576:
3563:
45:
990:
435:
1421:
825:
3309:
1543:
1789:
1132:
935:
1245:
1073:
1358:
2380:"Russia is now a party to any Treaties to which the former Soviet Union was a party, and enjoys the same rights and obligations as the former Soviet Union, except insofar as adjustments are necessarily required, e.g. to take account of the change in territorial extent. The Russian federation continues the legal personality of the former Soviet Union and is thus not a successor State in the sense just mentioned. The other former Soviet Republics are successor States."
876:
774:
710:
647:
291:
1670:
1492:
381:, all successful diplomatic activities by the Soviet side were based on the principles of Marxism-Leninism and the Soviet evaluation of other countries in certain fields, such as social development. The Directorate for Planning Foreign Policy Measures, an organ of the MER, analysed international relations and tried to predict future events, although it never actually planned the policy of the MER. Soviet foreign affairs minister
1183:
279:" was made official in the Collegium in 1988, such as by setting goals for improving diplomatic relations and creating "decent, human, material and spiritual living conditions for all nations". Furthermore, the Collegium noted that the improvements in international efforts "to save the world" was the best "class notion of
489:. While he was easier to do business with in some areas, Brezhnev's slowness and lack of knowledge in certain fields made him hard to discuss foreign policy with. However, Gromyko noted that his disease should be taken in consideration. Mikhail Gorbachev's "new thinking" led to friendlier foreign relations with the
401:"Deeply embedded and seemingly inescapable conflict between these two major Soviet foreign policy institutions and their missions. On the other hand, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs seeks to cultivate formal state to state relationships; on the other hand the ID pursues the party's dream of building a
338:
An important branch of the central apparatus, from the point of view of day-to-day operational diplomatic guidance, is the executive diplomatic division. The nature of activities engaged in by these divisions is determined by their territorial and functional characteristics. Territorial departments
270:
The inner policy making group of the ministry was the
Collegium. The members of the Collegium were usually the minister, the two first deputy ministers, the nine deputy ministers, a chief of the general secretariat and fourteen other members. In total there were 27 members of the Collegium in 1990.
321:
collapsed in 1989, there was no longer any distinction between the
Eastern and Western European departments. A separate administration body known as "embassy affairs" existed for servicing the Soviet diplomatic corps abroad. In 1986, the Soviet government created new MER departments to deal with
417:
purposes and so-called "active measures" than other non-Soviet affiliated foreign ministries. This included dissemination of views supported by the Soviet government, harassment, censorship, radio jamming, forgeries and general disinformation. Disinformation had become an important component of
343:
The reorganisation efforts that took place in 1986 and the beginning of 1987 led to the replacement of many senior diplomats. The government also introduced a new principle which stated, "Once an ambassador has been at the same post for 4 or 5 years, he loses the edge of his perceptiveness. The
388:
There are many examples of rivalry between party and state in Soviet history. In foreign policy the state was represented by the MER, while the
International Department (ID) represented the party. The ID's foreign policy approach was more ideological than the MER's, which followed a policy of
309:
branches to discuss the policy, duties and responsibilities of the MER. This joint gathering led to more participation from the union republics on foreign policy implementation, elaboration and coordination. This organ also discussed international problems and solved such problems in the
503:
2931:
275:. The Collegium coordinated decision making regarding the allocation of specific tasks on the basis of the MER's policy. This body was expected to review new directives ordered by the minister and note their successes and failures. Mikhail Gorbachev's "
1857:
3117:
3132:
418:
day-to-day operations in Soviet foreign affairs. Because of this, during most of its lifespan the Soviet MER had a much higher budget than its counterpart non-Soviet ministries, especially when comparing the MER to the foreign ministries of the
3122:
1683:
2936:
2651:
480:
was not always an easy task. As
Gromyko tells it, "Khrushchev would constantly throw new ideas back and forth." His ideas were not always supported, but, as Gromyko noted, Khrushchev had a positive impact on Soviet foreign policy.
2891:
3011:
2946:
2796:
2726:
2966:
2641:
1619:
364:
with the capitalist powers. A primary goal of the emphasis placed on coexistence and compromise was to “prevent the imperialist states from attacking the USSR while it was restoring the
Russian economy following the
3127:
2921:
3112:
2671:
3910:
3259:
271:
Each deputy minister was responsible for a department. The remaining members controlled either a department or an administrative body of the ministry. A Collegium in the USSR was, in many ways, the same as
3774:
3076:
2976:
3264:
2741:
2711:
2731:
1844:
3814:
1606:
3254:
3172:
3152:
2592:
1900:
3854:
2986:
2791:
3764:
2866:
1734:
4565:
3021:
2886:
2691:
498:
4046:
3784:
3759:
2996:
2766:
3182:
3056:
2836:
184:
4382:
3006:
1458:
1027:
976:
385:
claimed that Soviet foreign policy, and the "new thinking" approach laid out by
Gorbachev, had become the cornerstone of maintaining stable diplomatic relations throughout the world.
3799:
3721:
330:. The MER also created new regional departments, such as the Department of the Pacific. This was a radical change, since the MER's structure had mostly remained unchanged since the
4483:
3819:
3212:
3096:
1830:
1775:
1712:
1118:
747:
696:
3297:
2736:
1826:
1771:
1708:
1656:
1592:
1114:
684:
17:
4372:
3061:
2926:
3036:
2896:
617:
3081:
2906:
1407:
204:
3754:
2701:
426:
used an estimate of 700 billion rubles alone on the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs (known as such until 1991) to support "ideological confrontations" with the First World.
231:. The MER was responsible for taking care of the USSR's economic and political interests abroad, although economic interests were also the joint responsibility of the
3275:
4196:
4056:
3864:
3829:
1882:
1716:
1169:
239:
worked jointly with the MER in regards to the protection of Soviet citizens abroad, the exercise of overall Soviet consular relations abroad and the promotion of
4247:
3975:
3071:
2501:
3849:
3714:
2876:
2821:
4272:
3945:
3824:
486:
211:, made up of the minister, the two first deputy ministers and nine deputy ministers, among others. Each deputy minister usually headed his own department.
