Ibn al-Ash'ath - Knowledge

1320:, situated between Basra and Kufa, and the Iraqis, regardless of social status, were deprived of any real power in the governance of the region. This was coupled with a reform of the salary system by al-Hajjaj: whereas hitherto the salary had been calculated based on the role of one's ancestors in the early Muslim conquests, it now became limited to those actively participating in campaigns. As most of the army was now composed of Syrians, this measure gravely injured the interests of the Iraqis, who regarded this as another impious attack on hallowed institutions. In addition, extensive land reclamation and irrigation works were undertaken in the Sawad, but this was limited mostly to around Wasit, and the proceeds went to the Umayyads and their clients, not the Iraqi nobility. As a result, the political power of the once mighty Kufan élites was soon broken. 1136:. On the other hand, as Hawting points out, this is insufficient evidence to ascribe purely tribal motivations to the revolt: if Ibn al-Ash'ath's movement was indeed led largely by Yamanis, this simply reflects the fact that they were the dominant element in Kufa, and while al-Hajjaj himself was a northerner, his main commander was a southerner. Dixon, furthermore, interprets the same poem by A'sha Hamdan differently, and contradicts Veccia Vaglieri in insisting that "the verses show clearly that both the Ma'adites and the Yemenites (Hamdan, Madhhij and Qahtan) allied themselves against al-Hajjaj and his tribe, Thaqif", highlighting that this was "one of the rare occasions where we find the Northern and Southern Arabs standing together against a common foe". 1283:. Faced with the approach of the Syrian Umayyad troops under Umara ibn al-Tamim, however, most of Ibn al-Ash'ath's followers urged him to go to Khurasan, where they would be hopefully able to recruit more followers, evade pursuit in the vast expanse of the region, or be able to sit out the Umayyad attacks until either al-Hajjaj or Caliph Abd al-Malik died and the political situation changed. Ibn al-Ash'ath bowed to their pressure, but soon after a group of 2,000 men under Ibn Samura defected to the Umayyads. Disillusioned with the fickleness of the Iraqis, Ibn al-Ash'ath returned to Zabulistan with those who would follow him there. Most of the rebels remained in Khurasan, choosing Abd al-Rahman ibn Abbas al-Hashimi as their leader, and sacking 1225:. Again Ibn al-Ash'ath initially held the upper hand, but the Syrians prevailed in the end: shortly before the sun set, Ibn al-Ash'ath's men broke and scattered. The defeat turned into a flight, aided by al-Hajjaj's offers of pardon to rebels who surrendered themselves. Failing to rally his troops, Ibn al-Ash'ath with a handful of followers fled to Kufa, where he took farewell of his family. As Hawting commented, the contrast "between the discipline and organisation of the Umayyads and their largely Syrian support and the lack of these qualities among their opponents in spite of, or perhaps rather because of, the more righteous and religious flavour of the opposition" is a recurring pattern in the civil wars of the period. 747:. Although the Kharijites numbered just a few hundred, they benefited from Shabib's tactical skill and had defeated every Umayyad commander sent against them thus far. Advised by the general al-Jazl Uthman ibn Sa'id al-Kindi, who had been defeated by Shabib previously, Ibn al-Ash'ath pursued the Kharijites, but displayed great caution in order to avoid falling into a trap. Notably, each night he dug a trench around his camp, thus foiling Shabib's plans to launch a surprise night attack. Unable to catch Ibn al-Ash'ath unawares, Shabib instead resolved to wear down his pursuers, by retreating before them into barren and inhospitable terrain, waiting for them to catch up, and retreating again. 1102:

not have banished the spirits which he had called up. It was as if an avalanche came rushing down sweeping every thing before it". This interpretation is corroborated by the different rhetoric and actions of Ibn al-Ash'ath and his followers, as reported in the sources: the former was ready and willing to compromise with the Umayyads, and continued to fight only because he had no alternative, while the great mass of his followers, motivated by discontent against the Umayyad regime couched in religious terms, were far more uncompromising and willing to carry on the struggle until death. Al-Hajjaj himself seems to have been aware of the distinction: in suppressing the revolt, he pardoned the

630: 1233:, had captured al-Mada'in. Al-Hajjaj remained for a month in Kufa, before setting out to meet Ibn al-Ash'ath. The two armies met at Maskin, on the river Dujayl. After two weeks of skirmishing, al-Hajjaj delivered the final blow by launching a simultaneous attack on the rebel camp from two sides: while he with the main part of his army attacked from one side, a portion of his army, guided by a shepherd, crossed the marshes and launched itself on the camp from the rear. Caught by surprise, the rebel army was nearly annihilated, with many of its troops drowning in the river in their attempt to flee. 754:, Uthman ibn Qatan, wrote to al-Hajjaj criticizing Ibn al-Ash'ath's leadership as timid and ineffective. Al-Hajjaj responded by giving command to Uthman, but when the latter attacked Shabib on 20 March 696, the government army suffered a heavy defeat, losing around 900 men and fleeing to Kufa. Uthman himself was killed, while Ibn al-Ash'ath, who lost his horse, managed to escape with the help of a friend and reached Kufa. Fearing reprisals for the defeat by al-Hajjaj, he remained in hiding until the governor of Iraq granted him pardon. 908:(Hawting), coupled with existing grievances over al-Hajjaj's harsh administration, was enough to turn the troops against the governor of Iraq. The assembled army denounced al-Hajjaj, proclaiming him deposed, and swore allegiance to Ibn al-Ash'ath instead. Dixon furthermore points out that the first of the commanders to swear allegiance to Ibn al-Ash'ath are known to have been Shi'a sympathizers from Kufa, who had participated in Mukhtar's uprising. Ibn al-Ash'ath's brothers, however, as well as the governor of Khurasan, 1145: 1242: 724:(Sijistan), effectively making him a viceroy of half the Umayyad realm. The post was of particular political sensitivity due to the long history of Kharijism and political dissent in Iraq. This was particularly the case in Ibn al-Ash'ath's home town of Kufa, which contained people from almost all Arab tribes, but also many of those undesired elsewhere, such as the vanquished of the Ridda wars. Although it dominated the fertile lands of the 1193:, approached al-Hajjaj's army and set up camp at Dayr al-Jamajim. Both armies fortified their camps by digging trenches and, as before, engaged in skirmishes. Whatever the true numbers of Ibn al-Ash'ath's force, al-Hajjaj was in a difficult position: although reinforcements from Syria were constantly arriving, his army was considerably outnumbered by the rebels, and his position was difficult to resupply with provisions. 3605: 869:) with the Peacock Army. A contingent from Tabaristan are also said to have joined him. Faced with such a formidable enemy, the Zunbil made peace overtures. Ibn al-Ash'ath rejected them and—in marked contrast to his predecessor's direct assault—began a systematic campaign to first secure the lowlands surrounding the mountainous heart of the Zunbil's kingdom: he established a base of operations at 845:). Two different generals were appointed by al-Hajjaj in succession to command it, before he appointed Ibn al-Ash'ath instead. In view of their bad relations, the sources report that the appointment came as a surprise to many; an uncle of Ibn al-Ash'ath even approached al-Hajjaj and suggested that his nephew might revolt, but al-Hajjaj did not rescind his appointment. 1291:, to send an army against them, resulting in an overwhelming defeat for the rebels. Yazid released those who belonged to the Yamani tribes related to his own, and sent the rest to al-Hajjaj, who executed most of them. In the meantime, Umara quickly effected the surrender of Sistan, by offering lenient terms to the garrisons if they surrendered without struggle. 1212:, refused, and pushed for outright victory. The rebels were aware of the Syrians' supply problems, and considered the offered terms an admission of the government's weakness. With the negotiations failing, the two armies continued to skirmish—the sources report that the skirmishing lasted for 100 days with 48 engagements. The 1393:, distribution of the revenue from the Sawad, an end to distant campaigns) and to restore rule "according to the Quran and the Sunna". Once more, the Kufans deserted it at the critical moment, and the revolt was defeated by the Umayyads. Discontent with the Umayyad government continued to simmer, and during the 1029:, as opposed to al-Hajjaj's policies aimed chiefly at extracting revenue from them. Dixon furthermore draws attention to the past Shi'a affiliations of some of the key figures of Ibn al-Ash'ath's uprising, as well as the fact that in Iraq, other ethnic and religious groups joined the uprising, notably as the 663:(Arab tribal nobility) who served under Mus'ab, Ibn al-Ash'ath urged the execution of Mukhtar's followers, who had barricaded themselves in the governor's palace in Kufa. This was not only to avenge the loss of their own kinsmen during the campaign, but also because of the deeply ingrained hostility of the 1294:

