1150:, a valley north of Medina, but instead, Mukhtar dispatched three thousand fighters under Shurahbil ibn Wars with orders to enter Medina until further notice. Meanwhile, Ibn al-Zubayr sent his confidant Abbas ibn Sahl at the head of a two thousand-strong force with instructions to escort Ibn Wars and his men to Wadi al-Qura in anticipation of the Syrian army and to kill Mukhtar's loyalists if they refused. Ibn Wars indeed refused and was killed along with most of his men. Mukhtar subsequently informed Ibn al-Hanafiyya of his foiled plan to seize the region for the Alid and offered to send another army to Medina if Ibn al-Hanafiyya notified the city's inhabitants that Mukhtar was working on his behalf. Ibn al-Hanafiyya refused, citing his opposition to bloodshed. Nonetheless, Ibn al-Zubayr, after becoming aware of Mukhtar's intentions and fearing a pro-Alid revolt in the Hejaz, detained Ibn al-Hanafiyya to forcibly gain his allegiance, hoping Mukhtar would follow suit. Ibn al-Hanafiyya requested help from Mukhtar, who subsequently dispatched a four thousand-strong force to free him. This caused a further deterioration in relations between Mecca and Kufa.
1176:, a village near Kufa. Mus'ab then besieged Mukhtar's palace for four months. Ibn al-Ashtar, who was then governor of Mosul, did not attempt to relieve Mukhtar, either because he was not called to action, or because he refused Mukhtar's summons. In either case, he later joined Mus'ab. On 3 April 687, Mukhtar came out of the palace accompanied by nineteen supporters, (the remainder had refused to fight), and was killed fighting. Soon afterward, Mukhtar's remaining partisans, totaling about six thousand, surrendered and were executed by Mus'ab. One of Mukhtar's wives, Umrah bint Nu'man ibn Bashir al-Ansari, refused to denounce her husband's views and was consequently executed, while his other wife condemned him and was spared. Mukhtar's hand was cut off and hung on the wall of the mosque. His grave is, reportedly, located inside the shrine of Muslim ibn Aqil, at the back of the
720:. The latter was appointed to replace Mukhtar's father-in-law, Nu'man ibn Bashir, as governor due to Ibn Bashir's benign attitude toward Ibn Aqil and his followers. As a result of Ibn Ziyad's suppression and political maneuvering, Ibn Aqil's following started melting away and he was forced to declare the revolt prematurely. Mukhtar was not in the city at the time. After hearing the news, he attempted to gather supporters from Kufa's environs, but Ibn Aqil's revolt was defeated and he was executed before Mukhtar returned to the city. Mukhtar was arrested and brought to the governor but he denied involvement in the revolt. While Mukhtar was imprisoned, Husayn was slain by Ibn Ziyad's forces at the
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794:, to fight the Umayyads to atone for their failure to support Husayn during the Battle of Karbala. The Tawwabin movement created difficulties for Mukhtar. Most pro-Alid Kufans supported Ibn Surad because he was Muhammad's companion, and as a result, Mukhtar was unable to attract many recruits. He criticised the Tawwabin's actions as premature and destined for failure, arguing that Ibn Surad was old, weak, and militarily inexperienced. He then claimed that he was a lieutenant of Ibn al-Hanafiyya, whom he called the
1880:. Shia, on the other hand, regard him a sincere partisan of Ali and his family, who avenged the murder of Husayn and his company. They maintain that the allegations levelled against him regarding prophethood, his role in the Kaysanites sect, and his lust for power are Umayyad and Zubayrid propaganda. Early Shia, however, had a hostile opinion of him, that arose from his attitude toward Hasan and his alleged incompetence during Ibn Aqil's revolt. His proclamation of Ibn al-Hanafiyya, a non-
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the Syrian captives, Ibn Anas died of an illness. Having lost their commander, the Kufans retreated in the face of another
Umayyad army. In Kufa, rumour spread that Mukhtar's forces had been defeated and Ibn Anas slain. In response, Mukhtar deployed seven thousand reinforcements headed by Ibn al-Ashtar. Taking advantage of the troops' absence, the Kufan nobility, whose relations with Mukhtar had grown estranged due to his favouritism toward the
1168:, the governor of Basra and younger brother of Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr, launched an assault against Kufa. A sizable portion of his army consisted of Kufan nobles, who had previously fled Mukhtar's punitive measures. The size of Mukhtar's Kufan army is not certain with ranges between three thousand to sixty thousand, depending on the source. The Kufans retreated following their defeat at the battles of Madhar, located along the
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the counsel of God. He concludes that
Mukhtar was nevertheless a sincere man who tried to eradicate the social differences of his time. He further argues that Mukhtar made extravagant claims and exploited Ibn al-Hanafiyya's name out of necessity, as he could not have achieved his goal in his own name. He calls him "... one of the greatest men of Islamic history; anticipated the future". Historian
752:(western Arabia). Having left Kufa, Mukhtar headed for Mecca and offered allegiance to Ibn al-Zubayr on the condition that he be consulted about important matters and awarded a high post, which Ibn al-Zubayr refused. Mukhtar then left for Ta'if and, after one year, Ibn al-Zubayr, persuaded by his advisers, accepted Mukhtar's homage under the same terms. When Yazid dispatched an army to
472:, and called for the establishment of an Alid caliphate and retaliation for Husayn's killing. He took over Kufa in October 685, after expelling its Zubayrid governor, and later ordered the execution of those involved in the killing of Husayn. Hostile relations with Ibn al-Zubayr ultimately led to Mukhtar's death by the forces of the Zubayrid governor of
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and Ibn al-Hanafiyya seems to have had no involvement in the revolt. He tolerated the use of his name, however, and did not disapprove of
Mukhtar's activities. Nonetheless, when he wanted to visit his followers in Kufa, he was deterred by a rumour, floated by Mukhtar upon hearing this news, that the true Mahdi would not die if struck by a sword.
