Eduard Shevardnadze

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course". Garibashvili said Shevardnadze's "contribution was especially important in establishing Georgia's geopolitical role in the modern world. Eduard Shevardnadze was a politician of international significance, who made a great contribution to end the Cold War and to establish new world order." Former President Mikheil Saakashvili, who overthrew Shevardnadze in the 2003 Rose Revolution, offered condolences and said Shevardnadze was "a significant figure for the Soviet empire and for post-Soviet Georgia". Saakashvili said his government did not start a criminal prosecution against Shevardnadze, despite calls by some politicians and parts of society, out of "respect to the President's institution".

4192: 4358: 1080:; after halting all exports he dressed himself as a peasant and drove a car filled with tomatoes through the border. After his personal subterfuge, the entire Georgian border police was purged. While never proven, it is said that after taking office, Shevardnadze asked all leading officials to show their left hands and ordered those who used Western-produced watches to replace them with Soviet ones. This story portrayed Shevardnadze as an active battler against corruption. His campaign against corruption was largely unsuccessful and when he returned to Georgia in 1992, corruption was still a huge problem. 1111:, which returned agricultural decision-making to the local level of governance. Shevardnadze merged all Abasha agricultural institutions into a single entity and established a new remuneration system. If a farmer fulfilled the five-year plan early, he would be awarded a share of the crops. The policy had a positive effect on the Georgian economy and because of the large increase of agricultural output in Abasha, the reform was introduced elsewhere in the republic. The agricultural reform in Georgia became the model of the nationwide Agricultural-Industrial Organisations established by a decree in 1982. 4366: 1223:, Shevardnadze swiftly revised his position and gave his support to Andropov. Shevardnadze became the first Soviet republican head to offer his gratitude to the newly elected leader; in turn, Andropov quickly signalled his appreciation and his support for some of the reforms pioneered by Shevardnadze. According to Andropov's biographers the anti-corruption drive he launched was inspired by Shervardnadze's Georgian anti-corruption campaign. When Andropov died, Shevardnadze again became an avid supporter of Chernenko's candidature for the General Secretaryship. 1639: 656: 707: 2184: 1544: 674: 1772: 1146:, Shevardnadze told the congress, "for Georgians, the sun rises not in the east, but in the north—in Russia". Shevardnadze saw "extreme nationalism", coupled with corruption and inefficiencies within the system, as one of the main obstacles to economic growth. During his rule he condemned what he considered "national narrow-mindedness and isolation" and writers who published works with nationalistic overtones. The 1970s saw an increase in nationalistic tendencies in Georgian society. The 1850: 1791: 1358: 1814: 65: 1041: 1832: 1698: 1618: 1606: 1717: 1754: 1680: 1735: 1072:, and bribery pervading the upper echelons of power. In Georgia, corruption had been allowed to thrive, leading to serious deformations in the system; for example only 68 per cent of Georgian goods were exported legally, while the percentage of goods exported legally from other Soviet Republics approached 100 per cent. Shevardnadze rallied support for his anti-corruption campaigns by establishing the 1931:

endured assassination attempts, illegal coup attempts. He has been through ethnic difficulties in his own country. He has been through pressures from the outside and problems from the inside. He has watched the economy go down and things come apart and come back together again. But once he decided he believed , he stayed hitched, and he embodies something that I think we don't think about enough.

1028:, whose father was killed by the authorities at the height of the purge. At first, Nanuli rejected Shevardnadze's marriage proposal, fearing that her family background would ruin Shevardnadze's party career. These fears were well justified; many other couples died for the same reason. Between 25 July 1972 and 29 September 1972, Shevardnadze served the First secretary of the 1443: 831:. He served in this position, with the exception of a brief interruption between 1990 and 1991, until the fall of the Soviet Union. During this time, only Gorbachev would outrank Shevardnadze in importance in Soviet foreign policy. Shevardnadze was responsible for many key decisions in Soviet foreign policy during the 1930:

I want to thank you for giving this award to President Shevardnadze. He has been a friend of the United States and a friend of ours. He has stood for democracy. You heard him tell the story tonight. He's like anybody who has converted; once he converted, he was really stuck as a true believer. He has

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between supporters of Gamsakhurdia and Shevardnadze broke out in western Georgia in 1993 but was ended by Russian intervention on Shevardnadze's side and the death of ex-President Gamsakhurdia on 31 December 1993. Shevardnadze survived three assassination attempts in 1992, 1995, and 1998. He escaped

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Istanbul Summit of November 1999, agreement was reached that the Russian military bases in Georgia would all be evacuated by Russia before 1 July 2001. However, Russian pullout from its military base in Abkhazia remained under question amid Russian backing of Abkhaz separatists against Georgia. The

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as the sole state language in the republic. While at first standing firm with the Soviet government, Shevardnadze quickly reiterated his position and was able to compromise with the Soviet government and the demonstrators. The Georgian language was kept as the sole official language of the republic

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We talk a lot about what it takes to establish democracy. But once having established it, there are always people who will try to twist it to their own end, because we may eliminate communism from the world, but we have not eliminated lust for power or greed that leads to corruption or the hatreds

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Shevardnadze's rapid rise in Soviet Georgia's political hierarchy was the result of his campaign against corruption. Throughout most of Shevardnadze's leadership, anti-corruption campaigns were central to his authority and policy. By the time Shevardnadze had become leader, Georgia was the Soviet

3890:Когда рухнул железный занавес. Встречи и воспоминания.Эдуард Шеварднадзе, экс-президент Грузии, бывший министр Иностранных дел СССР. Предисловие Александра Бессмертных. Translation from German to Russian. Russian license ("Als der Eiserne Vorhang zerriss", Peter W. Metzler Verlag, Duisburg 2007). 1495:

extended condolences to his family members. Margvelashvili described him as "one of the distinguished politicians of the 20th century, who participated in dismantling of the Soviet system". He added, "He was also playing a serious role in creation of new Georgia and in development of our western

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At the same time, Georgia suffered badly from the effects of crime and rampant corruption, which were often perpetrated by well-connected officials and politicians. Although Shevardnadze himself was not personally corrupt and lived a fairly modest life, he was increasingly unwilling or unable to

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offered condolences. Kerry credited Shevardnadze with playing "an instrumental role" in bringing about the end of the Cold War, a reduction of "the risk of nuclear confrontation" as the Soviet Union's Foreign Minister, ensuring "the sovereignty and territorial integrity of during the 1990s" as

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Shevardnadze's career as Georgian President was in some respects more challenging than his earlier career as Soviet Foreign Minister. He faced many enemies, some dating back to his campaigns against corruption and nationalism during Soviet times. Like Gamsakhurdia, Shevardnadze had to deal with

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in March 1992 and as speaker of parliament in November; both of these posts were equivalent to that of president. When the presidency was restored in November 1995, he was elected with 70% of the vote. He secured a second term in April 2000 in an election that was marred by widespread claims of

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and media; government ministers and Shevardnadze were regularly interviewed live on television. Shevardnadze criticised flattery in Georgia and said he and his government's activities needed to be criticised more often, especially during party congresses. He showed himself, even before Mikhail

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in 1964. It was his successful attempt at jailing Lolashvili, which got him promoted to the post of First Deputyship. In 1965, Shevardnadze was appointed Minister of Internal Affairs of the Georgian SSR. After initiating a successful anti-corruption campaign supported by the Soviet government,

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organisation. He was later appointed its Second Secretary, then its First Secretary. His rise in the Georgian Soviet hierarchy continued until 1961 when he was demoted after he insulted a senior official. After spending two years in obscurity, Shevardnadze returned as a First Secretary of a

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Als der Eiserne Vorhang zerriss - Begegnungen und Erinnerungen. Peter W. Metzler Verlag, Duisburg 2007 (German: revised, re-designed and expanded edition. Georgian "Pikri Tsarsulsa da Momawalze – Memuarebi", Tbilisi 2006). The German edition is the basis for all translations and editions.

1096:, which had evolved into a prevalent problem in other parts of the Soviet Union, had nearly disappeared in Georgia. Long food queues in Tbilisi had shortened while those in Moscow had lengthened. Some of Shevardnadze's economic policies were adopted nationally by the Soviet government. 1475:. After this meeting, Shevardnadze announced his resignation, declaring that he wished to avert a bloody power struggle "so all this can end peacefully and there is no bloodshed and no casualties". Shevardnadze's resignation as President of Georgia was the end of his political career. 1302:

During the late 1980s as the Soviet Union descended into crisis, Shevardnadze became increasingly unpopular and was in conflict with Soviet hard-liners who disliked his reforms and his soft line with the West. He criticised a campaign by Soviet troops to put down an

930:. His father Ambrose was a teacher and a devoted communist and party official. His mother had little respect for the communist government and opposed both Shevardnadze's and his father's party careers. Eduard was a cousin of the Georgian painter and intellectual 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 1307:

in his native Georgia in 1989. In protest over the growing influence of hardliners under Gorbachev, Shevardnadze suddenly resigned in December 1990, saying, "Dictatorship is coming". A few months later, his fears were partially realised when an unsuccessful

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and fears in the human heart that lead to the oppression of those who are different from us in race or religion or belong to some other minority group. This man has stayed the course when the price was high, and I thank you for awarding this to him tonight.

