650:, had abandoned the city fearing divine retribution; it was only when Ibn al-Zubayr himself began to demolish the remains of the old building, that they were encouraged to return and aid him. Ibn al-Zubayr's reconstruction changed the original plan, incorporating modifications that Muhammad himself is reported to have intended, but which had not been carried out during Muhammad's lifetime for fear of alienating the recently converted Meccans. The new Kaaba was built entirely of stone—the old one was of alternating layers of stone and wood—and had two doors, an entrance in the east and an exit in the west. In addition, he included the semi-circular
173:
46:
564:, as caliph, Umayyad authority practically collapsed in the provinces and proved shaky even in the Umayyads' home province of Syria. Husayn was therefore willing to acknowledge Ibn al-Zubayr as caliph, provided that he would issue a pardon and follow him to Syria. Ibn al-Zubayr refused the last demand, since this would place him under the control of the Syrian elites, and Husayn with his army departed for Syria.
634:
180:
572:
The retreat of the
Umayyad army left Ibn al-Zubayr in undisputed control of Mecca. With the collapse of Umayyad authority, he was soon acknowledged as the rightful caliph across most of the Muslim world, including northern Syria. His authority, however, remained mostly nominal. The Umayyads, under
468:
families. The
Medinan aristocracy, however, who felt their position threatened by Mu'awiya's large-scale agricultural projects around their city, and regarded Yazid as unfit for the office of caliph due to his reputed dissolute lifestyle, led a public denunciation of their allegiance to Yazid, and
375:
and be recognized as Caliph, departed with his forces. Ibn al-Zubayr remained in Mecca throughout the civil war, but he was nevertheless soon acknowledged as Caliph across most of the Muslim world. It was not until 692, that the
Umayyads were able to send another army which
446:
in
October 680, leaving Ibn al-Zubayr as the leading contender and rival for the Umayyads. As long as Yazid lived, Ibn al-Zubayr denounced his rule from the sanctuary of Mecca but did not openly claim the caliphate, instead calling himself "the fugitive at the sanctuary"
485:
on 26 August 683 and proceeded to sack Medina—one of the impious acts for which the
Umayyads are denounced in later Muslim tradition. For his sack of Medina, subsequent tradition remembers Muslim ibn Uqba as, in the words of
1056:
The
History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XX: The Collapse of Sufyānid Authority and the Coming of the Marwānids: The Caliphates of Muʿāwiyah II and Marwān I and the Beginning of the Caliphate of ʿAbd al-Malik, A.D. 683–685/A.H.
555:
The siege continued for 64 days until 26 November, when news of Yazid's death (11 November) reached the besiegers. Husayn now entered into negotiations with Ibn al-Zubayr. Although the
Umayyad court at
658:
was separated again from the main building, and the western gate was walled up, reverting to the general outlines of the pre-Islamic plan. This is the form in which the Kaaba has survived to this day.
363:, also rebelled against Yazid, the Umayyad ruler sent an army to subdue Arabia. The Umayyad army defeated the Medinans and took the city, but Mecca held out in a month-long siege, during which the
654:
wall into the building proper. The three fragments of the Black Stone were bound in a silver frame, and placed by Ibn al-Zubayr inside the new Kaaba. After the
Umayyad reconquest of the city, the
529:. Husayn's army arrived before Mecca in September. In a first battle, Ibn al-Zubayr proved victorious, but the Umayyads persisted, and on 24 September placed the city under siege, employing
548:
burst asunder. Many later sources ascribe the fault to the besiegers, with the result that "this siege and bombardment too figure prominently in the lists of
Umayyad crimes" (
601:, who had succeeded his father Marwan after the latter's death in April 685, thereafter restricted himself to securing his own position, while Ibn al-Zubayr's brother
490:, the "heathen incarnate", although in the earlier sources he is represented as devout and reluctant to undertake the task assigned to him by the Caliph.
226:
1257:
552:), but more reliable accounts attribute the event to a torch borne by one of Ibn al-Zubayr's followers, which the wind wafted onto the building.