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in Syria, and I did not see myself as inferior to other Arabs. Therefore, I took over this region and became like one of them, except that I sought to avenge the blood of the
Prophet's family, while the other Arabs neglected the matter. I slew everyone who had taken part in shedding their blood and I
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as governor to contain the expected agitation but to no avail. Mukhtar and his followers planned to overthrow the governor and seize control of Kufa on
Thursday, 19 October 685. On the evening of 17 October Mukhtar's men clashed with government forces. Mukhtar signaled an early declaration of revolt
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Doubting the authenticity of
Mukhtar's claims, a group of Alid partisans from Kufa went to Mecca seeking verification from Ibn al-Hanafiyya. He replied in an ambiguous manner that he was satisfied with anyone whom God uses to take revenge on enemies of the family of the prophet. They interpreted this
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While early historical accounts are unanimous in portraying
Mukhtar in a negative light, modern historians hold a variety of views. Wellhausen writes that although Mukhtar did not claim to be a prophet, he made every effort to create the impression that he was one, and spoke in a way as if he sat in
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There are differing accounts of how prominent members of the Alid family viewed
Mukhtar. One account holds that Husayn's son and the fourth Shia Imam, Ali al-Sajjad, prayed for him after seeing the heads of Ibn Ziyad and Umar ibn Sa'd, while another account holds that he rejected Mukhtar's gifts and
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Sometime after expelling Ibn Muti, Mukhtar complained to Ibn al-Zubayr about the failure to keep his promise, despite
Mukhtar having served him well. Mukhtar, nonetheless, offered his support if needed. Though Ibn al-Zubayr had considered Mukhtar loyal, the latter refused to surrender his control of
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One year after the Battle of Ayn al-Warda, the
Umayyad army occupied Mosul and headed for Kufa. Mukhtar sent three thousand cavalrymen under the command of Yazid ibn Anas. On 17 July 686, they defeated the Umayyad army, twice their size, near Mosul. That evening, after ordering the execution of all
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tribe, Mukhtar presented him with a letter, which he claimed was authored by Ibn al-Hanafiyya. In it, Ibn al-Hanafiyya ostensibly called himself the Mahdi and urged Ibn al-Ashtar to support Mukhtar. After expressing some doubts, Ibn al-Ashtar eventually joined him. The letter was likely fabricated,
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in 683, Mukhtar participated in the city's defence. After Yazid died in November, the Umayyad army retreated and Ibn al-Zubayr openly proclaimed his caliphate. Mukhtar was informed by people coming from Kufa that the city had come under Ibn al-Zubayr's control but many Kufans were looking for an
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Two days after reasserting control over Kufa, Mukhtar dispatched Ibn al-Ashtar with a thirteen thousand-strong force to confront the approaching Umayyad army led by Ibn Ziyad. Some of Mukhtar's soldiers carried a chair, circling around it, which they claimed belonged to Ali and would give them
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but was refused. Five months after Yazid's death, he returned to Kufa without informing Ibn al-Zubayr, who he thought had not kept his promise. Some accounts state that Ibn al-Zubayr himself sent him to Kufa as governor with instructions to gather force capable of resisting Umayyad attempts to
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became caliph, but Mu'awiya challenged his authority and invaded Iraq. While Hasan was mobilizing his troops, he was injured by a Kharijite near al-Mada'in and was brought to the home of Mukhtar's uncle. There, Mukhtar reportedly recommended that Hasan be handed over to Mu'awiya in return for
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Sunni Muslims hold Mukhtar a liar who claimed prophethood and consider him an enemy of the Alids, who used their name to gain power, and executed Husayn's killers to consolidate his support among pro-Alids. According to Wellhausen, although he did not explicitly call himself a prophet, the
1897:, praised him: "Do not curse al-Mukhtār, for he killed those who killed us, sought our revenge, married our widows, and distributed wealth among us in times of hardship." Al-Baqir further praised him when Mukhtar's son asked al-Baqir about his opinion of Mukhtar. Husayn's great-grandson,
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rose to significance, much to the dissatisfaction of the Kufan Arab nobility. He had proclaimed Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya as the Mahdi and the Imam. This was likely the first reference to the Mahdi in the history of Islam. This idea became influential afterward, particularly in
1097:. Many others were killed under the pretext of their direct or indirect involvement in the battle, while about ten thousand Kufans fled to Basra. The houses of many absconders were destroyed. This further reduced Arab support for Mukhtar and he became increasingly reliant on
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were killed. The exact date of the battle is unknown, although some sources put it on 6 August, coinciding with 10 Muharram, the date of Husayn's death. The death of Ibn Ziyad was seen as the fulfillment of Mukhtar's promise of revenge against Husayn's killers.
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Ibn al-Zubayr appointed Abd Allah ibn Yazid as governor of Kufa in 684. Fearful of Mukhtar, Ibn Yazid imprisoned him. Some time later, Abdullah ibn Umar interceded for Mukhtar, who promised to refrain from anti-government activity and was released.
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partisans, because it was seen as the violation of the peace treaty, which stipulated that Mu'awiya would not nominate a successor. Scant information exists about Mukhtar's early life and he only rose to prominence when he was aged around sixty.
1901:, is reported to have said: "The Hāshimites neither combed nor dyed their hair until al-Mukhtār sent us the heads of those who killed al-Ḥusayn." Ja'far al-Sadiq is also reported to have said that Mukhtar used to lie about Ali al-Sajjad.
761:, to avenge Husayn's death and secure power for Ibn al-Hanafiyya. The latter responded that he neither approved nor disapproved of such an action, but bloodshed should be avoided. Earlier, he had made the same offer to Husayn's son
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The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XX: The Collapse of Sufyānid Authority and the Coming of the Marwānids: The Caliphates of Muʿāwiyah II and Marwān I and the Beginning of the Caliphate of ʿAbd al-Malik, A.D. 683–685/A.H.
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The title of Mahdi (the guided one) had been posthumously applied to Muhammad, Ali, Husayn, and others as an honorific. Mukhtar, however, employed the term in a messianic sense: a divinely guided ruler, who would redeem
667:, broke away in protest, condemning Ali's acceptance of arbitration as blasphemous. Arbitration could not settle the dispute between Mu'awiya and Ali and the latter was subsequently murdered by a Kharijite dissident
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writes that Mukhtar was a revolutionary who tried to put together a united Kufan coalition but was beset by internal divisions and let down by the Alid family. Before his death, Mukhtar is reported to have said:
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In 686, Mukhtar feigned an offer of military support to Ibn al-Zubayr against an impending Umayyad attack on Medina with the ultimate intention of ousting him. Ibn al-Zubayr accepted and requested troops to
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He and his party have renounced our pious ancestors; he has enticed our slaves and Mawālī, and mounted them, has given or promised them a share of our state revenue; in this way he has robbed us ...
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ended in stalemate (July 657), when Ali's forces refused to fight in response to Mu'awiya's calls for arbitration. Ali reluctantly agreed to talks but a faction of his forces, later called
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sixty years later. Mukhtar was important as an early proponent of treating Arab and non-Arab Muslims on an equal footing. He is a controversial figure among Sunnis; condemned by them as a
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to his troops by lighting fires. By the evening of Wednesday, 18 October, the government's forces were defeated. Ibn Muti went into hiding and later, with help from Mukhtar, escaped to
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in his army and treated them as equals, Wellhausen writes: "If the doctrine of Raj'a is correct, then the Arab of Khutarnia came to life again in the Maula of Khutarnia ."
513:, but revered by most Shias because of his support for the Alids. Modern historians' views range from regarding him as a sincere revolutionary to an ambitious opportunist.
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narrating the synthesized version of the story of Karbala, various Mukhtar-namas romanticizing the events of the life and movement of Mukhtar were written during the
1205:(change in the divine will), when after defeat at the battle of Madhar, for which he had claimed he was promised victory, he said that God had changed his plan.
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victory in the battle. The idea is said to have been Mukhtar's. He had invented it to increase his support among more religious people and compared it to the
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Despite the siege, Mukhtar was able to recall Ibn al-Ashtar. Three days after its departure from Kufa, Ibn al-Ashtar's army returned and defeated the revolt.
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After eliminating his opposition, Mukhtar enacted punitive measures against those involved in the battle of Karbala. He executed most of them, including
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In Kufa, Mukhtar began recruiting people to take revenge against the killers of Husayn, promising them victory and fortune. At the same time,
1876:. Muhammad is reported to have said: "In Thaqif there will be a great liar and destroyer." To them, the liar is Mukhtar and the destroyer is
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holds he was not the originator of the concept. He allowed them to carry the chair, as he needed their zeal. The armies met at the banks of
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independent leader of their own. He claimed that he was the man they were looking for. While in Mecca, he sought permission from Ali's son,
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after the Muslim conquest of this region, and was raised by his uncle Sa'd ibn Masud al-Thaqafi. Umar was assassinated by the Persian slave
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1029:, hitherto treated as lower-grade citizens, were entitled to war booty and army salaries and allowed to ride horses. He announced that any
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Kufa to the caliph's appointed governor, Umar ibn Abd al-Rahman. The governor left the city after being bribed and threatened by Mukhtar.
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1021:. At first, he attempted to reconcile their differences and appease both. Most government positions, including the governorships of
1944:, on the other hand, calls him an ambitious politician who manipulated the religious sentiments of common people for his own good.
