755:, informed Mus'ab of a letter he had received from Abd al-Malik which he had not opened. Ibn al-Ashtar warned Mus'ab that all of the other commanders had likely received such letters and were concealing the information from him. He advised Mus'ab to execute those commanders, but Mus'ab refused and kept them in their posts. Mus'ab feared that executing the commanders would turn their tribesmen against him. Ibn al-Ashtar counter-proposed that Mus'ab detain and hold the treasonous leaders hostage, releasing them on the condition of victory or executing them if defeated. However, Mus'ab believed this to be too complicated and not a priority amid the pending battle.
710:(Circesium), which was strategically located at the crossroads of Syria and Iraq. Unable to dislodge him, Abd al-Malik entered negotiations with Zufar and his son Hudhayl and offered them generous financial and political concessions. They ultimately reconciled with the Umayyads and Hudhayl and the Qays joined the ranks of their army, though Zufar, out of deference to his previous oath of allegiance to Ibn al-Zubayr, refused to personally participate in the anti-Zubayrid campaign. Afterward, Abd al-Malik marched on Nisibis and gained the surrender of the 2,000-strong Khashabiyya, who joined the Umayyad army after the caliph's amnesty.
204:
676:
211:
734:) near Maskin to defend his position from the Umayyad army. In a testament to its durability, it was still in existence as late as the mid-9th century when it was called "Khirbat (Ruins) of Mus'ab" after the Zubayrid governor. At the time of the battle, Mus'ab's most skilled Basran forces were bogged down with Muhallab, who had been reassigned in 689 to the campaign against the
659:, a Kufan noble seeking revenge against Mus'ab for the killing of his brother during the suppression of Mukhtar's revolt. They did not arrive quick enough and the pro-Zubayrids gained the battlefield advantage, which led to negotiations for a ceasefire. Khalid was ultimately allowed to leave for Damascus, while Ibn Misma, wounded, fled south into the
780:. After Mus'ab's other commanders refused to fight, Abd al-Malik offered to spare Mus'ab's life and grant him the governorship of Iraq or any other province of his choice, but again he refused. Instead, he counseled his adolescent son Isa and his men to seek safety in Mecca, but Isa entered the field instead and was killed.
775:
Wellhausen wrote that Mus'ab "was left almost alone on the field of battle, which strange situation itself makes the battle famous". Before Ibn al-Ashtar's charge, Abd al-Malik attempted to negotiate with Mus'ab, but the latter refused and "decided to die like a brave man", according to the historian
738:
threatening Basra. As a result, most of Mus'ab's Basran troops did not accompany him, while among those who did were many from the Rabi'a faction who were resentful of his suppression of their kinsmen in the year prior. The bulk of Mus'ab's troops in
Bajumayra consisted of the Arab tribesmen of Kufa,
763:
The armies of Abd al-Malik and Mus'ab met at Dayr al-Jathaliq in the middle of
October. Ibn al-Ashtar and his men charged against Muhammad's vanguard, forcing them to withdraw. Abd al-Malik then ordered Abdallah and his right wing to enter the battlefield, where together with Muhammad's troops they
694:
In the summer of 690, Abd al-Malik and Mus'ab once again encamped at Butnan Habib and
Bajumayra, respectively. Mus'ab held his position until the winter when both he and Abd al-Malik withdrew to their headquarters in Basra and Damascus. Abd al-Malik was advised by his Syrian generals to desist from
618:
During the standoff, Abd al-Malik reached out to his tribal sympathizers in Basra and promised them financial rewards if they took up his cause against the
Zubayrids. He received favorable responses by a number of the tribal nobles, including the head of the
764:
closed in on Mus'ab's men. Ibn al-Ashtar was slain, as was the commander of Mus'ab's right wing, Muslim ibn Amr al-Bahili. The latter had succumbed to his wounds, but before dying he managed to obtain from Abd al-Malik a guarantee of safety for his son
742:
While encamped at Maskin, Abd al-Malik took advantage of the internal divisions within Mus'ab's army by reaching out to the tribal leaders in Mus'ab's camp. In his correspondences, he offered many of the tribal leaders control of the
583:. As governor over the region wedged between Zubayrid Iraq and Umayyad Syria, Muhallab was responsible for protecting Iraq from an Umayyad invasion. He also attempted to rid his province of Mukhtar's surviving loyalists, known as the
791:
who declared Mus'ab's death to be vengeance for his fellow tribesman
Mukhtar. Afterward, Ibn Zabyan decapitated Mus'ab's body. Abd al-Malik mourned Mus'ab and "ordered his poets to commemorate his heroic end", according to Lammens.
