1088:, where he repulsed a siege against Medina by digging ditches to prevent the entry of enemy horsemen. At al-Harra, the Medinans lacked horses and weapons of their own, as indicated by counsel Marwan gave to Ibn Uqba, where he further advised that the Medinans were not warlike and few would have the resolve to fight. The survivors among Medina's leaders lamented the quick defeat of their pious men at the Harra, contrasting it to the successful six-month resistance against the Syrian army by Ibn al-Zubayr and his smaller coterie of supporters in Mecca. Kister considers the release of the besieged Umayyads, instead of their effective use as hostages, "heedless" and the rebels' belief that the Umayyads would not aid the Syrians or convince them to turn back "credulous".
884:(d. 823), for up to a month leading to the battle, several attempts by the chief of Yazid's estates in Medina, Ibn Mina, to collect the crops for the caliph were disrupted by the estates' former owners, in particular from the Ansarite Balharith clan. Uthman ibn Muhammad responded by assigning a guard force to help Ibn Mina and his men gather the crops. They were met by a group of Ansar and Quraysh, who refused to allow the Umayyads' men to proceed with their work. Uthman ibn Muhammad then requested intervention by Yazid, who dispatched an expedition against the townspeople of Medina. In these accounts, the Medinans expelled and pelted the Umayyads with stones in response to Uthman ibn Muhammad's rebukes to their leaders for barring the caliph's men from the estates.
523:
262:
41:
758:; non-Arab, Muslim freedmen or clients) of the Umayyad clan, to assault Ibn al-Zubayr, but many of the recruited Medinans were reticent to participate and paid others to fight in their place. Ibn al-Zubayr defeated this force, and partly as a consequence, Yazid dismissed al-Ashdaq and reappointed al-Walid ibn Utba in August 681. Feigning an attempted reconciliation with the caliph, Ibn al-Zubayr requested that Yazid replace al-Walid ibn Utba with a milder governor. Yazid acceded, installing his young and politically inexperienced cousin
790:. He declared that he and his sons would fight against Yazid should others not join him, and though Yazid respected him, he would use the gifts the latter gave him against the caliph. Ibn al-Zubayr took control of Mecca in September 683 and allied with Ibn Hanzala in opposition to Yazid. The leaders of the Medinan opposition dismissed counsel from Yazid's messengers and friends in Damascus to avoid rebellion as attempts to undermine the unity of the Medinans. Prominent exceptions to this united bloc included the
986:
782:, the tribe to which Muhammad, Ali, and the Umayyads all belonged. At the time of the opposition to Yazid, the Medinans were mostly the children of these two factions, which collectively represented Islam's first military generation, and felt threatened at the potential loss of the inherited military pensions brought about by Umayyad fiscal reforms. The reforms called for pensions to be given only in exchange for active military service.
1020:(d. 1533) held that Medinan lines were compromised by the defection of the Banu Haritha, whose members gave Marwan and his horse riders access through their quarter in Medina, enabling them to assault the Medinans at the Harra from the rear. The Quraysh under Ibn Muti fled the battlefield and headed for safety to Ibn al-Zubayr in Mecca. According to al-Waqidi, the battle concluded on 26 August 683. The fighting lasted less than a day.
269:
1028:
Conflicting accounts abound regarding the aftermath of the Syrian victory. According to Abu
Mikhnaf and al-Samhudi, Ibn Uqba gave his troops free rein to pillage Medina for three days. The number of Medinan casualties incurred during the battle and immediate aftermath range from 180 to 700 members of
765:
Most of the
Medinans, and many in the wider Muslim community, sympathized with Ibn al-Zubayr amid general uncertainty about the stability of Umayyad rule and the prospect of Ibn al-Zubayr coming to power. Reports of impious behavior by Yazid, including entertainment by singing girls and a pet monkey,
1102:
particular, as a falsity that developed over time and is unsupported by the early and more credible Muslim sources. In
Wellhausen's assessment, the suppression of the Medinan revolt was not the cause of the significant decline of the city's political status; this had already been precipitated by the
960:
cooperated and offered valuable intelligence. Under Marwan's leadership, most of the exiles joined the expedition. In Medina, the defenders, numbering about 2,000 men, dug a trench to protect a vulnerable northern corner of the city and divided themselves into four units, two of which were commanded
489:
resident in Medina and dug a defensive trench around the city. The expeditionary force sent by Yazid and local
Umayyads, who had since been released from the siege, encamped at Harrat Waqim, where the rebels confronted them. Despite an initial advantage, the Medinans were routed due to the defection
1106:
in 656, the aftermath of which marked Medina's end as the capital of the nascent Muslim state. The city continued to be a center for religious scholarship, Arab high culture, and a redoubt for poets and singers. Vaglieri counters
Wellhausen's doubts about the extent of the army's pillage, asserting