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On 2 November 2003, Georgia held a parliamentary election that was widely denounced as unfair by international election observers. The outcome sparked fury among many Georgians, leading to mass demonstrations in Tbilisi and elsewhere, called the

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Shevardnadze spent his last years living quietly at his mansion house in the outskirts of Tbilisi. As his health deteriorated, his involvement in public life became much reduced. After a long illness, he died at the age of 86 on 7 July 2014.

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and Shevardnadze was appointed as First Deputy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Georgian SSR. He would later become the head of the internal affairs ministry and was able to charge First Secretary (leader of Soviet Georgia)

1463:. Protesters broke into parliament on 22 November as the first session of the new Parliament was beginning, forcing President Shevardnadze to escape with his bodyguards. On 23 November, Shevardnadze met with the opposition leaders 1029: 1259: 5695: 5457: 5227: 1127: 815:

leader of Georgia. As First Secretary, Shevardnadze started several economic reforms, which would spur economic growth in the republic—an uncommon occurrence in the Soviet Union because the country was experiencing a

1014: 1017:. Shevardnadze's anti-corruption campaign increased public enmity against him. However, these campaigns garnered the interest of the Soviet government, and in turn, his promotion to the First Secretaryship after 6656: 1143: 1182:

that included establishing an Abkhaz university, the expansion of Abkhaz publications and creating an Abkhaz television station. Shevardnadze proved to be an active supporter of defending minority interests.

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was awarded to Shevardnadze for special contribution to the democratic development of Georgia and his assistance to the return of Jews to their homeland in Israel during his term as USSR foreign minister.

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leader, Communist Party general secretary Mikhail Gorbachev, appointed Shevardnadze to replace Gromyko as Minister of Foreign Affairs, thus consolidating Gorbachev's circle of relatively young reformers.

6651: 6646: 2737: 994: 3448: 4825: 3532: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6681: 5688: 5450: 5220: 4464: 1395:. In August 1995, he survived another car bomb attack outside the parliament building in Tbilisi. In 1998, his motorcade was ambushed by 10 to 15 armed men; two bodyguards were killed. 5681: 5443: 5213: 1340:—an academic and writer who had been imprisoned by Shevardnadze's government in the late 1970s. However, Gamsakhurdia's rule ended abruptly in January 1992, when he was deposed in a 3904:

Kui raudne eesriie rebenes. Translation from German to Estonian. Estonian license ("Als der Eiserne Vorhang zerriss", Peter W. Metzler Verlag, Duisburg 2007). Olion, Tallinn, 2009.

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Shevardnadze was accorded a state funeral on 13 July 2014, which was attended by the Georgian political leaders and foreign dignitaries, including the former US Secretary of State

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tackle corruption at the highest levels. All his closest advisers, including several members of his family, exerted disproportionate economic power and became visibly wealthy.

4818: 862:. In 1992 Shevardnadze became the leader of Georgia (as Chairman of Parliament). He was formally elected as president in 1995. Under his rule, the peace treaty was signed in 6473: 3124:"Dostluk İlişkilerine Katkının Altın Sembolü: Devlet ve Cumhuriyet Nişanları (Turkish) – The Gold Symbol Contribution of Friendly Relations : State and Republic Orders" 1434:

during Shevardnadze's rule. Since April 2006, Khachidze or Lasha Shushanashvili also imparted influence on Georgia as well as Tariel Oniani from Kutaisi near South Abkazia.

6483: 1316:. Shevardnadze returned briefly as Soviet Foreign Minister in November 1991 but resigned with Gorbachev the following month, when the Soviet Union was formally dissolved. 1227: 1196: 1430:

According to Spanish prosecutor José Grinda González, Georgian mafia led by Dzhaba Iosselani during the 1990s took control of the country and state and then later led by

1219:'s candidature for the General Secretaryship and called him a "great theoretician". However, when it became clear that the secretaryship would not go to Chernenko but to 6621: 1652: 1415:

region. Under Shevardnadze's strongly pro-Western administration, Georgia became a major recipient of U.S. foreign and military aid, signed a strategic partnership with

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in 1993 against pro-Gamsakhurdia forces, which did not recognize Shevardnadze as a legitimate leader and tried to regain power. Shevardnadze signed Georgia up to the

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Shevardnadze was a close ally of Gorbachev and was a strong advocate of the reform policies of glasnost and perestroika. He subsequently played a key role in the

4623: 4583: 3969: 2460: 2188: 1313: 1092:, instead experiencing rapid economic growth. By 1974, industrial output had increased by 9.6 per cent and agricultural output had increased by 18 per cent. The 4259: 4226: 3198: 2748: 1411:. More friction was caused by Shevardnadze's close relationship with the United States, which saw him as a counterbalance to Russian influence in the strategic 1299:, allowed the reunification of Germany, and withdrew Soviet forces from Eastern Europe and from the Chinese border. He earned the nickname "The Silver Fox". 6716: 6038: 4603: 3952: 3452: 795:

city district, and was able to charge the Tbilisi First Secretary at the time with corruption. His anti-corruption work quickly garnered the interest of the

3543: 4505: 3568: 1399: 1118:, Shevardnadze said there were thirty or more economic experiments operating in Georgia, which he said would further democratise the economic management. 4608: 4593: 4588: 4578: 3067: 923: 481: 5032: 4638: 3279: 3199:"Gürcüstanın Prezidenti Eduard Amrosiyeviç Şevardnadzenin "İstiqlal" ordeni ilə təltif edilməsi haqqında AZƏRBAYCAN RESPUBLİKASI PREZİDENTİNİN FƏRMANI" 1008:, and later charged him with corruption. Shevardnadze left party work after his appointment as First Deputy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the 1005: 3307: 6606: 4869: 4633: 4628: 3170: 1686: 6616: 6179: 4337: 1051:

Shevardnadze was appointed to the First Secretaryship of the Georgian Communist Party by the Soviet government; he was tasked with suppressing the

4162: 4028: 808: 345: 224: 3201:[Order of the President of Azerbaijan Republic on awarding President of Georgia Eduard Shevardnadze with Istiglal Order]. Archived from 6541: 1226:

When Chernenko died, Shevardnadze became a strong supporter of Mikhail Gorbachev's leadership candidature. Shevardnadze became a member of the

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After his demotion Shevardnadze endured several years of obscurity before returning to attention as a First Secretary of a city district in

5095: 1171: 1142:; Shevardnadze was against this policy of favouritism. Therefore, his nationalistic policy is considered controversial in Georgia. At the 6063: 5930: 3102:"Указ Президента України № 1257/99 від 1 жовтня 1999 року "Про нагородження відзнакою Президента України "Орден князя Ярослава Мудрого""" 1167: 687: 1965: 6701: 6551: 6048: 5998: 5973: 4838: 4092: 4060: 3605:. Vol. II. Washington DC: Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Administration. 1999. pp. 1582–1583. 2707: 2580: 1239: 1115: 965:

and after serving a term as Second Secretary, he became its First Secretary. During his Komsomol First Secretaryship, Shevardnadze met

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Shevardnadze took much of the credit for Georgia's economic performance under his rule. Seven months before his promotion to the

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There was another problem facing Shevardnadze during the 1978 demonstrations; some leading Abkhaz intellectuals were writing to

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and other political and economic changes. His rule was marked by rampant corruption and accusations of nepotism. Allegations of

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later said, Shevardnadze never contradicted a general secretary. During Brezhnev's last days, Shevardnadze publicly endorsed

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republic most afflicted by corruption. The rule of Vasil Mzhavanadze had been characterised by weak leadership, nepotism,

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The newly independent Republic of Georgia elected as its first president a leader of the national liberation movement,

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whose main task was studying, analysing and moulding public opinion. These agencies worked closely with Georgia's

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Shevardnadze was a strong supporter of political reform in the Georgian SSR. He created agencies attached to the

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President of Georgia and putting the country "on its irreversible trajectory toward Euro-Atlantic integration".

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a car bomb in Abkhazia in 1992. In July 1993, Shevardnadze narrowly escaped a shelling by Abkhaz separatists in

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in South Ossetia, although Georgia lost effective control over large part of the territory. In August 1992 the

3922:Глупость или измена? Расследование гибели СССР. (Stupidity or treason? Investigation of the death of the USSR) 3079: 1159:

passed legislation calling for an increasing level of Russian language training in the non-Russian republics.