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Although Mukhtar was defeated, his movement would have far-reaching consequences. After his death, his followers formed a radical
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slaves who joined him would be freed, resulting in increased support from this group. His personal guard was also staffed by
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in early August 686. The Umayyad army was defeated, and many of the senior Umayyad military leaders including Ibn Ziyad and
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3231:"Mohammad b. al-Hanafiyya dans la religion populaire, le folklore, les légendes dans le monde turco-persan et indo-persan"
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1061:(Upper Mesopotamia). Efforts by his supporters to take Basra, which was under Zubayrid control, did not succeed. By then
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1828:) of the Mahdi. After the death of Ibn al-Hanafiyya, some Kaysanites believed that he had not died but was hidden in
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in January 685, and most of the pro-Alid Kufans shifted allegiance to Mukhtar. Ibn al-Zubayr replaced Ibn Yazid with
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After his release Mukhtar resumed his revolutionary activities. The Tawwabin were defeated by the Umayyads at the
712:, the younger brother of now deceased Hasan, to lead a revolt against Yazid. Husayn subsequently sent his cousin
491:, who developed several novel doctrines and influenced later Shia ideology. Mukhtar raised the social status of
1968:, based on the Shia perspective of his life and revolt, was produced in 2009 garnering significant popularity.
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Though Mukhtar ruled for less than two years, his ideology survived his death. It was during his rule that the
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political favour, but was rebuffed by his uncle. In August 661, Hasan abdicated the caliphate to Mu'awiya in a
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A small village near Kufa, where Mukhtar owned property. Abu Muslim started his early operations from Kufa.
2022:. Non-Arab converts were thus incorporated into Arab tribes, although not as equal members, hence the term
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had taken reigns of the Umayyad power in Syria and was struggling to regain control of the lost provinces.
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969:. The next morning, Mukhtar received allegiance from Kufans in the mosque on the basis of, "Book of God,
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to assess the political environment in Kufa. Mukhtar hosted Ibn Aqil at his house before the arrival of
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790:, a companion of Muhammad and an Alid supporter, was rallying a group of Kufans, who called themselves
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1884:, may also have contributed to this as most Shia in later times adhered to the Fatimid line of Alids.
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Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God [2 volumes]
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and would return some day to rid the world of injustice. Most Kaysanites, however, declared his son
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The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XIX: The Caliphate of Yazīd ibn Muʿāwiyah, A.D. 680–683/A.H. 60–64
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as confirmation of Mukhtar's claims and returned to join him. To win over the hitherto unpersuaded
728:, an influential son of the second caliph and Mukhtar's brother-in-law, and ordered to leave Kufa.
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Black Banners from the East: The Establishment of the ʻAbbāsid State : Incubation of a Revolt
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The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century
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Support for Mukhtar's revolt came from two divergent groups: the Arab tribal nobility and the
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3571:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.
3480:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.
3378:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.
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of the Prophet, revenge for the Prophet's family, defence of the weak and war on sinners".
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allegations took root because of his boasting and excessive claims, which he made in the
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to boost their legitimacy and appeal to pro-Alid masses. Two of Muhammad ibn Ali's sons,
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I am one of the Arabs, I saw that Ibn Zubayr seized the ruling power in Hejaz and that
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tribe, and Dawma bint Amr ibn Wahb ibn Muattib. Following Muhammad's death in 632,
426:, Mukhtar moved to Iraq at a young age and grew up in Kufa. Following the death of
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In the tribal society of the early caliphate, every Muslim had to belong to an
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812:; local converts to Islam), that he was working under the orders of the Mahdi.
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Sāsānid Soldiers in Early Muslim Society: The Origins of ʿAyyārān and Futuwwa
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The Rebel and the Imam in Early Islam: Explorations in Muslim Historiography
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Pro-Alids or Alid partisans were political supporters of Ali and his family.
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on 10 October 680. Mukhtar was afterward released upon the intervention of
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Living Islamic History: Studies in Honour of Professor Carole Hillenbrand
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798:(Messiah). He convinced many Alid partisans, including some five hundred
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3896:. Translated by Margaret Graham Weir. Calcutta: University of Calcutta.
1996:, and his descendants were the rightful and divinely appointed leaders (
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describes this as an accurate description of his activities. Professor
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Mukhtar was born in Ta'if in 622 CE (the year that the Islamic prophet
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Mukhtar controlled much of Iraq from October 685 until the end of 686.
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reconquer Iraq. This is considered unlikely by the modern historians.
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His followers later developed into a distinct Shia sect known as the
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initiated by Abu Bakr, and sent Mukhtar's father Abu Ubayd to the
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The Caliph and the Heretic: Ibn Sabaʾ and the Origins of Shīʿism
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A view of modern-day Kufa, the headquarters of Mukhtar, and its
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607:
598:
in November 634. Mukhtar, then thirteen years old, remained in
549:
533:
494:
439:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3026:
2200:
2198:
2196:
1762:
2998:
2996:
2978:
2651:
2457:
2400:
2346:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2063:
2061:
1582:
1558:
1094:
1054:
1041:. Nobles, however, were disturbed by his policies toward the
1022:
966:
801:
795:
749:
745:
696:
473:
465:
446:
400:
288:
3589:(2009). "Mukhtar al-Thaqafi: Character versus Controversy".
3547:
The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661–750
2968:
2966:
2953:
2951:
2704:
2702:
2540:
2538:
2154:
3276:
Charismatic Community, The: Shi'ite Identity in Early Islam
3023:
2806:
2804:
2388:
2193:
881:
708:
Upon Yazid's accession in April 680, pro-Alid Kufans urged
687:. A few years before his death, Mu'awiya nominated his son
636:
576:
537:
484:
404:
164:
103:
3726:
The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate
3613:(Third ed.). Abingdon, Oxon and New York: Routledge.
2993:
2743:
2741:
2562:
2252:
2104:
2058:
1002: Regions under the control/influence of Ibn al-Zubayr
3301:
The Umayyad Caliphate, 65–86/684–705: (a Political Study)
3061:
3059:
2963:
2948:
2936:
2777:
2753:
2699:
2663:
2627:
2586:
2574:
2535:
2504:
2502:
2378:
2376:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2264:
2242:
2240:
2210:
2169:
1989:
625:
525:
505:
and Kaysanites went on to play a significant role in the
454:
3868:. Translated by Ostle, Robin; Walzer, Sofie. Amsterdam:
3790:
Islamic Messianism: The Idea of Mahdi in Twelver Shi'ism
3122:
3088:
3086:
2828:
2816:
2801:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2477:
2475:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2227:
2225:
2132:
2130:
2128:
3751:(in Arabic). Vol. 45. Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Wafāʾ.
2738:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2076:
3110:
3098:
3056:
3044:
2840:
2789:
2726:
2714:
2639:
2615:
2550:
2499:
2445:
2412:
2373:
2361:
2288:
2237:
2092:
3083:
3071:
3013:
3011:
2924:
2912:
2900:
2888:
2852:
2687:
2598:
2514:
2487:
2472:
2424:
2334:
2317:
2276:
2222:
2142:
2125:
1961:
1836:
to be their Imam. He then transferred the Imamate to
832:
2181:
2073:
1823:
1813:
1198:
807:
799:
500:
492:
387:
3550:(Second ed.). London and New York: Routledge.
3325:
Muhammad and the Believers, at the Origins of Islam
2876:
2765:
2675:
2305:
1992:, the cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet
3793:. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
3729:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
3440:
3424:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
3008:
3392:
2870:
3932:
1932:have continued doing so until this day ...