4560:
4493:
4186:
4111:
3990:
3955:
3290:
2941:
485:, according to Gromyko, was a man much easier to do business with because he compensated for his lack of skills by discussing subjects openly within the
294:
4282:
4367:
4237:
3496:
2552:
1852:
1678:
378:
4555:
4312:
3707:
2781:
2721:
1614:
4462:
2636:
3562:
207:, the organisational structure of the MER mostly stayed the same. As many other Soviet agencies, the MER had an inner-policy group known as the
4575:
3422:
3283:
3177:
3086:
2951:
369:
and, later, while it was undertaking industrial development. Therefore, "certain agreements with the imperialist countries in the interest of
2806:
2631:
575:
4514:
4509:
4457:
4292:
3187:
446:
4488:
4156:
2901:
2881:
2761:
255:
4211:
4166:
3593:
3305:
3222:
2716:
2580:
305:
Ministry of
External Relations and its local all-union affiliates would regularly convene at the federal Council of Ministers and its
4387:
4377:
4176:
4141:
4021:
3217:
3051:
2981:
2916:
2856:
2696:
2681:
465:
was renamed the
Council of Ministers and the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs was renamed the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
4534:
4362:
4257:
4216:
4101:
4091:
4031:
3844:
3834:
3809:
3651:
3396:
2676:
2587:
232:
169:
4478:
4357:
4337:
4181:
4171:
4066:
4005:
4000:
3980:
3960:
3900:
3749:
3501:
3350:
3041:
2706:
2661:
4427:
4422:
4402:
4332:
4317:
4307:
4277:
4267:
4242:
4201:
4151:
4131:
4121:
4116:
3940:
3884:
3789:
3447:
3360:
2622:
613:
4452:
4442:
4437:
4407:
4302:
4297:
4262:
4252:
4221:
4126:
4026:
3920:
3905:
3869:
3839:
3804:
3779:
3744:
3678:
3523:
3313:
3016:
2545:
2351:
2031:
1961:
450:
4524:
4447:
4417:
4412:
4397:
4392:
4352:
4347:
4327:
4287:
4206:
4191:
4096:
4081:
4061:
4041:
4036:
3965:
3925:
3915:
3879:
3874:
3452:
2846:
2771:
2602:
509:
302:
82:
4570:
4432:
4342:
4161:
4136:
4086:
4051:
3970:
3935:
3859:
3794:
3769:
3598:
3508:
3442:
3437:
3142:
3031:
2971:
2956:
1800:
1143:
228:
188:
4146:
4106:
4076:
4071:
3985:
3950:
3544:
3513:
3483:
3473:
3391:
3365:
3157:
3091:
2991:
2911:
2871:
2851:
2811:
2776:
2756:
2751:
339:
handle questions of foreign relations with specific groups of states. These groups of countries are divided by regions.
236:
3995:
3646:
3588:
3518:
3488:
3457:
3381:
3355:
3345:
2861:
2597:
2466:
2438:
2413:
2320:
2259:
2228:
2201:
2165:
2081:
2000:
1956:
1462:
1031:
462:
3539:
3427:
3417:
3162:
2816:
2538:
243:
abroad. A less visible duty of the MER was its role in the coordination of Soviet intelligence operations abroad.
3432:
3386:
2786:
1652:
1588:
1399:
1110:
1059:
917:
494:
374:
183:
The
Ministry of External Relations negotiated diplomatic treaties, handled Soviet foreign affairs along with the
173:
3207:
3197:
2617:
2561:
2430:
1984:
1951:
1648:
1644:
1584:
1580:
1478:
1470:
1395:
1055:
1047:
1039:
913:
688:
414:
283:." It believed that if socialism could create a more peaceful world, socialism would truly have carried out a "
161:
100:
2367:Постановление Государственного Совета СССР от 14 ноября 1991 г. N ГС-14 "О Министерстве внешних сношений СССР"
373:" could sometimes be reached. The relationship between policy and ideology remained an active issue until the
2831:
2666:
2656:
2575:
1474:
1466:
1432:
1296:
1051:
1043:
1035:
862:
811:
755:
692:
306:
227:. It also appointed diplomatic officers, with the exception of Soviet ambassadors, who were appointed by the
223:. The MER represented the country abroad and participated in talks with foreign delegations on behalf of the
2961:
751:
629:
621:
3730:
3478:
3242:
3066:
2607:
633:
625:
165:
157:
1788:
1420:
1131:
3683:
3026:
2312:
2251:
989:
824:
44:
524:
The following persons headed the Commissariat/Ministry as commissars (narkoms) during the Soviet era:
3668:
3202:
2686:
3001:
2841:
1529:
1403:
972:
921:
1244:
1072:
352:
Ideology was a key component of Soviet foreign policy. Soviet diplomacy was built on the ideas of
3167:
3046:
1985:
Feldbrugge, Ferdinand Joseph Maria; Pieter van den Berg, Gerard & Simons, William B. (1985).
1937:
1886:
1720:
1542:
1282:
1226:
235:. The State Committee of the Council of Ministers on Cultural Links with Foreign Nations and the
1491:
934:
875:
773:
709:
453:. The People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs replaced the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the
4322:
360:
understood that compromise is an important element in foreign diplomacy and was a proponent of
276:
3930:
3673:
3412:
1669:
1357:
272:
220:
3636:
3631:
2826:
2646:
2530:
2405:
2343:
646:
361:
3699:
8:
2448:
1843:
1256:
1084:
382:
1605:
2746:
1911:
1503:
1300:
887:
785:
721:
513:
458:
1899:
3626:
2462:
2434:
2409:
2347:
2316:
2255:
2224:
2197:
2161:
2077:
2027:
1996:
1554:
477:
423:
366:
224:
200:
2504:(ed.). "Das Narkomindel im Urteil der Partei. Ein Kaderanalyse aus dem Jahre 1930".