800:
After the battle, Abd al-Malik entered Kufa and received the allegiance of its tribal nobility. He assigned governors for Iraq and its dependencies. He then headed south for
Nukhayla, a suburb of Kufa, from which he dispatched
635:
to enter Basra. In another version of this episode, it was Khalid who originally proposed that Abd al-Malik send him on the mission to Basra. In any case, Khalid ultimately found support from the Bakr under Ibn Misma and the
461:. The site of ancient Maskin is today known as Khara'ib Maskin (Ruins of Maskin). Dayr al-Jathaliq is likely the site of Tell al-Dayr, a mound located 6 kilometers (3.7 mi) southeast of Sumayka.
805:
with 2,000 Syrian troops to subdue Ibn al-Zubayr in the Hejaz. With the loss of Iraq, Ibn al-Zubayr had become isolated in his Mecca stronghold. After a series of skirmishes near the city, al-Hajjaj
768:, who went on to become an important Umayyad general in the early 8th century. Ibn al-Ashtar's death at the beginning of the confrontation sealed Mus'ab's fate. The head of Mus'ab's cavalry,
656:
524:
as caliph. The latter came from a different branch of the
Umayyad clan that had been expelled from Medina. Afterward, the reinvigorated Umayyads defeated the pro-Zubayrid
425:, was killed in action. Mus'ab was slain soon afterward, resulting in the Umayyads' victory and recapture of Iraq, which opened the way for the Umayyad reconquest of the
652:
628:
177:
663:(central Arabia). At some point during the fighting in al-Jufra, Abd al-Malik had withdrawn from Butnan Habib to counter an attempted coup in Damascus by his kinsman
718:
In
September or October 691, Abd al-Malik, at the head of his Syrian army, set up camp at Maskin. Command of the army was held by members of his family; his brother
641:
784:
563:. Mukhtar's elimination left the Zubayrids and the Umayyads as the two principal contenders for the caliphate. Mus'ab appointed one of his leading commanders,
772:, who had secretly defected to Abd al-Malik, subsequently deserted the battle with his horsemen. The rest of Musab's commanders refused orders to engage.
695:
further attempts against what they deemed the unwieldy province of Iraq. The caliph did not heed this counsel and proceeded again toward Iraq in 691.
254:
501:, based in Mecca, was recognized instead. Ibn al-Zubayr’s sovereignty soon extended to most of the Caliphate's provinces and he appointed his brother
769:
421:
When the battle started, most of Mus'ab's troops refused to fight, having secretly switched allegiance to Abd al-Malik, and Mus'ab's main commander,
1731:
651:
The clashes lasted between twenty-four and forty days, during which Mus'ab, still encamped at
Bajumayra, dispatched 1,000 cavalrymen under
1393:
648:
at a place called al-Jufra in the vicinity of Basra, hence the collective name "al-Jufriyya" by which Khalid's supporters became known.
536:, who turned his attention toward Iraq. An Umayyad army led by Ibn Ziyad was dispatched to the province, but was soundly defeated at the
481:, who died weeks after his accession. With no suitable successors among the descendants of Yazid, Umayyad authority collapsed across the
1596:
1736:
632:
552:. The Umayyad defeat delayed Abd al-Malik's plans to conquer Iraq and he shifted focus to consolidating control of Syria and the
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69:
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809:, capturing it and killing Ibn al-Zubayr in September or October 692. Ibn al-Zubayr's elimination marked the end of the
1449:
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respectively commanded the left and right wings. Mus'ab encamped at
Bajumayra. He had dug and fortified a deep trench (
645:
667:. Mus'ab, upon his return to Basra, severely suppressed the Jufriyya and alienated many Basran nobles in the process.
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1513:
240:
559:
Mukhtar was defeated and killed by Mus'ab in 687 after the tribal nobility of Kufa defected to the Zubayrids in
203:
783:
Mus'ab then made a charge, but was wounded by an arrow and dislodged from his horse. He was slain by a certain
615:. Both places were on the main road connecting Syria and Iraq but were considerably distant from each other.