Ibn al-Ash'ath remained safe under the protection of the Zunbil, but al-Hajjaj, fearing that he might raise another revolt, sent several letters to the Zunbil, mixing threats and promises, to secure his surrender. Finally, in 704 the Zunbil gave in, in exchange for lifting the annual tribute for 7 or

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Following this second defeat, Ibn al-Ash'ath fled east, towards Sistan, with a few survivors. Al-Hajjaj sent troops under Umara ibn al-Tamim al-Lakhmi to intercept them. Umara caught up with them twice, at Sus and Sabur. In the first battle, the rebels were defeated, but they prevailed in the second,

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Following this open revolt, Ibn al-Ash'ath hastily concluded an agreement with the Zunbil, whereby if he was victorious in the coming conflict with al-Hajjaj, he would accord the Zunbil generous treatment, while if he was defeated, the Zunbil would provide refuge. With his rear secure, Ibn al-Ash'ath

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in anticipation of his extradition to al-Hajjaj, and chained to his warden, but that to avoid being handed over, he threw himself from the top of the castle (along with his warden) to his death. His head was cut off and sent to al-Hajjaj in Iraq. According to al-Tabari, al-Hajjaj then sent it to Abd

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Ibn al-Ash'ath entered Basra on 13 February 701, to an enthusiastic welcome. Ibn al-Ash'ath fortified Basra, and over the next month, a series of skirmishes were fought between the forces of Ibn al-Ash'ath and al-Hajjaj, in which the former generally held the upper hand. Finally, in early March, the

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attributed these reports to the Arabic sources' tendency to "explain historical events by incidents relating to persons", rather than reflecting the actual relationship between the two men, especially given the fact that Ibn al-Ash'ath faithfully served al-Hajjaj in a number of posts, culminating in

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Ibn al-Ash'ath's pretensions irked al-Hajjaj, whose hostile remarks—such as "Look how he walks! How I should like to cut off his head!"—were conveyed to Ibn al-Ash'ath and served to deepen their hostility to outright mutual hatred. Al-Tabari suggested that al-Hajjaj relied on the fear he inspired to

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Despite this setback, relations between Ibn al-Ash'ath and al-Hajjaj were initially friendly, and al-Hajjaj's son married one of Ibn al-Ash'ath's sisters. Gradually, however, the two men became estranged. The sources attribute this to Ibn al-Ash'ath's overweening pride as one of the foremost of the

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It was not until 720 that the Iraqis rebelled once again, under Yazid ibn al-Muhallab, "the last of the old-style Iraqi champions" (Hugh Kennedy), and even then, support was ambivalent, and the revolt was defeated. Two of Ibn al-Ash'ath's nephews, Muhammad ibn Ishaq and Uthman ibn Ishaq, supported

1273:, Iyad ibn Himyan al-Sadusi, likewise his own appointee, who thus sought to win the favour of al-Hajjaj. The Zunbil, however, remained true to his word: learning of this event, he came to Bust and forced Ibn al-Ash'ath's release, taking him with him to Zabulistan and treating him with much honour. 1205:

at the head of an army to Iraq, but also carrying an offer to Ibn al-Ash'ath: the dismissal of al-Hajjaj, the appointment of Ibn al-Ash'ath as governor over one of the Iraqi towns of his choice, and a raise in the Iraqis' pay so that they received the same amount as the Syrians. Ibn al-Ash'ath was

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Informed of the revolt, al-Hajjaj went to Basra and requested reinforcements from the caliph. Realising the seriousness of the revolt, Caliph Abd al-Malik sent a stream of reinforcements to Iraq. After staying for some time in Fars, the rebel army, which is reported to have numbered 33,000 cavalry

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Indeed, although Ibn al-Ash'ath remained at the head of the uprising, Veccia Vaglieri suggested that after this point "one has the impression that the control of the revolt slipped from his hands", or that, as Wellhausen commented, "he was urged on in spite of himself, and even if he would, could

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Offended by the insinuation of cowardice, Ibn al-Ash'ath called an assembly of the army's leadership, in which he informed them of al-Hajjaj's orders for an immediate advance and his decision to refuse to obey. He then went before the assembled troops and repeated al-Hajjaj's instructions, calling

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Infuriated by this setback, al-Hajjaj raised an Iraqi army from Basra and Kufa, to be sent against the Zunbil. 20,000 strong, the army comprised many members of the most eminent families of the two garrison towns. Whether due to the splendour of their equipment, or as an allusion to what historian

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and Ibn A'tham, to apply pressure to his commanders, Ibn al-Ash'ath also fabricated a letter by al-Hajjaj ordering him to dismiss or execute some of them. As modern historians have commented, "little aggravation was needed" (Dixon). The "prospect of a long and difficult campaign so far from Iraq"

421:. In 700, al-Hajjaj's overbearing behaviour caused Ibn al-Ash'ath and the army to revolt. After patching up an agreement with the Zunbil, the army marched back to Iraq. On the way, the mutiny against al-Hajjaj developed into a full-fledged anti-Umayyad rebellion and acquired religious overtones. 1228:

Victorious, al-Hajjaj entered Kufa, where he tried and executed many rebels, but also pardoned those who submitted after admitting that through revolt they had become infidels. In the meantime, however, one of Ibn al-Ash'ath's supporters, Ubayd Allah ibn Abd al-Rahman ibn Samura al-Qurashi, had

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after a few days. Abd al-Rahman ibn Abbas too withdrew with as many Basrans as would follow him to Kufa, where Ibn al-Ash'ath's forces swelled further with the arrival of large numbers of anti-Umayyad volunteers. After taking control of Basra—and executing some 11,000 of its people, despite his

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Once al-Hajjaj received Ibn al-Ash'ath's messages informing him of the break in operations, he replied in what Veccia Vaglieri described as "a series of arrogant and offensive messages ordering him to penetrate into the heart of Zabulistan and there to fight the enemy to the death". Otherwise,

1175:, forcing Ibn al-Ash'ath to withdraw to his home town of Kufa, taking with him the Kufan troops and the élite of the Basran cavalry. At Kufa, Ibn al-Ash'ath was well received, but found the citadel occupied by Matar ibn Najiya, an officer from al-Mada'in, and was forced to take it by assault. 1276:

Once free, Ibn al-Ash'ath assumed command of some 60,000 supporters who had assembled in Sistan in the meantime, led by his lieutenants, Abd al-Rahman ibn Abbas al-Hashimi and Ubayd Allah ibn Abd al-Rahman ibn Samura al-Qurashi. With their support, he seized Zaranj, where he punished the

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were expelled from Iraq's garrison cities, while the Christian Arabs of the village of Najran near Kufa saw their tribute raised, and the Asawira of Basra saw their houses destroyed, their salaries reduced, and many were exiled. In order to punish the native Persian aristocracy of the

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found that the Zunbil had withdrawn his forces, leaving behind only elderly and the corpses of Ibn Abi Bakra's expedition. Ibn al-Ash'ath then withdrew to Bust to spend the winter of 699/700, and to allow his troops to acclimatize themselves to the unfamiliar conditions of the area.

928:, and his army set out on the return journey to Iraq, picking up more soldiers from Kufa and Basra, who were stationed as garrisons, along the way. The sources are not in agreement as to the chronology and duration of the revolt: one tradition maintains that the revolt began in 825:. The Zunbil drew the Arabs deep into his country and cut them off, so that they managed to extricate themselves only with great difficulty, after suffering many losses (particularly among the Kufan contingent), and paying a ransom and leaving hostages for their safe departure. 728:, many of the latter were assigned by the Umayyads to princes of the dynasty, while the average Kufan was given—increasingly minuscule—parcels of land as a reward for military service. Finally, the Kufans were largely left out of the spoils of conquest in the east; it was the 992:, " almost to have goaded the Iraqis into rebellion", such as the introduction of Syrian troops—the mainstay of the Umayyad dynasty—into Iraq, the use of Iraqi troops in the arduous and unrewarding campaigns against the Kharijites, and the reduction of the Iraqi troops' pay ( 892:"We will not obey the enemy of God, who like a Pharaoh coerces us to the farthest campaigns and keeps us here so that we can never see our wives and children; the gain is always his; if we are victorious, the conquered land is his; if we perish, then he is rid of us." 450:, while Ibn al-Ash'ath himself fled to Zabulistan. His fate is unclear, as some accounts hold that the Zunbil executed him after al-Hajjaj demanded his surrender, while most sources claim that he committed suicide to avoid being handed over to his enemies. 1064:

While according to Hawting the "religious polemic used by both sides is stereotyped, unspecific and to be found in other contexts", there do appear to have been specific religious grievances, notably the accusation that the Umayyads were neglecting the

988:-based regime of the Umayyads as represented by the overbearing (and notably low-born) al-Hajjaj. Historical sources are clear that al-Hajjaj quickly became unpopular among the Iraqis through a series of measures that, according to historian 940:, it had become clear that deposing al-Hajjaj could not be done without deposing Caliph Abd al-Malik as well, and the revolt evolved from a mutiny into a full-blown anti-Umayyad uprising, with the troops renewing their oath of allegiance ( 409:-based Umayyad regime aimed to reduce the Iraqis' privileges and status. Nevertheless, in 699, al-Hajjaj appointed Ibn al-Ash'ath as commander of a huge Iraqi army, the so-called "Peacock Army", to subdue the troublesome principality of 932:

81 (700/1 CE), with the invasion of Iraq in AH 82 (701 CE), and the final suppression of the revolt in AH 83 (702 CE), while another tradition moves all events a year later. Modern scholars generally favour the former interpretation.