1182:
3641:
2023:
1992:
836:
587:
493:, but his domestic policies destabilised the country, and in 1991 the Soviet Union
353:
314:
284:
196:
133:
1733:
3576:
2452:
2424:
2399:
2337:
2306:
2245:
2218:
2191:
2155:
2071:
2017:
1986:
946:
482:
402:
344:
optimum period of service in one and the same post is three years as a maximum."
247:
192:
434:
2395:
1745:
1369:
1001:
658:
469:
454:
438:
357:
331:
318:
240:
177:
2377:
United Kingdom Materials on International Law 1993, BYIL 1993, pp. 579 (636).
4549:
2193:
Executive power and Soviet politics: the rise and decline of the Soviet state
2157:
Executive power and Soviet politics: the rise and decline of the Soviet state
2073:
Executive power and Soviet politics: the rise and decline of the Soviet state
490:
2484:
Annuaire diplomatique du Commissariat de peuple pour les affaires etrangeres
4519:
3326:
3308:
2458:
1194:
419:
334:. A Soviet textbook describes MER's organisation and structure as follows:
323:
219:
The primary duty of the foreign ministry was directing the general line of
153:
120:
116:
497:. In 1991, before the country's dissolution, the Ministry was renamed the
3227:
2524:
Diplomacy and Ideology - The Origin of Soviet Foreign Relations 1917-1930
394:
327:
3249:
406:
290:
140:) was founded on 6 July 1923. It had three names during its existence:
516:
in 1992 after Russia declared itself the legal successor to the USSR.
397:. Historian Jan Adams explained the conflict in the following manner:
390:
130:
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
370:
280:
251:
208:
1295:
There are ten individuals are elected as the First Deputy Minister,
449:(RSFSR) was established in 1917. The Commissar was a member of the
259:
152:(1991). It was one of the most important government offices in the
49:
All ministry seals of the Soviet Union used the Soviet coat of arms
2366:
3232:
3192:
473:
441:
was the longest-serving Minister of Foreign Affairs in the USSR.
413:
The MER used much more of its human and financial resources for
2486:(in French and Russian). Moscow: Ежегодник Наркоминдела. 1935 .
112:
86:
393:, literally meaning the easing of strained relations with the
1343:
First Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Soviet Union
2560:
3729:
2517:(in Russian). Vol. 7. Вопросы истории. pp. 25–38.
164:
in 1991. Every leader of the Ministry was nominated by the
2243:
4566:
People's commissariats and ministries of the Soviet Union
3237:
2932:
Machine Building for Animal Husbandry and Fodder Products
1929:
1924:
1874:
1869:
1818:
1813:
1797:
1763:
1758:
1700:
1695:
1636:
1631:
1572:
1567:
1521:
1516:
1450:
1445:
1387:
1382:
1274:
1269:
1218:
1213:
1161:
1156:
1140:
1102:
1097:
1019:
1014:
964:
959:
905:
900:
854:
849:
803:
798:
739:
734:
676:
671:
605:
600:
2515:Советская номенклатура: становление, механизмы, действия
1253:
1081:
1908:
1500:
884:
782:
718:
445:
The People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs of the
3118:
Construction in the Far East and Transbaikal Regions
2447:
2304:
1551:
3133:
Construction in the Urals and West Siberian Regions
2737:
Construction of Road Building and Communal Machines
2512:
1429:
833:
584:
564:People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs of the USSR
519:
2335:
943:
2897:Instrument-Making, Automation and Control Systems
1742:
1366:
1290:
998:
655:
379:Moscow State Institute of International Relations
377:. According to an unknown former director of the
4547:
3123:Construction in the Northern and Western Regions
2576:President and Vice President of the Soviet Union
2015:
250:were issued by the federal MER, but also by its
180:, and was a member of the Council of Ministers.
2506:Berliner Jahrbuch für osteuropäische Geschichte
2394:
1191:
18:Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Soviet Union
2189:
2153:
2069:
258:. The same was true for the civilian external
214:
199:, both strong themes of Soviet policy. Before
3715:
3291:
2546:
2216:
1303:spent the shortest time in office (96 days).
1299:spent the longest time in office (22 years).
347:
265:
2937:Machine Building for Light and Food Industry
2652:Automobile and Agricultural Machine Building
2513:Korzhichina, T.P.; Figatner, Ju Ju. (1993).
2426:When the Soviet Union Entered World Politics
2422:
2273:
2271:
447:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
2056:
2054:
2052:
1233:Minister of External Relations of the USSR
4561:1991 disestablishments in the Soviet Union
3722:
3708:
3575:
3298:
3284:
3072:Timber, Paper and Wood Processing Industry
2892:Installation and Special Construction Work
2553:
2539:
43:
33:Ministry of External Relations of the USSR
3012:Oil Processing and Petrochemical Industry
2877:Heavy and Transport Machines Construction
2490:
2268:
2129:
295:Ministry of Foreign Affairs main building
142:People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs
3228:Standards and Product Quality Management
2562:All-Union Government of the Soviet Union
2521:
2049:
762:Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR
433:
289:
27:Soviet Union Ministry of Foreign Affairs
4556:1946 establishments in the Soviet Union
3731:Foreign affairs ministries of the world
3325:
2947:Machinery for Stock Raising and Feeding
2942:Machine Tool and Tool Building Industry
2727:Construction of Petrochemical Machinery
2095:
2093:
14:
4548:
254:foreign affairs ministries and by the
4576:Foreign relations of the Soviet Union
3703:
3615:
3574:
3324:
3314:Foreign relations of the Soviet Union
3279:
2967:Medical and Microbiologiacal Industry
2642:Installation and Special Construction
2534:
2508:(in German). Berlin: Akademie Verlag.
2244:Berlin, Isaiah; Hardy, Henry (2004).
2102:
1962:Foreign relations of the Soviet Union
262:that were issued to Soviet citizens.
3128:Construction in the Southern Regions
2922:Land Reclamation and Water Resources
2782:Electrical Power and Electrification
2722:Construction of Oil and Gas Industry
2500:Knoll, Viktor; Kölm, Lothar (1995).
