicity in Pakistan".
695:Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World
316:(a possibly extinct language of Afghanistan).
1995:
1364:
1137:
349:means "western" in Punjabi. It was coined by
1055:(Formal) Approaches to South Asian Languages
680:
658:. New Delhi: M.D. Publications. p. 56.
2002:
1988:
1371:
1357:
1144:
1130:
1084:
994:
221:
178:
1378:
1075:
264:Lahnda includes the following languages:
2009:
1085:Malik, Moazzam Ali; Kokub, Iqra (2020).
1012:
961:Transactions of the Philological Society
616:
1091:Competitive Linguistic Research Journal
1065:
1048:
1003:
955:
907:
810:
729:
689:
604:
517:
452:
3818:
875:
853:
832:
741:
717:
592:
577:
456:
1983:
1352:
1151:
1125:
651:
545:
543:
228:
518:Zograph, G. A. (2023). "Chapter 3".
505:participating institution membership
276:dialects, the diverse varieties of
13:
988:
973:10.1111/j.1467-968X.1979.tb00857.x
811:Smirnov, Yuri Andreyevich (1975).
540:
405:Sindhi, Lahnda and Punjabi form a
14:
3847:
3826:Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages
1102:
697:. Oxford: Elsevier. p. 635.
381:
3708:(unknown further classification)
1015:Panjabi: A Comprehensive Grammar
842:Journal of Research (Humanities)
560:
520:Languages of South Asia: A Guide
334:transitional between Lahnda and
193:
826:
804:
783:
747:
997:Linguistic Atlas Of The Punjab
652:Johar, Surinder Singh (1999).
645:
610:
511:
477:
445:
409:with no clear-cut boundaries.
364:
241:, is a group of north-western
1:
1013:Bhardwaj, Mangat Rai (2016).
470:
292:(3.5 million speakers in the
272:by about 26 million people),
3836:Punjabi language in Pakistan
995:Singh Gill, Harjeet (1973).
7:
268:(spoken mostly in southern
10:
3852:
1117:Linguistic Survey of India
1017:. Routledge. p. 487.
18:
3785:
3742:
3698:
3675:
3631:
3574:
3548:
3539:
3506:
3481:
3451:
3400:
3389:
3382:
3345:
3299:
3269:
3226:
3163:
3152:
3117:
3079:
3058:
3032:
3011:
2990:
2981:
2972:
2952:
2921:
2827:
2818:
2771:
2663:
2580:
2512:
2505:
2458:
2416:
2388:
2381:
2374:
2272:
2251:
2225:
2216:
2166:
2145:
2109:
2093:
2047:
2026:
2017:
1921:
1784:
1709:
1566:
1518:
1465:
1427:
1412:
1386:
1322:
1295:
1277:
1244:
1206:
1195:
1159:
1049:Hussain, Qandeel (2022).
925:10.1017/s0026749x00014190
631:10.1017/S0041977X00090571
492:Oxford English Dictionary
418:
351:William St. Clair Tisdall
177:
161:
143:
138:
114:
61:
51:
40:
35:
30:
3586:Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit
859:The Indo-Aryan languages
833:Javaid, Umbreen (2004).
438:
1944:Pakistani Sign Language
800:(subscription required)
497:Oxford University Press
359:George Abraham Grierson
341:
3794:Indo-Iranian languages
1109:Map of Lahnda dialects
1006:ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ ਦਾ ਵਿਆਕਰਣ
1004:Chandra, Duni (1964).
459:, pp. 23–27) for
226:Punjabi pronunciation:
3464:Maharashtrian Konkani
1380:Languages of Pakistan
19:For the scripts, see
3752:Andaman Creole Hindi
3183:Bishnupriya Manipuri
3003:Caribbean Hindustani
2011:Indo-Aryan languages
1929:Indo-Aryan languages
957:Shackle, Christopher
913:Modern Asian Studies
909:Shackle, Christopher
691:Shackle, Christopher
376:Mian Muhammad Bakhsh
308:(20,000 speakers in
300:and parts of Indian
3799:Nuristani languages
3531:Mitanni superstrate
2137:Wotapuri-Katarqalai
1418:administrative unit
1115:early 20th-century
813:The Lahndi Language
495:(Online ed.).