6415: 6405: 6395: 6229: 6204: 5963: 5855: 5744: 5612: 5506: 5409: 5037: 4859: 3702: 1961: 1944: 1204: 882:, in return receiving help from Russia to end the conflict, although Georgia also deepened its ties with the 3597: 1230:(CC) of the CPSU in 1976, and in 1978 was promoted to the rank of non-voting candidate member of the Soviet 6096: 6023: 6018: 5906: 4997: 4854: 3317: 1838: 1523:, Shevardnadze was buried next to his late wife Nanuli Shevardnadze at the Krtsanisi residence in Tbilisi. 1147: 990: 564: 17: 820:. Shevardnadze's anti-corruption campaign continued until he resigned from his office as First Secretary. 6463: 6458: 6453: 6076: 5978: 5943: 4894: 3866: 1979: 779:

for several non-consecutive periods from 1972 until his resignation in 2003 and also served as the final

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for his first time. Shevardnadze said he grew disillusioned with the Soviet political system following

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granted Shevardnadze with the award for his merit in ending cold war and liberation of the country.

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were sparked by the Soviet government's decision to amend the Georgian constitution and remove the

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Members of the Central Committee of the 28th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

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Members of the Central Committee of the 27th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

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Members of the Central Committee of the 26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

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Members of the Central Committee of the 25th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

6284: 5794: 5551: 5306: 4992: 4977: 2394:"Eduard Shevardnadze | Biography, Georgian President, & Assassination Attempt | Britannica" 1516: 1135:

Gorbachev's rise to power, to be a firm supporter of people's democracy—i.e. power from below.

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Under Shevardnadze's rule, Georgia was one of several Soviet Republics that did not experience

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broke out in Abkhazia, which Georgia also lost. Shevardnadze also headed the government in the

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Shevardnadze started his political career in the late 1940s as a leading member of his local

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Candidates of the Politburo of the 26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

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awarded Shevardnadze with its prize for International Understanding and Social Achievement.

1216: 931: 80: 3426: 2212: 1234:(Politburo). His chance came in 1985, when the veteran Soviet Minister of Foreign Affairs 8: 6309: 5850: 5703: 5627: 5561: 5465: 5291: 5235: 5017: 4987: 4899: 4780: 4754: 4749: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4672: 4400: 4389: 4267: 3312: 1492: 1464: 1025: 847: 618: 582: 6597:

Members of the Politburo of the 27th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

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Members of the Politburo of the 26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

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Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: WILLIAM J. CLINTON (1999, Book II)

3569:"Honorary doctors of the faculties of the Friedrich Schiller University Jena since 1990" 3533:"Honorary Doctorates awarded by Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University since 1918" 2634: 1104: 6289: 6214: 5759: 5511: 5332: 5276: 5124: 5047: 5002: 4613: 4373: 4322: 4110: 4038: 3732: 3373:(in Spanish). Barcelona center for international affairs. 10 March 1992. Archived from 3286: 3258: 1954: 1917: 1869: 1408: 1387: 1337: 875: 859: 380: 103: 1427:'s corruption index listed Georgia as one of the most corrupt countries in the world. 6334: 6254: 6249: 6184: 6043: 5968: 5922: 5875: 5809: 5769: 5642: 5556: 5516: 5491: 5401: 5261: 5256: 5062: 5042: 4972: 4942: 4846: 4785: 4774: 4744: 4653: 4573: 4558: 4518: 4346: 4332: 4312: 4297: 4277: 4234: 4021: 3905: 3895: 3870: 3859: 3840: 3606: 3510: 3021: 2079: 1876: 1431: 1272: 1151: 1089: 1018: 986: 970: 966: 887: 824: 817: 801: 796: 776: 750: 485: 368: 247: 6672:

Grand Crosses Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany

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Political Construction Sites: Nation-Building in Russia and the Post-Soviet States

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led to a series of public protests and demonstrations colloquially known as the

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Previous Soviet Georgian rulers had given in to nationalist favouritism to the

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tensions were further exacerbated when Russia accused Georgia of harbouring

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to discuss the situation in a meeting arranged by Russian Foreign Minister

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for the biggest merit in the development of world sport and Olympic field.

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capitalism that had grown under his predecessor Vasil Mzhavanadze's rule.

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Fiscales de la Fiscalía contra la Corrupción y la Criminalidad Organizada

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of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union (official head of state). The

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Eleventh convocation members of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union

5983: 4001: 3983: 3449:"Chronological Listing of Honorary Degree Recipients Emory University" 2185:"from 25 July, 1972, First Secretary of Tbilisi Party City Committee;" 1288: 64: 30:"Shevardnadze" redirects here. For other people with the surname, see 6667:

Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George

3827: 2854:"Georgian President, PM Extend Condolences over Shevardnadze's Death" 1964:

awarded him with the W. Averell Harriman Democracy Award (now called

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Tenth convocation members of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union

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Ninth convocation members of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union

3931:М.: Форум, Крымский мост-9Д, 2011. – 864 с. ISBN 978-5-89747-068-6. 2683:"Georgia: Shevardnadze Officially Requests Invitation To Join NATO" 2461:"Eduard Shevardnadze, Foreign Minister Under Gorbachev, Dies at 86" 1412: 1383: 962: 787: 2796:"Eduard Shevardnadze: A Soviet-Georgian life of global importance" 3675: 2938:"On the Passing of Former Georgian President Eduard Shevardnadze" 1630: 1392: 1001: 792: 502: 3917:, by Edvard Shevardnadze, translated by Catherine A. Fitzpatrick 1889:

In 14 March 1991, Shevardnadze received an honorary degree from

1378:

Russian-backed violent separatists in the Georgian provinces of

1174:. To halt this development, the Georgian government gave way to 5171: 4005: 3679:(in Georgian). The Eduard Shevardnadze Center. 22 December 2021 3669:[Excerpt from Bill Clinton's speech. Washington, 1999] 3505:[Honorary Doctors- Shevardnadze Eduard] (in Georgian). 2991: 1986: 1100: 919: 469: 6682:

Recipients of the Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise, 1st class

3755:"Athens News Agency: Daily News Bulletin in English, 97-09-16" 2910:"Putin Sends Condolences to Georgia over Shevardnadze's Death" 1195:(CPSU) in 1976, Shevardnadze gave a speech in which he called 4513: 3953:

Georgian Interior Minister Vows to Enforce State of Emergency

2836:"Georgia's former president Eduard Shevardnadze dies aged 86" 473: 1121: 6448: 6071: 2995: 2774:"Georgian Leader Resigns Amid Peaceful Opposition Standoff" 2581:"Shevardnadze is nearly hit as shells rain down on capital" 1989:

granted Shevardnadze with the Confucius Prize for Literacy.

1451: 1416: 961:(CPSU). He rose steadily through the ranks of the Georgian 947: 891: 46: 2882:"Saakashvili Offers Condolences Over Shevardnadze's Death" 1419:

and officially declared an ambition to join NATO in 2002.

1044:

Original CIA file on Shevardnadze, seized from the former

5705:

25th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

5467:

26th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

5237:

27th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

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Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Soviet Union (1985–91)

1099:

In 1973, Shevardnadze launched an agricultural reform in

1361:

Eduard Shevardnadze on a meeting with Russian President

1193:

25th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

1030:

Tbilisi City Committee of the Communist Party of Georgia

846:

in 1991, Shevardnadze returned to the newly independent

3667:"ფრაგმენტი ბილ კლინტონის გამოსვლიდან. ვაშინგტონი, 1999" 1968:) for merit in the field of democracy and human rights. 1916:

In 1999, Shevardnadze received an honorary degree from

1909:

In 1998, Shevardnadze received an honorary degree from

1902:

In 1997, Shevardnadze received an honorary degree from

1895:

In 1991, Shevardnadze received an honorary degree from

1882:

In 1991, Shevardnadze received an honorary degree from

1875:

In 1991, Shevardnadze received an honorary degree from

1868:

In 1991, Shevardnadze received an honorary degree from

1035: 3947:

Foes of Georgian Leader Storm Into Parliament Building

3020:[Honorary citizens of Tbilisi] (in Georgian). 2992:"Georgian ex-president Eduard Shevardnadze dies at 86" 2818:"Georgian ex-President Eduard Shevardnadze dies at 86" 2428:"Eduard Shevardnadze: Controversial legacy to Georgia" 1238:

left that post for the largely ceremonial position of

953:

In 1948 at the age of twenty, Shevardnadze joined the

766: 730:

Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Georgian SSR

3861:

Democratization and revolution in the USSR, 1985-1991

3399:. The Corporation of Brown University. Archived from 993:

shocked him even more. He was demoted in 1961 by the

411:

Minister of Internal Affairs of the Georgian SSR

1400:

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

1186: 918:

Eduard Shevardnadze was born on 25 January 1928, in

346:

First Secretary of the Georgian Communist Party

225:

Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Soviet Union

3425:. Trieste University. 15 April 2024. Archived from 2654:"Georgia: Russian Pullout From Base Under Question" 2504: 2502: 1407:guerrillas on Georgia's northern border during the 1326: 6622:Eastern Orthodox Christians from Georgia (country) 4093:Minister of External Relations of the Soviet Union 3858: 3832: 3725: 3247: 2509: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2482: 1004:. Shevardnadze challenged Tbilisi First Secretary 771:; 25 January 1928 – 7 July 2014) was a Soviet and 724:Ministry of Public Order of the Georgian SSR 6537:First secretaries of the Georgian Communist Party 4170: 3949:by Seth Mydans, from the New York Times Web Site. 3781:"SHEVARDNADZE RECEIVES DEMOCRACY PRIZE IN ISRAEL" 2544:, p. 70. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado, 2000. 2455: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2445: 1687:Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany 1128:Central Committee of the Georgian Communist Party 6632:Ministers of foreign affairs of the Soviet Union 6523: 3803:"SHEVARDNADZE AWARDED PRESTIGIOUS ISRAELI PRIZE" 2735: 1015:Second Secretary of the Georgian Communist Party 6697:21st-century politicians from Georgia (country) 6692:20th-century politicians from Georgia (country) 4061:Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Soviet Union 4029:First Secretary of the Georgian Communist Party 3853: 3300: 2479: 850:, after being asked to lead the country by the 809:First Secretary of the Georgian Communist Party 2442: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2414: 754: 217:Himself as Chairman of the Georgian Parliament 5907: 5689: 5451: 5221: 4819: 4499: 4253:First Secretaries of Georgian Communist Party 4156: 3935: 3163: 2388: 2386: 1804:and strategic co-operation between the states 1144:25th Congress of the Georgian Communist Party 6717:Recipients of the Order of Outstanding Merit 2963:"Shevardnadze Laid to Rest in State Funeral" 2708:"POSTSCRIPT: EDUARD SHEVARDNADZE, 1928–2014" 2067: 1800:for his contributions to the development of 1319:In 1991, Shevardnadze was baptized into the 1062: 811:(GPC) from 1972 to 1985, which made him the 305:19 November 1991 – 26 December 1991 93:26 November 1995 – 23 November 2003 27:Georgian politician and diplomat (1928–2014) 2986: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2681:Peuch, Jean-Christophe (22 November 2002). 2411: 1978:On 14 January 1998, a special prize of the 1168:Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic 890:in 1999 and declared its intention to join 137:4 November 1992 – 26 November 1995 6049:Death and state funeral of Leonid Brezhnev 5914: 5900: 5696: 5682: 5458: 5444: 5228: 5214: 4826: 4812: 4506: 4492: 4163: 4149: 3699:"Past Harriman Democracy Award Recipients" 3062: 3060: 3058: 2700: 2383: 926:, which was a constituent republic of the 894:in 2002. Shevardnadze oversaw large-scale 63: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3038: 2731: 2729: 2250: 2248: 1450:saying: "Georgia without Shevardnadze", " 1122:Political experimentation and nationalism 995:Politburo of the Georgian Communist Party 6607:Union of Citizens of Georgia politicians 3365: 3363: 3361: 3171:"HONORARY KNIGHTHOODS AWARDED 1997-2006" 2977: 2601: 2109: 2107: 1955:Institute for East West Security Studies 1724:Order of the State of Republic of Turkey 1441: 1356: 1258: 1039: 913: 549:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 541:Communist Party of the Georgian SSR 358:29 September 1972 – 6 July 1985 186:10 March 1992 – 4 November 1992 6617:Members of the Georgian Orthodox Church 4220:Chairmen of the Revolutionary Committee 3571:. Friedrich Schiller University of Jena 3503:"საპატიო დოქტორები - შევარდნაძე ედუარდ" 2747:(in Spanish). p. 8. Archived from 2143: 2141: 2139: 2137: 2097: 2095: 1170:secede from Georgia and merge into the 632: 597: 1951; died 2004) 237:2 July 1985 – 20 December 1990 14: 6524: 3959:People power forces Georgia leader out 3955:on the Voice of America News Web Site. 3280:"Honorary Degree Recipients 1981-2021" 3225:"Выпуск № 208 (3300) | Народное слово" 3035: 2726: 2245: 1076:. To combat corruption, he engaged in 950:officer who had been Ambrose's pupil. 827:appointed Shevardnadze to the post of 6542:Speakers of the Parliament of Georgia 5921: 5895: 5677: 5439: 5209: 4807: 4487: 4144: 3358: 2680: 2275: 2257: 2104: 1966:Madeleine K. Albright Democracy Award 1526: 886:and the United States. It joined the 775:politician and diplomat who governed 3970:Georgia revolt carried mark of Soros 3759:Greek Press & Information Office 3724:Gage, Eleni N. (24 September 1997). 3723: 2943:. U.S. State Department. 7 July 2014 2522:from the original on 12 January 2022 2371:Ekedahl and Goodman 2001, pp. 14–15. 2326:Ekedahl and Goodman 2001, pp. 22–23. 2299:Ekedahl and Goodman 2001, pp. 20–21. 2290:Ekedahl and Goodman 2001, pp. 18–19. 2242:Ekedahl and Goodman 2001, pp. 19–20. 2165:Ekedahl and Goodman 2001, pp. 11–12. 2134: 2131:Ekedahl and Goodman 2001, pp. 10–11. 2122:Ekedahl and Goodman 2001, pp. 15–16. 2092: 1478: 1036:First Secretary of the GCP (1972–85) 6039:Reaction to 1980–1981 Polish crisis 3996:Inauguration of Eduard Shevardnadze 3727:"A Philosophical Eye on Big Prizes" 2766: 2203:"Soviet Union: Southern Corruption" 1962:National Democratic Institute (NDI) 1862: 1821:Medal of the Star of Bethlehem 2000 1536: 1515:and former German Foreign Minister 1116:Soviet Foreign Affairs Ministership 997:after offending a senior official. 959:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 405:1 July 1985 – 14 July 1990 125:Chairman of the Georgian Parliament 24: 4364: 4356: 4263:Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic 4258: 4230:Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic 4225: 4190: 3884: 3451:. Emory University. Archived from 2788: 1667: 1346:Speaker of the Georgian parliament 1166:in the hope that he would let the 1157:Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union 1083: 880:Commonwealth of Independent States 781:Soviet Minister of Foreign Affairs 25: 6728: 6702:20th-century presidents in Europe 6552:Party leaders of the Soviet Union 6082:1983 false nuclear alarm incident 3340:"Una vita da Eduard Shevardnadze" 2211:. 3 December 1973. Archived from 2071:The Making of the Georgian Nation 1779:Order of St Michael and St George 1705:Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise 1596:Order of the Red Banner of Labour 1521:Holy Trinity Cathedral of Tbilisi 1187:National politics and resignation 6687:Recipients of the Istiglal Order 6677:Recipients of the Order of Lenin 3831:; Goodman, Melvin Allan (2001). 2511:"Eduard Shevardnadze – obituary" 2380:Ekedahl and Goodman 2001, p. 31. 2362:Ekedahl and Goodman 2001, p. 14. 2353:Ekedahl and Goodman 2001, p. 13. 2344:Ekedahl and Goodman 2001, p. 24. 2335:Ekedahl and Goodman 2001, p. 23. 2317:Ekedahl and Goodman 2001, p. 22. 2308:Ekedahl and Goodman 2001, p. 21. 2281:Ekedahl and Goodman 2001, p. 18. 2272:Ekedahl and Goodman 2001, p. 17. 2263:Ekedahl and Goodman 2001, p. 26. 2254:Ekedahl and Goodman 2001, p. 20. 2233:Ekedahl and Goodman 2001, p. 19. 2156:Ekedahl and Goodman 2001, p. 12. 2147:Ekedahl and Goodman 2001, p. 11. 2101:Ekedahl and Goodman 2001, p. 10. 