172:
81:
1267:
999:
544:, over which a wooden structure covered with mattresses had been erected to protect it, caught fire and burned down, while the sacred
498:
After taking Medina, Muslim set out for Mecca, but on the way he fell ill and died at
Mushallal, and command passed to his lieutenant
188:
442:, where his supporters awaited him to rise in revolt against the Umayyads, but his convoy was intercepted and he was killed at the
1277:
219:
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elites, who challenged the Umayyads' claim to the succession. Among them, the two chief candidates for the caliphate were the
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After the Umayyads' departure, Ibn al-Zubayr initiated the rebuilding of the Kaaba, but most of the people, led by
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22:
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Many of the Medinans had fled to Mecca, including the commander of the Qurayshites at the battle of al-Harra,
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At first Yazid and his governors in Medina tried to negotiate with Ibn al-Zubayr, as well as the dissatisfied
610:
277:
499:
434:). To avoid being forced to acknowledge Yazid, on the latter's accession the two men fled from Medina to
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152:
574:
302:
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was damaged by fire. The siege ended when news came of Yazid's sudden death. The Umayyad commander,
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The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XIX: The Caliphate of Yazīd ibn Muʿāwiyah, A.D. 680–683/A.H. 60–64
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and his sons), from their city. As a result, Yazid sent an army to subdue the province, and chose
451:) and insisting that the caliph should be chosen in the traditional manner, by a tribal assembly (
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1126:
The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century
602:
598:
423:
337:
157:
614:
262:
1262:
1105:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.
1060:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.
573:
the leadership of Marwan ibn al-Hakam, managed to consolidate their position in Syria in the
514:
622:
377:
312:
403:), in 680, the Muslim world was thrown into turmoil. Although Mu'awiya had named his son,
8:
482:
470:
1174:
625:
which lasted from March–October 692, Ibn al-Zubayr was killed, and the civil war ended.
590:
510:
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expelled the Umayyad family members, some 1,000 in number (including the future caliph
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117:
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506:, this was much against Uqba's will, but in accordance with the wishes of Yazid.
1153:
E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936, Volume VIII: Ṭa'if–Zūrkhāna
1148:
1124:
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1100:
1079:
1054:
537:
407:, as his heir, this choice was not universally recognized, especially by the old
340:, who was among the most prominent challengers to the dynastic succession to the
609:
and gained control of all of Iraq in 687. In 691, Abd al-Malik managed to bring
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54:(pictured here in 2003), which was severely damaged by fire during the siege
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1179:. Translated by Margaret Graham Weir. Calcutta: University of Calcutta.
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341:
371:, after vainly trying to induce Ibn al-Zubayr to return with him to
617:
back into the Umayyad fold, and advanced into the Iraq. Mus'ab was
557:
427:
419:
139:
536:
Ibn al-Zubayr established his command post on the grounds of the
404:
348:
345:
961:
672:
670:
408:
352:
204:
621:, and Umayyad authority re-established across the East. After
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in September–November 683 was one of the early battles of the
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51:
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The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661–750
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513:, who played a leading role in Mecca's defense along with
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1084:(Second ed.). London and New York: Routledge.
637:Ibn al-Zubayr rebuilt the Ka'ba, incorporating the
918:
1239:
481:indeed overcame the Medinans' resistance at the
581:, but an Umayyad attempt to recover control of
1191:
676:
220:
560:promptly declared Yazid's sickly young son,
179:
1215:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
1169:
1029:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
955:
943:
895:
841:
829:
802:
754:
628:
525:(central Arabia), under the leadership of
227:
213:
44:
1223:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 317–322.
1192:Wensinck, A. J. & Jomier, J. (1978).
632:
1143:
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1049:
1037:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 54–55.
979:
967:
912:
865:
817:
790:
778:
766:
742:
727:
712:
688:
502:. According to the account reported by
1258:Sieges involving the Umayyad Caliphate
1240:
1151:. In Houtsma, Martijn Theodoor (ed.).
1098:
880:
853:
1155:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 1162–1163.
813:
811:
208:
1129:(Second ed.). Harlow: Longman.
994:
931:
700:
477:to lead it. Muslim's army of 12,000
517:. Ibn al-Zubayr was also joined by
388:At the death of the founder of the
13:
808:
14:
1289:
1268:Mecca under the Umayyad Caliphate
426:(a grandson of the first caliph,
66:24 September – 26 November 683 CE
430:, and nephew of Muhammad's wife
234:
192:Location of Mecca within modern
178:
171:
398:
1099:Howard, I. K. A., ed. (1990).
1:
1278:680s in the Umayyad Caliphate
1176:The Arab Kingdom and Its Fall
661:
540:. On Sunday, 31 October, the
383:
380:Mecca, ending the civil war.
567:
7:
533:to bombard it with stones.
500:Husayn ibn Numayr al-Sakuni
378:again besieged and captured
369:Husayn ibn Numayr al-Sakuni
153:Husayn ibn Numayr al-Sakuni
10:
1294:
1000:"ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-Zubayr"
988:
677:Wensinck & Jomier 1978
20:
589:by pro-Alid forces under
461:, not just the Umayyads.
244:
166:
146:
127:
58:
43:
35:
30:
970:, pp. 48–49, 51–53.