1136:
820:, an influential Alid partisan and head of the
575:. He died two years later and was succeeded by
3144:
2406:
2394:
2204:
3976:7th-century people from the Umayyad Caliphate
3865:The Religio-political Factions in Early Islam
1785:
852:
3393:Fitzpatrick, Coeli; Walker, Adam H. (2014).
3252:The Ismāʿı̄lı̄s: Their History and Doctrines
1844:used this as a propaganda tool during their
655:, refused to recognise Ali's authority, and
38:
3662:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 1230–1238.
3175:
3002:
1887:
1838:Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Abd Allah ibn al-Abbas
3886:
3861:
3700:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
3654:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
3518:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
2987:
2957:
2942:
2759:
2708:
2657:
2592:
2580:
2544:
2466:
2355:
2270:
2216:
2175:
2163:
1792:
1778:
859:
845:
434:, at the hands of the Umayyad army in the
378:الْمُخْتَار ٱبْن أَبِي عُبَيْد الثَّقَفِيّ
48:
40:الْمُخْتَار ٱبْن أَبِي عُبَيْد الثَّقَفِيّ
3783:
3755:
3722:
3708:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 420–424.
3526:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 521–524.
3255:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3104:
2834:
2783:
2747:
2119:
1904:
996: Region under the control of Mukhtar
3676:
3627:
3371:
2822:
2669:
2633:
2098:
2067:
980:
773:
744:, secretly started taking allegiance in
520:
3765:. Translated by Kadhim, Abbas. London:
3743:
3603:
3540:
3494:
3469:
3245:
3228:
3203:
3128:
3116:
3077:
3065:
3050:
2906:
2894:
2858:
2846:
2810:
2795:
2732:
2621:
2609:
2568:
2529:
2451:
2439:
2382:
2340:
2328:
2299:
2258:
2231:
2148:
2086:
1025:and al-Mada'in, were awarded to Arabs.
990: Region controlled by Abd al-Malik
617:), ruled for twelve years before being
27:Pro-Alid Arab revolutionary (c.622–687)
14:
3933:
3908:
3839:(1960). "Shi'ism under the Umayyads".
3807:
3585:
3564:
3438:
3417:
3318:
3269:
3092:
3038:
3017:
2972:
2930:
2918:
2693:
2493:
2481:
2282:
2187:
1893:called him a liar. Husayn's grandson,
740:, a son of Muhammad's close companion
3346:
3297:
3185:. Translated by Abu Khaliyl. Riyadh:
2882:
2771:
2720:
2681:
2645:
2556:
2508:
2418:
2367:
2246:
2136:
1947:
840:
3842:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
3835:
2311:
691:as his successor, thus founding the
430:, a grandson of the Islamic prophet
389:al-Mukhtār ibn Abī ʿUbayd al-Thaqafī
3762:Shi'a Sects: (Kitab Firaq Al-Shi'a)
1808:. They introduced the doctrines of
1104:
683:and the capital was transferred to
606:in 644, after which his successor,
556:, a Muslim army commander from the
377:
370:Al-Mukhtar ibn Abi Ubayd al-Thaqafi
39:
24:
3281:State University of New York Press
833:Overthrow of the Zubayrid governor
407:, who led a rebellion against the
25:
3992:
976:
769:
731:
438:in 680, he allied with the rival
3961:Iraq under the Umayyad Caliphate
3915:. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
3870:North-Holland Publishing Company
3592:Journal of Shi'a Islamic Studies
3449:; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John;
3145:Al-Abdul Jader, Adel S. (2010).
1960:. An Iranian television series,
1761:
1230:
866:
480:, following a four-month siege.
3372:Fishbein, Michael, ed. (1990).
3298:Dixon, Abd al-Ameer A. (1971).
2039:
2029:
2012:
1860:, who recruited both Arabs and
1068:
748:and came to control the entire
630:
612:
581:
566:
459:
415:for eighteen months during the
3565:Howard, I. K. A., ed. (1990).
3457:(3rd ed.). Brill Online.
3177:Al-Tirmidhi, Abū ʿĪsā Muḥammad
2003:
1984:A sect of Muslims who, unlike
1978:
594:. Abu Ubayd was killed at the
411:in 685 and ruled over most of
13:
1:
3893:The Arab Kingdom and Its Fall
2871:Fitzpatrick & Walker 2014
2052:
782:, where his grave is located.
695:. Yazid's nomination angered
516:
464:) and brother of Husayn, the
393:
195:Military occupation (680-681)
76:
3757:Nawbakhtī, al-Ḥasan ibn Mūsá
1593:Bektashism and folk religion
1172:between Basra and Kufa, and
1160:Battles of Madhar and Harura
1137:Relations with Ibn al-Zubayr
7:
3862:Wellhausen, Julius (1975).
3723:Madelung, Wilferd (1997b).
3495:Hawting, Gerald R. (1993).
1962:
1824:
1814:
1199:
1130:Husayn ibn Numayr al-Sakuni
808:
800:
501:
493:
388:
208:Nu'man ibn Bashir al-Ansari
125:Abu Ishaq (Father of Ishaq)
10:
3997:
3966:People of the Second Fitna
3677:Madelung, Wilferd (1997).
3497:"al-Mukhtār b. Abī ʿUbayd"
3442:"al-Mukhtār b. Abī ʿUbayd"
3159:Edinburgh University Press
3137:
2000:) of the Muslim community.
1157:
1108:
3855:10.1017/S0035869X00163142
3347:Egger, Vernon O. (2016).
1872:style of ancient Arabian
1183:
876:
759:Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya
703:
528:moved the capital of the
487:sect, later known as the
451:Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya
399:– 3 April 687) was a pro-
363:
347:Siege of Kufa (687)
303:
281:
276:
272:
261:
250:
230:
222:
199:
191:
170:
155:
129:
121:
111:
92:
68:
47:
34:
3330:Harvard University Press
1971:
1888:Views of the Alid family
1740:Umm Farwah bint al-Qasim
1153:
3971:7th-century Arab people
3909:Zakeri, Mohsen (1995).
3785:Sachedina, Abdulaziz A.
3745:Majlesi, Mohammad-Baqer
3235:Cahiers d'Asie Centrale
1063:Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan
738:Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr
647:of Muhammad, including
443:Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr
403:revolutionary based in
243:Dawma bint Amr (mother)
183:Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr
3455:Encyclopaedia of Islam
3439:Haider, Najam (2021).
3418:Haider, Najam (2019).
3229:Calmard, Jean (1998).
3204:Anthony, Sean (2011).
1934:
1905:Modern scholarly views
1675:Khadija bint Khuwaylid
1262:Succession to Muhammad
1084:
1014:
958:Battle of Ayn al-Warda
918:Ibn al-Zubayr's Revolt
783:
742:al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam
624:After Uthman's death,
619:assassinated by rebels
541:
3399:. Santa Barbara, CA:
1917:
1768:Shia Islam portal
1394:Verse of purification
1241:Beliefs and practices
1080:
984:
818:Ibrahim ibn al-Ashtar
777:
718:Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad
524:
178:Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad
73:Mukhtar ibn Abu Ubayd
3279:. Albany, New York:
3041:, p. 269 n. 93.
1690:Umm Kulthum bint Ali
1369:Mourning of Muharram
1299:Mourning of Muharram
1178:Great Mosque of Kufa
1166:Mus'ab ibn al-Zubayr
1095:Shimr ibn Ziljawshan
596:Battle of the Bridge
586:), who expanded the
554:Abu Ubayd al-Thaqafi
478:Mus'ab ibn al-Zubayr
328:Siege of Mecca (683)
238:Abu Ubayd al-Thaqafi
116:Great Mosque of Kufa
2990:, pp. 147–148.
2975:, pp. 181–193.