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near Damascus in 684 and took over Egypt by March 685. Marwan died that year and was succeeded by his son
611:. Mus'ab prepared for his attempted invasion by mobilizing his troops at Bajumayra, a way station near
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330:
219:
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The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century
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many of whom bore grudges against Mus'ab for his executions of Mukhtar's Kufan partisans in 687.
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516:, which remained loyal to the Umayyads, in cooperation with the ousted Umayyad governor of Iraq,
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16:
Battle of the Second Fitna (680s-690s). It was fought in mid-October 691 near present-day Baghdad
564:
497:, neither Yazid nor his son had been recognized as legitimate caliphs and after Yazid's death,
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20:
1741:
1529:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.
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During much of the summer, Abd al-Malik besieged and attacked the pro-Zubayrid Qaysi leader
1526:
The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXI: The Victory of the Marwānids, A.D. 685–693/A.H. 66–73
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province or other rewards in return for their defection. One of Mus'ab's loyal commanders,
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Dayr al-Jathaliq in Maskin district, 50–55 kilometers (31–34 mi) north of present-day
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monastery located in the vicinity of Maskin. The latter was situated west of the
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in August 686 by the forces of a third rival claimant to the caliphate, the pro-
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The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State
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to reinforce his supporters. Abd al-Malik also sent reinforcements led by
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In 689, Abd al-Malik marched toward Iraq and by the summer he encamped at
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1694:. Translated by Margaret Graham Weir. Calcutta: University of Calcutta.
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The Works of Ibn Wāḍiḥ al-Yaʿqūbī (Volume 3): An English Translation
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386:(680s-690s). It was fought in mid-October 691 near present-day
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The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661–750
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607:(northern Syria), about 30 kilometers (19 mi) east of
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1577:(Third ed.). Abingdon, Oxon and New York: Routledge.
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The battle took place near Dayr al-Jathaliq (Monastery of
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The Umayyad Caliphate, 65–86/684–705: (A Political Study)
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For the battle during the revolt of Ibn al-Ash'ath, see
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and 3 kilometers (1.9 mi) south of the village of
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1508:(Second ed.). London and New York: Routledge.
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556:and winning over the Arab tribal nobility in Iraq.
1368:Biesterfeldt, Hinrich; Günther, Sebastian (2018).
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671:Second standoff and Umayyad takeover of the Jazira
485:amid the leadership vacuum in the Umayyad capital
453:, about 50–55 kilometers (31–34 mi) north of
1708:
248:
1684:
1664:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
1618:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
1478:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
1415:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
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1672:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 654–655.
1626:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 649–650.
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382:monastery, was a decisive battle of the
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722:led the vanguard, while Yazid I's sons
633:Khalid ibn Abdallah ibn Khalid ibn Asid
1709:
1640:
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595:First standoff and the Jufriyya revolt
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1553:. London and New York: Routledge.
449:on the western bank of the former
14:
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390:on the western bank of the river
1737:Iraq under the Umayyad Caliphate
657:Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad ibn Zabyan
489:. In the Islamic holy cities of
262:
209:
202:
1523:Fishbein, Michael, ed. (1990).
1361:
1023:Biesterfeldt & Günther 2018
646:Umar ibn Ubayd Allah ibn Ma'mar
512:tribes of central and southern
429:(western Arabia) in late 692.
1:
1727:690s in the Umayyad Caliphate
1691:The Arab Kingdom and Its Fall
1438:Dixon, 'Abd al-Ameer (1971).
816:
700:Zufar ibn al-Harith al-Kilabi
587:, who remained in control of
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795:
7:
1641:Streck, Maximilian (1978).
813:(second Muslim civil war).
432:
223:Location within modern Iraq
10:
1758:
1459:Duri, Abd al-Aziz (1965).
1394:"Al-Muhallab b. Abī Ṣufra"
713:
702:, who was holed up in the
394:, between the army of the
368:Battle of Dayr al-Jathaliq
18:
1025:, p. 970, note 2094.