993:
The negotiations between Ibn Uqba and the
Medinans faltered, and clashes ensued. The Medinan horsemen marched against Ibn Uqba in the Harra, and may have advanced as far as Ibn Uqba's litter, from which he commanded his troops. Upon their approach, Ibn Uqba confronted them on horseback and actively
895:
over their regular stipend. Yazid's initial choice for the commander of this force, al-Ashdaq, refused the position out of a principle not to shed the blood of his fellow
Quraysh, while Ibn Ziyad, still reeling from the fallout from his role in the death of Husayn, also refused. Instead, the loyal,
869:(d. 843), the inaugurating act of rebellion by the Medinans occurred during a gathering in the mosque where the attendees each tossed an article of clothing, such as a turban or a shoe, an Arab custom symbolizing a severing of ties, to renounce their allegiance to Yazid. According to the historian
513:
to decide the caliphate and his success in resisting the
Umayyads, the rebels in Medina lacked a political program and military experience. The traditional Islamic sources list the Battle of al-Harra and its aftermath as one of the Umayyads' 'major crimes' and malign Ibn Uqba for his role in the
785:
To reconcile with the
Medinans, Yazid requested they send a delegation to his court in Damascus. Uthman ibn Muhammad organized the Medinan embassy. Yazid attempted to win over the delegates by lavishing them with gifts and money. This proved fruitless when the delegates returned and incited the
968:
For three days, starting on 23 August, Ibn Uqba attempted negotiations with the
Medinan leaders. He appealed for unity and promised two annual payments to the Medinans from Yazid and a significant price reduction on corn. Yazid may have offered these or similar terms before the expedition to a
1101:
considers the reports of Syrian atrocities in Medina as "undeniably anti-Umayyad and probably exaggerated". Moreover, Wellhausen dismisses the depiction by later Muslim and western sources of Ibn Uqba as a brutal heathen with a deep hatred for Islam, in general, and the people of Medina, in
1063:
The accounts of Abu Mikhnaf and Awana agree that following the ordering of affairs in Medina, Ibn Uqba left to subdue Ibn al-Zubayr in Mecca but fell ill and died on the way in al-Mushallal. As ordered by Yazid, he left as second-in-command Husayn ibn Numayr al-Sakuni, who proceeded to
484:
The elite factions of Medina disapproved of the hereditary succession of Yazid (unprecedented in Islamic history until that point), resented the caliph's impious lifestyle, and chafed under Umayyad economic acts and policies. After declaring their rebellion, they besieged the
994:
participated in the fighting. The Medinans gained an early advantage, but were ultimately overtaken by the Syrians and several Ansarite and Qurayshite notables were slain, including Ibn Hanzala, eight of his sons and a handful of other men from the Medinan elite.
951:
Upon hearing of the Syrian advance, the Medinans reinforced the siege against the Umayyads of Medina before allowing them to leave after they gave oaths not to assist the incoming army. On their way to Syria, the exiled Umayyads encountered Ibn Uqba's army in the
873:(d. 774), the first act of rebellion by the Medinans was giving allegiance to Ibn Hanzala. Afterward, they assaulted the Umayyads and their supporters in the city, together about 1,000-strong, who fled to the quarter of their leading elder,
816:
in the sources, a term usually reserved for conquered lands that became state property, but in the case of Medina meant acquired lands that became the personal domains of the caliph. According to reports cited by the 9th-century historian
1029:
the Ansar and Quraysh, and 4,000 to 10,000 other Medinans. Al-Samhudi further claimed that as a result of the alleged rape of Medinan women by Ibn Uqba's troops, 1,000 illegitimate children were later born by them as a result.
1040:
and used the occasion to execute several prominent leaders of the opposition movement, including a number from the Quraysh and Ma'qil ibn Sinan al-Ashja'i. The latter had been a close friend and belonged to the same
828:
Mu'awiya launched cultivation and irrigation projects on the lands and derived considerable returns from dates and wheat. To meet the workforce needs for cultivation and maintenance, Mu'awiya employed numerous
1084:(consultation) to decide the caliphate. The Medinans felt assured of victory in any confrontation with the Syrians. In organizing the defense of their city, they adopted Muhammad's tactics at the
1060:, a son of Husayn, was well-treated on the personal instructions of Yazid. Wahb ibn Jarir likewise did not make a note of a three-day plunder of Medina, and Wellhausen doubts that it occurred.
1097:
that was invoked by future generations. Ibn Uqba was thenceforth known as 'Musrif', a play on his name 'Muslim', which meant "he who exceeds all bounds of propriety". The historian
956:
region between Syria and Medina. Ibn Uqba's inquiries about Medina's defenses were rebuffed by most of the Umayyads, some of whom continued on their way north, but Marwan's son
857:
asserts the Medinan rebellion emanated from "the conflict between the owners of estates and property in Medina and the unjust Umayyad rulers who robbed them of their property".