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was due to a number of reasons: as Iraqis, they shared the grievances against al-Hajjaj, but as religious purists, they also suspected al-Hajjaj of being disinterested in religion, and espoused a more egalitarian treatment of the

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The suppression of Ibn al-Ash'ath's revolt signalled the end of the power of the tribal nobility of Iraq, which henceforth came under the direct control of the Umayyad regime's staunchly loyal Syrian troops. Later revolts, under

1069:. It seems that the revolt began as a simple mutiny against an overbearing governor who made impossible demands of the troops, but, at least by the time the army reached Fars, a religious element had emerged, represented by the 1123:

in celebration of the rebellion shows a tribal motivation of the rebel troops: al-Hajjaj is denounced as an apostate and a "friend of the devil", while Ibn al-Ash'ath is portrayed as the champion of the Yamani Qahtani and

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pledge of pardon—al-Hajjaj marched on Kufa. His army was harassed by Ibn al-Ash'ath's cavalry under Abd al-Rahman ibn Abbas, but reached the environs of the city and set up camp at Dayr Qarra, on the right bank of the

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as well, while A. A. Dixon highlights that Ibn al-Ash'ath was a "suitable leader" around whom the Iraqis could rally to express their opposition to al-Hajjaj, and their disaffection with the oppressive Umayyad regime.

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of error, to fight against those who regard as licit". Initially directed chiefly against the person of al-Hajjaj, the uprising had by then morphed into a "revolt against the caliph and the Umayyad rule in general".

428:. Nevertheless, the rebels seized Kufa, where supporters started flocking. The revolt gained widespread support among those who were discontented with the Umayyad regime, especially the religious zealots known as 1196:

In the meantime, Ibn al-Ash'ath's progress had sufficiently alarmed the Umayyad court that they sought a negotiated settlement, despite the contrary advice of al-Hajjaj. Caliph Abd al-Malik sent his brother

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Ibn al-Ash'ath left Abd al-Rahman ibn Abbas al-Hashimi as his commander in Basra. Abd al-Rahman ibn Abbas tried but was unable to hold the city, as the populace opened the gates in exchange for a

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s, while the foundation of Wasit on the eastern side of the Tigris hastened the decline of the older settlements. As late as 712, al-Hajjaj is recorded as executing Sa'id ibn Jubayr, one of the

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keep Ibn al-Ash'ath in check. Modern scholarship on the other hand holds that the portrayal of the great personal animosity between the two men is likely to be exaggerated. Thus the historian

446:, the rebel army was decisively defeated by al-Hajjaj's Syrian troops. Al-Hajjaj pursued the survivors, who under Ibn al-Ash'ath fled east. Most of the rebels were captured by the governor of 442:

tried to negotiate terms, including the dismissal of al-Hajjaj, but the hardliners among the rebel leadership pressured Ibn al-Ash'ath into rejecting the Caliph's terms. In the subsequent

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Both Veccia Vaglieri and Hawting emphasize that Wellhausen's analysis ignores the evident religious dimension of the revolt, especially the participation of the militant zealots known as

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The reasons for the rebellion have been the source of much discussion and theories among modern scholars. Moving away from the personal relationship between al-Hajjaj and Ibn al-Ash'ath,

651:, the young Ibn al-Ash'ath accompanied his father and participated in his political activities: in 680 he helped arrest Muslim ibn Aqil. In 686/7, he fought under the Umayyad governor 555:

to abandon his military advantage and submit to an arbitration that ultimately undermined his position. The real events remain unclear, but although al-Ash'ath was also close to Ali's

860:, according to which Ibn al-Ash'ath and the Peacock Army suppressed al-Sadusi's mutiny on their way to the east, may be preferable, as it appears to reconcile the divergent reports. 873:, and slowly and methodically began to capture villages and fortresses one by one, installing garrisons in them and linking them with messengers. A foray by his brother up the 1218:

particularly distinguished themselves for their bravery in this period, until their leader, Jabala ibn Zahr ibn Qays al-Ju'fi, was killed, after which they began to disperse.

1187:, so as to secure his lines of communication with Syria. In response, Ibn al-Ash'ath left Kufa in mid-April 701, and with an army reportedly 200,000 strong, half of whom were 1085:

in Fars. While in the first Ibn al-Ash'ath declared as his intention to "depose al-Hajjaj, the enemy of God", in the latter, he exhorted his men to " the Book of God and the

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to secure equal rights with the Arab Muslims, a movement that had already resulted in a major uprising under Mukhtar. This view was also held by von Kremer's contemporaries,

170: 1308:, the governor of Egypt. One tradition holds that Ibn al-Ash'ath's head was buried there, while another that it was then taken to Hadramawt and thrown into a well. 848:

It is unclear whether Ibn al-Ash'ath himself had joined the army from the outset or whether, according to an alternative tradition, he had originally been sent to

1397:, Iraq rose up in support of the rebellion. Kufa overthrew Umayyad rule and welcomed the Abbasid army in October 749, followed immediately by the proclamation of 163: 3018:

The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXIII: The Zenith of the Marwānid House: The Last Years of ʿAbd al-Malik and the Caliphate of al-Walīd, A.D. 700–715/A.H. 81–95

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and the eastern provinces of the Caliphate in 694, relations between al-Hajjaj and the Iraqi tribal nobility quickly became strained, as the policies of the

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The failure of Ibn al-Ash'ath's revolt led to the tightening of Umayyad control over Iraq. Al-Hajjaj founded a permanent garrison for the Syrian troops at

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between the northern Arab and southern Arab ("Yamani") tribal groups prevalent at the time. Thus, according to Veccia Vaglieri, a poem by the famous poet

1075:. Given the close intertwining of religion and politics at the time, the religious element quickly became dominant, as seen by the difference between the 1267:

Abdallah ibn Amir al-Ba'ar al-Tamimi, whom Ibn al-Ash'ath had himself appointed over the city. Moving to Bust, Ibn al-Ash'ath was arrested by the local

3264: 3677: 1161:. At the news of this defeat, al-Hajjaj withdrew to Basra and then, as he could not possibly hold the city, left it as well for nearby al-Zawiya. 688:

in October 691, he, like other followers of Mus'ab, went over to the Umayyads. In early 692, he participated in a campaign against the Azariqa

779:('Helper of the Faithful'), an implicit challenge to the Umayyads, who were implied to be false believers. In addition, he claimed to be the 3394: 1323:

Al-Hajjaj also retaliated against individuals and entire communities, whom he suspected of having supported Ibn al-Ash'ath's uprising. The

856:. A different account suggests that he had been sent to fight the Kharijites. Historian A. A. Dixon opined that the 9th-century account of 621:. Ibn al-Ash'ath had four brothers, Ishaq, Qasim, Sabbah, and Isma'il, of whom the first three also fought in the campaigns in Tabaristan. 998:) to a level below that of the Syrian troops. The reaction against al-Hajjaj as the main driving factor behind the revolt was espoused by 3485: 559:

rivals—two of his daughters married into the Umayyad house—he nevertheless remained loyal to Ali, and another daughter married Ali's son

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al-Hajjaj threatened to give command to Ibn al-Ash'ath's brother, and reduce Ibn al-Ash'ath himself to the rank of an ordinary soldier.