2493:1937-ой: Сталин и советское общество
2454:Foreign policies of the Soviet Union
2090:
508:. The ministry was succeeded by the
191:(CPSU) and aided in the guidance of
3113:Construction in the Eastern Regions
2672:Chemical and Oil Machinery Building
499:Ministry of External Relations USSR
189:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
24:
3087:Tractors and Agricultural Machines
2952:Manufacture of Communication Media
451:Council of the People's Commissars
25:
4587:
2632:Agricultural Products Procurement
1957:List of Russian foreign ministers
138:Министерство иностранных дел СССР
38:Министерство иностранных дел СССР
3561:
3307:
2702:Communication Equipment Industry
2499:
2308:Gorbachev and Yeltsin as leaders
1898:
1842:
1787:
1732:
1668:
1604:
1541:
1490:
1419:
1356:
1243:
1181:
1130:
1071:
988:
933:
874:
823:
772:
708:
645:
574:
520:List of commissars and ministers
422:. Shevardnadze claimed that the
110:32/34 Smolenskaya-Sennaya Square
3077:Tool and Tool Building Industry
2371:
2360:
2329:
2298:
2289:
2280:
2237:
2210:
2183:
2174:
2147:
2138:
2019:The citizenship law of the USSR
375:dissolution of the Soviet Union
2717:Construction of Heavy Industry
2431:University of California Press
2120:
2111:
2063:
2040:
2009:
1978:
1952:Ministries of the Soviet Union
1309:
1291:List of first deputy ministers
530:
463:Council of People's Commissars
162:Minister of External Relations
156:. The Ministry was led by the
150:Ministry of External Relations
101:Government of the Soviet Union
13:
1:
3616:
2982:Mineral Fertilizer Production
2742:Construction of Tool-Machines
2712:Construction of Fuel Industry
2305:Breslauer, George B. (2002).
2223:. Ardent Media. p. 185.
1967:
4525:Republic of China (Mainland)
2732:Construction of Power Plants
2677:Cellulose and Paper Industry
2526:. London: Sage Publications.
2196:. M.E. Sharpe. p. 281.
2076:. M.E. Sharpe. p. 199.
1455:22 years, 234 days
1024:28 years, 137 days
468:As Soviet foreign minister,
256:Ministry of Internal Affairs
7:
2662:Building Materials Industry
2522:Uldricks, Teddy J. (1979).
2336:Romano, Michael J. (2010).
2160:. M.E. Sharpe. p. 59.
1945:
1768:3 years, 273 days
1705:5 years, 213 days
1641:8 years, 154 days
1577:8 years, 202 days
1392:3 years, 179 days
1107:5 years, 197 days
808:2 years, 350 days
744:6 years, 305 days
681:8 years, 286 days
510:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
215:Duties and responsibilities
158:Minister of Foreign Affairs
146:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
83:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
10:
4592:
4571:Foreign affairs ministries
2822:Foreign Economic Relations
2313:Cambridge University Press
2252:Cambridge University Press
1988:Encyclopedia of Soviet law
1823:1 year, 291 days
910:3 years, 88 days
610:7 years, 15 days
429:
348:Ideology and policy-making
266:Organisation and structure
4502:
4471:
4230:
4014:
3893:
3737:
3664:
3622:
3611:
3584:
3570:
3559:
3532:
3466:
3405:
3374:
3338:
3334:
3320:
3260:Timber and Paper Industry
3141:
3105:
3017:Power and Electrification
2792:Electrotechnical Industry
2616:
2568:
2339:CliffsAP European History
2016:Ginsburg, George (1983).
1342:
1326:
1323:
1316:
1313:
1308:
1232:
761:
563:
547:
544:
537:
534:
529:
233:Ministry of Foreign Trade
137:
106:
96:
75:
67:
59:
54:
42:
37:
3188:Labour and Social Issues
2867:Housing and Architecture
2847:General Machine-Building
2797:Environmental Protection
2491:Chlevnjuk, O.V. (1992).
2286:Gromyko 1989, p. 290–91.
859:4 years, 1 day
185:International Department
3497:Weimar and Nazi Germany
3022:Pulp and Paper Industry
2972:Medium Machine-Building
2957:Meat and Dairy Industry
2887:Industrial Construction
2190:Huskey, Eugene (1992).
2154:Huskey, Eugene (1992).
2070:Huskey, Eugene (1992).
4273:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3684:Occupations by country
3265:Transport Construction
3223:Science and Technology
3092:Transport Construction
2997:Nuclear Power Industry
2992:Non-Ferrous Metallurgy
2872:Heavy Machine Building
2777:Electrical Engineering
2217:Law, David A. (1975).
1801:Alexander Bessmertnykh
1144:Alexander Bessmertnykh
442:
411:
341:
298:
277:new political thinking
205:CPSU General Secretary
3991:Saint Kitts and Nevis
3830:São Tomé and Príncipe
3057:Technical Cultivation
2837:Fruits and Vegetables
2495:. Moscow: Республика.
2423:Jon Jacobson (1994).
2344:John Wiley & Sons
2295:Gromyko 1989, p. 292.
2277:Gromyko 1989, p. 290.
2126:Jacobson 1994, p. 103
437:
399:
336:
310:international arena.
293:
273:collective leadership
221:Soviet foreign policy
172:and confirmed by the
160:prior to 1991, and a
3637:Common European Home
3632:Peaceful coexistence
3255:Television and Radio
3007:Oil and Gas Industry
2787:Electronics Industry
2637:Agriculture and Food
2588:Presidential Council
2449:Staar, Richard Felix
2406:Doubleday Publishers
2220:Russian civilization
2046:Staar 1991, p. 51–2.
362:peaceful coexistence
229:Council of Ministers
170:Council of Ministers
3106:Regional ministries
2180:Staars 1991, p. 75.
2144:Staars 1991, p. 68.
1257:Eduard Shevardnadze
1085:Eduard Shevardnadze
383:Eduard Shevardnadze
297:, completed in 1953
237:Ministry of Culture
34:
3956:Dominican Republic
3218:State of Emergency
3173:Defense Technology
3153:Building Materials
3097:Urban Construction
2807:Ferrous Metallurgy
2593:Federation Council
2247:Letters, 1928-1946
2135:Staar 1991, p. 67.
