799:
48:
448:
wrote a message to the people of Nicea shortly after the city was seized. His letter says that "The invaders endeavored to impose their impure religion on the populace, at all costs, intending to make the inhabitants followers of
Muhammad". The Patriarch advised the Christians to "be steadfast in
456:
stayed in Nicaea at the end of 1331, According to Ibn
Battuta, the town was in ruins and only inhabited by a small number of people in the service of the sultan. Within the city walls were gardens and cultivated plots with each house surrounded by an orchard. The town produced fruit, walnuts,
436:
in the center of the town was converted into the Orhan Mosque, and a medrese (theological school) and hamam (bathhouse) were built nearby. The inhabitants of Nicaea were quickly and willingly incorporated into the growing
Ottoman Empire, and many of them had already embraced
408:, Osman's son, began the siege of Nicaea, which had been in a state of intermittent blockade since 1301. The Ottomans lacked the ability to control access to the town through the lakeside harbour. As a result, the siege dragged on for several years without conclusion.
423:
and withdrew. When it was clear that no effective
Imperial force would be able to restore the frontier and drive off the Ottomans, the city proper fell on 2 March 1331. Those inhabitants who wished to leave were permitted to do so, though few did.
765:
189:
544:
Raby, Julian (1989). "İznik, 'Une village au milieu des jardins'". In
Petsopoulos, Yanni (ed.). Iznik: The Pottery of Ottoman Turkey. London: Alexandra Press. pp. 19–20
380:
held in
Anatolia was now open to Ottoman raids. With the increasing frequency and ferocity of raids, Byzantine imperial authorities pulled back from Anatolia.
182:
795:
2147:
2206:
472:
from 1204 to 1261. It was the most important Asian city in the empire at the time of its fall to Osman. The
Ottoman conquests continued apace and
175:
2211:
787:
803:
2216:
1705:
1695:
1207:
890:
284:
2236:
2221:
17:
933:
718:
706:
529:
299:
279:
1987:
1935:
2241:
1161:
1440:
2226:
780:
485:
1634:
1566:
2090:
2036:
760:
670:
610:
468:
through
Byzantine diplomacy in 1097. It had served as the capital of the Byzantine emperors during the period of the
1061:
962:
1387:
2079:
1256:
923:
912:
862:
742:
294:
289:
269:
234:
449:
your religion" and not to forget that the "Agarians are masters of your bodies only, but not of your souls."
773:
310:
1727:
357:
2246:
1968:
1623:
1131:
1758:
1397:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
1978:
1957:
1810:
1666:
1082:
1029:
445:
199:
129:
432:
For a short period, the town became the capital of the expanding
Ottoman Emirate, The large church of
1575:
1557:
1341:
1274:
1020:
971:
555:
315:
617:
1915:
1842:
1769:
1686:
1676:
1479:
1377:
1265:
1180:
1010:
952:
1497:
1102:
1072:
981:
1820:
1800:
1779:
1737:
1547:
1368:
1246:
1171:
1092:
1925:
1831:
1350:
1217:
1198:
1140:
1121:
991:
305:
39:
701:
433:
2101:
1789:
1747:
1293:
1050:
1000:
826:
214:
1461:
1997:
1885:
1645:
1613:
1537:
1517:
1451:
1418:
1407:
1323:
1314:
274:
219:
8:
1946:
1488:
1359:
1304:
1227:
517:
481:
420:
415:
attempted to break the siege. He led a relief force to drive the
Ottomans away from both
244:
732:
1470:
853:
473:
254:
1236:
480:
hands irreversibly ended. It had been under Greco-Roman control since the conquest of
2027:
1864:
1593:
756:
738:
666:
606:
525:
259:
224:
2018:
1603:
1429:
1111:
942:
880:
397:
377:
337:
264:
229:
112:
1656:
2231:
2121:
2057:
1853:
1584:
1507:
688:, p. 158, note 20. Raby (1989, p. 20) suggests a date between 1334 and 1339.