230:[lɛ˦n.d̪äː]
3685:Proto-Indo-Iranian
3566:Early Ardhamagadhi
1568:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
1387:Official languages
296:region of Punjab,
282:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
131:Shahmukhi alphabet
3813:
3812:
3804:Iranian languages
3671:
3670:
3591:Dramatic Prakrits
3502:
3501:
3477:
3476:
3378:
3377:
3295:
3294:
3251:Rajbanshi (Nepal)
3148:
3147:
2968:
2967:
2814:
2813:
2804:list of languages
2501:
2500:
2454:
2453:
2370:
2369:
2212:
2211:
1977:
1976:
1917:
1916:
1346:
1345:
1318:
1317:
1153:Punjabi varieties
1038:Hamdard Islamicus
1024:978-1-315-76080-3
868:978-0-521-23420-7
798:(18th ed., 2015)
580:, pp. 17–18.
558:(26th ed., 2023)
503:(Subscription or
407:dialect continuum
398:or (ambiguously)
302:Jammu and Kashmir
233:), also known as
186:
185:
134:
3843:
3831:Punjabi dialects
3690:Proto-Indo-Aryan
3546:
3545:
3469:Canarese Konkani
3398:
3397:
3387:
3386:
3161:
3160:
2988:
2987:
2979:
2978:
2825:
2824:
2510:
2509:
2386:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2223:
2222:
2024:
2023:
2004:
1997:
1990:
1981:
1980:
1939:Iranic languages
1934:Dardic languages
1749:Pothwari Punjabi
1520:Gilgit-Baltistan
1425:
1424:
1421:
1373:
1366:
1359:
1350:
1349:
1204:
1203:
1167:Standard Punjabi
1146:
1139:
1132:
1123:
1122:
1098:
1081:
1079:
1062:
1045:
1028:
1009:
1000:
984:
952:
904:
872:
855:Masica, Colin P.
849:
839:
820:
819:
808:
802:
801:
787:
781:
780:
774:
766:
764:
762:
751:
745:
739:
733:
727:
721:
715:
709:
708:
687:
678:
677:
649:
643:
642:
614:
608:
602:
596:
590:
581:
575:
566:
565:
564:
547:
538:
537:
515:
509:
508:
500:
488:
481:
464:
455:for Punjabi and
449:
423:Lahndi-speaking
270:Pakistani Punjab
255:genetic grouping
232:
227:
223:
219:
218:
215:
214:
211:
208:
205:
202:
199:
182:
173:
166:
157:
156:
148:
128:
120:
67:
28:
27:
3851:
3850:
3846:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3841:
3840:
3816:
3815:
3814:
3809:
3808:
3781:
3744:
3738:
3694:
3677:
3667:
3627:
3570:
3556:Ashokan Prakrit
3535:
3498:
3473:
3447:
3392:
3374:
3341:
3291:
3265:
3222:
3155:
3144:
3113:
3075:
3054:
3028:
3007:
2964:
2948:
2917:
2889:Hyderabadi Urdu
2810:
2767:
2659:
2576:
2497:
2450:
2441:Pahari-Pothwari
2412:
2366:
2347:Pahari Kinnauri
2268:
2247:
2208:
2174:Indus Kohistani
2167:Hazara Division
2162:
2141:
2105:
2089:
2043:
2013:
2008:
1978:
1973:
1959:Pakistani Hindi
1913:
1780:
1705:
1646:Kohistani Shina
1616:Indus Kohistani
1562:
1514:
1461:
1457:Pahari-Pothwari
1415:
1414:
1413:Other languages
1408:
1382:
1377:
1347:
1342:
1314:
1291:
1287:Pahari-Pothwari
1279:Pahari-Pothwari
1273:
1240:
1199:
1191:
1155:
1150:
1105:
1077:10.1.1.695.1248
1044:(2): 1564–1571.
1025:
991:
989:Further reading
893:10.2307/2645700
869:
837:
829:
824:
823:
809:
805:
799:
788:
784:
768:
767:
760:
758:
753:
752:
748:
740:
736:
728:
724:
716:
712:
705:
688:
681:
666:
650:
646:
615:
611:
603:
599:
591:
584:
576:
569:
559:
548:
541:
530:
516:
512:
502:
482:
478:
473:
468:
467:
450:
446:
441:
421:
384:
367:
344:
336:Eastern Punjabi
290:Pahari/Pothwari
249:standard as a "
239:Western Punjabi
225:
196:
192:
169:
162:
152:
151:
144:
127:
121:
116:
110:
68:
65:Language family
63:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3849:
3839:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3811:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3787:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3748:
3746:
3740:
3739:
3737:
3736:
3731:
3730:
3729:
3724:
3714:
3709:
3702:
3700:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3692:
3687:
3681:
3679:
3673:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3639:
3637:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3614:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3588:
3582:
3580:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3552:
3550:
3543:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3533:
3528:
3527:
3526:
3521:
3510:
3508:
3504:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3491:
3485:
3483:
3479:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3455:
3453:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3404:
3402:
3395:
3384:
3380:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3351:
3349:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3303:
3301:
3297:
3296:
3293:
3292:
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2015:
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1922:Related topics
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1332:Baahar di boli
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1208:Jatki language
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1103:External links
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1100:
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987:
986:
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967:(1): 191–210.