605:defeated Mukhtar at the
527:Najda ibn Amir al-Hanafi
493:
475:Muslim ibn Uqba al-Murri
16:Part of the Second Fitna
629:Rebuilding of the Kaaba
424:Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr
338:Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr
158:Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr
643:
623:another siege of Mecca
286:Ibn al-Zubayr's Revolt
147:Commanders and leaders
636:
577:, and even reclaimed
515:al-Mukhtar al-Thaqafi
457:) from among all the
575:Battle of Marj Rahit
336:was a sanctuary for
189:class=notpageimage|
21:For other uses, see
1149:"Yazīd b. Mu'āwiya"
958:, pp. 166–170.
946:, pp. 165–166.
868:, pp. 114–115.
832:, pp. 157–160.
805:, pp. 154–157.
757:, pp. 149–154.
619:defeated and killed
483:Battle of al-Harrah
471:Marwan ibn al-Hakam
449:al-ʿaʾidh biʾl-bayt
278:Madhar & Harura
97:21.4167°N 39.8167°E
93: /
1171:Wellhausen, Julius
1076:Hawting, Gerald R.
1012:Lévi-Provençal, E.
644:
591:Mukhtar al-Thaqafi
511:Abd Allah ibn Muti
438:. Husayn made for
161:Mukhtar al-Thaqafi
118:Zubayrid Caliphate
1136:978-0-582-40525-7
1112:978-0-7914-0040-1
1067:978-0-88706-855-3
982:, pp. 92–98.
781:, pp. 47–48.
769:, pp. 89–90.
715:, pp. 49–51.
703:, pp. 54–55.
691:, pp. 46–47.
488:Julius Wellhausen
444:Battle of Karbala
418:(the grandson of
390:Umayyad Caliphate
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597:in August 686.
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1053:, ed. (1989).
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1004:Gibb, H. A. R.
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538:Grand Mosque
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355:, the other
330:Second Fitna
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263:Ayn al-Warda
237:Second Fitna
194:Saudi Arabia
128:Belligerents
38:Second Fitna
36:Part of the
18:
1206:Pellat, Ch.
1145:Lammens, H.
1024:Pellat, Ch.
1016:Schacht, J.
881:Howard 1990
854:Howard 1990
562:Mu'awiya II
546:Black Stone
100: /
1242:Categories
1219:Volume IV:
662:References
519:Kharijites
394:Mu'awiya I
384:Background
303:Marj Rahit
269:al-Mukhtar
267:Revolt of
88:39°49′00″E
85:21°25′00″N
1229:758278456
1202:Lewis, B.
1185:752790641
1043:495469456
1033:Volume I:
1020:Lewis, B.
932:Gibb 1960
701:Gibb 1960
648:Ibn Abbas
568:Aftermath
531:catapults
504:al-Tabari
357:holy city
342:Caliphate
313:2nd Mecca
298:1st Mecca
1221:Iran–Kha
1212:(eds.).
1173:(1927).
1147:(1987).
1123:(2004).
1078:(2000).
1026:(eds.).
998:(1960).
587:defeated
558:Damascus
428:Abu Bakr
420:Muhammad
293:Al-Harra
140:Zubayrid
71:Location
1194:"Ka'ba"
989:Sources
479:Syrians
459:Quraysh
422:), and
409:Medinan
405:Yazid I
349:Yazid I
346:Umayyad
344:by the
258:Karbala
252:risings
142:Meccans
1227:
1208:&
1183:
1159:
1133:
1109:
1088:
1064:
1041:
1022:&
603:Mus'ab
523:Yamama
432:A'isha
353:Medina
308:Maskin
273:Khazir
113:Result
1196:. In
1057:64–66
1002:. In
656:hatīm
652:hatīm
640:hatīm
595:Mosul
593:near
579:Egypt
542:Kaaba
521:from
494:Siege
466:Ansar
454:shūrā
436:Mecca
373:Syria
365:Kaaba
361:Islam
334:Mecca
76:Mecca
52:Kaaba
1225:OCLC
1181:OCLC
1157:ISBN
1131:ISBN
1107:ISBN
1086:ISBN
1062:ISBN
1039:OCLC
615:Qays
585:was
583:Iraq
440:Kufa
413:Alid
324:The
250:Alid
248:Pro-
138:Pro-
63:Date
50:The
1248:683
1035:A–B
613:'s
359:of
1244::
1217:.
1204:;
1200:;
1031:.
1018:;
1014:;
1010:;
1006:;
920:^
903:^
888:^
873:^
810:^
735:^
720:^
669:^
399:r.
392:,
1231:.
1187:.
1165:.
1139:.
1115:.
1094:.
1070:.
1045:.
447:(
396:(
280:)
271:(
228:e
221:t
214:v
25:.
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