660:
645:
628:
461:
419:
and Nicaea. After some minor successes, however, the force suffered a reverse at
2008:
1905:
1875:
1039:
871:
835:
807:
798:
412:
401:
345:
239:
117:
82:
2180:
2162:
2149:
2046:
1332:
1283:
1189:
465:
341:
2111:
469:
361:
27:
1328–1331 capture of the Eastern Roman city of Nicaea by the Ottoman Empire
47:
477:
453:
373:
167:
134:
392:
had fallen into the hands of Osman I. He had also captured the city of
364:, the Byzantines concentrated their efforts on restoring their hold on
554:
Tsivikis, Nikolaos (23 March 2007), "Nicaea, Church of Hagia Sophia",
416:
734:
The adventures of Ibn Battuta, a Muslim traveler of the 14th century
369:
78:
73:
405:
333:
578:
389:
365:
86:
52:
The Lefke Gate in Iznik, along the western ramparts of the city
438:
393:
705:
harvnb error: no target: CITEREFDefrémerySanguinetti1854 (
633:. Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România. 1979.
476:
in 1337. Hence, this long-held history of Nicaea in the
753:
Battle: A Visual Journey Through 5,000 Years of Combat
344:. It played an important role in the expansion of the
376:, with the disastrous consequence that what land the
336:
from 1328 to 1331, resulted in the conquest of a key
697:
662:
Acta et Diplomata Graeca Medii Aevi Sacra et Profana
659:Miklosich, Franz; Ller, Joseph M. (22 March 2012).
368:. Troops had to be taken from the eastern front in
396:, establishing a capital dangerously close to the
2178:
557:Encyclopaedia of the Hellenic World, Asia Minor
781:
658:
516:
183:
737:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
505:A History of the Byzantine State and Society
460:Nicaea had been in Turkish hands before. It
755:, Dorling Kindersley Publishers Ltd, 2005.
605:. Cambridge University Press. p. 176.
484:, and it was the seat of several milestone
788:
774:
717:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFGibb1962 (
603:The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453
197:
190:
176:
46:
553:
646:"Die altosmanischen anonymen Chroniken"
14:
2179:
2212:Sieges involving the Byzantine Empire
769:
643:
600:
594:
507:, Treadgold, W., Stanford Press, 1997
171:
2207:Sieges of the Byzantine–Ottoman wars
730:
712:
685:
2217:Sieges involving the Ottoman Empire
457:chestnuts, and large sweet grapes.
24:
560:, Foundation of the Hellenic World
25:
2258:
797:
698:Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1854
691:
679:
524:. London: Viking. p. 286.
522:Byzantium: The Decline and Fall
652:
637:
621:
571:
547:
538:
510:
498:
13:
1:
2237:1330s in the Byzantine Empire
2222:1320s in the Byzantine Empire
491:
351:
427:
358:reconquest of Constantinople
7:
10:
2263:
2242:1328 in the Ottoman Empire
446:John XIV of Constantinople
2227:History of Bursa Province
2133:Ottoman defeats shown in
2131:
2067:
1894:
1715:
1526:
1149:
900:
815:
644:Giese, Friedrich (1922).
601:Nicol, Donald M. (1993).
209:
153:
140:
123:
106:
56:
45:
37:
32:
383:
731:Dunn, Ross E. (1986).