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against Mukhtar, in the campaign in which his father was killed. After Mukhtar was killed during the fight, along with the other Kufan

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the rebellion, but most remained quiescent and content with their role as local dignitaries. A few held posts in Kufa under the early

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and 120,000 infantry, began advancing towards Iraq. On 24 or 25 January 701, Ibn al-Ash'ath overwhelmed al-Hajjaj's advance guard at

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10 years. Accounts of Ibn al-Ash'ath's end differ: one version holds that he was executed by the Zunbil himself, or that he died of

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Ibn al-Ash'ath disappears from the record during the next few years, but after Mus'ab was defeated and killed by the Umayyad caliph

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allowing Ibn al-Ash'ath and his men to reach Kirman and thence move to Sistan. There they were refused entry into Zaranj by the

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two armies met for a pitched battle. Ibn al-Ash'ath initially prevailed, but in the end al-Hajjaj's Syrians, under the general

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rejected this view as the main reason for the revolt, interpreting it instead as a reaction of the Iraqis in general and the

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upon them to decide what should be done. According to another version of events, transmitted by the 9th-century historians

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In late 695, al-Hajjaj entrusted Ibn al-Ash'ath with 6,000 horsemen and the campaign against the Kharijite rebels under

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After taking up the leadership of the army in 699, Ibn al-Ash'ath led it to Sistan, where he united the local troops (

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Al-Hajjaj initially retreated before the rebels' superior numbers, but quickly defeated and drove them out of

677:), who had formed the bulk of Mukhtar's supporters. As a result, some 6,000 of Mukhtar's men were executed. 3682: 3459: 3399: 1166: 744: 618: 591: 144: 112: 106: 3627: 852:

to punish a local leader, Himyan ibn Adi al-Sadusi, who had refused to help the governors of Sistan and

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Apart from religious motivations, modern scholars have seen in the uprising a manifestation of the

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who secured the lion's share, taking over far more extensive and richer territory like Khurasan or

578:(a son of Umm Farwa) was less distinguished, serving an unsuccessful tenure as Umayyad governor of 2764:

The End of the Jihâd State: The Reign of Hishām ibn ʻAbd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads

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The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century

681: 652: 598:. Like his father at Siffin, he is denigrated by pro-Shi'a sources for his ambiguous role in the 439: 3652: 3568: 3510: 3439: 1305: 1116: 1081:

sworn at the beginning of the revolt and that exchanged between the army and Ibn al-Ash'ath at

791:

figure in South Arab ("Yamani") tribal tradition who was expected to raise them to domination.

528: 494: 418: 363: 345: 234: 137: 3178: 629: 3429: 3166: 3151:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. 3021:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. 2975:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. 2873:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. 1296: 1288: 857: 796: 455: 224: 41: 3657: 3558: 3434: 3348: 2870:

The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXI: The Victory of the Marwānids, A.D. 685–693/A.H. 66–73

1038: 716:. In 697, his remit was expanded to cover the entirety of the eastern Caliphate, including 229: 1106:, the Syrians, and many of the other Arab clans, but executed tens of thousands among the 8: 3647: 3520: 1299:. The more widespread account, however, holds that he was confined to a remote castle at 1198: 1058: 709: 536: 371: 3225: 3454: 2904: 1394: 1129: 595: 463: 370:, most notable for leading a failed rebellion against the Umayyad viceroy of the east, 305: 300: 262: 3273: 3231: 3221: 3209: 3205: 3152: 3142: 3130: 3126: 3068: 3060: 3046: 3022: 2998: 2990: 2976: 2955: 2931: 2927: 2874: 2853: 2832: 2810: 2794: 2768: 1149: 975: 971: 957: 611: 599: 532: 367: 155: 86: 2806: 3578: 3201: 3170: 3122: 3083: 2923: 2892: 2802: 685: 617:

Ibn al-Ash'ath's mother, Umm Amr, was the daughter of the South Arab tribal leader

560: 544: 272: 2790: 2786: 479:

Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath was a member of a noble family from the

3480: 3146: 3040: 3036: 3016: 2970: 2949: 2868: 2847: 2826: 2762: 1120: 989: 874: 849: 603: 556: 336: 288: 1344:, al-Hajjaj deliberately did not repair the breaches in the canal system around 3667: 3573: 3563: 3298: 3186: 3182: 3107: 3099: 2908: 2896: 2822: 999: 320: 245: 359: 3621: 3444: 3288: 3235: 3213: 3174: 3134: 3103: 3087: 2945: 2888: 2814: 985: 937: 830: 770: 751: 607: 587: 480: 406: 390: 378: 239: 3384: 3242: 3012: 1384: 1380: 1368:. Perhaps the most famous of the family's later members is the philosopher 1253: 1179: 929: 839:

who composed it", this army became known in history as the "Peacock Army" (

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inclined to accept, but the more radical of his followers, especially the

3585: 3449: 3374: 3338: 1125: 1030: 540: 250: 204: 3230:. Translated by Margaret Graham Weir. Calcutta: University of Calcutta. 1588: 3528: 3313: 2995:

In God's Path: The Arab Conquests and the Creation of an Islamic Empire

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on the west bank of the Tigris. This ruined the economic basis of the

1338:

s, which had survived from pre-Islamic times and allied with the Arab

3353: 3343: 1398: 1184: 943: 904: 782: 733: 697: 648: 491:. His grandfather, Ma'dikarib ibn Qays, better known by his nickname 484: 398: 219: 897:

Reply of the soldiers to Ibn al-Ash'ath regarding al-Hajjaj's orders

523:. Defeated, al-Ash'ath was nevertheless pardoned and married Caliph 3505: 3328: 3303: 2601: 1369: 1365: 1300: 1229:

recaptured Basra, to where Ibn al-Ash'ath now headed; and another,

717: 693: 548: 524: 516: 447: 76: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2318: 2176: 1871: 1869: 1867: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1826: 366:, was a prominent Arab nobleman and military commander during the 3323: 3293: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2360: 1859: 1857: 1855: 1853: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1845: 1843: 1841: 1747: 1745: 1743: 1741: 1739: 1737: 1735: 1474: 1472: 1470: 1468: 1345: 1133: 1103: 1082: 1042: 1466: 1464: 1462: 1460: 1458: 1456: 1454: 1452: 1450: 1448: 1169:, carried off a victory. Many rebels fell, especially among the 960:

suggested that the rebellion was linked with the efforts of the

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calls the "proud and haughty manner of the Kufan soldiers and

3515: 3495: 3490: 2577: 2511: 2445: 2306: 2253: 2056: 1983: 1971: 1935: 1769: 1445: 1387:. Zayd also promised to right injustices (restoration of the 1317: 1284: 1066: 1050: 1013: 919: 737: 729: 725: 564: 488: 462:

in 740, also failed, and it was not until the success of the

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The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661–750

2540: 2538: 2474: 2472: 2423: 2421: 2335: 2333: 2098: 2017: 2015: 2013: 1672: 1660: 1484: 817:, suffered a severe defeat by the semi-independent ruler of 547:

has led to his widespread condemnation in later, mainly pro-

539:, and held governorships in the newly conquered province of 1684: 1612: 1600: 1092: 1034: 951: 568: 386: 2724: 2700: 2628: 1636: 2849:

The Umayyad Caliphate, 65–86/684–705: (A Political Study)

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In 694, Abd al-Malik appointed the trusted and capable

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This went on until late July 701, when the two armies

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his appointment to lead a major campaign into Sistan.

740:

and central Persia as their city's sole dependencies.

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Slaves on Horses: The Evolution of the Islamic Polity

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Ibn al-Ash'ath was a scion of a noble family of the