1848: 1830: 1812: 1789: 1770: 1752: 1733: 1715: 1696: 1678: 1637: 1616: 1604: 1542: 1499:Among others, Russian President 1331: 1327:President of Georgia (1995–2003) 768:Eduard Ambrosis dze Shevardnadze 747:Eduard Ambrosis dze Shevardnadze 705: 672: 654: 3835:The wars of Eduard Shevardnadze 3795: 3773: 3747: 3717: 3691: 3659: 3634: 3583: 3561: 3525: 3495: 3470: 3441: 3415: 3389: 3332: 3272: 3217: 3191: 3138: 3116: 3094: 3010: 2955: 2930: 2902: 2874: 2846: 2828: 2810: 2687:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 2674: 2659:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 2646: 2627: 2573: 2547: 2534: 2374: 2365: 2356: 2347: 2338: 2329: 2320: 2311: 2302: 2293: 2284: 2266: 2236: 2227: 2195: 2177: 2174:Ekedahl and Goodman 2001, p. 9. 2168: 2159: 2150: 2045:. 22 March 2010. Archived from 2032:Ekedahl and Goodman 2001, p. 8. 1578:Order of the October Revolution 1046:United States Embassy in Tehran 858:the country's first president, 594: 6547:Leaders who took power by coup 5974:Brezhnev assassination attempt 4195:Democratic Republic of Georgia 4181:Democratic Republic of Georgia 3104:(in Ukrainian). Verkhovna Rada 3018:"თბილისის საპატიო მოქალაქეები" 2609:"Eduard Shevardnadze obituary" 2555:"Eduard Shevardnadze obituary" 2125: 2116: 2061: 2035: 2026: 2008:"Eduard Shevardnadze obituary" 2000: 1777:UK: Knight Grand Cross of the 1344:. Shevardnadze was appointed 1024:In 1951, Shevardnadze married 818:nationwide economic stagnation 13: 1: 6707:Interior ministers of Georgia 6642:Soviet Georgian MVD officials 5964:1968 Red Square demonstration 4860:Vasily and Andrey Shchelkalov 3920:Ostrovsky, Alexander (2011). 3915:The Future Belongs To Freedom 3703:National Democratic Institute 3316:. 20 May 2015. Archived from 3285:. Commencement Office of the 3255:"History of honorary degrees" 3126:. Haberler.com. February 2013 2965:. Civil Georgia. 13 July 2014 1993: 756:ედუარდ ამბროსის ძე შევარდნაძე 6097:1984 Summer Olympics boycott 6019:1978 Georgian demonstrations 4998:Andreas Eberhard von Budberg 3976: (archived 2003-12-02). 3231:(in Russian). Archived from 3074:. The administration of the 1839:Order of St. Mesrop Mashtots 1802:Azerbaijan–Georgia relations 1503:and U.S. Secretary of State 1314:collapse of the Soviet Union 1310:coup by Communist hardliners 1148:1978 Georgian demonstrations 991:1956 Georgian demonstrations 7: 6077:Korean Air Lines Flight 007 5979:Sino-Soviet border conflict 5944:Glassboro Summit Conference 4835:Foreign ministers of Russia 4361:Flag of Georgia (1990–2004) 3867:Brookings Institution Press 2635:OSCE Istanbul Document 1999 1980:Israeli Democracy Institute 1759:Greece: Grand Cross of the 1722:Turkey: First Class of the 1487:Georgia's former president 1437: 1291:that marked the end of the 1109:Hungarian People's Republic 829:Minister of Foreign Affairs 767: 630: 423:22 May 1965 – 1972 197:State Council established; 150:Himself as Chairman of the 10: 6733: 6662:Heroes of Socialist Labour 5959:Invasion of Czechoslovakia 3936:External links and sources 3805:. The Jamestown Foundation 3783:. The Jamestown Foundation 3308:"Photographs and memories" 3146:"Olympic Order Recipients" 1857:Order of Outstanding Merit 1587:Order of the Patriotic War 1531: 1425:Transparency International 1107:'s agricultural policy in 1013:Shevardnadze was voted as 29: 6482: 6441: 6434: 6386: 6342: 6110: 6062: 6054:Legacy of Leonid Brezhnev 5929: 5818: 5712: 5590: 5474: 5346: 5244: 5170: 5094: 5071: 5028:Aleksey Lobanov-Rostovsky 4923: 4845: 4794: 4652: 4549: 4526: 4472: 4418: 4369:Standard of the President 4345: 4247: 4214: 4179: 4124: 4115: 4107: 4099: 4090: 4077: 4067: 4058: 4050: 4045: 4035: 4026: 4018: 4013: 3346:(in Italian). 7 July 2014 2640:22 September 2019 at the 1923: 1653:Saint George Golden Order 1519:. After a service at the 1199:Leonid Brezhnev "vozhd" ( 1063:Anti-corruption campaigns 904:2003 legislative election 755: 740: 717: 701: 693: 683: 667: 662: 650: 640: 633:§ Honours and awards 625: 614: 604: 576: 533: 509: 492: 484:, Soviet Union (now 456: 451: 447: 437: 427: 416: 409: 398: 386: 374: 362: 351: 344: 332: 319: 309: 298: 286: 274: 253: 241: 230: 223: 215:State Council abolished; 208: 190: 179: 171: 159: 141: 130: 122: 109: 97: 86: 78: 74: 62: 53: 41: 6637:Soviet Georgian generals 6612:Politicians from Tbilisi 6024:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 6014:1977 Soviet constitution 4880:Afanasy Ordin-Nashchokin 4014:Party political offices 3540:Tbilisi State University 3507:Tbilisi State University 2076:Indiana University Press 1911:Tbilisi State University 1643:Georgian Orthodox Church 1560:Hero of Socialist Labour 1365:, Azerbaijani President 1321:Georgian Orthodox Church 955:Georgian Communist Party 842:In the aftermath of the 645:Georgian Orthodox Church 482:Transcaucasian SFSR 202:as interim head of state 174:State Council of Georgia 152:State Council of Georgia 148:Parliament established; 54: 4948:Alexey Bestuzhev-Ryumin 4102:None—position abolished 3984:Russians in Baden-Baden 2776:. PBS. 24 November 2003 1369:and Armenian President 1352: 1132:communications networks 1074:Study of Public Opinion 844:Soviet Union's collapse 5795:Volodymyr Shcherbytsky 5552:Volodymyr Shcherbytsky 5307:Volodymyr Shcherbytsky 5150:Aleksandr Bessmertnykh 5073:Provisional Government 5013:Karl Robert Nesselrode 4993:Adam Jerzy Czartoryski 4978:Nikita Petrovich Panin 4958:Nikita Ivanovich Panin 4475:* Acting head of state 4370: 4362: 4264: 4231: 4196: 4071:Aleksandr Bessmertnykh 3927:30 August 2022 at the 2736:José Grinda González. 2615:. No. 7 July 2014 1985:On 15 September 2000, 1936: 1629:– Honorary Citizen of 1517:Hans-Dietrich Genscher 1455: 1374: 1284: 1048: 942:. In 1937, during the 293:Aleksandr Bessmertnykh 32:Shevardnadze (surname) 6532:Presidents of Georgia 5939:Collective leadership 4368: 4360: 4262: 4229: 4194: 3482:Baku State University 3371:"Eduard Shevardnadze" 3068:"Eduard Shevardnadze" 2191:on 19 September 2017. 2068:Suny, Ronald (1994). 1928: 1904:Baku State University 1891:University of Trieste 1761:Order of the Redeemer 1489:Giorgi Margvelashvili 1448:Parliament of Georgia 1445: 1360: 1262: 1043: 914:Early life and career 854:, which had recently 694:Years of service 583:Nanuli Tsagareishvili 6378:Konstantin Chernenko 6092:Uzbek cotton scandal 6034:1980 Summer Olympics 6009:1977 Moscow bombings 5861:Konstantin Chernenko 5800:Konstantin Chernenko 5547:Konstantin Chernenko 5086:Mikhail Tereshchenko 5008:Ioannis Kapodistrias 4968:Alexander Bezborodko 4118:President of Georgia 3989:16 July 2014 at the 3377:on 26 September 2023 3076:President of Georgia 2215:on 14 September 2012 2078:. pp. 328–329. 1263:Shevardnadze at the 1217:Konstantin Chernenko 932:Dimitri Shevardnadze 868:military hostilities 526:Georgian (from 1991) 443:Konstantin Ketiladze 81:President of Georgia 69:Shevardnadze in 1997 5871:Eduard Shevardnadze 5851:Mikhail Solomentsev 5633:Eduard Shevardnadze 5628:Mikhail Solomentsev 5582:Eduard Shevardnadze 5562:Mikhail Solomentsev 5406:Alexandra Biryukova 5302:Eduard Shevardnadze 5292:Mikhail Solomentsev 5162:Eduard Shevardnadze 5145:Eduard Shevardnadze 5018:Alexander Gorchakov 4988:Alexander Vorontsov 4943:Aleksey Tcherkassky 4900:Yemelyan Ukraintsev 4515:Heads of government 3980:, 26 November 2003. 3761:. 16 September 1997 3313:The Harvard Gazette 3205:on 20 November 2011 2516:The Daily Telegraph 2113:Hough 1997, p. 178. 1703:Ukraine: 1st class 1493:Irakli Garibashvili 1491:and Prime Minister 1465:Mikheil Saakashvili 1090:economic stagnation 1026:Nanuli Shevardnadze 989:'s response to the 924:Transcaucasian SFSR 848:Republic of Georgia 783:from 1985 to 1990. 