452:The Moroccan traveler
388:By 1326, lands around
201:Byzantine–Ottoman wars
124:Commanders and leaders
40:Byzantine-Ottoman wars
18:Siege of Nicaea (1331)
154:Casualties and losses
2163:40.5833°N 30.1333°E
2159: /
482:Alexander the Great
2247:Byzantine Bithynia
630:Revista de istorie
486:Christian councils
306:4th Constantinople
295:3rd Constantinople
290:2nd Constantinople
285:1st Constantinople
2202:Conflicts in 1331
2197:Conflicts in 1330
2192:Conflicts in 1329
2187:Conflicts in 1328
2142:
2141:
580:St. Sophia Museum
531:978-0-670-82377-2
411:In 1329, Emperor
332:by the forces of
325:
324:
166:
165:
102:
101:
16:(Redirected from
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2168:40.5833; 30.1333
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2109:
2098:
2087:
2076:
2054:
2043:
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2016:
2005:
1994:
1985:
1976:
1965:
1954:
1943:
1932:
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1208:Peñón of Algiers
1205:
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1187:
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1138:
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1089:
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878:
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824:
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569:
568:
567:
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551:
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542:
536:
535:
514:
508:
502:
300:2nd Thessalonica
280:1st Thessalonica
265:Savoyard crusade
235:Catalan campaign
204:
202:
192:
185:
178:
169:
168:
113:Byzantine Empire
58:
57:
50:
30:
29:
21:
2262:
2261:
2257:
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2255:
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2252:
2251:
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2116:
2107:
2096:
2085:
2074:
2063:
2052:
2041:
2032:
2023:
2014:
2003:
1992:
1983:
1974:
1963:
1952:
1941:
1930:
1921:
1910:
1901:
1890:
1881:
1870:
1859:
1848:
1837:
1826:
1815:
1806:
1795:
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1711:
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1691:
1682:
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1651:
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1629:
1618:
1609:
1598:
1589:
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1571:
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1502:
1493:
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1413:
1402:
1393:
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1364:
1355:
1346:
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849:
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831:
822:
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727:
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563:
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552:
548:
543:
539:
532:
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511:
503:
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494:
462:was reconquered
430:
386:
354:
338:Byzantine Greek
330:siege of Nicaea
326:
321:
320:
304:
205:
200:
198:
196:
98:Ottoman victory
90:
76:
51:
33:Siege of Nicaea
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2260:
2250:
2249:
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2204:
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2083:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2061:
2050:
2039:
2030:
2021:
2012:
2001:
1990:
1981:
1972:
1961:
1950:
1939:
1928:
1919:
1908:
1898:
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992:Constantinople
985:
974:
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945:
936:
927:
924:Constantinople
916:
913:Constantinople
904:
902:
898:
897:
895:
894:
891:Constantinople
883:
874:
865:
856:
847:
838:
829:
819:
817:
813:
812:
808:Ottoman Empire
806:involving the
793:
792:
785:
778:
770:
764:
763:
749:
743:
725:
724:
690:
678:
671:
651:
636:
620:
611:
593:
570:
546:
537:
530:
509:
496:
495:
493:
490:
474:Nicomedia fell
429:
426:
413:Andronicus III
402:Constantinople
385:
382:
378:Nicaean Empire
356:Following the
353:
350:
346:Ottoman Empire
323:
322:
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308:
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130:Andronikos III
126:
125:
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118:Ottoman Beylik
115:
109:
108:
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91:
72:
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62:
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26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2240:
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2070:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2040:
2038:
2031:
2029:
2022:
2020:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1991:
1989:
1982:
1980:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1951:
1949:
1948:
1940:
1938:
1937:
1929:
1927:
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1278:
1276:
1269:
1267:
1260:
1258:
1251:
1249:
1248:
1240:
1238:
1237:Güns (Kőszeg)
1231:
1229:
1222:
1220:
1219:
1211:
1209:
1202:
1200:
1193:
1191:
1184:
1182:
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1166:
1164:
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1154:
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1148:
1142:
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1123:
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1113:
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1097:
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1094:
1086:
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1031:
1024:
1022:
1015:
1013:
1012:
1004:
1002:
995:
993:
986:
984:
983:
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966:
964:
957:
955:
954:
946:
944:
937:
935:
928:
926:
925:
917:
915:
914:
906:
905:
903:
899:
893:
892:
884:
882:
875:
873:
866:
864:
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839:
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828:
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784:
779:
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761:0-7566-1360-4
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736:
735:
729:
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720:
715:, p. 453
714:
708:
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699:
694:
687:
682:
674:
672:9781108044547
668:
664:
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631:
624:
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614:
612:9780521439916
608:
604:
597:
582:
581:
574:
559:
558:
550:
541:
533:
527:
523:
519:
518:Norwich, J.J.