2117:Staar 1991, p. 65.
2108:Staar 1991, p. 53.
2099:Staar 1991, p. 52.
2060:Staar 1991, p. 55.
1912:Vladimir Petrovsky
1504:Nikolai Patolichev
1301:Vladimir Petrovsky
888:Vyacheslav Molotov
786:Vyacheslav Molotov
722:Vyacheslav Molotov
514:Russian Federation
476:that working with
459:October Revolution
443:
405:at the expense of
299:
87:Russian Federation
76:Superseding agency
32:
4543:
4542:
3775:Equatorial Guinea
3697:
3696:
3660:
3659:
3627:Brezhnev Doctrine
3607:
3606:
3557:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3273:
3272:
2832:Forestry Industry
2667:Chemical Industry
2657:Aviation Industry
2502:Michael G. Müller
2353:978-0-470-55099-1
2033:978-90-247-2863-3
1943:
1942:
1925:21 September 1991
1921:
1875:21 September 1991
1866:
1810:
1755:
1692:
1628:
1564:
1555:Georgy Korniyenko
1513:
1442:
1379:
1288:
1287:
1266:
1210:
1204:
1153:
1094:
1011:
956:
897:
846:
795:
731:
668:
597:
491:Western countries
478:Nikita Khrushchev
424:Soviet government
315:communist regimes
225:Soviet government
201:Mikhail Gorbachev
126:
125:
16:(Redirected from
4583:
3724:
3717:
3710:
3701:
3700:
3689:Foreign ministry
3642:Sinatra Doctrine
3613:
3612:
3572:
3571:
3565:
3336:
3335:
3322:
3321:
3312:
3311:
3300:
3293:
3286:
3277:
3276:
3198:People's Control
3143:State Committees
3062:Textile Industry
2962:Medical Industry
2927:Machine Building
2902:Internal Affairs
2882:Higher Education
2817:Fishing Industry
2762:Defense Industry
2603:Security Council
2555:
2548:
2541:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2518:
2509:
2496:
2487:
2472:
2444:
2419:
2383:
2375:
2369:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2302:
2296:
2293:
2287:
2284:
2278:
2275:
2266:
2265:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2187:
2181:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2151:
2145:
2142:
2136:
2133:
2127:
2124:
2118:
2115:
2109:
2106:
2100:
2097:
2088:
2087:
2067:
2061:
2058:
2047:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2024:Brill Publishers
2013:
2007:
2006:
1993:Brill Publishers
1982:
1931:
1930:26 December 1991
1926:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1902:
1876:
1871:
1864:
1861:
1846:
1820:
1815:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1791:
1765:
1764:24 February 1990
1760:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1736:
1702:
1701:26 December 1991
1697:
1690:
1687:
1672:
1638:
1633:
1632:24 December 1977
1626:
1623:
1608:
1574:
1569:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1557:
1545:
1523:
1518:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1494:
1452:
1447:
1446:15 February 1955
1440:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1433:Vasily Kuznetsov
1423:
1389:
1388:15 February 1957
1384:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1360:
1321:
1311:
1306:
1305:
1297:Vasily Kuznetsov
1276:
1275:26 December 1991
1271:
1270:19 November 1991
1264:
1261:
1260:
1259:
1247:
1220:
1219:18 November 1991
1215:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1185:
1163:
1158:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1134:
1104:
1099:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1075:
1021:
1016:
1015:15 February 1957
1009:
1006:
1005:
1004:
992:
966:
965:15 February 1957
961:
954:
951:
950:
949:
937:
907:
902:
895:
892:
891:
890:
878:
856:
851:
844:
841:
840:
839:
837:Andrey Vyshinsky
827:
805:
800:
793:
790:
789:
788:
776:
741:
736:
729:
726:
725:
724:
712:
678:
673:
666:
663:
662:
661:
649:
607:
602:
595:
592:
591:
590:
588:Georgy Chicherin
578:
542:
532:
527:
526:
507:
354:Marxism-Leninism
285:world revolution
197:anti-imperialism
148:(1946–1991) and
139:
71:26 December 1991
47:
35:
31:
21:
4591:
4590:
4586:
4585:
4584:
4582:
4581:
4580:
4546:
4545:
4544:
4539:
4498:
4467:
4226:
4010:
3889:
3733:
3728:
3698:
3693:
3656:
3618:
3603:
3580:
3566:
3549:
3528:
3462:
3401:
3370:
3330:
3316:
3306:
3304:
3274:
3269:
3146:and commissions
3145:
3137:
3101:
3067:Timber Industry
3037:Rubber Industry
2977:Merchant Marine
2802:Foreign Affairs
2620:
2612:
2564:
2559:
2482:
2477:Further reading
2469:
2441:
2416:
2408:. p. 414.
2396:Gromyko, Andrei
2386:
2376:
2372:
2365:
2361:
2354:
2346:. p. 226.
2334:
2330:
2323:
2311:. Vol. 1.
2303:
2299:
2294:
2290:
2285:
2281:
2276:
2269:
2262:
2254:. p. 463.
2250:. Vol. 1.
2242:
2238:
2231:
2215:
2211:
2204:
2188:
2184:
2179:
2175:
2168:
2152:
2148:
2143:
2139:
2134:
2130:
2125:
2121:
2116:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2091:
2084:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2050:
2045:
2041:
2034:
2026:. p. 302.
2014:
2010:
2003:
1995:. p. 515.