2660:, pp. 132–133.
2571:, pp. 265–273.
2469:, pp. 131–132.
2407:Al-Abdul Jader 2010
2395:Al-Abdul Jader 2010
2358:, pp. 128–130.
2261:, pp. 114–115.
2205:Al-Abdul Jader 2010
2166:, pp. 146–147.
2070:, pp. 420–424.
1942:Abdulaziz Sachedina
1878:al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf
1705:Ruqayya bint Husayn
1612:Extinct Shi'a sects
1332:Days of remembrance
1319:Arbaʽeen Pilgrimage
1314:The Four Companions
1118:Ark of the Covenant
910:Madhar & Harura
3888:Wellhausen, Julius
3542:Hawting, Gerald R.
3445:. In Fleet, Kate;
2122:, pp. xv–xvi.
1948:Popular references
1840:before dying. The
1525:Atba-i-Malak Bohra
1452:Branches and sects
1399:Two weighty things
1120:, but orientalist
1015:
962:Abd Allah ibn Muti
788:Sulayman ibn Surad
784:
726:Abd Allah ibn Umar
651:, the governor of
542:
507:Abbasid Revolution
453:, a son of caliph
255:Abd Allah ibn Umar
159:Leader of an anti-
137:Rashidun Caliphate
36:Mukhtar al-Thaqafi
3922:978-3-447-03652-8
3828:978-965-223-501-5
3800:978-0-87395-442-6
3776:978-1-904063-26-1
3736:978-0-521-64696-3
3715:978-90-04-10422-8
3669:978-90-04-07819-2
3629:Madelung, Wilferd
3620:978-1-138-78761-2
3578:978-0-7914-0040-1
3533:978-90-04-09419-2
3487:978-0-88706-855-3
3410:978-1-61069-178-9
3385:978-0-7914-0221-4
3364:978-1-315-50768-2
3339:978-0-674-05097-6
3328:. Cambridge, MA:
3304:. London: Luzac.
3290:978-0-7914-7033-6
3262:978-0-521-37019-6
3221:978-90-04-21606-8
3196:978-9960-9967-7-6
3182:Jami' at-Tirmidhi
3168:978-0-7486-4219-9
2813:, pp. 51–52.
2723:, pp. 73–74.
2672:, pp. 55–59.
2648:, pp. 56–58.
2636:, pp. 53–54.
2559:, pp. 68–69.
2511:, pp. 59–63.
2421:, pp. 37–45.
2249:, pp. 32–33.
2139:, pp. 27–28.
1895:Muhammad al-Baqir
1802:
1801:
1735:Fatimah bint Asad
1700:Fatima bint Hasan
1429:Battle of Karbala
1122:Julius Wellhausen
1057:and parts of the
953:
952:
722:Battle of Karbala
693:Umayyad Caliphate
674:Ali's eldest son
604:Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz
436:Battle of Karbala
409:Umayyad Caliphate
386:
367:
366:
214:Samura ibn Jundab
142:Umayyad Caliphate
100:(aged 64–65)
62:depicting Mukhtar
16:(Redirected from
3988:
3926:
3905:
3883:
3858:
3849:(3–4): 158–172.
3837:Watt, Montgomery
3832:
3804:
3780:
3752:
3740:
3719:
3691:Heinrichs, W. P.
3673:
3624:
3600:
3582:
3561:
3537:
3509:Heinrichs, W. P.
3491:
3466:
3444:
3435:
3414:
3389:
3368:
3343:
3315:
3294:
3266:
3242:
3225:
3200:
3172:
3132:
3131:, p. 261 n.
3126:
3120:
3114:
3108:
3102:
3096:
3090:
3081:
3075:
3069:
3063:
3054:
3048:
3042:
3036:
3021:
3015:
3006:
3003:Al-Tirmidhi 2007
3000:
2991:
2985:
2976:
2970:
2961:
2955:
2946:
2940:
2934:
2928:
2922:
2916:
2910:
2904:
2898:
2892:
2886:
2880:
2874:
2868:
2862:
2856:
2850:
2844:
2838:
2832:
2826:
2820:
2814:
2808:
2799:
2793:
2787:
2781:
2775:
2769:
2763:
2757:
2751:
2745:
2736:
2730:
2724:
2718:
2712:
2706:
2697:
2691:
2685:
2679:
2673:
2667:
2661:
2655:
2649:
2643:
2637:
2631:
2625:
2619:
2613:
2607:
2596:
2590:
2584:
2578:
2572:
2566:
2560:
2554:
2548:
2542:
2533:
2527:
2512:
2506:
2497:
2491:
2485:
2479:
2470:
2464:
2455:
2449:
2443:
2437:
2422:
2416:
2410:
2404:
2398:
2392:
2386:
2380:
2371:
2370:, p. 42−43.
2365:
2359:
2353:
2344:
2338:
2332:
2326:
2315:
2309:
2303:
2297:
2286:
2280:
2274:
2268:
2262:
2256:
2250:
2244:
2235:
2229:
2220:
2214:
2208:
2202:
2191:
2185:
2179:
2173:
2167:
2161:
2152:
2146:
2140:
2134:
2123:
2117:
2102:
2096:
2090:
2084:
2071:
2065:
2046:
2043:
2037:
2033:
2027:
2016:
2010:
2007:
2001:
1982:
1967:
1923:did the same in
1827:
1817:
1794:
1787:
1780:
1766:
1765:
1745:Ruqayya bint Ali
1720:Fatima bint Musa
1234:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1111:Battle of Khazir
1105:Battle of Khazir
1012:controlled areas
1007:
1001:
995:
989:
871:
861:
854:
847:
838:
837:
811:
805:
671:in January 661.
661:Battle of Siffin
634:
632:
616:
614:
588:Muslim conquests
585:
583:
570:
568:
504:
498:
463:
461:
398:
395:
391:
381:
379:
353:
343:Battle of Harura
338:Battle of Khazir
316:Battle of Siffin
257:(brother-in-law)
212:Umm Thabit bint
192:Criminal charges
122:Other names
99:
81:
78:
63:
52:
42:
41:
32:
31:
21:
3996:
3995:
3991:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3986:
3985:
3931:
3930:
3929:
3923:
3880:
3829:
3801:
3777:
3737:
3716:
3683:Bosworth, C. E.
3670:
3637:Bosworth, C. E.
3621:
3579:
3558:
3534:
3501:Bosworth, C. E.
3488:
3451:Rowson, Everett
3432:
3411:
3386:
3365:
3340:
3320:Donner, Fred M.
3312:
3291:
3263:
3247:Daftary, Farhad
3222:
3197:
3169:
3151:Suleiman, Yasir
3140:
3135:
3127:
3123:
3115:
3111:
3103:
3099:
3091:
3084:
3076:
3072:
3064:
3057:
3049:
3045:
3037:
3024:
3016:
3009:
3001:
2994:
2988:Wellhausen 1975
2986:
2979:
2971:
2964:
2958:Wellhausen 1927
2956:
2949:
2943:Wellhausen 1927
2941:
2937:
2929:
2925:
2917:
2913:
2905:
2901:
2893:
2889:
2881:
2877:
2869:
2865:
2857:
2853:
2845:
2841:
2833:
2829:
2825:, p. 1231.
2821:
2817:
2809:
2802:
2794:
2790:
2786:, p. 69 n.