619:Sophie Shevardnadze 387:Full member of the 43:Eduard Shevardnadze 6064:Events (1982–1985) 5999:Vladivostok Summit 5931:Events (1964–1982) 5760:Dinmukhamed Kunaev 5512:Dinmukhamed Kunaev 5387:Alexander Yakovlev 5333:Vladimir Kryuchkov 5312:Alexander Yakovlev 5277:Dinmukhamed Kunaev 5172:Russian Federation 5125:Vyacheslav Molotov 5048:Alexander Izvolsky 5003:Nikolay Rumyantsev 4953:Mikhailo Vorontsov 4371: 4363: 4265: 4232: 4197: 4172:Leaders of Georgia 4111:Zviad Gamsakhurdia 4046:Political offices 4039:Jumber Patiashvili 3733:The New York Times 3549:on 28 October 2023 3513:on 4 November 2023 3478:"Honorary Doctors" 3423:"Honorary degrees" 3397:"Honorary Degrees" 3320:on 8 February 2022 3287:Harvard University 3259:Harvard University 2465:The New York Times 2430:. BBC. 8 July 2014 2398:www.britannica.com 1973:Onassis Foundation 1918:University of Jena 1870:Harvard University 1527:Honours and awards 1456: 1409:Second Chechen War 1388:Georgian Civil War 1375: 1342:bloody coup d'état 1338:Zviad Gamsakhurdia 1297:war in Afghanistan 1285: 1283:, 10 November 1986 1049: 979:20th CPSU Congress 860:Zviad Gamsakhurdia 381:Jumber Patiashvili 339:Position abolished 104:Zviad Gamsakhurdia 6519: 6518: 6515: 6514: 6111:Politburo members 6029:Soviet–Afghan War 5969:Brezhnev Doctrine 5923:Era of Stagnation 5889: 5888: 5876:Mikhail Gorbachev 5819:Candidate members 5810:Mikhail Gorbachev 5671: 5670: 5643:Vitaly Vorotnikov 5591:Candidate members 5557:Vitaly Vorotnikov 5492:Mikhail Gorbachev 5433: 5432: 5402:Georgy Razumovsky 5347:Candidate members 5262:Mikhail Gorbachev 5257:Vitaly Vorotnikov 5203: 5202: 5063:Nikolai Pokrovsky 5043:Vladimir Lamsdorf 4973:Fyodor Rostopchin 4847:Tsardom of Russia 4801: 4800: 4481: 4480: 4476: 4352: 4254: 4221: 4186: 4139: 4138: 4125:Succeeded by 4100:Succeeded by 4068:Succeeded by 4036:Succeeded by 4022:Vasil Mzhavanadze 3968:MacKinnon, Mark. 3910:978-9985-66-606-7 3900:978-3-936283-10-5 3022:Tbilisi City Hall 2941:(Press Statement) 1877:Boston University 1479:Death and funeral 1432:Zakhariy Kalashov 1312:precipitated the 1273:Mikhail Gorbachev 1228:Central Committee 1197:general secretary 1152:Georgian language 1019:Vasil Mzhavanadze 987:Soviet government 971:Nikita Khrushchev 967:Mikhail Gorbachev 888:Council of Europe 825:Mikhail Gorbachev 804:with corruption. 802:Vasil Mzhavanadze 797:Soviet government 765: 744: 743: 565:Union of Citizens 478:Georgian SSR 369:Vasil Mzhavanadze 248:Mikhail Gorbachev 56:ედუარდ შევარდნაძე 16:(Redirected from 6724: 6712:Soviet reformers 6627:Soviet diplomats 6439: 6438: 6435:National economy 6102:Friendship Games 6004:Helsinki Accords 5916: 5909: 5902: 5893: 5892: 5866:Nikolai Tikhonov 5856:Vasili Kuznetsov 5805:Nikolai Tikhonov 5775:Nikolai Podgorny 5745:Andrei Kirilenko 5698: 5691: 5684: 5675: 5674: 5648:Viktor Chebrikov 5638:Vladimir Dolgikh 5613:Vasili Kuznetsov 5567:Viktor Chebrikov 5532:Nikolai Tikhonov 5507:Andrei Kirilenko 5460: 5453: 5446: 5437: 5436: 5420:Yevgeny Primakov 5415:Anatoly Lukyanov 5410:Alexander Vlasov 5369:Nikolay Slyunkov 5359:Vladimir Dolgikh 5338:Vladimir Ivashko 5320:Nikolay Slyunkov 5297:Viktor Chebrikov 5230: 5223: 5216: 5207: 5206: 5185:Yevgeny Primakov 5130:Andrey Vyshinsky 5115:Georgy Chicherin 5038:Mikhail Muravyov 5033:Nikolay Shishkin 4933:Gavrila Golovkin 4885:Artamon Matveyev 4828: 4821: 4814: 4805: 4804: 4796:* denotes acting 4599:Chkhubianishvili 4508: 4501: 4494: 4485: 4484: 4474: 4350: 4252: 4219: 4184: 4165: 4158: 4151: 4142: 4141: 4108:Preceded by 4078:Preceded by 4051:Preceded by 4019:Preceded by 4011: 4010: 3880: 3864: 3850: 3838: 3829:Ekedahl, Carolyn 3815: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3799: 3793: 3792: 3790: 3788: 3777: 3771: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3751: 3745: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3729: 3721: 3715: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3695: 3689: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3672: 3663: 3657: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3638: 3632: 3631: 3629: 3627: 3622:on 24 April 2023 3621: 3615:. 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Council 193: 184: 172:Chairman of the 162: 144: 135: 112: 100: 91: 67: 57: 39: 38: 21: 6732: 6731: 6727: 6726: 6725: 6723: 6722: 6721: 6602:Rose Revolution 6522: 6521: 6520: 6511: 6484:Five-year plans 6478: 6430: 6382: 6338: 6112: 6106: 6058: 5989:1973 oil crisis 5925: 5920: 5890: 5885: 5881:Tikhon Kiselyov 5846:Sharof Rashidov 5841:Boris Ponomarev 5814: 5780:Grigory Romanov 5725:Leonid Brezhnev 5708: 5702: 5672: 5667: 5658:Nikolai Talyzin 5623:Sharof Rashidov 5618:Boris Ponomarev 5608:Tikhon Kiselyov 5586: 5577:Nikolai Ryzhkov 5572:Yegor Ligachyov 5522:Grigory Romanov 5487:Leonid Brezhnev 5470: 5464: 5434: 5429: 5379:Nikolai Talyzin 5342: 5287:Nikolai Ryzhkov 5282:Yegor Ligachyov 5240: 5234: 5204: 5199: 5166: 5135:Dmitri Shepilov 5099: 5090: 5067: 4983:Viktor Kochubey 4938:Andrey Osterman 4919: 4895:Vasily Golitsyn 4870:Pyotr Tretyakov 4855:Ivan Viskovatyi 4841: 4832: 4802: 4797: 4790: 4648: 4545: 4522: 4512: 4482: 4477: 4468: 4414: 4349: 4341: 4251: 4243: 4218: 4210: 4183: 4175: 4169: 4135: 4128:Nino Burjanadze 4121: 4113: 4103: 4096: 4088: 4073: 4064: 4056: 4041: 4032: 4024: 3991:Wayback Machine 3974:Wayback Machine 3938: 3929:Wayback Machine 3887: 3885:Further reading 3877: 3855:Hough, Jerry F. 3847: 3819: 3818: 3808: 3806: 3801: 3800: 3796: 3786: 3784: 3779: 3778: 3774: 3764: 3762: 3753: 3752: 3748: 3738: 3736: 3722: 3718: 3708: 3706: 3697: 3696: 3692: 3682: 3680: 3670: 3665: 3664: 3660: 3650: 3648: 3640: 3639: 3635: 3625: 3623: 3619: 3613: 3602: 3593: 3589: 3588: 3584: 3574: 3572: 3567: 3566: 3562: 3552: 3550: 3546: 3535: 3531: 3530: 3526: 3516: 3514: 3501: 3500: 3496: 3486: 3484: 3476: 3475: 3471: 3461: 3459: 3455: 3447: 3446: 3442: 3432: 3430: 3421: 3420: 3416: 3406: 3404: 3403:on 1 March 2024 3395: 3394: 3390: 3380: 3378: 3369: 3368: 3359: 3349: 3347: 3338: 3337: 3333: 3323: 3321: 3306: 3305: 3301: 3291: 3289: 3282: 3278: 3277: 3273: 3263: 3261: 3253: 3252: 3248: 3238: 3236: 3235:on 14 June 2021 3223: 3222: 3218: 3208: 3206: 3197: 3196: 3192: 3182: 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Kavtanadze 428: 422: 417: 404: 399: 375: 363: 357: 352: 333: 320: 304: 299: 287: 275: 270: 266:Nikolai Ryzhkov 242: 236: 231: 218: 209: 203: 191: 185: 180: 160: 154: 142: 136: 131: 116:Nino Burjanadze 110: 98: 92: 87: 70: 58: 55: 49: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6730: 6720: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6517: 6516: 6513: 6512: 6510: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6488: 6486: 6480: 6479: 6477: 6476: 6471: 6469:Food Programme 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6445: 6443: 6436: 6432: 6431: 6429: 6428: 6423: 6421:Tikhonov's 1st 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6392: 6390: 6384: 6383: 6381: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6364: 6359: 6348: 6346: 6340: 6339: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 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Sokolov 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5603:Pyotr Demichev 5600: 5594: 5592: 5588: 5587: 5585: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5537:Dmitry Ustinov 5534: 5529: 5527:Mikhail Suslov 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5502:Andrei Gromyko 5499: 5497:Viktor Grishin 5494: 5489: 5484: 5478: 5476: 5472: 5471: 5463: 5462: 5455: 5448: 5440: 5431: 5430: 5428: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5404: 