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178:Muslim ibn Amr al-Bahili
499:Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr
416:Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr
400:Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan
1597:"Muṣʿab ibn al-Zubayr"
691:
653:Zahr ibn Qays al-Ju'fi
642:Ziyad ibn Amr al-Ataki
565:Muhallab ibn Abi Sufra
314:Ibn al-Zubayr's Revolt
131:Commanders and leaders
21:Battle of Maskin (701)
787:, a soldier from the
753:Ibrahim ibn al-Ashtar
678:
518:Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad
505:as governor of Iraq.
423:Ibrahim ibn al-Ashtar
410:for his brother, the
366:), also known as the
166:Ibrahim ibn al-Ashtar
85:33.82333°N 44.24000°E
1037:, pp. 188, 190.
967:, pp. 110, 118.
679:Map of the medieval
530:Battle of Marj Rahit
414:-based rival caliph
404:Mus'ab ibn al-Zubayr
220:class=notpageimage|
154:Mus'ab ibn al-Zubayr
1461:"Dayr al-Djāthalīk"
1343:, pp. 198–199.
1248:, pp. 196–197.
1236:, pp. 195–196.
1124:, pp. 654–655.
803:al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf
306:Madhar & Harura
149:Abd Allah ibn Yazid
141:Muhammad ibn Marwan
81: /
1686:Wellhausen, Julius
1500:Hawting, Gerald R.
766:Qutayba ibn Muslim
692:
550:Mukhtar al-Thaqafi
402:and the forces of
376:معركة دير الجثاليق
125:Zubayrid Caliphate
90:33.82333; 44.24000
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1584:978-1-138-78761-2
1536:978-0-7914-0221-4
1444:. London: Luzac.
1430:978-90-04-09419-2
1381:978-90-04-35621-4
1374:. Leiden: Brill.
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969:
957:
955:, p. 357.
940:
928:
926:, p. 650.
901:
886:
884:, p. 185.
871:
859:
840:
838:, p. 197.
820:
818:
815:
807:besieged Mecca
797:
794:
760:
757:
715:
712:
672:
669:
605:Jund Qinnasrin
596:
593:
567:, governor of
528:tribes at the
466:
463:
434:
431:
406:, governor of
347:
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61:
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55:
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51:
43:
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35:
34:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
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2:
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1598:
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1576:
1575:
1570:
1569:Kennedy, Hugh
1566:
1562:
1560:0-415-25093-5
1556:
1552:
1551:
1546:
1545:Kennedy, Hugh
1542:
1538:
1532:
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1527:
1521:
1517:
1515:0-415-24072-7
1511:
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1299:
1297:
1295:
1287:
1286:Fishbein 1990
1282:
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1263:Fishbein 1990
1259:
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1216:
1214:
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1204:
1199:
1197:
1190:, p. 26.
1189:
1184:
1177:
1176:Fishbein 1990
1172:
1170:
1162:
1157:
1151:, p. 94.
1150:
1145:
1139:, p. 93.
1138:
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1123:
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978:
977:Fishbein 1990
973:
966:
965:Fishbein 1990
961:
954:
949:
947:
945:
938:, p. 83.
937:
932:
925:
920:
918:
916:
914:
912:
910:
908:
906:
899:, p. 33.
898:
893:
891:
883:
878:
876:
869:, p. 47.
868:
863:
857:, p. 48.
856:
851:
849:
847:
845:
837:
832:
830:
828:
826:
821:
814:
812:
808:
804:
793:
790:
786:
781:
779:
778:Henri Lammens
773:
771:
767:
756:
754:
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746:
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733:
729:
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94:
65:
60:
57:
56:
52:
49:
48:
44:
41:
36:
31:
26:
22:
1742:Second Fitna
1690:
1669:
1662:
1623:
1616:
1573:
1549:
1525:
1504:
1483:
1476:
1440:
1420:
1413:
1370:
1362:Bibliography
1348:
1336:
1324:
1241:
1229:
1188:Kennedy 2001
1183:
1156:
1144:
1117:
1084:
1030:
1018:
972:
960:
936:Kennedy 2016
931:
924:Lammens 1993
897:Kennedy 2001
867:Hawting 2000
862:
855:Hawting 2000
811:Second Fitna
799:
782:
774:
762:
747:district of
741:
731:
717:
706:fortress of
697:
693:
650:
617:
601:Butnan Habib
598:
558:
544:nobleman of
534:Abd al-Malik
507:
468:
451:Dujayl Canal
447:Tigris River
436:
420:
384:Second Fitna
367:
355:
353:
335:
291:Ayn al-Warda
265:Second Fitna
190:
183:
171:
159:
137:Abd al-Malik
116:Belligerents
40:Second Fitna
38:Part of the
25:
1655:Pellat, Ch.