2782:
2778:
2770:
2766:
2760:Wellhausen 1975
2758:
2754:
2746:
2739:
2731:
2727:
2719:
2715:
2709:Wellhausen 1975
2707:
2700:
2692:
2688:
2680:
2676:
2668:
2664:
2658:Wellhausen 1975
2656:
2652:
2644:
2640:
2632:
2628:
2620:
2616:
2608:
2599:
2593:Wellhausen 1927
2591:
2587:
2581:Wellhausen 1975
2579:
2575:
2567:
2563:
2555:
2551:
2545:Wellhausen 1975
2543:
2536:
2528:
2515:
2507:
2500:
2492:
2488:
2480:
2473:
2467:Wellhausen 1975
2465:
2458:
2450:
2446:
2438:
2425:
2417:
2413:
2409:, pp. 6–7.
2405:
2401:
2393:
2389:
2381:
2374:
2366:
2362:
2356:Wellhausen 1975
2354:
2347:
2339:
2335:
2327:
2318:
2310:
2306:
2298:
2289:
2281:
2277:
2271:Wellhausen 1975
2269:
2265:
2257:
2253:
2245:
2238:
2230:
2223:
2217:Wellhausen 1927
2215:
2211:
2203:
2194:
2186:
2182:
2176:Wellhausen 1975
2174:
2170:
2164:Wellhausen 1927
2162:
2155:
2147:
2143:
2135:
2126:
2118:
2105:
2097:
2093:
2085:
2074:
2066:
2059:
2055:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2034:
2030:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2004:
1988:, believe that
1983:
1979:
1974:
1950:
1907:
1899:Ja'far al-Sadiq
1890:
1798:
1760:
1755:
1754:
1685:Zaynab bint Ali
1665:
1657:
1656:
1627:
1617:
1616:
1530:Sulaymani Bohra
1454:
1444:
1443:
1414:Fatimah's house
1389:
1379:
1378:
1334:
1324:
1323:
1242:
1221:
1220:
1212:
1211:
1186:
1162:
1156:
1139:
1113:
1107:
1071:
1039:Abu Amra Kaysan
1013:
1005:
1003:
999:
997:
993:
991:
987:
979:
954:
949:
872:
867:
865:
835:
772:
734:
714:Muslim ibn Aqil
706:
659:broke out. The
629:
611:
580:
565:
519:
458:
396:
359:
349:
299:
277:Military career
246:
218:
187:
151:
107:
101:
97:
88:
87:(Hejaz, Arabia)
82:
79:
75:
74:
64:
54:
43:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3994:
3984:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3928:
3927:
3921:
3906:
3884:
3879:978-0720490053
3878:
3859:
3833:
3827:
3805:
3799:
3781:
3775:
3753:
3749:Biḥār al-Anwār
3741:
3735:
3720:
3714:
3687:van Donzel, E.
3674:
3668:
3641:van Donzel, E.
3625:
3619:
3601:
3583:
3577:
3562:
3556:
3538:
3532:
3505:van Donzel, E.
3492:
3486:
3473:, ed. (1989).
3471:Hawting, G. R.
3467:
3447:Krämer, Gudrun
3436:
3430:
3415:
3409:
3390:
3384:
3369:
3363:
3344:
3338:
3316:
3311:978-0718901493
3310:
3295:
3289:
3267:
3261:
3243:
3226:
3220:
3201:
3195:
3173:
3167:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3121:
3119:, p. 213.
3109:
3105:Sachedina 1981
3097:
3095:, p. 110.
3082:
3070:
3068:, p. 351.
3055:
3053:, p. 332.
3043:
3022:
3007:
3005:, p. 270.
2992:
2977:
2962:
2960:, p. 506.
2947:
2945:, p. 505.
2935:
2933:, p. 109.
2923:
2921:, p. 107.
2911:
2899:
2887:
2875:
2863:
2851:
2849:, p. 288.
2839:
2837:, p. 153.
2835:Sachedina 1981
2827:
2815:
2800:
2798:, p. 177.
2788:
2784:Nawbakhtī 2007
2776:
2764:
2762:, p. 139.
2752:
2748:Sachedina 1981
2737:
2735:, p. 290.
2725:
2713:
2711:, p. 138.
2698:
2696:, p. 186.
2686:
2674:
2662:
2650:
2638:
2626:
2624:, p. 260.
2614:
2597:
2595:, p. 186.
2585:
2583:, p. 137.
2573:
2561:
2549:
2547:, p. 132.
2534:
2513:
2498:
2496:, p. 207.
2486:
2484:, p. 185.
2471:
2456:
2454:, p. 283.
2444:
2423:
2411:
2399:
2387:
2385:, p. 259.
2372:
2360:
2345:
2333:
2316:
2314:, p. 163.
2304:
2302:, p. 521.
2287:
2285:, p. 264.
2275:
2273:, p. 126.
2263:
2251:
2236:
2221:
2219:, p. 148.
2209:
2192:
2180:
2178:, p. 125.
2168:
2153:
2151:, p. 105.
2141:
2124:
2120:Madelung 1997b
2103:
2101:, p. 102.
2091:
2072:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2038:
2028:
2011:
2002:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1949:
1946:
1906:
1903:
1889:
1886:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1789:
1782:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1757:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1750:Sayyida Nafisa
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1725:Hakimah Khātūn
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1628:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1609:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1585:
1580:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1551:
1550:
1549:
1544:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1520:Hebtiahs Bohra
1517:
1516:
1515:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1455:
1450:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1390:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1335:
1330:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1227:
1226:
1185:
1182:
1158:Main article:
1155:
1152:
1138:
1135:
1109:Main article:
1106:
1103:
1070:
1067:
1004:
998:
992:
986:
978:
977:Rule over Iraq
975:
951:
950:
948:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
921:
920:
914:
913:
907:
897:
892:
886:
885:
877:
874:
873:
864:
863:
856:
849:
841:
834:
831:
771:
770:Return to Kufa
768:
736:By this time,
733:
732:Exile in Mecca
730:
710:Husayn ibn Ali
705:
702:
633: 656–661
615: 644–656
584: 634–644
569: 632–634
518:
515:
462: 656–661
428:Husayn ibn Ali
365:
364:
361:
360:
358:
357:
356:
355:
345:
340:
335:
330:
320:
319:
318:
307:
305:
301:
300:
298:
297:
291:
285:
283:
279:
278:
274:
273:
270:
269:
263:
259:
258:
252:
248:
247:
245:
244:
241:
234:
232:
228:
227:
224:
220:
219:
217:
216:
210:
203:
201:
197:
196:
193:
189:
188:
186:
185:
180:
174:
172:
168:
167:
157:
156:Known for
153:
152:
150:
149:
144:
139:
133:
131:
127:
126:
123:
119:
118:
113:
109:
108:
102:
94:
90:
89:
83:
72:
70:
66:
65:
53:
45:
44:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3993:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3956:Iraqi Muslims
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3924:
3918:
3914:
3913:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3894:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3866:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3843:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3824:
3820:
3817:. Jerusalem:
3816:
3815:
3810:
3809:Sharon, Moshe
3806:
3802:
3796:
3792:
3791:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3763:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3732:
3728:
3727:
3721:
3717:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3701:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3675:
3671:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3655:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3616:
3612:
3611:
3606:
3605:Kennedy, Hugh
3602:
3599:(2): 181–193.
3598:
3594:
3593:
3588:
3587:Inloes, Amina
3584:
3580:
3574:
3570:
3569:
3563:
3559:
3557:0-415-24072-7
3553:
3549:
3548:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3519:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3493:
3489:
3483:
3479:
3478:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3443:
3437:
3433:
3431:9781139199223
3427:
3423:
3422:
3416:
3412:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3397:
3391:
3387:
3381:
3377:
3376:
3370:
3366:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3351:
3345:
3341:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3326:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3307:
3303:
3302:
3296:
3292:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3271:Dakake, Maria
3268:
3264:
3258:
3254:
3253:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3237:(in French).