705:, in 680 was an unprecedented act in Islamic politics. It was a point of contention among the people of Medina, especially the eminent Muslim leaders of the Hejaz. One of them,
1704:
Anthony, Sean W. (2016). "The Meccan Prison of ʿAbdallāh b. al-Zubayr and the Imprisonment of Muḥammad b. al-Ḥanafiyya". In Pomerantz, Maurice A.; Shahin, Aram A. (eds.).
847:
of the Umayyads in Medina were numerous, and the sources record several instances of tensions involving them and the people of Medina. Yazid inherited the estates and
709:, a son of Ali and grandson of Muhammad, left Medina to lead a revolt against Yazid in Iraq. He was slain alongside his band of about seventy followers at the
497:
Afterward, the army pillaged Medina for three days, though accounts of the plunder vary considerably. The Syrian army proceeded to besiege the rebel leader
877:. The latter sent urgent requests for assistance from Yazid, who dispatched an army to suppress the opposition from both the Medinans and Ibn al-Zubayr.
821:, the people of Medina alleged that Mu'awiya purchased the lands at a hundredth of their value during hunger and desperation. The 9th-century historian
315:
2074:
825:
held that the properties were confiscated. The people of Medina considered the acquisitions illegitimate and damaging to their economic interests.
585:
southward to Medina's environs. As a result of the fame of the battle, Harrat Waqim was thenceforth referred to in Muslim sources as 'the Harra'.
73:
802:. They all considered the anti-Umayyad opposition in the Hejaz to be fighting for power and wealth rather than for a just and pious cause.
1076:
In Kister's observation, the rebellion in Medina lacked a political program, in contrast to the revolt of Ibn al-Zubayr, who called for a
2099:
261:
1750:
277:
810:
Mu'awiya had acquired extensive properties and agricultural estates in Medina from its inhabitants. These lands were referred to as
853:
of his father. The dispossessed landowners of Medina demanded the restitution of their ownership rights from Yazid. The historian
1036:(d. 764) describes a more orderly capture, in which Ibn Uqba summoned the notables of Medina to give allegiance to Yazid at the
2094:
1012:, defended a large section of the ditch, and held off an assault by the Syrians, refusing demands to surrender. The historians
308:
1957:
1893:
1836:
1736:
1715:
45:
The battle was fought just north of Medina on terrain similar to this patch of basaltic, stony desert in the city's environs
786:
people of Medina with accounts detailing Yazid's scandalous lifestyle. The most vociferous critic among the delegates was
900:
was given the command. According to al-Ya'qubi, Ibn Uqba's forces were composed of equal numbers of troops from the five
1992:
1924:
1779:
2055:
925:
759:
1971:
1815:
795:
301:
887:
The caliph's expeditionary force consisted of 4,000 to 12,000 well-equipped Syrian Arab tribesmen, dominated by the
569:
and was alternatively known as Harrat Bani Qurayza or Harrat Zuhra. It formed part of the vast geological system of
1056:), a member of the Umayyad clan, had his beard cut as punishment for suspected collusion with the Medinans, though
965:, one by Ibn Hanzala of the Ansar and the last by a non-Qurayshite and non-Ansarite, Ma'qil ibn Sinan al-Ashja'i.
766:
contributed to prevailing attitudes in Medina of his unsuitability as caliph. The Medinans mainly consisted of the
721:
1919:
1762:
1886:
Dynamics in the History of Religions Between Asia and Europe: Encounters, Notions, and Comparative Perspectives
724:
from the governorship of Medina for having failed to prevent Husayn and the other major opponent to his rule,
1057:
941:
891:. As an incentive to the troops, who anticipated an arduous campaign ahead, each soldier was paid 100 silver
865:
Uthman ibn Muhammad was unable to control the growing opposition to Umayyad rule. According to the historian
366:
933:
549:
The location of the battle was the lava field of Harrat Waqim, which straddles the eastern outskirts of
917:
729:
391:
522:
1045:
tribal grouping as Ibn Uqba but was nonetheless executed for his disavowal of Yazid. A son of Caliph
909:
481:
of Harrat Waqim in the northeastern outskirts of Medina on 26 August 683 and lasted less than a day.
374:
778:(Muhammad's early supporters who had emigrated with him). The Muhajirun were predominantly from the
1828:
The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XIX: The Caliphate of Yazīd ibn Muʿāwiyah, A.D. 680–683/A.H. 60–64
1758:
2089:
1103:
970:
957:
725:
498:
835:, consisting of war captives from the conquered provinces, including many skilled laborers. The
977:, this indicates that economic concerns contributed to the Medinan opposition of the Umayyads.
674:
429:
351:
1979:
1907:
1881:
1849:(1977). "The Battle of the Ḥarra: Some Socio-Economic Aspects". In Myriam Rosen Ayalon (ed.).
2079:
1967:
1952:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.
1831:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.