5399: 5397:Yuri Maslyukov 5394: 5389: 5384: 5381: 5376: 5374:Sergey Sokolov 5371: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5354:Pyotr Demichev 5350: 5348: 5344: 5343: 5341: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5328:Yuri Maslyukov 5325: 5324:Vadim Medvedev 5322: 5317: 5316:Viktor Nikonov 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5267:Andrei Gromyko 5264: 5259: 5254: 5248: 5246: 5242: 5241: 5233: 5232: 5225: 5218: 5210: 5201: 5200: 5198: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5180:Andrei Kozyrev 5176: 5174: 5168: 5167: 5165: 5164: 5159: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5140:Andrei Gromyko 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5120:Maxim Litvinov 5117: 5112: 5106: 5104: 5092: 5091: 5089: 5088: 5083: 5081:Pavel Milyukov 5077: 5075: 5069: 5068: 5066: 5065: 5060: 5058:Boris Shturmer 5055: 5053:Sergey Sazonov 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4929: 4927: 4925:Russian Empire 4921: 4920: 4918: 4917: 4915:Peter Shafirov 4912: 4910:Fyodor Golovin 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4851: 4849: 4843: 4842: 4831: 4830: 4823: 4816: 4808: 4799: 4798: 4795: 4792: 4791: 4789: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4735:Mgaloblishvili 4732: 4727: 4722: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4664: 4658: 4656: 4650: 4649: 4647: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4624:Kartvelishvili 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4584:Mgaloblishvili 4581: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4555: 4553: 4547: 4546: 4544: 4543: 4538: 4532: 4530: 4524: 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12 May 2024 3440: 3429:on 12 May 2024 3414: 3388: 3357: 3331: 3299: 3271: 3246: 3216: 3190: 3162: 3137: 3115: 3093: 3034: 3009: 2976: 2954: 2929: 2901: 2873: 2845: 2842:. 7 July 2014. 2827: 2824:. 7 July 2014. 2809: 2787: 2765: 2725: 2712:The New Yorker 2699: 2673: 2662:. 30 July 2001 2645: 2626: 2600: 2572: 2546: 2533: 2478: 2441: 2410: 2382: 2373: 2364: 2355: 2346: 2337: 2328: 2319: 2310: 2301: 2292: 2283: 2274: 2265: 2256: 2244: 2235: 2226: 2194: 2176: 2167: 2158: 2149: 2133: 2124: 2115: 2103: 2091: 2084: 2060: 2034: 2025: 1998: 1997: 1995: 1992: 1991: 1990: 1983: 1976: 1969: 1960:On July 1999, 1958: 1947:Dinner in 1999 1927: 1925: 1922: 1921: 1920: 1914: 1907: 1900: 1893: 1887: 1880: 1873: 1864: 1861: 1860: 1859: 1841: 1823: 1805: 1798:Istiglal Order 1782: 1763: 1745: 1726: 1708: 1689: 1669: 1666: 1665: 1664: 1663: 1662: 1635: 1634: 1633: 1601: 1600: 1599: 1598: 1589: 1580: 1571: 1562: 1549:Soviet Union: 1538: 1535: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1501:Vladimir Putin 1480: 1477: 1439: 1436: 1363:Vladimir Putin 1354: 1351: 1349:vote-rigging. 1333: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1256: 1253: 1236:Andrei Gromyko 1213:Yegor Ligachev 1188: 1185: 1123: 1120: 1085: 1082: 1064: 1061: 1037: 1034: 957:(GCP) and the 915: 912: 884:European Union 866:, which ended 742: 741: 738: 737: 735: 734: 728: 721: 719: 715: 714: 703: 699: 698: 695: 691: 690: 685: 684:Branch/service 681: 680: 669: 665: 664: 660: 659: 652: 648: 647: 642: 638: 637: 627: 623: 622: 616: 612: 611: 606: 602: 601: 590: 586: 581: 580: 578: 574: 573: 571: 570: 562: 554: 546: 537: 535: 531: 530: 528: 527: 524: 513: 511: 507: 506: 500:(aged 86) 494: 490: 489: 458: 454: 453: 449: 448: 445: 444: 441: 435: 434: 431: 425: 424: 414: 413: 407: 406: 396: 395: 393:27th Politburo 384: 383: 378: 372: 371: 366: 360: 359: 349: 348: 342: 341: 336: 330: 329: 323: 317: 316: 311: 307: 306: 296: 295: 290: 284: 283: 281:Andrei Gromyko 278: 272: 271: 269: 268: 263: 257: 255: 251: 250: 245: 239: 238: 228: 227: 221: 220: 216: 212: 206: 205: 198: 194: 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6371: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6354: 6350: 6349: 6347: 6345: 6341: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6113: 6109: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6069: 6067: 6065: 6061: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5954:Prague Spring 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5936: 5934: 5932: 5928: 5924: 5917: 5912: 5910: 5905: 5903: 5898: 5897: 5894: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5826:Heydar Aliyev 5824: 5823: 5821: 5817: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5720:Yuri Andropov 5718: 5717: 5715: 5711: 5706: 5699: 5694: 5692: 5687: 5685: 5680: 5679: 5676: 5664: 5663:Boris Yeltsin 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5598:Heydar Aliyev 5596: 5595: 5593: 5589: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5542:Heydar Aliyev 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5482:Yuri Andropov 5480: 5479: 5477: 5473: 5468: 5461: 5456: 5454: 5449: 5447: 5442: 5441: 5438: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383:Yuri Solovyev 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5364:Boris Yeltsin 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5351: 5349: 5345: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5252:Heydar Aliyev 5250: 5249: 5247: 5243: 5238: 5231: 5226: 5224: 5219: 5217: 5212: 5211: 5208: 5196: 5195:Sergey Lavrov 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5177: 5175: 5173: 5169: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5157: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5107: 5105: 5103: 5097: 5096:Soviet Russia 5093: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5078: 5076: 5074: 5070: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4963:Ivan Osterman 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4930: 4928: 4926: 4922: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4905:Lev Naryshkin 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4890:Larion Ivanov 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4865:Ivan Gramotin 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4852: 4850: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4829: 4824: 4822: 4817: 4815: 4810: 4809: 4806: 4793: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4760:Kvirikashvili 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4699:Lortkipanidze 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4651: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4614:Javakhishvili 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4556: 4554: 4552: 4548: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4533: 4531: 4529: 4528:DR of Georgia 4525: 4520: 4516: 4509: 4504: 4502: 4497: 4495: 4490: 4489: 4486: 4471: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4417: 4412: 4411:Zourabichvili 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4367: 4359: 4354: 4348: 4344: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4250: 4246: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4228: 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Brassey's. 3837: 3836: 3830: 3826: 3825: 3821: 3820: 3804: 3798: 3782: 3776: 3760: 3756: 3750: 3735: 3734: 3728: 3720: 3704: 3700: 3694: 3678: 3677: 3668: 3662: 3647: 3643: 3637: 3618: 3614: 3612:0-16-050286-1 3608: 3601: 3600: 3592: 3586: 3570: 3564: 3545: 3541: 3534: 3528: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3498: 3483: 3479: 3473: 3454: 3450: 3444: 3428: 3424: 3418: 3402: 3398: 3392: 3376: 3372: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3345: 3341: 3335: 3319: 3315: 3314: 3309: 3303: 3288: 3281: 3275: 3260: 3256: 3250: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3220: 3204: 3200: 3194: 3179: 3178:Uk parliament 3172: 3166: 3151: 3150:olympedia.org 3147: 3141: 3125: 3119: 3103: 3097: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3023: 3019: 3013: 2998:. 