350: 2954:(Second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. 2027: 1525: 736:, while the Kufans were left with the mountains of 602:in 680, being held responsible for the arrests of 563:. Al-Ash'ath later led the Kindite quarter in the 633:The Umayyads and their rival factions during the 3619: 2997:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 3165: 2388: 2324: 2194: 2182: 1875: 1832: 1751: 1478: 515:), was an important chieftain who submitted to 466:that the Syrian dominance of Iraq was broken. 3638:7th-century people from the Umayyad Caliphate 3258: 1304:al-Malik, who in turn sent it to his brother 1112:and the Zutt, who had sided with the rebels. 1053:Kharijites is recorded, as well as the early 171: 3272: 1139: 840: 61: 27:Umayyad noble, general, and rebel (died 704) 2781: 2757: 1666: 1439: 500: 3265: 3251: 3220: 3192:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 3113:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 3081: 2914:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 2583: 2544: 2517: 2478: 2451: 2427: 2339: 2312: 2300: 2259: 2062: 2021: 1989: 1941: 1775: 1495: 1416: 1045:, and the Turkic Sayabija, clients of the 813:In 698/9, the Umayyad governor of Sistan, 594:that overthrew the pro-Shi'a rebel leader 352:ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Muḥammad ibn al-Ashʿath 178: 164: 3200:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 715–719. 3121:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 696–697. 2922:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 400–401. 2831:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1256:82 (701 CE) in the name of Ibn al-Ash'ath 881: 757: 586:as a supporter of the anti-Umayyad rebel 397:(680–692) and then served as governor of 333:Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath 3678:Rebellions against the Umayyad Caliphate 2866: 1618: 1606: 1594: 1240: 1236: 1143: 952:Motives and driving forces of the revolt 647:According to the 10th-century historian 628: 401:. After the appointment of al-Hajjaj as 3035: 2989: 2944: 2887: 2742: 2730: 2706: 2634: 2622: 2439: 2211: 2107: 2077: 1965: 1820: 1805: 1654: 1642: 1558: 1546: 1519: 1507: 669:to the non-Arab converts to Islam (the 40:. For the 10th-century physician, see 14: 3620: 3141: 3059: 2968: 2694: 2682: 2670: 2658: 2646: 2170: 1726: 1702: 1690: 1678: 1582: 1049:tribe. Even the participation of some 543:. His role in the negotiations at the 36:. For the early Abbasid general, see 3246: 3011: 2845: 2821: 2718: 2607: 2595: 2571: 2559: 2529: 2505: 2490: 2463: 2412: 2400: 2351: 2288: 2271: 2247: 2235: 2223: 2158: 2146: 2134: 2119: 2092: 2050: 2033: 2004: 1977: 1953: 1929: 1917: 1905: 1890: 1790: 1763: 1714: 1630: 1570: 1534: 773:records that he adopted the title of 769:, and his aspirations to leadership: 704:Expedition against Shabib al-Shaybani 610:, prominent supporters of Ali's son, 159: 3045:(Second ed.). Harlow: Longman. 474: 1401:as the first Abbasid caliph there. 381:tribe that had settled in the Arab 340: 62: 24: 1287:. This forced the local governor, 808: 38:Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath al-Khuza'i 25: 3699: 3688:Generals of the Umayyad Caliphate 1379:–873). Another uprising, that of 1128:tribes against the northern Arab 912:, refused to join the rebellion. 3663:Iraq under the Umayyad Caliphate 3603: 3206:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0317 3127:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_0782 2928:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_5348 2793:; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; 1597:, pp. 99–100, 106–108, 116. 1231:Muhammad ibn Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas 1223:met in battle at Dayr al-Jamajim 1016:readers'). The adherence of the 393:. He played a minor role in the 268:Revolt of Muhammad the Pure Soul 34:Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath al-Kindi 2867:Fishbein, Michael, ed. (1990). 2807:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23009 624: 590:, being killed in 686/7 in the 582:, and becoming involved in the 355:; died 704), commonly known as 3430:Revolt of Yazid b. al-Muhallab 3415:Second siege of Constantinople 3405:Muslim conquest of Transoxiana 3390:Muslim conquest of the Maghreb 3065:Iraq after the Muslim Conquest 2969:Howard, I. K. A., ed. (1990). 2801:(3rd ed.). Brill Online. 1089:of His Prophet, to depose the 225:Revolt of Yazid b. al-Muhallab 13: 1: 3380:First siege of Constantinople 3227:The Arab Kingdom and Its Fall 2846:Dixon, 'Abd al-Ameer (1971). 2610:, p. 80 (esp. note 307). 1404: 1373: 1152:) in the early Islamic period 936:By the time the army reached 750:As a result, the governor of 638: 469: 316:Kharijite Rebellion (866–896) 3460:Umayyad rule in North Africa 3400:Umayyad conquest of Hispania 2893:"Muḥammad b. al-As̲h̲ʿat̲h̲" 1167:Sufyan ibn al-Abrad al-Kalbi 745:Shabib ibn Yazid al-Shaybani 510:He with the dishevelled hair 341:عبد الرحمن بن محمد بن الأشعث 113:Shabib ibn Yazid al-Shaybani 63:عبد الرحمن بن محمد بن الأشعث 7: 1389: 1383:, a great-grandson of Ali, 1356: 1350: 1340: 1332: 1325: 1279: 1269: 1263: 1214: 1208: 1189: 1171: 1117:intense tribal factionalism 1108: 1091: 1077: 1071: 1025: 1018: 1008: 994: 980: 962: 942: 918: 865: 835: 781: 775: 765: 671: 665: 657: 493: 430: 351: 107:Campaign against al-Mukhtar 10: 3704: 3435:Revolt of Harith b. Surayj 3410:Umayyad campaigns in India 2751: 984:in particular against the 519:, but rebelled during the 230:Revolt of Harith b. Surayj 111:Umayyad campaigns against 31: 3601: 3591:Painting of the Six Kings 3549: 3468: 3362: 3281: 2783:Blankinship, Khalid Yahya 2759:Blankinship, Khalid Yahya 2161:, p. 167 (note 108). 1360:, who had fled to Mecca. 1311: 1140:Fight for control of Iraq 910:al-Muhallab ibn Abi Sufra 815:Ubayd Allah ibn Abi Bakra 803: 619:Sa'id ibn Qays al-Hamdani 574:Ibn al-Ash'ath's father, 444:Battle of Dayr al-Jamajim 195: 145:Sa'id ibn Qays al-Hamdani 124: 100: 92: 82: 70: 56: 49: 3574:Great Mosque of Damascus 3420:Umayyad invasion of Gaul 3395:Revolt of Ibn al-Ash'ath 2745:, pp. 114–115, 127. 2685:, pp. 158, 205–206. 1980:, pp. 155–156, 166. 571:, where he died in 661. 551:sources, for persuading 278:Qays–Yaman war (793–796) 215:Revolt of Ibn al-Ash'ath 60: 3643:8th-century Arab people 3633:7th-century Arab people 3082:Reckendorf, H. (1960). 682:Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan 132:Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath 3569:Great Mosque of Aleppo 3425:Second Arab–Khazar War 2799:Encyclopaedia of Islam 1681:, pp. xii, 32–81. 1257: 1252:, minted in Sistan in 1153: 894: 882:Outbreak of the revolt 841: 758:Rivalry with al-Hajjaj 644: 417:, vigorously resisted 18:Battle of Maskin (701) 3539:Arab–Sasanian coinage 3440:Revolt of Zayd b. Ali 2110:, pp. 68, 69–70. 