974:
787:
714:
195:
1085:
1065:
401:
386:
8:
1860:
Islamic Revolution and Historical Memory: An Inquiry Into the Art of ʻAbbāsid Apologetics
874:
799:
647:
491:
441:
184:
2018:
1093:
1033:
962:
566:
208:
40:
490:
of one of their factions, the Banu Haritha, which enabled Umayyad horse riders led by
2051:
2024:
2014:
2002:
1953:
1934:
1889:
1846:
1832:
1811:
1789:
1732:
1711:
854:
710:
690:
346:
1949:
The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XIV: The Conquest of Iran, A.D. 641–643/A.H. 21–23
1091:
The alleged cruelty against the townspeople of Medina by the Umayyad army became a
1009:
744:
to Yazid. Al-Ashdaq mobilized a troop of Medinans enrolled in the army, as well as
728:, a grandson of Abu Bakr, from leaving Medina. Al-Walid's replacement, the Umayyad
572:
533:
396:
361:
199:
1826:
1805:
1726:
1705:
897:
639:
486:
462:
420:
179:
136:
1987:
1983:
1915:
1911:
1774:
1766:
1098:
1013:
945:
921:
866:
706:
582:
985:
2068:
2028:
2006:
1975:
1947:
1938:
1903:
1801:
1793:
1770:
1754:
1746:
913:
822:
767:
682:
470:
447:
152:
130:
88:
75:
477:
factions, who had rebelled against the caliph. The battle took place at the
2084:
2043:
953:
929:
562:
505:, though Ibn Uqba died en route. In contrast to Ibn al-Zubayr's call for a
325:
282:
32:
717:; Yazid is alleged to have put the head of Husayn on display in Damascus.
1037:
870:
818:
678:
651:
2023:. Translated by Margaret Graham Weir. Calcutta: University of Calcutta.
1867:
Lecker, Michael (1985). "Muhammad at Medina – A Geographical Approach".
841:
were loyal to their patron, in this case, Mu'awiya and later Yazid. The
1707:
The Heritage of Arabo-Islamic Learning: Studies Presented to Wadad Kadi
1017:
478:
357:
1531:
937:
888:
881:
775:
741:
643:
631:
474:
157:
1853:. Jerusalem: Institute of Asian and African Studies. pp. 33–49.
1728:
The Works of Ibn Wāḍiḥ al-Yaʿqūbī (Volume 3): An English Translation
1042:
770:(native Medinans who had hosted and allied with Muhammad after his
686:
598:
594:
779:
702:
451:
161:
108:
1046:
892:
771:
747:
635:
620:
578:
558:
550:
543:
539:
527:
466:
293:
146:
67:
1628:
634:, which by Uthman's time came to rule over an empire spanning
1682:
1616:
1429:
1128:
1079:
791:
737:
733:
659:
554:
508:
502:
1807:
The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661–750
1606:
1604:
1602:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1279:
1277:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1189:
1660:
1658:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1349:
1337:
903:
655:
609:
338:
1645:
1643:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1390:
1388:
798:, son of the second caliph, and the companion of Muhammad
732:, failed to capture Ibn al-Zubayr, who took refuge in the
696:
1599:
1564:
1543:
1441:
1417:
1274:
1257:
1218:
1216:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
663:
1655:
1247:
1245:
1243:
577:(basaltic deserts) which spanned the region east of the
1640:
1507:
1460:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1385:
1373:
1361:
1325:
1116:
662:
by the fourth caliph, Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law
1228:
1213:
1140:
526:
Basaltic stony ground of the eastern desert of modern
1670:
1301:
1289:
1240:
1177:
1587:
1519:
1400:
1201:
1077:
1004:
998:
901:
880:
According to alternative accounts by al-Ya'qubi and
848:
842:
836:
830:
811:
753:
745:
570:
565:
tribe that had been resident in the area during the
531:
506:
434:
1810:(Second ed.). London and New York: Routledge.
1724:
1537:
1165:
1725:Biesterfeldt, Hinrich; Günther, Sebastian (2018).
1313:
446:'Day of al-Harra') was fought between the
1107:that the " sources are unanimous on this point".
805:
597:, beginning in 622, and the first three caliphs,
2066:
1884:. In Krech, Volkhard; Steinicke, Marion (eds.).
561:). It was named after the Waqim fortress of the
16:Battle between Umayyad and Medinan forces in 683
1882:"The Jewish Reaction to the Islamic Conquests"
969:representative of the Medinans, Ali's nephew
701:The hereditary succession of Mu'awiya's son,
309:
248:4,000–10,000 other Medinans after the battle
1710:. Leiden and Boston: Brill. pp. 3–27.
2013:
1993:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
1925:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
1780:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
1688:
1634:
1622:
1610:
1581:
1558:
1454:
1435:
1423:
1283:
1268:
1195:
316:
302:
268:
2001:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 226–227.