7 July 2014 2997: 2993: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2964: 2958: 2939: 2933: 2918:. 7 July 2014 2917: 2916: 2915:Civil Georgia 2911: 2905: 2890:. 7 July 2014 2889: 2888: 2887:Civil Georgia 2883: 2877: 2862:. 7 July 2014 2861: 2860: 2859:Civil Georgia 2855: 2849: 2841: 2837: 2831: 2823: 2819: 2813: 2797: 2791: 2775: 2769: 2750: 2746: 2739: 2732: 2730: 2714:. 8 July 2014 2713: 2709: 2703: 2688: 2684: 2677: 2661: 2660: 2655: 2649: 2643: 2639: 2636: 2630: 2614: 2610: 2604: 2589:. 9 July 1993 2588: 2587: 2582: 2576: 2561:. 7 July 2014 2560: 2556: 2550: 2543: 2540:Kolstø, Pål. 2537: 2521: 2517: 2512: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2467:. 7 July 2014 2466: 2462: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2429: 2423: 2421: 2419: 2417: 2415: 2399: 2395: 2389: 2387: 2377: 2368: 2359: 2350: 2341: 2332: 2323: 2314: 2305: 2296: 2287: 2278: 2269: 2260: 2251: 2249: 2239: 2230: 2214: 2210: 2209: 2208:Time Magazine 2204: 2198: 2190: 2186: 2180: 2171: 2162: 2153: 2144: 2142: 2140: 2138: 2128: 2119: 2110: 2108: 2098: 2096: 2087: 2085:0-253-20915-3 2081: 2077: 2073: 2072: 2064: 2048: 2044: 2038: 2029: 2014:. 7 July 2014 2013: 2009: 2003: 1999: 1988: 1984: 1981: 1977: 1974: 1970: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1956: 1952: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1942: 1935: 1919: 1915: 1912: 1908: 1905: 1901: 1898: 1894: 1892: 1888: 1885: 1881: 1878: 1874: 1871: 1867: 1866: 1858: 1845: 1842: 1840: 1827: 1824: 1822: 1809: 1806: 1803: 1799: 1786: 1783: 1780: 1767: 1764: 1762: 1749: 1746: 1743: 1742:Olympic Order 1730: 1727: 1725: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1675: 1672: 1671: 1659: 1654: 1650: 1647: 1646: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1625: 1624: 1614: 1613: 1612: 1597: 1593: 1590: 1588: 1585:– 1st class 1584: 1581: 1579: 1575: 1572: 1570: 1566: 1563: 1561: 1557: 1554: 1553: 1552: 1551: 1550: 1524: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1509: 1506: 1502: 1497: 1494: 1490: 1485: 1476: 1474: 1470: 1469:Zurab Zhvania 1466: 1462: 1453: 1449: 1444: 1435: 1433: 1428: 1426: 1420: 1418: 1414: 1413:Transcaucasus 1410: 1406: 1401: 1396: 1394: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1380:South Ossetia 1372: 1368: 1367:Heydar Aliyev 1364: 1359: 1350: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1332:Rise to power 1324: 1322: 1317: 1315: 1311: 1306: 1300: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1282: 1281:George Shultz 1278: 1274: 1270: 1269:Ronald Reagan 1266: 1261: 1252: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1224: 1222: 1221:Yuri Andropov 1218: 1214: 1210: 1209:Heydar Aliyev 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1184: 1181: 1180:secessionists 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1160: 1158: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1136: 1133: 1129: 1119: 1117: 1112: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1081: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1060: 1058: 1054: 1047: 1042: 1033: 1031: 1027: 1022: 1020: 1016: 1011: 1007: 1003: 998: 996: 992: 988: 984: 983:Joseph Stalin 980: 976: 975:Secret Speech 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 951: 949: 945: 941: 940:Joseph Stalin 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 911: 909: 905: 901: 897: 896:privatization 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 840: 838: 834: 833:Gorbachev era 830: 826: 821: 819: 814: 810: 807:He served as 805: 803: 798: 794: 789: 784: 782: 778: 774: 769: 763: 752: 748: 739: 729: 723: 722: 720: 716: 713: 712:Major general 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 689: 686: 682: 670: 666: 661: 657: 653: 649: 646: 643: 639: 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4781:Garibashvili 4775:Tskitishvili 4755:Garibashvili 4745:Merabishvili 4704:Arsenishvili 4683:Shevardnadze 4682: 4551:Georgian SSR 4379:Shevardnadze 4378: 4374:Gamsakhurdia 4318:Shevardnadze 4317: 4308:Mirtskhulava 4249:Georgian SSR 4216:Georgian SSR 4131: 4116: 4091: 4084: 4081:Boris Pankin 4059: 4027: 3977: 3965:News online. 3942:BBC obituary 3914: 3860: 3834: 3822:Bibliography 3807:. 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Retrieved 2012:The Guardian 2011: 2002: 1941:Bill Clinton 1937: 1929: 1855:Uzbekistan: 1843: 1825: 1807: 1796:Azerbaijan: 1784: 1765: 1747: 1728: 1710: 1691: 1673: 1648: 1626: 1602: 1591: 1582: 1573: 1564: 1555: 1540: 1510: 1498: 1486: 1482: 1457: 1454:is with you" 1429: 1421: 1397: 1376: 1335: 1318: 1301: 1286: 1277:Jack Matlock 1247: 1225: 1200: 1190: 1178:made by the 1172:Russian SFSR 1161: 1137: 1125: 1113: 1098: 1087: 1066: 1057:black-market 1050: 1023: 1010:Georgian SSR 999: 952: 928:Soviet Union 917: 841: 822: 812: 806: 785: 746: 745: 679:Soviet Union 498:(2014-07-07) 439:Succeeded by 418: 400: 376:Succeeded by 353: 338: 334:Succeeded by 326:Boris Pankin 314:Ivan Silayev 300: 288:Succeeded by 243:Appointed by 232: 214: 210:Succeeded by 196: 181: 161:Succeeded by 147: 132: 111:Succeeded by 88: 36: 18:Shevardnadze 6562:2014 deaths 6557:1928 births 6388:Governments 6310:Solomentsev 6250:Mzhavanadze 5949:Six-Day War 5707:(1976–1981) 5469:(1981–1986) 5239:(1986–1990) 5190:Igor Ivanov 4750:Ivanishvili 4604:Ketskhoveli 4589:Sukhishvili 4579:Sukhishvili 4401:Saakashvili 4390:Saakashvili 4323:Patiashvili 4313:Mzhavanadze 4278:Gogoberidze 4002:Appearances 3646:govinfo.gov 3130:25 February 3002:21 November 2219:12 December 1819:Palestine: 1656: [ 1513:James Baker 1473:Igor Ivanov 1446:Banners on 1176:concessions 1105:János Kádár 944:Great Purge 902:during the 837:Perestroika 732:(1968–1972) 726:(1965–1968) 568:(1995–2003) 560:(1991–1995) 557:Independent 552:(1948–1991) 544:(1948–1991) 510:Nationality 496:7 July 2014 429:Preceded by 364:Preceded by 321:Preceded by 276:Preceded by 192:Preceded by 143:Preceded by 99:Preceded by 6526:Categories 6335:Vorotnikov 5425:Boris Pugo 5272:Lev Zaykov 4786:Kobakhidze 4730:Gurgenidze 4709:Jorbenadze 4694:Lekishvili 4673:Gugushvili 4629:Cherkeziya 4574:Makharadze 4559:Kavtaradze 4536:Ramishvili 4521:since 1918 4395:Burjanadze 4384:Burjanadze 4351:Presidents 4328:Gumbaridze 4298:Charkviani 4235:Makharadze 4201:Ramishvili 4174:since 1918 4122:1995–2003 4065:1985–1991 4033:1972–1985 3765:26 October 3739:26 October 3709:25 October 3553:28 October 3517:4 November 3350:26 October 3292:25 October 3264:25 October 3209:20 January 3155:25 October 3086:25 October 2403:7 February 1994:References 1740:IOC: Gold 1505:John Kerry 1078:subterfuge 985:, and the 934:, who was 668:Allegiance 463:1928-01-25 6507:11th plan 6502:10th plan 6270:Ponomarev 6265:Polyansky 6230:Kuznetsov 6205:Kirilenko 6185:Gorbachev 6165:Chernenko 6160:Chebrikov 4765:Bakhtadze 4725:Nogaideli 4719:Baramidze 4689:Patsatsia 4639:Chitanava 4634:Chkheidze 4619:Pataridze 4541:Zhordania 4419:Elections 4338:Mikeladze 4268:Lominadze 4206:Zhordania 3108:12 August 1953:In 1993, 1943:, at the 1837:Armenia: 1685:Germany: 1623:Tbilisi: 1611:Georgia: 1244:Presidium 1140:Georgians 1070:despotism 977:" to the 876:civil war 823:In 1985, 762:romanized 697:1964–1972 651:Signature 615:Relatives 505:, Georgia 419:In office 401:In office 354:In office 301:In office 233:In office 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