1693:, pp. 53–63, 81. 1289:Yazid ibn al-Muhallab 1244: 1237:Flight east and death 1147: 948:) to Ibn al-Ash'ath. 890: 797:Laura Veccia Vaglieri 632: 456:Yazid ibn al-Muhallab 235:Revolt of Zayd b. Ali 93:Years of service 3559:Umayyad architecture 3171:"Ibn al-As̲h̲ʿat̲h̲" 2787:"al-Ashʿath b. Qays" 2574:, pp. 154, 163. 2389:Veccia Vaglieri 1971 2325:Veccia Vaglieri 1971 2195:Veccia Vaglieri 1971 2183:Veccia Vaglieri 1971 1876:Veccia Vaglieri 1971 1833:Veccia Vaglieri 1971 1752:Veccia Vaglieri 1971 1633:, pp. 176, 181. 1479:Veccia Vaglieri 1971 1039:Mesopotamian Marshes 653:Mus'ab ibn al-Zubayr 189:the early Caliphates 32:For his father, see 3683:Suicides by jumping 3521:al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf 3167:Veccia Vaglieri, L. 2733:, pp. 111–112. 2709:, pp. 107–108. 2661:, pp. 113–114. 2637:, pp. 102–103. 2598:, pp. 163–164. 2586:, pp. 240–241. 2532:, pp. 162–163. 2520:, pp. 239–240. 2493:, pp. 161–162. 2454:, pp. 238–239. 2415:, pp. 160–161. 2354:, pp. 159–160. 2327:, pp. 716–717. 2315:, pp. 236–237. 2274:, pp. 158–159. 2262:, pp. 235–236. 2226:, pp. 156–157. 2185:, pp. 718–719. 2122:, pp. 166–167. 2065:, pp. 243–249. 1992:, pp. 234–235. 1956:, pp. 155–156. 1944:, pp. 233–234. 1920:, pp. 154–155. 1835:, pp. 715–716. 1778:, pp. 231–232. 1766:, pp. 151–152. 1645:, pp. 100–101. 1621:, pp. 203–204. 1609:, pp. 115–117. 1573:, pp. 110–111. 1561:, pp. 400–401. 1498:, pp. 696–697. 710:al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf 413:, whose ruler, the 372:al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf 220:Revolt of al-Ashdaq 138:al-Ash'ath ibn Qays 3628:7th-century births 3511:Qays–Yaman rivalry 3455:Abbasid Revolution 3222:Wellhausen, Julius 3143:Rowson, Everett K. 3096:Lévi-Provençal, E. 3061:Morony, Michael G. 2991:Hoyland, Robert G. 2946:Hawting, Gerald R. 2889:Hawting, Gerald R. 2789:. In Fleet, Kate; 1522:, pp. 67, 73. 1510:, pp. 54, 56. 1395:Abbasid Revolution 1258: 1154: 645: 596:Mukhtar al-Thaqafi 464:Abbasid Revolution 438:readers'). Caliph 306:Anarchy at Samarra 301:Bashmurian revolts 263:Abbasid Revolution 42:Ibn Abi al-Ashʿath 3615: 3614: 3274:Umayyad Caliphate 3158:978-0-88706-975-8 3052:978-0-582-40525-7 3028:978-0-88706-721-1 2982:978-0-7914-0040-1 2937:978-90-04-09419-2 2880:978-0-7914-0221-4 2852:. London: Luzac. 2774:978-0-7914-1827-7 2442:, pp. 68–69. 1968:, pp. 67–68. 1729:, pp. 84–90. 1705:, pp. 81–84. 1669:, pp. 57–67. 1549:, pp. 77–79. 1150:Lower Mesopotamia 976:Julius Wellhausen 972:Gerlof van Vloten 958:Alfred von Kremer 776:nasir al-mu'minin 600:Battle of Karbala 475:Origin and family 368:Umayyad Caliphate 349: 329: 328: 154: 153: 87:Umayyad Caliphate 16:(Redirected from 3695: 3673:People from Kufa 3607: 3579:Dome of the Rock 3525:Umayyad coinage 3267: 3260: 3253: 3244: 3243: 3239: 3217: 3162: 3138: 3084:"al-As̲h̲ʿat̲h̲" 3078: 3056: 3032: 3008: 2986: 2965: 2941: 2905:Heinrichs, W. P. 2884: 2863: 2842: 2818: 2778: 2746: 2740: 2734: 2728: 2722: 2716: 2710: 2704: 2698: 2692: 2686: 2680: 2674: 2668: 2662: 2656: 2650: 2644: 2638: 2632: 2626: 2620: 2611: 2605: 2599: 2593: 2587: 2581: 2575: 2569: 2563: 2557: 2548: 2542: 2533: 2527: 2521: 2515: 2509: 2503: 2494: 2488: 2482: 2476: 2467: 2461: 2455: 2449: 2443: 2437: 2431: 2425: 2416: 2410: 2404: 2398: 2392: 2386: 2355: 2349: 2343: 2337: 2328: 2322: 2316: 2310: 2304: 2298: 2292: 2286: 2275: 2269: 2263: 2257: 2251: 2245: 2239: 2233: 2227: 2221: 2215: 2209: 2198: 2192: 2186: 2180: 2174: 2168: 2162: 2156: 2150: 2144: 2138: 2132: 2123: 2117: 2111: 2105: 2096: 2090: 2081: 2075: 2066: 2060: 2054: 2048: 2037: 2031: 2025: 2019: 2008: 2002: 1993: 1987: 1981: 1975: 1969: 1963: 1957: 1951: 1945: 1939: 1933: 1927: 1921: 1915: 1909: 1903: 1894: 1888: 1879: 1873: 1836: 1830: 1824: 1818: 1809: 1803: 1794: 1788: 1779: 1773: 1767: 1761: 1755: 1749: 1730: 1724: 1718: 1712: 1706: 1700: 1694: 1688: 1682: 1676: 1670: 1667:Blankinship 1994 1664: 1658: 1652: 1646: 1640: 1634: 1628: 1622: 1616: 1610: 1604: 1598: 1592: 1586: 1580: 1574: 1568: 1562: 1556: 1550: 1544: 1538: 1532: 1523: 1517: 1511: 1505: 1499: 1493: 1482: 1476: 1443: 1440:Blankinship 2009 1437: 1420: 1414: 1392: 1385:broke out in 740 1378: 1375: 1359: 1353: 1343: 1337: 1328: 1282: 1272: 1266: 1217: 1211: 1192: 1174: 1111: 1096: 1080: 1074: 1059:Ma'bad al-Juhani 1028: 1021: 1011: 997: 983: 965: 947: 923: 916:left governors ( 898: 868: 844: 842:jaysh al-tawawis 838: 786: 778: 768: 714:governor of Iraq 686:Battle of Maskin 676: 668: 662: 643: 640: 545:Battle of Siffin 529:Muslim conquests 514: 511: 508: 505: 502: 498: 433: 403:governor of Iraq 354: 344: 342: 273:Battle of Fakhkh 190: 180: 173: 166: 157: 156: 65: 64: 47: 46: 21: 3703: 3702: 3698: 3697: 3696: 3694: 3693: 3692: 3618: 3617: 3616: 3611: 3597: 3545: 3481:Umayyad dynasty 3464: 3358: 3277: 3271: 3159: 3075: 3053: 3029: 3005: 2983: 2962: 2938: 2897:Bosworth, C. E. 2881: 2860: 2839: 2823:Crone, Patricia 2795:Rowson, Everett 2775: 2754: 2749: 2741: 2737: 2729: 2725: 2717: 2713: 2705: 2701: 2693: 2689: 2681: 2677: 2669: 2665: 2657: 2653: 2645: 2641: 2633: 2629: 2621: 2614: 2606: 2602: 2594: 2590: 2584:Wellhausen 1927 2582: 2578: 2570: 2566: 2558: 2551: 2545:Wellhausen 1927 2543: 2536: 2528: 2524: 2518:Wellhausen 1927 2516: 2512: 2504: 2497: 2489: 2485: 2479:Wellhausen 1927 2477: 2470: 2462: 2458: 2452:Wellhausen 1927 2450: 2446: 2438: 2434: 2428:Wellhausen 1927 2426: 2419: 2411: 2407: 2399: 2395: 2387: 2358: 2350: 2346: 2340:Wellhausen 1927 2338: 2331: 2323: 2319: 2313:Wellhausen 1927 2311: 2307: 2301:Wellhausen 1927 2299: 2295: 2287: 2278: 2270: 2266: 2260:Wellhausen 1927 2258: 2254: 2246: 2242: 2234: 2230: 2222: 2218: 2210: 2201: 2193: 2189: 2181: 2177: 2169: 2165: 2157: 2153: 2145: 2141: 2133: 2126: 2118: 2114: 2106: 2099: 2091: 2084: 2076: 2069: 2063:Wellhausen 1927 2061: 2057: 2049: 2040: 2032: 2028: 2022:Wellhausen 1927 2020: 2011: 2003: 1996: 1990:Wellhausen 1927 1988: 1984: 1976: 1972: 1964: 1960: 1952: 1948: 1942:Wellhausen 1927 1940: 1936: 1928: 1924: 1916: 1912: 1904: 1897: 1889: 1882: 1874: 1839: 1831: 1827: 1819: 1812: 1804: 1797: 1789: 1782: 1776:Wellhausen 1927 1774: 1770: 1762: 1758: 1750: 1733: 1725: 1721: 1713: 1709: 1701: 1697: 1689: 1685: 1677: 1673: 1665: 1661: 1653: 1649: 1641: 1637: 1629: 1625: 1617: 1613: 1605: 1601: 1593: 1589: 1581: 1577: 1569: 1565: 1557: 1553: 1545: 1541: 1533: 1526: 1518: 1514: 1506: 1502: 1496:Reckendorf 1960 1494: 1485: 1477: 1446: 1438: 1423: 1417:Wellhausen 1927 1415: 1411: 1407: 1376: 1314: 1239: 1142: 954: 900: 896: 884: 875:Arghandab River 821:, known as the 811: 809:Sistan campaign 806: 760: 706: 641: 627: 604:Muslim ibn Aqil 512: 509: 506: 503: 477: 472: 330: 325: 191: 188: 186: 184: 150: 75: 66: 52: 45: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3701: 3691: 3690: 3685: 3680: 3675: 3670: 3665: 3660: 3655: 3650: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3613: 3612: 3602: 3599: 3598: 3596: 3595: 3594: 3593: 3583: 3582: 3581: 3576: 3571: 3566: 3564:Desert castles 3555: 3553: 3547: 3546: 3544: 3543: 3542: 3541: 3536: 3531: 3523: 3518: 3513: 3508: 3503: 3498: 3493: 3488: 3483: 3478: 3472: 3470: 3466: 3465: 3463: 3462: 3457: 3452: 3447: 3442: 3437: 3432: 3427: 3422: 3417: 3412: 3407: 3402: 3397: 3392: 3387: 3382: 3377: 3372: 3366: 3364: 3360: 3359: 3357: 3356: 3351: 3346: 3341: 3336: 3331: 3326: 3321: 3316: 3311: 3306: 3301: 3296: 3291: 3285: 3283: 3279: 3278: 3270: 3269: 3262: 3255: 3247: 3241: 3240: 3218: 3163: 3157: 3145:, ed. (1989). 