953:
919:(3): 379–403.
905:
887:(9): 833–839.
873:
867:
851:
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825:
822:
821:
803:
782:
746:
734:
722:
720:, p. 838.
710:
703:
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664:
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625:(4): 883–887.
609:
607:, p. 198.
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453:Shackle (1979)
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382:Classification
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332:Majhi dialects
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139:Language codes
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118:Writing system
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3762:Haflong Hindi
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3717:Chinali–Lahul
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2939:Chhattisgarhi
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2733:Rathwi Bareli
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2332:Mahasu Pahari
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998:
993:
992:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
877:Rahman, Tariq
874:
870:
864:
860:
856:
852:
847:
843:
836:
831:
830:
818:
814:
807:
797:
796:
791:
786:
778:
772:
756:
750:
744:, p. 46.
743:
738:
731:
726:
719:
714:
706:
704:9780080877754
700:
696:
692:
686:
684:
675:
671:
667:
665:81-7533-093-7
661:
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656:
648:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
613:
606:
601:
595:, p. 18.
594:
589:
587:
579:
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572:
563:
557:
556:
551:
546:
544:
536:
531:
529:9781000831597
525:
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414:
413:
408:
403:
401:
397:
393:
389:
379:
377:
373:
371:
362:
360:
356:
353:(in the form
352:
348:
339:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
320:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
284:, especially
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
262:
260:
256:
252:
251:macrolanguage
248:
244:
240:
236:
231:
217:
190:
181:
176:
172:
168:
165:
160:
155:
150:
147:
142:
137:
132:
126:
123:
119:
113:
99:
96:
95:
94:
91:
90:
89:
86:
85:
84:
81:
80:
79:
76:
75:
74:
73:Indo-European
70:
66:
60:
57:
54:
50:
47:
46:Punjab region
43:
39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
21:Laṇḍā scripts
3757:Bombay Hindi
3699:Unclassified
3596:Ardhamagadhi
3423:Berar Deccan
3277:Chittagonian
3270:Chittagonian
2763:Vaagri Booli
2728:Pauri Bareli
2723:Palya Bareli
2688:Dhodia–Kukna
2562:Parkari Koli
2417:
2375:Northwestern
2065:Kundal Shahi
1452:Kundal Shahi
1429:Azad Kashmir
1328:Baar di Boli
1324:
1196:
1094:
1090:
1067:
1058:
1054:
1041:
1037:
1014:
1005:
996:
964:
960:
916:
912:
884:
881:Asian Survey
880:
858:
845:
841:
827:Bibliography
816:
812:
806:
793:
785:
759:. Retrieved
749:
737:
730:Shackle 1977
725:
713:
694:
654:
647:
622:
618:
612:
605:Shackle 1979
600:
553:
533:
519:
513:
490:
479:
457:Masica (1991
447:
422:
410:
404:
399:
395:
387:
385:
374:
368:
354:
346:
345:
327:
317:
298:Azad Kashmir
263:
238:
234:
188:
187:
125:Perso-Arabic
97:
88:Northwestern
78:Indo-Iranian
25:
3745:and creoles
3727:Lahul Lohar
3606:Maharashtri
3203:Mal Paharia
3193:Kharia Thar
2835:Braj Bhasha
1626:Kalasha-mun
1467:Balochistan
1340:Khalsa bole
1070:: 179–188.
742:Javaid 2004
718:Rahman 1997
593:Masica 1991
578:Masica 1991
427:employ the
365:Development
310:Balochistan
3820:Categories
3648:Apabhraṃśa
3634:Apabhraṃśa
3611:Shauraseni
3327:Bodo Parja
3312:Sambalpuri
3244:Goalpariya
3218:Tanchangya
3208:Noakhailla
3133:Bote-Darai
2944:Fiji Hindi
2913:Sadhukkadi
2884:Judeo-Urdu
2850:Hindustani
2640:Shekhawati
2582:Rajasthani
2567:Saurashtra
2292:Bhadarwahi
2122:Gawar-Bati
1889:Rajasthani
1771:Rajasthani
1601:Gawar-Bati
1576:Burushaski
1533:Burushaski
1113:Grierson's
1097:(1): 1–17.