1966:
1501:
1159:
989:Plan of Medina in the early 19th century
984:
530:, characteristic of the wider region of
521:
66:Harrat Waqim, northeastern outskirts of
2075:Battles involving the Umayyad Caliphate
1902:
1857:
1800:
1788:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 54–55.
1703:
1664:
1307:
1251:
1207:
1183:
1122:
697:Political and pious opposition to Yazid
630:), Medina served as the capital of the
2067:
2048:The Men of Madina by Muhammad Ibn Sa'd
2042:
1879:
1866:
1845:
1824:
1676:
1649:
1593:
1525:
1513:
1411:
1394:
1379:
1367:
1355:
1343:
1331:
1295:
1234:
1222:
1171:
713:by the forces of the Umayyad governor
1945:
1869:Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam
1134:
961:by members of the Quraysh, including
297:
281:Location of the battle within modern
1933:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 226.
1745:
1319:
1003:, fighting under the command of the
720:In 680, Yazid dismissed his cousin
424:
13:
2100:Medina under the Umayyad Caliphate
2036:
760:Uthman ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Sufyan
14:
2111:
2050:. Vol. 2. Ta-Ha Publishers.
796:Abd Allah ibn Umar ibn al-Khattab
677:. Ali's rival for the caliphate,
1851:Studies in Memory of Gaston Wiet
896:elderly, non-Qurayshite veteran
722:al-Walid ibn Utba ibn Abi Sufyan
323:
267:
260:
39:
1538:Biesterfeldt & Günther 2018
1051:
926:Abd Allah ibn Mas'ada al-Fazari
668:
625:
614:
603:
456:
1825:Howard, I. K. A., ed. (1990).
1104:assassination of Caliph Uthman
806:Economic and social grievances
494:to attack them from the rear.
1:
2095:680s in the Umayyad Caliphate
2020:The Arab Kingdom and Its Fall
1110:
1071:
1032:The account of the historian
973:. According to the historian
942:Zufar ibn al-Harith al-Kilabi
588:
1862:. American Oriental Society.
1023:
693:, which he founded in 661.
7:
1946:Smith, G. Rex, ed. (1994).
1078:
1005:
999:
934:Husayn ibn Numayr al-Sakuni
902:
849:
843:
837:
831:
812:
754:
746:
654:. The capital was moved to
571:
532:
517:
507:
435:
213:Ma'qil ibn Sinan al-Ashja'i
10:
2116:
1751:"ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-Zubayr"
1697:
918:Hubaysh ibn Dulja al-Qayni
860:
740:, or extract from him the
593:Under the Islamic prophet
980:
910:Rawh ibn Zinba al-Judhami
333:
255:
245:180–700 Ansar and Quraysh
233:
220:
170:
119:
49:
38:
30:
25:
1880:Lecker, Michael (2011).
1137:, p. 110, note 534.
1858:Lassner, Jacob (1986).
730:Amr ibn Sa'id al-Ashdaq
726:Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr
685:, won the war and made
499:Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr
990:
675:First Muslim Civil War
638:, most of the Persian
546:
375:Ibn al-Zubayr's Revolt
171:Commanders and leaders
1358:, pp. 38, 41–43.
1346:, pp. 41–43, 47.
997:Squadrons of Medinan
988:
975:Laura Veccia Vaglieri
908:('armies') of Syria:
788:Abd Allah ibn Hanzala
772:emigration from Mecca
715:Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad
538:that extend from the
525:
465:and the defenders of
234:Casualties and losses
196:Abd Allah ibn Hanzala
89:24.48944°N 39.72778°E
1637:, pp. 157, 159.
1086:Battle of the Trench
971:Abd Allah ibn Ja'far
278:class=notpageimage|
1968:Vaglieri, L. Veccia
1691:, pp. 159–160.
1625:, pp. 156–157.
1540:, pp. 944–945.
1438:, pp. 153–154.
875:Marwan ibn al-Hakam
514:plunder of Medina.
492:Marwan ibn al-Hakam
450:army of the caliph
367:Madhar & Harura
185:Marwan ibn al-Hakam
85: /
2015:Wellhausen, Julius
1802:Hawting, Gerald R.
1763:Lévi-Provençal, E.
1198:, p. 141–142.
1034:Awana ibn al-Hakam
991:
963:Abd Allah ibn Muti
742:oath of allegiance
632:early Muslim state
567:pre-Islamic period
547:
417:Battle of al-Harra
209:Abd Allah ibn Muti
94:24.48944; 39.72778
26:Battle of al-Harra
1959:978-0-7914-1293-0
1895:978-90-04-18500-5
1838:978-0-7914-0040-1
1738:978-90-04-35621-4
1731:. Leiden: Brill.
1717:978-90-04-30590-8
1652:, pp. 48–49.
1516:, pp. 38–39.
1397:, pp. 47–48.
1382:, pp. 45–47.
1370:, pp. 44–46.
1334:, pp. 36–37.
1237:, pp. 35–36.
1225:, pp. 34–35.
1125:, pp. 47–48.