3139: 3092:Kramers, J. H. 3088:Gibb, H. A. R. 3079: 3073: 3057: 3051: 3033: 3027: 3015:, ed. (1990). 3009: 3004:978-0199916368 3003: 2987: 2981: 2966: 2960: 2942: 2936: 2901:van Donzel, E. 2885: 2879: 2864: 2859:978-0718901493 2858: 2843: 2837: 2819: 2791:Krämer, Gudrun 2779: 2773: 2753: 2750: 2748: 2747: 2735: 2723: 2721:, p. 111. 2711: 2699: 2697:, p. 467. 2687: 2675: 2673:, p. 208. 2663: 2651: 2649:, p. 177. 2639: 2627: 2625:, p. 102. 2612: 2600: 2588: 2576: 2564: 2562:, p. 163. 2549: 2547:, p. 240. 2534: 2522: 2510: 2508:, p. 162. 2495: 2483: 2481:, p. 239. 2468: 2466:, p. 161. 2456: 2444: 2432: 2430:, p. 238. 2417: 2405: 2403:, p. 160. 2393: 2391:, p. 717. 2356: 2344: 2342:, p. 237. 2329: 2317: 2305: 2303:, p. 236. 2293: 2291:, p. 159. 2276: 2264: 2252: 2250:, p. 158. 2240: 2238:, p. 157. 2228: 2216: 2199: 2197:, p. 719. 2187: 2175: 2173:, p. 483. 2163: 2151: 2149:, p. 167. 2139: 2137:, p. 166. 2124: 2112: 2097: 2095:, p. 165. 2082: 2080:, p. 101. 2067: 2055: 2053:, p. 164. 2038: 2026: 2024:, p. 234. 2009: 2007:, p. 156. 1994: 1982: 1970: 1958: 1946: 1934: 1932:, p. 155. 1922: 1910: 1908:, p. 154. 1895: 1893:, p. 153. 1880: 1878:, p. 716. 1837: 1825: 1810: 1808:, p. 152. 1795: 1793:, p. 152. 1780: 1768: 1756: 1754:, p. 718. 1731: 1719: 1717:, p. 186. 1707: 1695: 1683: 1671: 1659: 1647: 1635: 1623: 1611: 1599: 1587: 1575: 1563: 1551: 1539: 1537:, p. 110. 1524: 1512: 1500: 1483: 1481:, p. 715. 1444: 1421: 1419:, p. 233. 1408: 1406: 1403: 1313: 1310: 1247:Sasanian-style 1238: 1235: 1141: 1138: 1000:C. E. Bosworth 953: 950: 924:) at Bust and 889: 883: 880: 810: 807: 805: 802: 759: 756: 705: 702: 626: 623: 476: 473: 471: 468: 419:Arab expansion 374:, in 700–703. 357:Ibn al-Ash'ath 327: 326: 324: 323: 321:Zanj Rebellion 318: 313: 308: 303: 298: 293: 292: 291: 280: 275: 270: 265: 260: 259: 258: 248: 246:Yahya ibn Zayd 242: 237: 232: 227: 222: 217: 212: 207: 202: 196: 193: 192: 187:Civil wars of 183: 182: 175: 168: 160: 152: 151: 149: 148: 141: 135: 128: 126: 122: 121: 120: 119: 109: 102: 98: 97: 94: 90: 89: 84: 80: 79: 72: 68: 67: 58: 54: 53: 51:Ibn al-Ash'ath 50: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3700: 3689: 3686: 3684: 3681: 3679: 3676: 3674: 3671: 3669: 3666: 3664: 3661: 3659: 3656: 3654: 3653:Arab generals 3651: 3649: 3646: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3631: 3629: 3626: 3625: 3623: 3610: 3606: 3600: 3592: 3589: 3588: 3587: 3584: 3580: 3577: 3575: 3572: 3570: 3567: 3565: 3562: 3561: 3560: 3557: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3548: 3540: 3537: 3535: 3532: 3530: 3527: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3519: 3517: 3514: 3512: 3509: 3507: 3504: 3502: 3499: 3497: 3494: 3492: 3489: 3487: 3484: 3482: 3479: 3477: 3474: 3473: 3471: 3467: 3461: 3458: 3456: 3453: 3451: 3448: 3446: 3445:Berber Revolt 3443: 3441: 3438: 3436: 3433: 3431: 3428: 3426: 3423: 3421: 3418: 3416: 3413: 3411: 3408: 3406: 3403: 3401: 3398: 3396: 3393: 3391: 3388: 3386: 3383: 3381: 3378: 3376: 3373: 3371: 3368: 3367: 3365: 3361: 3355: 3352: 3350: 3347: 3345: 3342: 3340: 3337: 3335: 3332: 3330: 3327: 3325: 3322: 3320: 3317: 3315: 3312: 3310: 3307: 3305: 3302: 3300: 3297: 3295: 3292: 3290: 3287: 3286: 3284: 3280: 3275: 3268: 3263: 3261: 3256: 3254: 3249: 3248: 3245: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3228: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3193: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3179:Ménage, V. L. 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3154: 3150: 3149: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3114: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3080: 3076: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3048: 3044: 3043: 3038: 3037:Kennedy, Hugh 3034: 3030: 3024: 3020: 3019: 3014: 3013:Hinds, Martin 3010: 3006: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2978: 2974: 2973: 2967: 2963: 2961:0-415-24072-7 2957: 2953: 2952: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2915: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2876: 2872: 2871: 2865: 2861: 2855: 2851: 2850: 2844: 2840: 2838:0-521-52940-9 2834: 2830: 2829: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2770: 2766: 2765: 2760: 2756: 2755: 2744: 2739: 2732: 2727: 2720: 2715: 2708: 2703: 2696: 2691: 2684: 2679: 2672: 2667: 2660: 2655: 2648: 2643: 2636: 2631: 2624: 2619: 2617: 2609: 2604: 2597: 2592: 2585: 2580: 2573: 2568: 2561: 2556: 2554: 2546: 2541: 2539: 2531: 2526: 2519: 2514: 2507: 2502: 2500: 2492: 2487: 2480: 2475: 2473: 2465: 2460: 2453: 2448: 2441: 2436: 2429: 2424: 2422: 2414: 2409: 2402: 2397: 2390: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2353: 2348: 2341: 2336: 2334: 2326: 2321: 2314: 2309: 2302: 2297: 2290: 2285: 2283: 2281: 2273: 2268: 2261: 2256: 2249: 2244: 2237: 2232: 2225: 2220: 2214:, p. 69. 2213: 2208: 2206: 2204: 2196: 2191: 2184: 2179: 2172: 2167: 2160: 2155: 2148: 2143: 2136: 2131: 2129: 2121: 2116: 2109: 2104: 2102: 2094: 2089: 2087: 2079: 2074: 2072: 2064: 2059: 2052: 2047: 2045: 2043: 2036:, p. 15. 2035: 2030: 2023: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2006: 2001: 1999: 1991: 1986: 1979: 1974: 1967: 1962: 1955: 1950: 1943: 1938: 1931: 1926: 1919: 1914: 1907: 1902: 1900: 1892: 1887: 1885: 1877: 1872: 1870: 1868: 1866: 1864: 1862: 1860: 1858: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1850: 1848: 1846: 1844: 1842: 1834: 1829: 1823:, p. 67. 1822: 1817: 1815: 1807: 1802: 1800: 1792: 1787: 1785: 1777: 1772: 1765: 1760: 1753: 1748: 1746: 1744: 1742: 1740: 1738: 1736: 1728: 1723: 1716: 1711: 1704: 1699: 1692: 1687: 1680: 1675: 1668: 1663: 1657:, p. 66. 1656: 1651: 1644: 1639: 1632: 1627: 1620: 1619:Fishbein 1990 1615: 1608: 1607:Fishbein 1990 1603: 1596: 1595:Fishbein 1990 1591: 1585:, p. 21. 