513:
506:
501:
497:
489:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
466:First Crusade
463:
458:
455:
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447:
442:
440:
435:
425:
422:
418:
414:
409:
407:
403:
399:
395:
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381:
379:
375:
372:and into the
371:
367:
363:
359:
349:
347:
343:
342:Ottoman Turks
339:
335:
331:
317:
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312:
309:
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296:
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84:
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71:
68:
67:
63:
60:
59:
55:
49:
44:
41:
36:
31:
19:
2144:
2134:
2120:
2100:
2089:
2078:
2056:
2045:
2007:
1996:
1967:
1956:
1945:
1934:
1914:
1874:
1863:
1852:
1841:
1830:
1819:
1799:
1788:
1768:
1757:
1746:
1726:
1704:
1675:
1655:
1644:
1633:
1622:
1602:
1546:
1506:
1450:
1439:
1428:
1417:
1406:
1386:
1303:
1292:
1245:
1216:
1160:
1120:
1091:
1071:
1060:
1049:
1038:
1009:
980:
951:
934:Thessalonica
922:
911:
889:
844:
827:Kulaca Hisar
804:Major sieges
752:
751:R.G. Grant,
733:
693:
681:
661:
654:
639:
629:
623:
602:
596:
587:20 September
585:, retrieved
579:
573:
564:20 September
562:, retrieved
556:
549:
540:
521:
512:
504:
500:
470:Latin Empire
459:
451:
443:
434:Hagia Sophia
431:
410:
387:
355:
340:city by the
329:
327:
275:Philadelphia
249:
215:Kulaca Hisar
107:Belligerents
77:(modern-day
64:1328 to 1331
38:Part of the
2166: /
1979:Missolonghi
1969:Missolonghi
1958:Missolonghi
1624:Santa Maura
1538:Nagykanizsa
1315:Castelnuovo
700:, pp.
478:Greco-Roman
454:Ibn Battuta
404:. In 1328,
400:capital of
374:Peloponnese
135:Orhan Ghazi
2181:Categories
2154:30°08′00″E
2151:40°35′00″N
2091:Adrianople
2037:Sevastopol
1947:Tripolitsa
1667:Negroponte
1635:Érsekújvár
1489:Gvozdansko
1162:Cephalonia
1083:Negroponte
863:Adrianople
810:by century
744:0520067436
492:References
444:Patriarch
352:Background
270:Adrianople
2117:1916–1919
1988:Acropolis
1936:Acropolis
1581:1648–1669
1576:Novi Zrin
1471:Famagusta
1462:Szigetvar
1342:Esztergom
1021:Trebizond
972:Svetigrad
963:Novo Brdo
930:1422–1430
886:1394–1402
854:Nicomedia
850:1333–1337
841:1328–1331
816:13th-14th
713:Gibb 1962
686:Dunn 1986
583:, ArchNet
441:by 1340.
428:Aftermath
421:Pelekanon
417:Nicomedia
398:Byzantine
360:from the
316:Trebizond
260:Gallipoli
255:Nicomedia
245:Pelekanon
2028:Silistra
1916:Belgrade
1865:El Arish
1843:Belgrade
1811:Belgrade
1770:Belgrade
1759:Temeşvar
1687:Belgrade
1677:Belgrade
1594:Kamenets
1398:Temesvár
1181:Belgrade
1030:Mytilene
1011:Belgrade
953:Belgrade
520:(1995).
370:Anatolia
141:Strength
69:Location
2135:italics
2108:1915–16
2086:1912–13
2080:Scutari
2075:1912–13
2033:1854–55
2019:Calafat
1984:1826–27
1975:1825–26
1931:1821–22
1849:1789–90
1821:Ochakov
1801:Ochakov
1785:1734–35
1780:Baghdad
1738:Nauplia
1558:Baghdad
1467:1570–71
1430:Bahrain
1369:Tripoli
1275:Baghdad
1253:1533–34
1247:Maribor
1132:Otranto
1112:Scutari
1108:1478–79
1099:1477–78
1093:Scutari
1057:1466–67
959:1440–41
943:Golubac
881:Tarnovo
702:323–324