1058:Ali ibn al-Husayn
855:Meir Jacob Kister
794:(family of Ali),
762:in December 682.
711:Battle of Karbala
691:Umayyad Caliphate
445:
433:
410:
409:
292:
291:
115:
114:
2107:
2061:
2032:
2010:
1963:
1942:
1899:
1876:
1863:
1854:
1842:
1821:
1797:
1742:
1721:
1692:
1686:
1680:
1674:
1668:
1667:, p. 51-52.
1662:
1653:
1647:
1638:
1632:
1626:
1620:
1614:
1608:
1597:
1591:
1585:
1579:
1562:
1556:
1541:
1535:
1529:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1505:
1499:
1458:
1452:
1439:
1433:
1427:
1421:
1415:
1409:
1398:
1392:
1383:
1377:
1371:
1365:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1335:
1329:
1323:
1317:
1311:
1305:
1299:
1293:
1287:
1281:
1272:
1266:
1255:
1249:
1238:
1232:
1226:
1220:
1211:
1205:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1181:
1175:
1169:
1163:
1157:
1138:
1132:
1126:
1120:
1083:
1055:
1053:
1010:Yazid ibn Hurmuz
1008:
1002:
907:
852:
846:
840:
834:
815:
774:in 622) and the
757:
751:
672:
670:
629:
627:
618:
616:
607:
605:
576:
537:
512:
460:
458:
440:
438:
428:
426:
328:
318:
311:
304:
295:
294:
271:
270:
264:
204:
100:
99:
97:
96:
95:
90:
86:
83:
82:
81:
78:
51:
50:
43:
23:
22:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2065:
2064:
2058:
2039:
2037:Further reading
1960:
1918:, eds. (1971).
1896:
1839:
1818:
1739:
1718:
1700:
1695:
1689:Wellhausen 1927
1687:
1683:
1675:
1671:
1663:
1656:
1648:
1641:
1635:Wellhausen 1927
1633:
1629:
1623:Wellhausen 1927
1621:
1617:
1611:Wellhausen 1927
1609:
1600:
1592:
1588:
1582:Wellhausen 1927
1580:
1565:
1559:Wellhausen 1927
1557:
1544:
1536:
1532:
1524:
1520:
1512:
1508:
1500:
1461:
1455:Wellhausen 1927
1453:
1442:
1436:Wellhausen 1927
1434:
1430:
1424:Wellhausen 1927
1422:
1418:
1410:
1401:
1393:
1386:
1378:
1374:
1366:
1362:
1354:
1350:
1342:
1338:
1330:
1326:
1318:
1314:
1306:
1302:
1294:
1290:
1284:Wellhausen 1927
1282:
1275:
1269:Wellhausen 1927
1267:
1258:
1250:
1241:
1233:
1229:
1221:
1214:
1206:
1202:
1196:Wellhausen 1927
1194:
1190:
1182:
1178:
1170:
1166:
1158:
1141:
1133:
1129:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1074:
1050:
1026:
983:
944:led the men of
936:led the men of
928:led the men of
920:led the men of
912:led the men of
898:Muslim ibn Uqba
863:
808:
699:
689:capital of the
667:
646:territories of
640:Sasanian Empire
624:
613:
602:
591:
520:
463:Muslim ibn Uqba
455:
413:
412:
411:
406:
329:
324:
322:
288:
287:
286:
285:
280:
274:
273:
272:
251:
216:
200:
189:
180:Muslim ibn Uqba
160:(including the
93:
91:
87:
84:
79:
76:
74:
72:
71:
70:
44:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2113:
2103:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2090:680s conflicts
2087:
2082:
2077:
2063:
2062:
2057:978-1897940907
2056:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2033:
2011:
1964:
1958:
1943:
1900:
1894:
1877:
1864:
1855:
1843:
1837:
1822:
1816:
1798:
1759:Kramers, J. H.
1755:Gibb, H. A. R.
1747:Gibb, H. A. R.
1743:
1737:
1722:
1716:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1693:
1681:
1679:, p. 179.
1669:
1654:
1639:
1627:
1615:
1613:, p. 157.
1598:
1586:
1584:, p. 156.
1563:
1561:, p. 155.
1542:
1530:
1518:
1506:
1504:, p. 227.
1459:
1457:, p. 154.
1440:
1428:
1426:, p. 153.
1416:
1399:
1384:
1372:
1360:
1348:
1336:
1324:
1312:
1300:
1298:, p. 219.
1288:
1286:, p. 152.
1273:
1271:, p. 161.
1256:
1239:
1227:
1212:
1200:
1188:
1186:, p. 226.
1176:
1164:
1162:, p. 226.
1139:
1127:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1099:Michael Lecker
1073:
1070:
1068:in September.