795:Ethnologue
555:Ethnologue
507:required.)
471:References
463:generally.
461:Indo-Aryan
412:Ethnologue
396:Panjistani
370:Baba Farid
319:Ethnologue
243:Indo-Aryan
83:Indo-Aryan
3734:Sheikhgal
3678:languages
3643:Abahattha
3623:Paishachi
3524:Classical
3489:Maldivian
3261:Surjapuri
3227:Kamarupic
3129:Kuswaric
2991:Bhojpuric
2779:Khandeshi
2312:Chambeali
2307:Bilaspuri
2204:Mankiyali
2132:Shumashti
2127:Nangalami
2039:Kishtwari
1651:Mankiyali
1325:See also:
1200:(Western)
1072:CiteSeerX
981:0079-1636
949:144829301
933:0026-749X
639:160784067
433:Shahmukhi
324:ISO 639-3
164:ISO 639-3
146:ISO 639-2
52:Ethnicity
3790:See also
3772:Nefamese
3767:Nagamese
3658:Kamarupi
3618:Gāndhārī
3575:Middle (
3514:Sanskrit
3452:Konkanic
3401:Marathic
3391:Marathi–
3383:Southern
3287:Rohingya
3256:Rangpuri
3234:Assamese
3198:Kurmukar
3176:dialects
3156:Kamarupa
3040:Maithili
3033:Maithili
2998:Bhojpuri
2903:Kannauji
2865:Hinglish
2845:Haryanvi
2610:Dhundari
2550:Wadiyara
2532:Jandavra
2527:Gujarati
2514:Gujarati
2436:Khetrani
2401:dialects
2357:Sirmauri
2337:Jaunsari
2327:Mandeali
2322:Pangwali
2302:Bhateali
2259:Garhwali
2218:Northern
2184:Chilisso
2060:Brokskat
2034:Kashmiri
2027:Kashmiri
1969:Chagatai
1852:Wadiyara
1829:Jandavra
1824:Gujarati
1759:dialects
1681:Shekhani
1591:Chilisso
1500:Khetrani
1490:Hazaragi
1447:Kashmiri
1398:national
1336:Derawali
1254:Awankari
1236:Shahpuri
857:(1991).
771:cite web
674:52865201
486:"Lahnda"
435:script.
429:Gurmukhi
330:) – the
306:Khetrani
294:Pothohar
93:Punjabic
56:Punjabis
44:Western
3743:Pidgins
3722:Chinali
3712:Bazigar
3706:Badeshi
3601:Magadhi
3577:Prakrit
3494:Sinhala
3482:Insular
3459:Konkani
3438:Katkari
3433:Phudagi
3413:Varhadi
3408:Marathi
3393:Konkani
3365:Bhunjia
3239:Kamrupi
3213:Sylheti
3171:Bengali
3164:Bengali
3125:Kumhali
3092:Kochila
3080:Tharuic
3071:Kurmali
3059:Sadanic
3050:Bajjika
3024:Khortha
2974:Eastern
2934:Bagheli
2922:Eastern
2879:Deccani
2855:Kauravi
2840:Bundeli
2828:Western
2820:Central
2789:Dawoodi
2784:Lambadi
2708:Bhilori
2678:Bhilali
2625:Marwari
2615:Harauti
2545:Parkari
2506:Western
2473:Kholosi
2468:Jadgali
2446:Saraiki
2396:Punjabi
2389:Eastern
2382:Punjabi
2352:Hinduri
2297:Churahi
2274:Western
2264:Kumaoni
2252:Central
2226:Eastern
2153:Kalasha
2146:Chitral
2101:Pashayi
2094:Pashayi
2070:Kalkoti
1954:Persian
1869:Marwari
1847:Parkari
1804:Bengali
1766:Saraiki
1754:Punjabi
1739:Marwari
1734:Kabutra
1686:Torwali
1636:Kamviri
1631:Kalkoti
1581:Badeshi
1538:Dawoodi
1510:Wanetsi
1495:Jadgali
1485:Dehwari
1475:Balochi
1404:English
1297:Saraiki
1259:Chhachi
1231:Lubanki
1226:Jhangvi
1160:Eastern
901:2645700
390:. Like
355:Lahindā
312:), and
266:Saraiki