1983:
1979:
1970:
1948:
1918:
1910:
1909:
1904:
1903:
1885:
1863:
1855:
1853:Yuli Kvitsinsky
1848:
1847:
1807:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1792:
1752:
1744:
1743:
1738:
1737:
1719:
1715:
1689:
1681:
1679:Anatoly Kovalev
1674:
1673:
1655:
1647:
1625:
1617:
1610:
1609:
1591:
1583:
1561:
1553:
1552:
1547:
1546:
1510:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1495:
1465:
1439:
1431:
1430:
1425:
1424:
1406:
1402:
1376:
1368:
1367:
1362:
1361:
1319:
1318:
1293:
1263:
1255:
1254:
1249:
1248:
1205:
1201:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1186:
1157:15 January 1991
1150:
1142:
1141:
1136:
1135:
1113:
1103:15 January 1991
1091:
1083:
1082:
1077:
1076:
1054:
1034:
1008:
1000:
999:
994:
993:
975:
953:
947:Dmitri Shepilov
945:
944:
939:
938:
920:
894:
886:
885:
880:
879:
843:
835:
834:
829:
828:
792:
784:
783:
778:
777:
750:
728:
720:
719:
714:
713:
665:
657:
656:
651:
650:
616:
594:
586:
585:
580:
579:
540:
539:
522:
501:
483:Leonid Brezhnev
432:
403:communist world
350:
307:Union Republics
268:
217:
193:world communism
111:
92:
55:Agency overview
50:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4589:
4579:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4515:Ottoman Empire
4512:
4510:Czechoslovakia
4506:
4504:
4500:
4499:
4497:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4475:
4473:
4469:
4468:
4466:
4465:
4460:
4458:United Kingdom
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4293:Czech Republic
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4234:
4232:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4018:
4016:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3897:
3895:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3741:
3739:
3735:
3734:
3727:
3726:
3719:
3712:
3704:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3609:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3599:United Nations
3596:
3591:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3568:
3567:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3547:
3542:
3536:
3534:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3505:
3504:
3499:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3470:
3468:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3409:
3407:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3378:
3376:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3342:
3340:
3332:
3331:
3318:
3317:
3303:
3302:
3295:
3288:
3280:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3246:
3245:
3238:State Security
3235:
3233:State Planning
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3158:Cinematography
3155:
3149:
3147:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3082:Internal Trade
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3052:State Security
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3027:Radio Industry
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2917:Light Industry
2914:
2909:
2907:Iron and Steel
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2857:Grain Products
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2697:Communications
2694:
2689:
2684:
2682:Civil Aviation
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2628:
2626:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2565:
2558:
2557:
2550:
2543:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2519:
2510:
2497:
2488:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2473:
2467:
2445:
2439:
2420:
2414:
2391:
2390:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2381:
2370:
2359:
2352:
2328:
2321:
2315:. p. 73.
2297:
2288:
2279:
2267:
2260:
2236:
2229:
2209:
2202:
2182:
2173:
2166:
2146:
2137:
2128:
2119:
2110:
2101:
2089:
2082:
2062:
2048:
2039:
2032:
2008:
2001:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1905:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1889:
1880:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1849:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1833:
1824:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1794:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1769:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1746:Yuli Vorontsov
1739:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1723:
1706:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1675:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1659:
1642:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1615:Viktor Maltsev
1611:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1595:
1578:
1575:
1570:
1568:7 October 1977
1565:
1548:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1524:
1522:7 January 1958
1519:
1514:
1497:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1481:
1456:
1453:
1451:7 October 1977
1448:
1443:
1426:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1410:
1393:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1370:Andrei Gromyko
1363:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1347:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1315:
1312:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1280:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1250:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1229:
1224:
1221:
1216:
1214:28 August 1991
1211:
1188:
1180:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1172:
1167:
1164:
1162:28 August 1991
1159:
1154:
1137:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1122:
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1108:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1078:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1062:
1025:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1002:Andrei Gromyko
995:
987:
986:
984:
980:
979:
970:
967:
962:
957:
940:
932:
931:
929:
925:
924:
911:
908:
903:
898:
881:
873:
872:
870:
866:
865:
860:
857:
852:
847:
830:
822:
821:
819:
815:
814:
809:
806:
801:
796:
779:
771:
770:
768:
764:
763:
759:
758:
745:
742:
737:
732:
715:
707:
706:
704:
700:
699:
682:
679:
674:
669:
659:Maxim Litvinov
652:
644:
643:
641:
637:
636:
611:
608:
603:
598:
581:
573:
572:
570:
566:
565:
561:
560:
557:
554:
550:
549:
546:
543:
536:
533:
521:
518:
470:Andrei Gromyko
461:. In 1946 the
455:Russian Empire
439:Andrei Gromyko
431:
428:
358:Vladimir Lenin
349:
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332:Russian Empire
319:Eastern Europe
267:
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241:Soviet culture
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178:Supreme Soviet
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3996:United States
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3648:
3647:Foreign trade
3645:
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3408:
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3398:
3397:United States
3395:
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3373:
3367:
3364:
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3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3183:Fuel Industry
3181:
3179:
3178:Flight Safety
3176:
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3166:
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2687:Coal Industry
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2598:State Council
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2470:
2468:0-8179-9102-6
2464:
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2446:
2442:
2440:0-520-08976-6
2436:
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2415:0-385-41288-6
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2322:0-521-89244-9
2318:
2314:
2310:
2309:
2301:
2292:
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2274:
2272:
2263:
2261:0-521-83368-X
2257:
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2249:
2248:
2240:
2232:
2230:0-8422-0529-2
2226:
2222:
2221:
2213:
2205:
2203:1-56324-059-9
2199:
2195:
2194:
2186:
2177:
2169:
2167:1-56324-059-9
2163:
2159:
2158:
2150:
2141:
2132:
2123:
2114:
2105:
2096:
2094:
2085:
2083:1-56324-059-9
2079:
2075:
2074:
2066:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2043:
2035:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2020:
2012:
2004:
2002:90-247-3075-9
1998:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1971:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1917:
1913:
1906:
1901:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1884:
1881:
1879:132 days
1878:
1873:
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1862:
1859:
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1850:
1845:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1832:
1828:
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1822:
1819:25 April 1990
1817:
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1612:
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1601:
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1579:
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1573:27 April 1986
1571:
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1560:
1556:
1549:
1544:
1538:
1535:
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1531:
1528:
1526:295 days
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1517:18 March 1957
1515:
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1371:
1364:
1359:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1320:(birth–death)
1307:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1262:
1258:
1251:
1246:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1209:
1200:
1196:
1189:
1184:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1166:225 days
1165:
1160:
1155:
1149:
1145:
1138:
1133:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1109:
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1101:
1096:
1090:
1086:
1079:
1074:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1007:
1003:
996:
991:
985:
982:
981:
978:
974:
971:
969:259 days
968:
963:
958:
952:
948:
941:
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930:
927:
926:
923:
919:
915:
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909:
904:
899:
893:
889:
882:
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871:
868:
867:
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861:
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853:
848:
842:
838:
831:
826:
820:
817:
816:
813:
810:
807:
802:
799:19 March 1946
797:
791:
787:
780:
775:
769:
766:
765:
760:
757:
753:
749:
746:
743:
740:15 March 1946
738:
733:
727:
723:
716:
711:
705:
702:
701:
698:
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686:
683:
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670:
664:
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635:
631:
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619:
615:
612:
609:
604:
599:
593:
589:
582:
577:
571:
568:
567:
562:
558:
555:
552:
551:
541:(birth–death)
528:
525:
517:
515:
511:
505:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
479:
475:
472:noted in his
471:
466:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
440:
436:
427:
425:
421:
416:
410:
408:
404:
398:
396:
392:
386:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
363:
359:
355:
345:
340:
335:
333:
329:
325:
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316:
311:
308:
304:
296:
292:
288:
286:
282:
278:
274:
263:
261:
257:
253:
249:
244:
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230:
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212:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
181:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
144:(1923–1946),
143:
135:
131:
122:
118:
114:
109:
105:
102:
99:
95:
88:
84:
81:
80:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
53:
46:
41:
36:
30:
19:
4530:Soviet Union
4529:
4520:Qing dynasty
4463:Vatican City
4212:Turkmenistan
4167:Saudi Arabia
3850:South Africa
3688:
3577:Multilateral
3502:East Germany
3351:Burkina Faso
3163:Construction
3042:Shipbuilding
3002:Oil Industry
2842:Gas Industry
2801:
2707:Construction
2523:
2514:
2505:
2492:
2483:
2459:Hoover Press
2457:. New York:
2453:
2425:
2400:
2389:Bibliography
2373:
2362:
2338:
2331:
2307:
2300:
2291:
2282:
2246:
2239:
2219:
2212:
2192:
2185:
2176:
2156:
2149:
2140:
2131:
2122:
2113:
2104:
2072:
2065:
2042:
2018:
2011:
1987:
1980:
1934:96 days
1907:
1851:
1796:
1741:
1677:
1613:
1550:
1499:
1459:Khrushchev I
1428:
1408:Khrushchev I
1383:20 July 1953
1365:
1345:(1953–1991)
1344:
1335:Left office
1332:Took office
1294:
1279:37 days
1252:
1223:82 days
1207:
1195:Boris Pankin
1190:
1139:
1080:
1028:Khrushchev I
997:
977:Khrushchev I
942:
901:5 March 1953
883:
855:5 March 1953
850:4 March 1949
832:
804:4 March 1949
781:
717:
672:21 July 1930
654:
606:21 July 1930
583:
556:Left office
553:Took office
523:
467:
444:
420:Western Bloc
412:
400:
387:
351:
342:
337:
324:arms control
313:Because the
312:
300:
269:
245:
218:
182:
154:Soviet Union
149:
145:
141:
129:
127:
121:Soviet Union
117:Russian SFSR
107:Headquarters
97:Jurisdiction
29:
4494:New Zealand
4443:Switzerland
4388:Netherlands
4177:South Korea
4157:Philippines
4142:North Korea
4022:Afghanistan
3855:South Sudan
3652:Occupations
3479:The Baltics
3448:Philippines
3361:Ivory Coast
3047:State Farms
1920:(1933–2014)
1870:12 May 1991
1865:(1936–2010)
1856: [
1814:8 July 1988
1809:(born 1933)
1759:27 May 1986
1754:(1929–2007)
1696:27 May 1986
1691:(1923–2002)
1682: [
1637:27 May 1986
1627:(1917–2003)
1618: [
1563:(1925–2006)
1512:(1908–1989)
1441:(1901–1990)
1378:(1909–1989)
1265:(1928–2014)
1203:(born 1931)
1152:(born 1933)
1111:Tikhonov II
1098:2 July 1985
1093:(1928–2014)
1020:2 July 1985
1010:(1909–1989)
960:1 June 1956
955:(1905–1995)
906:1 June 1956
896:(1890–1986)
845:(1883–1954)
794:(1890–1986)
730:(1890–1986)
667:(1876–1951)
601:6 July 1923
596:(1872–1936)
502: [
395:First World
328:disarmament
63:6 July 1923
4550:Categories
4535:Yugoslavia
4383:Montenegro
4363:Luxembourg
4258:Azerbaijan
4217:Uzbekistan
4197:Tajikistan
4102:Kyrgyzstan
4092:Kazakhstan
4057:East Timor
4032:Bangladesh
3946:Costa Rica
3845:Somaliland
3835:Seychelles
3810:Mauritania
3524:Yugoslavia
3250:Statistics
3213:Metallurgy
3208:Publishing
2987:Metallurgy
2618:Ministries
2404:. London:
1968:References
1831:Ryzhkov II
1776:Ryzhkov II
1649:Tikhonov I
1645:Kosygin IV
1585:Tikhonov I
1581:Kosygin IV
1530:Bulganin I
1396:Malenkov I
1056:Tikhonov I
914:Malenkov I
748:Molotov IV
735:3 May 1939
677:3 May 1939
457:after the
415:propaganda
407:capitalism
4479:Australia
4358:Lithuania
4182:Sri Lanka
4172:Singapore
4067:Indonesia
4006:Venezuela
3961:Guatemala
3901:Argentina
3669:Diplomats
3617:Diplomacy
3579:relations
3453:Sri Lanka
3329:relations
3327:Bilateral
3193:Logistics
2772:Education
2569:All-Union
1827:Ryzhkov I
1772:Ryzhkov I
1709:Ryzhkov I
1657:Ryzhkov I
1593:Ryzhkov I
1467:Kosygin I
1338:Duration
1314:Portrait
1115:Ryzhkov I
1036:Kosygin I
863:Stalin II
812:Stalin II
685:Molotov I
559:Duration
535:Portrait
495:dissolved
487:Politburo
371:socialism
367:Civil War
281:socialism
260:passports
252:all-union
209:Collegium
174:Presidium
68:Dissolved
4489:Kiribati
4428:Slovenia
4423:Slovakia
4403:Portugal
4278:Bulgaria
4202:Thailand
4152:Pakistan
4132:Mongolia
4122:Maldives
4117:Malaysia
4047:Cambodia
3941:Colombia
3911:Barbados
3894:Americas
3885:Zimbabwe
3865:Tanzania
3790:Ethiopia
3785:Eswatini
3760:Botswana
3679:Treaties
3509:Holy See
3493:Germany
3443:Pakistan
3438:Malaysia
3375:Americas
3243:Chairmen
3032:Railways
2827:Forestry
2692:Commerce
2647:Armament
2608:Premiers
2451:(1991).