1054: 644–656
1025:
1022:
1014:Wahb ibn Jarir
982:
979:
862:
859:
807:
804:
698:
695:
681:, governor of
673:), during the
671: 656–661
628: 644–656
617: 634–644
606: 632–634
590:
587:
519:
516:
459: 680–683
408:
407:
405:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
378:
377:
371:
370:
364:
354:
349:
343:
342:
334:
331:
330:
321:
320:
313:
306:
298:
290:
289:
276:
275:
266:
265:
259:
258:
257:
256:
253:
252:
250:
249:
246:
242:
240:
236:
235:
231:
230:
227:
223:
222:
218:
217:
215:
214:
211:
206:
192:
190:
188:
187:
182:
176:
173:
172:
168:
167:
166:
165:
155:
142:
141:
140:
134:
122:
121:
117:
116:
113:
112:
106:
102:
101:
65:
63:
59:
58:
55:
47:
46:
36:
35:
28:
27:
21:
20:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2112:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2059:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2044:Bewley, Aisha
2041:
2040:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1994:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1980:Ménage, V. L.
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1951:
1950:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1908:Ménage, V. L.
1905:
1901:
1897:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1861:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1847:Kister, M. J.
1844:
1840:
1834:
1830:
1829:
1823:
1819:
1817:0-415-24072-7
1813:
1809:
1808:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1781:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1734:
1730:
1729:
1723:
1719:
1713:
1709:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1690:
1685:
1678:
1673:
1666:
1661:
1659:
1651:
1646:
1644:
1636:
1631:
1624:
1619:
1612:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1596:, p. 45.
1595:
1590:
1583:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1560:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1539:
1534:
1528:, p. 38.
1527:
1522:
1515:
1510:
1503:
1502:Vaglieri 1971
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1456:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1437:
1432:
1425:
1420:
1414:, p. 49.
1413:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1396:
1391:
1389:
1381:
1376:
1369:
1364:
1357:
1352:
1345:
1340:
1333:
1328:
1322:, p. 55.
1321:
1316:
1310:, p. 12.
1309:
1304:
1297:
1292:
1285:
1280:
1278:
1270:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1254:, p. 47.
1253:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1236:
1231:
1224:
1219:
1217:
1210:, p. 50.
1209:
1204:
1197:
1192:
1185:
1180:
1174:, p. 44.
1173:
1168:
1161:
1160:Vaglieri 1971
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1136:
1131:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1108:
1105:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1094:cause célèbre
1089:
1087:
1082:
1081:
1069:
1067:
1066:besiege Mecca
1061:
1059:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1021:
1019:
1016:(d. 822) and
1015:
1011:
1007:
1001:
995:
987:
978:
976:
972:
966:
964:
959:
955:
949:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
906:
905:
899:
894:
890:
885:
883:
878:
876:
872:
868:
858:
856:
851:
845:
839:
833:
826:
824:
820:
814:
803:
801:
797:
793:
789:
783:
781:
777:
773:
769:
763:
761:
756:
750:
749:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
718:
716:
712:
708:
704:
694:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
622:
611:
600:
596:
586:
584:
580:
575:
574:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
545:
542:into western
541:
536:
535:
529:
524:
515:
511:
510:
504:
500:
495:
493:
488:
482:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
453:
449:
443:
437:
436:Yawm al-Ḥarra
431:
422:
418:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
379:
376:
373:
372:
368:
365:
363:
359:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
344:
340:
336:
335:
332:
327:
319:
314:
312:
307:
305:
300:
299:
296:
284:
279:
263:
254:
247:
244:
243:
241:
238:
237:
232:
228:
225:
224:
219:
212:
210:
207:
205:
203:
197:
194:
193:
191:
186:
183:
181:
178:
177:
175:
174:
169:
163:
159:
156:
154:
151:
150:
149:
148:
143:
138:
135:
132:
129:
128:
127:
124:
123:
118:
110:
107:
104:
103:
98:
69:
64:
61:
60:
57:26 August 683
56:
53:
52:
48:
42:
37:
34:
29:
24:
19:
2080:Second Fitna
2047:
2019:
1998:
1991:
1948:
1930:
1923:
1885:
1872:
1868:
1859:
1850:
1827:
1806:
1785:
1778:
1727:
1706:
1684:
1672:
1665:Lassner 1986
1630:
1618:
1589:
1533:
1521:
1509:
1431:
1419:
1375:
1363:
1351:
1339:
1327:
1315:
1308:Anthony 2016
1303:
1291:
1252:Hawting 2000
1230:
1208:Hawting 2000
1203:
1191:
1184:Editors 1971
1179:
1167:
1130:
1123:Hawting 2000
1118:
1092:
1090:
1075:
1062:
1031:
1027:
996:
992:
967:
958:Abd al-Malik
954:Wadi al-Qura
950:
886:
879:
864:
827:
809:
784:
764:
719:
700:
592:
563:Banu Qurayza
548:
496:
487:Umayyad clan
483:
416:
414:
381:
352:Ayn al-Warda
326:Second Fitna
283:Saudi Arabia
226:4,000–12,000
201:
144:
125:
120:Belligerents
33:Second Fitna
31:Part of the
18:
1997:Volume III:
1988:Schacht, J.