1584: 1579: 1572: 1567: 1560: 1555: 1548: 1543: 1536: 1531: 1529: 1521: 1516: 1509: 1504: 1497: 1492: 1490: 1488: 1480: 1475: 1473: 1471: 1469: 1467: 1465: 1463: 1461: 1459: 1457: 1455: 1453: 1451: 1449: 1441: 1436: 1434: 1432: 1430: 1428: 1426: 1418: 1413: 1409: 1402: 1400: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1382: 1371: 1367: 1361: 1358: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1336: 1335: 1327: 1321: 1319: 1309: 1307: 1302: 1298: 1292: 1290: 1286: 1281: 1274: 1271: 1265: 1255: 1251: 1248: 1243: 1234: 1232: 1226: 1224: 1219: 1216: 1210: 1204: 1200: 1194: 1191: 1186: 1181: 1176: 1173: 1168: 1162: 1160: 1151: 1148:Map of Iraq ( 1146: 1137: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1122: 1118: 1113: 1110: 1105: 1099: 1095: 1094: 1088: 1084: 1079: 1073: 1068: 1067:ritual prayer 1062: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1027: 1020: 1015: 1010: 1004: 1001: 996: 991: 987: 982: 977: 973: 969: 968:August Müller 964: 959: 949: 946: 945: 939: 934: 931: 927: 922: 921: 913: 911: 906: 899: 893: 888: 879: 876: 872: 867: 861: 859: 855: 851: 846: 843: 837: 832: 831:G. R. Hawting 826: 824: 820: 816: 801: 798: 792: 790: 785: 784: 777: 772: 767: 755: 753: 748: 746: 741: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 701: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 678: 675: 674: 667: 661: 660: 654: 650: 636: 631: 622: 620: 615: 613: 609: 608:Hani ibn Urwa 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 588:Ibn al-Zubayr 585: 581: 577: 572: 570: 566: 565:garrison town 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 497: 496: 490: 486: 483:tribe in the 482: 467: 465: 461: 457: 451: 449: 445: 441: 437: 432: 427: 422: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 383:garrison town 380: 375: 373: 369: 365: 361: 358: 353: 347: 338: 334: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 297: 294: 290: 286: 285: 284: 281: 279: 276: 274: 271: 269: 266: 264: 261: 257: 254: 253: 252: 249: 247: 243: 241: 240:Berber Revolt 238: 236: 233: 231: 228: 226: 223: 221: 218: 216: 213: 211: 208: 206: 203: 201: 198: 197: 194: 181: 176: 174: 169: 167: 162: 161: 158: 146: 143:Umm Amr bint 142: 140:(grandfather) 139: 136: 133: 130: 129: 127: 123: 118: 114: 110: 108: 105: 104: 103: 99: 95: 91: 88: 85: 81: 78: 73: 69: 59: 55: 48: 43: 39: 35: 30: 19: 3385:Second Fitna 3309:Abd al-Malik 3226: 3197: 3190: 3147: 3118: 3111: 3064: 3041: 3017: 2994: 2971: 2950: 2919: 2912: 2869: 2848: 2827: 2798: 2763: 2743:Kennedy 2004 2738: 2731:Kennedy 2004 2726: 2714: 2707:Kennedy 2004 2702: 2690: 2678: 2666: 2654: 2642: 2635:Kennedy 2004 2630: 2623:Kennedy 2004 2603: 2591: 2579: 2567: 2525: 2513: 2486: 2459: 2447: 2440:Hawting 2000 2435: 2408: 2396: 2347: 2320: 2308: 2296: 2267: 2255: 2243: 2231: 2219: 2212:Hawting 2000 2190: 2178: 2166: 2154: 2142: 2115: 2108:Hawting 2000 2078:Kennedy 2004 2058: 2029: 1985: 1973: 1966:Hawting 2000 1961: 1949: 1937: 1925: 1913: 1828: 1821:Hawting 2000 1806:Hoyland 2015 1771: 1759: 1722: 1710: 1698: 1686: 1674: 1662: 1655:Hawting 2000 1650: 1643:Kennedy 2004 1638: 1626: 1614: 1602: 1590: 1578: 1566: 1559:Hawting 1993 1554: 1547:Kennedy 2004 1542: 1520:Kennedy 2004 1515: 1508:Kennedy 2004 1503: 1412: 1381:Zayd ibn Ali 1362: 1322: 1315: 1293: 1275: 1259: 1227: 1220: 1195: 1177: 1163: 1155: 1121:A'sha Hamdan 1114: 1100: 1063: 1005: 990:Hugh Kennedy 955: 935: 914: 901: 895: 891: 885: 862: 847: 827: 812: 793: 761: 749: 742: 707: 679: 646: 635:Second Fitna 625:Early career 616: 584:Second Fitna 573: 478: 460:Zayd ibn Ali 452: 440:Abd al-Malik 423: 395:Second Fitna 376: 356: 332: 331: 289:Abu'l-Saraya 283:Fourth Fitna 256:Ibadi revolt 214: 210:Second Fitna 101:Battles/wars 29: 3658:Arab rebels 3586:Umayyad art 3450:Third Fitna 3375:First Fitna 3339:Al-Walid II 3299:Mu'awiya II 3196:Volume III: 3187:Schacht, J. 3183:Pellat, Ch. 3108:Pellat, Ch. 3100:Schacht, J. 2918:Volume VII: 2909:Pellat, Ch. 2695:Morony 1984 2683:Morony 1984 2671:Morony 1984 2659:Morony 1984 2647:Morony 1984 2171:Morony 1984 1727:Rowson 1989 1703:Rowson 1989 1691:Rowson 1989 1679:Rowson 1989 1583:Howard 1990 1306:Abd al-Aziz 1297:consumption 712:as the new 541:Adharbayjan 487:in eastern 458:in 720 and 364:grandfather 311:Fifth Fitna 296:East Africa 251:Third Fitna 205:First Fitna 57:Native name 3648:704 deaths 3622:Categories 3529:Gold dinar 3469:Government 3314:Al-Walid I 3289:Mu'awiya I 3074:0691053952 2719:Crone 1980 2608:Hinds 1990 2596:Dixon 1971 2572:Dixon 1971 2560:Dixon 1971 2530:Dixon 1971 2506:Dixon 1971 2491:Dixon 1971 2464:Dixon 1971 2413:Dixon 1971 2401:Dixon 1971 2352:Dixon 1971 2289:Dixon 1971 2272:Dixon 1971 2248:Dixon 1971 2236:Dixon 1971 2224:Dixon 1971 2159:Dixon 1971 2147:Dixon 1971 2135:Dixon 1971 2120:Dixon 1971 2093:Dixon 1971 2051:Dixon 1971 2034:Dixon 1971 2005:Dixon 1971 1978:Dixon 1971 1954:Dixon 1971 1930:Dixon 1971 1918:Dixon 1971 1906:Dixon 1971 1891:Dixon 1971 1791:Dixon 1971 1764:Dixon 1971 1715:Dixon 1971 1631:Dixon 1971 1571:Crone 1980 1535:Crone 1980 1405:References 1377: 801 1047:Banu Tamim 858:Ibn A'tham 819:Zabulistan 771:al-Mas'udi 752:al-Mada'in 690:Kharijites 642: 686 580:Tabaristan 521:Ridda wars 495:al-Ash'ath 470:Early life 411:Zabulistan 287:Revolt of 244:Revolt of 200:Ridda Wars 83:Allegiance 3486:Governors 3354:Marwan II 3344:Yazid III 3236:752790641 3214:495469525 3175:Lewis, B. 3135:495469456 3117:Volume I: 3104:Lewis, B. 2815:1873-9830 1399:al-Saffah 1185:Euphrates 905:Baladhuri 789:messianic 649:al-Tabari 612:al-Husayn 537:Qadisiyya 485:Hadramawt 346:romanized 125:Relations 3506:al-Haras 3329:Yazid II 3319:Sulayman 3304:Marwan I 3224:(1927). 3189:(eds.). 3169:(1971). 3110:(eds.). 3063:(1984). 3039:(2004). 2993:(2015). 2948:(2000). 2911:(eds.). 2891:(1993). 2825:(1980). 2797:(eds.). 2785:(2009). 2761:(1994). 1370:al-Kindi 1366:Abbasids 1301:Rukhkhaj 1203:Abdallah 1201:and son 1199:Muhammad 1134:Thaqafis 1031:Murji'ah 866:muqatila 718:Khurasan 694:al-Ahwaz 592:campaign 576:Muhammad 561:al-Hasan 525:Abu Bakr 517:Muhammad 448:Khurasan 147:(mother) 134:(father) 115:and the 77:Rukhkhaj 3551:Culture 3363:History 3349:Ibrahim 3324:Umar II 3294:Yazid I 3282:Caliphs 2920:Mif–Naz 2752:Sources 1346:Kashkar 1245:Silver 1130:Ma'adis 1126:Hamdani 1104:Quraysh 1083:Istakhr 1057:leader 1043:Asawira 1037:of the 783:Qahtani 730:Basrans 684:at the 557:Umayyad 533:Yarmouk 504: 348:: 96:680–700 3534:Dirham 3516:Mawali 3501:Shurta 3476:Caliph 3370:Uthman 3334:Hisham 3276:topics 3234: 3212: 3198:H–Iram 3185:& 3155: 3133: 3106:& 3071: 3049: 3025: 3001: 2979: 2958: 2934: 2907:& 2877: 2856: 2835: 2813: 2771: 1351:dihqan 1341:ashraf 1334:dihqan 1326:mawali 1312:Legacy 1250:dirham 1190:mawali 1180:pardon 1172:Qurra' 1159:Tustar 1109:mawali 1078:bay'ah 1055:Qadari 1041:, the 1033:, the 1026:mawali 981:ashraf 963:mawali 944:bay'ah 926:Zaranj 854:Makran 850:Kirman 836:ashraf 823:Zunbil 804:Revolt 766:ashraf 722:Sistan 673:mawali 666:ashraf 659:ashraf 415:Zunbil 337:Arabic 117:Zunbil 3668:Kinda 3609:Media 3496:Barid 3491:Diwan 3173:. In 3086:. In 2895:. 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