2398:(1989).
1946:See also
1404:Bulganin
1327:Cabinet
973:Bulganin
922:Bulganin
752:Stalin I
614:Lenin II
548:Cabinet
166:Chairman
4472:Oceania
4453:Ukraine
4408:Romania
4373:Moldova
4338:Ireland
4333:Iceland
4323:Germany
4318:Georgia
4308:Finland
4303:Estonia
4298:Denmark
4283:Croatia
4268:Belgium
4263:Belarus
4253:Armenia
4248:Austria
4243:Andorra
4238:Albania
4222:Vietnam
4127:Myanmar
4112:Lebanon
4027:Bahrain
4001:Uruguay
3976:Jamaica
3921:Bolivia
3906:Bahamas
3870:Tunisia
3840:Somalia
3815:Morocco
3805:Liberia
3800:Lesotho
3780:Eritrea
3765:Burundi
3745:Algeria
3594:Comecon
3545:Vanuatu
3533:Oceania
3514:Hungary
3484:Denmark
3474:Austria
3392:Grenada
3366:Liberia
3168:Defense
2912:Justice
2852:Geology
2812:Finance
2767:Economy
2757:Defense
2752:Culture
2401:Memoirs
1938:Silayev
1887:Silayev
1721:Silayev
1283:Silayev
1227:Silayev
618:Rykov I
512:of the
474:memoirs
430:History
391:détente
303:federal
203:became
187:of the
176:of the
168:of the
134:Russian
85:of the
4503:Former
4448:Turkey
4438:Sweden
4418:Serbia
4413:Russia
4398:Poland
4393:Norway
4378:Monaco
4353:Latvia
4348:Kosovo
4328:Greece
4313:France
4288:Cyprus
4231:Europe
4207:Turkey
4192:Taiwan
4097:Kuwait
4082:Israel
4042:Brunei
4037:Bhutan
3981:Mexico
3966:Guyana
3931:Canada
3926:Brazil
3916:Belize
3880:Zambia
3875:Uganda
3825:Rwanda
3750:Angola
3738:Africa
3589:Africa
3519:Norway
3489:France
3467:Europe
3458:Turkey
3423:Israel
3382:Canada
3356:Guinea
3346:Angola
3339:Africa
3203:Prices
2862:Health
2747:Cotton
2465:
2437:
2412:
2350:
2319:
2258:
2227:
2200:
2164:
2080:
2030:
1999:
1883:Pavlov
1717:Pavlov
1208:Acting
1170:Pavlov
113:Moscow
89:(1992)
60:Formed
4433:Spain
4368:Malta
4343:Italy
4187:Syria
4162:Qatar
4137:Nepal
4087:Japan
4062:India
4052:China
3971:Haiti
3936:Chile
3860:Sudan
3820:Niger
3795:Kenya
3770:Egypt
3755:Benin
3674:Spies
3540:Tonga
3428:Japan
3418:India
3413:China
1973:Notes
1860:]
1686:]
1622:]
1324:Term
545:Term
506:]
248:visas
246:Exit
4484:Fiji
4147:Oman
4107:Laos
4077:Iraq
4072:Iran
4015:Asia
3986:Peru
3951:Cuba
3433:Laos
3406:Asia
3387:Cuba
2623:list
2581:list
2463:ISBN
2435:ISBN
2410:ISBN
2348:ISBN
2317:ISBN
2256:ISBN
2225:ISBN
2198:ISBN
2162:ISBN
2078:ISBN
2028:ISBN
1997:ISBN
1317:Name
538:Name
326:and
301:The
195:and
128:The
1475:III
1310:No.
1238:(7)
1044:III
869:(3)
693:III
626:III
531:No.
317:of
287:."
4552::
2461:.
2433:.
2429:.
2342:.
2270:^
2092:^
2051:^
2022:.
1991:.
1893:10
1858:ru
1713:II
1684:ru
1653:II
1620:ru
1589:II
1479:IV
1471:II
1463:II
1400:II
1119:II
1060:II
1048:IV
1040:II
1032:II
918:II
756:II
697:IV
689:II
630:IV
622:II
504:ru
409:."
356:;
136::
119:,
115:,
3723:e
3716:t
3709:v
3299:e
3292:t
3285:v
2625:)
2621:(
2554:e
2547:t
2540:v
2471:.
2443:.
2418:.
2356:.
2325:.
2264:.
2233:.
2206:.
2170:.
2086:.
2036:.
2005:.
1837:9
1829:–
1782:8
1774:–
1727:7
1711:–
1663:6
1651:–
1599:5
1587:–
1536:4
1485:3
1477:–
1473:–
1469:–
1461:–
1414:2
1398:–
1351:1
1176:–
1125:8
1117:–
1066:7
1058:–
1052:V
1050:–
1046:–
1042:–
1038:–
1030:–
983:6
928:5
916:–
818:4
767:3
754:–
703:3
695:–
691:–
687:–
640:2
634:V
632:–
628:–
624:–
620:–
569:1
132:(
20:)
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