1984:Pellat, Ch.
1929:Volume III:
1916:Schacht, J.
1912:Pellat, Ch.
1775:Pellat, Ch.
1767:Schacht, J.
1677:Lecker 2011
1650:Kister 1977
1594:Kister 1977
1526:Kister 1977
1514:Kister 1977
1412:Kister 1977
1395:Kister 1977
1380:Kister 1977
1368:Kister 1977
1356:Kister 1977
1344:Kister 1977
1332:Kister 1977
1296:Howard 1990
1235:Kister 1977
1223:Kister 1977
1172:Lecker 1985
1038:Quba Mosque
871:Abu Mikhnaf
867:al-Mada'ini
819:Ibn Qutayba
137:Banu Umayya
92: /
2069:Categories
1972:"Al-Ḥarra"
1135:Smith 1994
1111:References
1072:Assessment
1018:al-Samhudi
823:al-Ya'qubi
589:Background
479:lava field
392:Marj Rahit
358:al-Mukhtar
356:Revolt of
145:People of
80:39°43′40″E
77:24°29′22″N
2029:752790641
2007:495469525
1976:Lewis, B.
1939:495469525
1904:Lewis, B.
1888:. Brill.
1794:495469456
1784:Volume I:
1771:Lewis, B.
1320:Gibb 1960
1024:Aftermath
946:Qinnasrin
914:Palestine
889:Banu Kalb
882:al-Waqidi
800:Abu Barza
776:Muhajirun
644:Byzantine
557:(western
475:Muhajirun
469:from the
461:) led by
430:romanized
425:يوم الحرة
402:2nd Mecca
387:1st Mecca
158:Muhajirun
139:of Medina
126:Umayyads
2046:(2000).
2017:(1927).
1990:(eds.).
1970:(1971).
1875:: 29–62.
1804:(2000).
1777:(eds.).
1749:(1960).
1043:Ghatafan
930:Damascus
687:Damascus
679:Mu'awiya
642:and the
599:Abu Bakr
595:Muhammad
518:Location
382:Al-Harra
221:Strength
62:Location
1920:"Ḥarra"
1698:Sources
893:dirhams
861:Prelude
780:Quraysh
752:(sing.
553:in the
452:Yazid I
448:Umayyad
444:
432::
347:Karbala
341:risings
239:Unknown
202:†
162:Quraysh
111:victory
109:Umayyad
2054:
2027:
2005:
1999:H–Iram
1986:&
1956:
1937:
1931:H–Iram
1914:&
1892:
1835:
1814:
1792:
1773:&
1735:
1714:
1047:Uthman
1000:mawali
981:Battle
922:Jordan
850:mawali
844:mawali
838:mawali
832:mawali
813:sawafi
748:mawali
707:Husayn
636:Arabia
621:Uthman
619:) and
579:Hauran
573:ḥarras
559:Arabia
551:Medina
544:Arabia
540:Hauran
534:ḥarras
528:Jordan
467:Medina
421:Arabic
397:Maskin
362:Khazir
198:
147:Medina
131:Syrian
105:Result
68:Medina
1974:. In
1753:. In
1080:shura
1006:mawla
904:junds
792:Alids
768:Ansar
755:mawla
738:Mecca
734:Kaaba
703:Yazid
683:Syria
652:Egypt
648:Syria
583:Syria
555:Hejaz
509:shura
503:Mecca
471:Ansar
229:2,000
153:Ansar
2052:ISBN
2025:OCLC
2003:OCLC
1954:ISBN
1935:OCLC
1890:ISBN
1833:ISBN
1812:ISBN
1790:OCLC
1733:ISBN
1712:ISBN
940:and
938:Homs
660:Iraq
656:Kufa
650:and
610:Umar
473:and
442:lit.
415:The
339:Alid
337:Pro-
133:army
54:Date
2085:683
1786:A–B
736:in
664:Ali
658:in
608:),
581:in
501:in
2071::
1995:.
1982:;
1978:;
1927:.
1922:.
1910:;
1906:;
1871:.
1782:.
1769:;
1765:;
1761:;
1757:;
1657:^
1642:^
1601:^
1566:^
1545:^
1462:^
1443:^
1402:^
1387:^
1276:^
1259:^
1242:^
1215:^
1142:^
1052:r.
948:.
932:,
924:,
916:,
669:r.
626:r.
615:r.
604:r.
457:r.
439:,
427:,
423::
2060:.
2031:.
2009:.
1962:.
1941:.
1898:.
1873:6
1841:.
1820:.
1796:.
1741:.
1720:.
1049:(
666:(
623:(
612:(
601:(
454:(
419:(
369:)
360:(
317:e
310:t
303:v
164:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