3236:
3232:
3227:
3223:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3208:
3202:
3198:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3183:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3164:
3160:
3157:. Edinburgh:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3143:
3142:
3130:
3125:
3118:
3113:
3106:
3101:
3094:
3089:
3087:
3080:, p. 51.
3079:
3074:
3067:
3062:
3060:
3052:
3047:
3040:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3019:
3014:
3012:
3004:
2999:
2997:
2989:
2984:
2982:
2974:
2969:
2967:
2959:
2954:
2952:
2944:
2939:
2932:
2927:
2920:
2915:
2909:, p. 52.
2908:
2903:
2897:, p. 62.
2896:
2891:
2885:, p. 70.
2884:
2879:
2873:, p. 31.
2872:
2867:
2861:, p. 59.
2860:
2855:
2848:
2843:
2836:
2831:
2824:
2823:Madelung 1986
2819:
2812:
2807:
2805:
2797:
2792:
2785:
2780:
2774:, p. 75.
2773:
2768:
2761:
2756:
2750:, p. 10.
2749:
2744:
2742:
2734:
2729:
2722:
2717:
2710:
2705:
2703:
2695:
2690:
2684:, p. 70.
2683:
2678:
2671:
2670:Fishbein 1990
2666:
2659:
2654:
2647:
2642:
2635:
2634:Fishbein 1990
2630:
2623:
2618:
2612:, p. 53.
2611:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2594:
2589:
2582:
2577:
2570:
2565:
2558:
2553:
2546:
2541:
2539:
2532:, p. 53.
2531:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2510:
2505:
2503:
2495:
2490:
2483:
2478:
2476:
2468:
2463:
2461:
2453:
2448:
2442:, p. 83.
2441:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2420:
2415:
2408:
2403:
2396:
2391:
2384:
2379:
2377:
2369:
2364:
2357:
2352:
2350:
2343:, p. 93.
2342:
2337:
2331:, p. 52.
2330:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2313:
2308:
2301:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2284:
2279:
2272:
2267:
2260:
2255:
2248:
2243:
2241:
2234:, p. 81.
2233:
2228:
2226:
2218:
2213:
2206:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2190:, p. 65.
2189:
2184:
2177:
2172:
2165:
2160:
2158:
2150:
2145:
2138:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2121:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2100:
2099:Fishbein 1990
2095:
2089:, p. 82.
2088:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2069:
2068:Madelung 1997
2064:
2062:
2057:
2042:
2032:
2025:
2021:
2015:
2006:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1986:Sunni Muslims
1981:
1977:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1964:Mokhtar Nameh
1959:
1955:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1916:
1913:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1795:
1790:
1788:
1783:
1781:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1758:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1626:
1621:
1620:
1613:
1610:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1571:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1508:Dawoodi Bohra
1506:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1453:
1448:
1447:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1388:
1383:
1382:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1364:Eid al-Ghadir
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1328:
1327:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1196:
1191:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1161:
1151:
1149:
1143:
1134:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1112:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1091:Umar ibn Sa'd
1087:
1083:
1079:
1077:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1011:
983:
974:
972:
968:
963:
959:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
922:
919:
916:
915:
911:
908:
906:
902:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
887:
883:
879:
878:
875:
870:
862:
857:
855:
850:
848:
843:
842:
839:
830:
826:
823:
819:
813:
810:
804:
803:
797:
793:
789:
781:
776:
767:
764:
763:Ali al-Sajjad
760:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
729:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
701:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
677:
672:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
627:
622:
620:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
578:
574:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
514:
512:
511:false prophet
508:
503:
497:
496:
490:
486:
481:
479:
475:
471:
467:
456:
452:
448:
444:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
420:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
390:
384:
375:
371:
362:
354:
352:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
333:Siege of Kufa
331:
329:
326:
325:
324:
321:
317:
314:
313:
312:
309:
308:
306:
302:
295:
292:
290:
287:
286:
284:
280:
275:
271:
267:
264:
260:
256:
253:
249:
242:
239:
236:
235:
233:
229:
225:
221:
215:
211:
209:
205:
204:
202:
198:
194:
190:
184:
181:
179:
176:
175:
173:
169:
166:
162:
158:
154:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
134:
132:
128:
124:
120:
117:
114:
110:
105:
95:
91:
86:
71:
67:
61:
57:
51:
46:
33:
30:
19:
3911:
3892:
3864:
3846:
3840:
3813:
3789:
3761:
3748:
3725:
3705:
3698:
3659:
3652:
3609:
3596:
3590:
3567:
3546:
3523:
3516:
3475:
3454:
3420:
3395:
3374:
3353:. New York:
3349:
3324:
3300:
3275:
3251:
3238:
3234:
3206:
3181:
3154:
3129:Anthony 2011
3124:
3117:Calmard 1998
3112:
3107:, p. 9.
3100:
3078:Hawting 2000
3073:
3066:Majlesi 1983
3051:Majlesi 1983
3046:
2938:
2926:
2914:
2907:Hawting 2000
2902:
2895:Daftary 1990
2890:
2878:
2866:
2859:Daftary 1990
2854:
2847:Anthony 2011
2842:
2830:
2818:
2811:Hawting 2000
2796:Anthony 2011
2791:
2779:
2767:
2755:
2733:Anthony 2011
2728:
2716:
2689:
2677:
2665:
2653:
2641:
2629:
2622:Anthony 2011
2617:
2610:Hawting 2000
2588:
2576:
2569:Anthony 2011
2564:
2552:
2530:Daftary 1990
2489:
2452:Anthony 2011
2447:
2440:Kennedy 2016
2414:
2402:
2397:, p. 8.
2390:
2383:Anthony 2011
2363:
2341:Hawting 1989
2336:
2329:Daftary 1990
2307:
2300:Hawting 1993
2278:
2266:
2259:Hawting 1989
2254:
2232:Kennedy 2016
2212:
2207:, p. 6.
2183:
2171:
2149:Hawting 1989
2144:
2094:
2087:Kennedy 2016
2041:
2031:
2023:
2014:
2005:
1980:
1954:Maqtal-namas
1951:
1938:Moshe Sharon
1935:
1918:
1912:Hugh Kennedy
1908:
1891:
1870:rhymed prose
1866:
1861:
1803:
1695:Umm al-Banin
1424:Second Fitna
1304:Intercession
1294:Judgment Day
1189:
1187:
1163:
1148:Wadi al-Qura
1144:
1140:
1126:Khazir River
1114:
1098:
1088:
1085:
1081:
1075:
1072:
1069:Counter-coup
1042:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1018:
1016:
955:
895:Ayn al-Warda
869:Second Fitna
827:
814:
785:
780:Great Mosque
754:retake Mecca
735:
707:
681:peace treaty
673:
623:
548:migrated to
543:
482:
421:
417:Second Fitna
369:
368:
350:
323:Second Fitna
304:Battles/wars
147:Second Fitna
112:Burial place
29:
3951:Banu Thaqif
3695:Lecomte, G.
3649:Pellat, Ch.
3522:Volume VII:
3513:Pellat, Ch.
3093:Sharon 1983
3039:Dakake 2007
3018:Haider 2021
2973:Inloes 2009
2931:Sharon 1983
2919:Sharon 1983
2694:Donner 2010
2494:Zakeri 1995
2482:Donner 2010
2283:Haider 2019
2188:Howard 1990
1958:Safavid era
1936:Islamicist
1874:soothsayers
1830:Mount Radwa
1810:Occultation
1625:Ahl al-Kisa
1540:Qutbi Bohra
1535:Alavi Bohra
1513:Progressive
1439:Persecution
1419:First Fitna
1374:Omar Koshan
1359:Eid al-Adha
1354:Eid al-Fitr
1257:Prophethood
1051:Adharbayjan
592:Iraqi front
558:Banu Thaqif
311:First Fitna
266:Banu Thaqif
206:Umrah bint
98:(687-04-03)
96:3 April 687
3946:687 deaths
3941:622 births
3935:Categories
3767:ICAS Press
3704:Volume IX:
3633:"Al–Mahdi"
3241:: 201–220.