1643:"Karkīsiyā"
1622:Volume VII:
1613:Pellat, Ch.
1593:Lammens, H.
1473:Schacht, J.
1469:Pellat, Ch.
1419:Volume VII:
1410:Pellat, Ch.
1122:Streck 1978
789:Banu Thaqif
585:Khashabiyya
581:Adharbayjan
479:Mu'awiya II
469:In 683 the
88: /
1711:Categories
1668:Volume IV:
1482:Volume II:
1161:Dixon 1971
1149:Dixon 1971
1137:Dixon 1971
1089:Dixon 1971
1077:Dixon 1971
1054:Dixon 1971
953:Crone 1993
817:References
736:Kharijites
683:, showing
465:Background
439:Catholicos
364:معركة مسكن
331:Marj Rahit
297:al-Mukhtar
295:Revolt of
76:44°14′24″E
73:33°49′24″N
1700:752790641
1678:758278456
1651:Lewis, B.
1492:495469475
1465:Lewis, B.
1390:Crone, P.
836:Duri 1965
796:Aftermath
728:Abd Allah
708:Qarqisiya
685:Qarqisiya
665:al-Ashdaq
627:faction,
621:Banu Bakr
483:Caliphate
443:Nestorian
380:Nestorian
341:2nd Mecca
326:1st Mecca
1688:(1927).
1670:Iran–Kha
1661:(eds.).
1615:(eds.).
1595:(1993).
1571:(2016).
1547:(2001).
1502:(2000).
1475:(eds.).
1412:(eds.).
1392:(1993).
720:Muhammad
522:Marwan I
520:, chose
487:Damascus
433:Location
321:Al-Harra
191:defected
58:Location
1624:Mif–Naz
1421:Mif–Naz
745:Isfahan
732:khandaq
714:Prelude
689:Nisibis
589:Nisibis
577:Armenia
475:Yazid I
473:caliph
471:Umayyad
459:Sumayka
455:Baghdad
398:caliph
396:Umayyad
388:Baghdad
286:Karbala
280:risings
184:†
172:†
160:†
107:victory
105:Umayyad
64:Baghdad
1698:
1676:
1657:&
1630:
1611:&
1581:
1557:
1533:
1512:
1490:
1471:&
1448:
1427:
1408:&
1378:
759:Battle
724:Khalid
681:Jazira
661:Yamama
640:under
625:Rabi'a
613:Tikrit
609:Aleppo
573:Jazira
571:, the
554:Jazira
503:Mus'ab
495:Medina
392:Tigris
372:Arabic
360:Arabic
336:Maskin
301:Khazir
180:
168:
156:
101:Result
1645:. In
1599:. In
1463:. In
1396:. In
749:Jibal
569:Mosul
561:Basra
526:Qaysi
514:Syria
491:Mecca
441:), a
427:Hejaz
412:Mecca
1696:OCLC
1674:OCLC
1628:ISBN
1579:ISBN
1555:ISBN
1531:ISBN
1510:ISBN
1488:OCLC
1446:ISBN
1425:ISBN
1376:ISBN
726:and
579:and
546:Kufa
542:Alid
510:Arab
493:and
408:Iraq
354:The
278:Alid
276:Pro-
50:Date
1717:691
1484:C–G
638:Azd
418:.
1713::
1666:.
1653:;
1649:;
1620:.
1607:;
1603:;
1480:.
1467:;
1417:.
1404:;
1400:;
1293:^
1270:^
1253:^
1210:^
1195:^
1168:^
1129:^
1096:^
1061:^
1042:^
1003:^
984:^
943:^
904:^
889:^
874:^
843:^
824:^
591:.
575:,
548:,
374::
362::
1702:.
1680:.
1636:.
1587:.
1563:.
1539:.
1518:.
1494:.
1454:.
1433:.
1384:.
370:(
358:(
308:)
299:(
256:e
249:t
242:v
193:)
23:.
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