464:by the
334:Orhan I
225:Bapheus
162:Unknown
159:Unknown
149:Unknown
146:Unknown
2232:Nicaea
2122:Medina
2119:
2110:
2099:
2088:
2077:
2058:Plevna
2055:
2044:
2035:
2026:
2017:
2006:
1995:
1986:
1977:
1966:
1955:
1944:
1933:
1926:Patras
1924:
1913:
1904:
1884:
1873:
1862:
1854:Izmail
1851:
1840:
1832:Khotin
1829:
1818:
1809:
1798:
1787:
1778:
1767:
1756:
1745:
1736:
1728:Brăila
1725:
1703:
1694:
1685:
1674:
1665:
1654:
1643:
1632:
1621:
1612:
1604:Vienna
1601:
1592:
1585:Candia
1583:
1574:
1565:
1556:
1548:Khotyn
1545:
1536:
1516:
1505:
1496:
1487:
1478:
1469:
1460:
1449:
1438:
1427:
1416:
1405:
1396:
1388:Hormuz
1385:
1378:Muscat
1376:
1367:
1358:
1349:
1340:
1331:
1322:
1313:
1302:
1291:
1282:
1273:
1264:
1255:
1244:
1235:
1226:
1218:Vienna
1215:
1206:
1199:Rhodes
1197:
1188:
1179:
1170:
1159:
1141:Chilia
1139:
1130:
1122:Rhodes
1119:
1110:
1101:
1090:
1081:
1070:
1059:
1048:
1037:
1028:
1019:
1008:
999:
990:
979:
970:
961:
950:
941:
932:
921:
910:
888:
879:
870:
861:
852:
845:Nicaea
843:
834:
825:
759:
741:
669:
609:
528:
390:Nicaea
366:Greece
362:Latins
250:Nicaea
230:Dimbos
220:İnegöl
95:Result
87:Turkey
74:Nicaea
2009:Varna
1906:Cairo
1876:Jaffa
1790:Ganja
1748:Corfu
1567:Uyvar
1508:Sisak
1498:Bihać
1480:Tunis
1452:Malta
1294:Corfu
1266:Tunis
1257:Coron
1172:Cairo
1103:Krujë
1073:Krujë
1062:Krujë
1051:Jajce
1040:Jajce
1001:Berat
982:Krujë
872:Sofia
859:1360s
836:Bursa
439:Islam
406:Orhan
394:Bursa
384:Siege
311:Morea
240:Bursa
83:Bursa
79:İznik
2097:1915
2068:20th
2053:1877
2047:Kars
2042:1855
2024:1854
2015:1854
2004:1828
1998:Kars
1993:1828
1964:1823
1953:1822
1942:1821
1922:1821
1911:1806
1902:1801
1895:19th
1886:Acre
1882:1799
1871:1799
1860:1799
1838:1789
1827:1788
1816:1788
1807:1739
1796:1737
1776:1733
1765:1717
1754:1716
1743:1716
1734:1715
1723:1711
1716:18th
1706:Azov
1701:1696
1696:Azov
1692:1695
1683:1690
1672:1688
1663:1688
1657:Pécs
1652:1686
1646:Buda
1641:1686
1630:1685
1619:1684
1614:Buda
1610:1684
1599:1683
1590:1672
1572:1664
1563:1663
1554:1638
1543:1621
1534:1601
1527:17th
1518:Eger
1514:1596
1503:1593
1494:1592
1485:1578
1476:1574
1458:1566
1447:1565
1441:Oran
1436:1563
1425:1559
1419:Oran
1414:1556
1408:Eger
1403:1552
1394:1552
1383:1552
1374:1552
1365:1551
1356:1548
1351:Aden
1347:1548
1338:1543
1333:Nice
1329:1543
1324:Buda
1320:1541
1311:1539
1300:1538
1289:1537
1284:Klis
1280:1537
1271:1534
1262:1534
1242:1532
1233:1532
1224:1531
1213:1529
1204:1529
1195:1522
1190:Knin
1186:1522
1177:1521
1168:1517
1157:1500
1150:16th
1137:1484
1128:1481
1117:1480
1088:1474
1079:1470
1068:1467
1046:1464
1035:1463
1026:1462
1017:1461
1006:1456
997:1455
988:1453
977:1450
968:1448
948:1440
939:1428
919:1422
908:1411
901:15th
877:1393
868:1385
832:1326
823:1285
757:ISBN
739:ISBN
719:help
707:help
667:ISBN
607:ISBN
589:2014
566:2014
526:ISBN
328:The
61:Date
2112:Kut
2102:Van
1360:Van
1305:Diu
1228:Diu
2183::
711:;
665:.
488:.
348:.
85:,
81:,
2137:.
789:e
782:t
775:v
747:.
721:)
709:)
675:.
648:.
615:.
534:.
191:e
184:t
177:v
89:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