3210:. Leiden:
3187:Darussalam
2883:Egger 2016
2772:Dixon 1971
2721:Dixon 1971
2682:Dixon 1971
2646:Dixon 1971
2557:Dixon 1971
2509:Dixon 1971
2419:Dixon 1971
2368:Dixon 1971
2247:Dixon 1971
2137:Dixon 1971
2053:References
2020:Arab tribe
1858:Abu Muslim
1846:revolution
1834:Abu Hashim
1806:Kaysanites
1680:Umm Salama
1664:Holy women
1252:Holy Books
1247:Monotheism
1223:Shia Islam
1195:Shia Islam
935:Marj Rahit
901:al-Mukhtar
899:Revolt of
669:Ibn Muljam
665:Kharijites
645:companions
641:al-Mada'in
517:Background
489:Kaysanites
397: 622
282:Allegiance
163:revolt in
80: 622
60:Kermanshah
18:Al-Mukhtar
3902:752790641
3658:Volume V:
3645:Lewis, B.
3463:1873-9830
3355:Routledge
2312:Watt 1960
2026:(client).
1854:al-Mansur
1850:al-Saffah
1715:Shahrbanu
1600:Qizilbash
1010:Kharijite
945:2nd Mecca
930:1st Mecca
571:) became
530:caliphate
383:romanized
296:(681–684)
294:Zubayrids
251:Relatives
171:Opponents
56:Tile-work
3890:(1927).
3811:(1983).
3787:(1981).
3759:(2007).
3747:(1983).
3697:(eds.).
3660:Khe–Mahi
3651:(eds.).
3631:(1986).
3607:(2016).
3544:(2000).
3515:(eds.).
3453:(eds.).
3401:ABC-CLIO
3322:(2010).
3273:(2007).
3249:(1990).
3179:(2007).
1994:Muhammad
1952:As with
1842:Abbasids
1632:Muhammad
1588:Bektashi
1564:Satpanth
1498:Musta'li
1493:Isma'ili
1404:Mubahala
1344:Arba'een
1215:a series
1213:Part of
1164:In 687,
1047:Arminiya
925:Al-Harra
792:Tawwabin
685:Damascus
649:Mu'awiya
643:. A few
621:in 656.
562:Abu Bakr
546:Muhammad
468:and the
432:Muhammad
422:Born in
240:(father)
223:Children
3981:Tabi‘un
3706:San–Sze
3679:"Shi'a"
3524:Mif–Naz
3153:(ed.).
3138:Sources
1925:Yamamah
1882:Fatimid
1503:Tayyibi
1474:Shaykhi
1464:Akhbari
1459:Ja'fari
1387:History
1277:Twelver
1272:Ismaili
1267:Imamate
1037:led by
890:Karbala
884:risings
806:(sing.
385::
351:†
268:(tribe)
231:Parents
200:Spouses
161:Umayyad
3919:
3900:
3876:
3825:
3797:
3773:
3733:
3712:
3693:&
3666:
3647:&
3617:
3575:
3554:
3530:
3511:&
3484:
3461:
3428:
3407:
3382:
3361:
3336:
3308:
3287:
3259:
3218:
3193:
3165:
2036:Islam.
1929:Marwan
1921:Najdah
1862:mawali
1820:Return
1818:) and
1815:ghayba
1730:Narjis
1670:Fatima
1652:Husayn
1642:Fatima
1605:Ishiki
1573:Ghulat
1554:Nizari
1547:Hafizi
1486:Houthi
1434:Origin
1349:Mawlid
1339:Ashura
1309:Clergy
1289:Angels
1190:mawali
1184:Legacy
1174:Harura
1170:Tigris
1099:mawali
1076:mawali
1059:Jazira
1043:mawali
1035:mawali
1031:mawali
1027:Mawali
1019:mawali
1008:
1006:
1000:
994:
988:
971:Sunnah
940:Maskin
905:Khazir
822:Nakhai
802:mawali
704:Revolt
608:Uthman
573:caliph
550:Medina
534:Medina
502:mawali
495:mawali
440:caliph
374:Arabic
262:Family
106:(Iraq)
3681:. In
3635:. In
3499:. In
3477:64–66
3212:Brill
3149:. In
2024:mawlā
1998:imams
1972:Notes
1825:raj'a
1710:Rubab
1647:Hasan
1583:Alevi
1578:Alawi
1559:Khoja
1481:Zaydi
1469:Usuli
1409:Khumm
1282:Zaydi
1201:Bada'
1154:Death
1055:Jibal
1023:Mosul
967:Basra
809:mawlā
796:Mahdi
750:Hejaz
746:Mecca
689:Yazid
676:Hasan
653:Syria
552:) to
532:from
474:Basra
466:mahdi
447:Mecca
424:Ta'if
289:Alids
226:Ishaq
85:Ta'if
58:from
3917:ISBN
3898:OCLC
3874:ISBN
3823:ISBN
3819:JSAI
3795:ISBN
3771:ISBN
3731:ISBN
3710:ISBN
3664:ISBN
3615:ISBN
3573:ISBN
3552:ISBN
3528:ISBN
3482:ISBN
3459:ISSN
3426:ISBN
3405:ISBN
3380:ISBN
3359:ISBN
3334:ISBN
3306:ISBN
3285:ISBN
3257:ISBN
3216:ISBN
3191:ISBN
3163:ISBN
1927:and
1852:and
1093:and
882:Alid
880:Pro-
697:Alid
637:Kufa
600:Iraq
577:Umar
538:Kufa
485:Shia
470:imam
413:Iraq
405:Kufa
401:Alid
165:Kufa
104:Kufa
93:Died
69:Born
3851:doi
3239:5/6
1990:Ali
1637:Ali
657:war
626:Ali
536:to
526:Ali
455:Ali
445:in
130:Era
3937::
3872:.
3847:92
3845:.
3821:.
3769:.
3702:.
3689:;
3685:;
3656:.
3643:;
3639:;
3595:.
3520:.
3507:;
3503:;
3403:.
3357:.
3332:.
3283:.
3233:.
3214:.
3189:.
3161:.
3085:^
3058:^
3025:^
3010:^
2995:^
2980:^
2965:^
2950:^
2803:^
2740:^
2701:^
2600:^
2537:^
2516:^
2501:^
2474:^
2459:^
2426:^
2375:^
2348:^
2319:^
2290:^
2239:^
2224:^
2195:^
2156:^
2127:^
2106:^
2075:^
2060:^
1217:on
1101:.
1053:,
1049:,
631:r.
613:r.
582:r.
567:r.
476:,
460:r.
419:.
394:c.
392:;
380:,
376::
77:c.
3925:.
3904:.
3882:.
3857:.
3853::
3831:.
3803:.
3779:.
3739:.
3718:.
3672:.
3623:.
3597:2
3581:.
3560:.
3536:.
3490:.
3465:.
3434:.
3413:.
3388:.
3367:.
3342:.
3314:.
3293:.
3265:.
3224:.
3199:.
3171:.
3020:.
1822:(
1812:(
1793:e
1786:t
1779:v
912:)
903:(
860:e
853:t
846:v
628:(
610:(
579:(
564:(
540:.
457:(
372:(
20:)
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