259:exonyms
247:ISO 639
3676:Proto-
3632:Late (
3541:Middle
3443:Kadodi
3370:Nahari
3347:Halbic
3322:Bhatri
3282:Chakma
3188:Hajong
3154:Gauda–
3138:Danwar
3118:Others
3109:Musasa
3045:Angika
3019:Magahi
3012:Magahi
2983:Bihari
2953:Others
2929:Awadhi
2894:Rekhta
2869:Urdish
2799:Romani
2794:Domari
2772:Others
2753:Vasavi
2738:Pardhi
2718:Magari
2713:Mawchi
2703:Bauria
2693:Dhanki
2683:Chodri
2655:Nimadi
2645:Dhatki
2635:Mewari
2630:Mewati
2605:Gujari
2600:Loarki
2595:Goaria
2572:Vaghri
2493:Sindhi
2488:Memoni
2483:Luwati
2478:Kutchi
2460:Sindhi
2426:Hindko
2418:Lahnda
2362:Sarazi
2342:Kullui
2287:Kangri
2243:Nepali
2233:Doteli
2199:Tirahi
2194:Kalami
2179:Bateri
2158:Khowar
2117:Dameli
2080:Palula
2075:Ushoji
2019:Dardic
1949:Arabic
1909:Vaghri
1899:Sindhi
1894:Rangri
1879:Mewari
1874:Memoni
1864:Loarki
1859:Kutchi
1819:Goaria
1814:Dhatki
1776:Rangri
1744:Mewari
1729:Hindko
1711:Punjab
1701:Yidgha
1691:Ushoji
1671:Pashto
1666:Palula
1661:Ormuri
1641:Khowar
1621:Kalami
1611:Hindko
1596:Dameli
1586:Bateri
1543:Khowar
1505:Pashto
1480:Brahui
1442:Gujari
1305:Riasti
1269:Kohati
1246:Hindko
1197:Lahnda
1187:Puadhi
1182:Malwai
1074:
1021:
979:
947:
941:311504
939:
931:
899:
865:
790:Lahnda
701:
672:
662:
637:
550:Lahnda
526:
419:Script
400:Pahari
392:Sindhi
347:Lahnda
326:code:
286:Hazara
278:Hindko
235:Lahndi
189:Lahnda
98:Lahnda
41:Region
31:Lahnda
3777:Vedda
3549:Early
3519:Vedic
3428:Varli
3360:Kamar
3355:Halbi
3337:Kupia
3317:Desia
3104:Majhi
3097:Buksa
3087:Tharu
3066:Sadri
2960:Parya
2908:Sansi
2860:Hindi
2758:Wagdi
2748:Kalto
2743:Gamit
2698:Dubli
2673:Bhili
2620:Malvi
2590:Bagri
2540:Kachi
2536:Koli
2408:Sansi
2317:Gaddi
2282:Dogri
2238:Jumli
2189:Gowro
2110:Kunar
2055:Shina
2048:Shina
1963:Hindi
1842:Kachi
1838:Koli
1809:Bhaya
1799:Bagri
1786:Sindh
1724:Dogri
1719:Bagri
1696:Wazir
1656:Munji
1606:Gowro
1558:Wakhi
1553:Shina
1548:Purgi
1528:Balti
1437:Dogri
1310:Thali
1264:Ghebi
1216:Dhani
1177:Majhi
1172:Doabi
1111:from
945:S2CID
937:JSTOR
897:JSTOR
838:(PDF)
761:3 May
635:S2CID
501:
439:Notes
425:Sikhs
274:Jatki
222:لہندا
36:لہندا
3561:Pāli
3418:Andh
3332:Reli
3307:Odia
3300:Odia
2874:Urdu
2665:Bhil
2431:Inku
2085:Sawi
1904:Urdu
1834:Jogi
1676:Sawi
1416:(by
1394:Urdu
1221:Inku
1061:(1).
1019:ISBN
977:ISSN
929:ISSN
863:ISBN
777:link
763:2023
699:ISBN
670:OCLC
660:ISBN
524:ISBN
342:Name
314:Inku
3653:Elu
3507:Old
2522:Aer
1794:Aer
969:doi
921:doi
889:doi
792:at
627:doi
552:at
388:-s-
328:pnb
304:),
288:),
237:or
171:lah
154:lah
3822::
2650:Od
1884:Od
1338:,
1334:,
1330:,
1093:.
1089:.
1057:.
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1036:.
975:.
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