Government of the Soviet Union

1286: 1343:, administrating defense enterprises and overseeing space research, implementing Soviet foreign policy, crime-fighting, and maintaining defense and state security. It also worked alongside the republican governments to develop financial and credit policy, administer fuel and power supplies and transport systems, and developing welfare and social programs. In addition the Cabinet of Ministers was responsible for coordinating All-Union policy on science, technology, patents, use of airspace, prices, general economic policy, housing, environmental protection and military appointments. At last, the Law on the Cabinet of Ministers granted the Cabinet of Ministers the right to issue 38: 1324:

Cabinet of Ministers would report directly to the President of the Soviet Union, and be accountable to both the presidency and to the Supreme Soviet. While the term of the Council of Ministers had been tied to the election of the Supreme Soviet, the Cabinet of Ministers was obliged by law to tender its resignation if the sitting president stepped down. Similar to the Council of Ministers, the leading decision-making organ of the Cabinet of Ministers was the Presidium. It was to be chaired by the newly created office of Prime Minister of the Soviet Union. In accordance with law the Presidium had to consist of the prime minister, his

1210:'s leadership. At first, the new leadership sought to solve problems within the existing bureaucratic framework, however, by 1954 the government initiated reforms which devolve more economic decision-making to the republican governments. Around this time Khrushchev suggested abolishing the industrial and construction ministries and distributing their duties and responsibilities to republican governments and regional bureaucrats. The end-goal was to reduce the size of the All-Union government and increase economic growth. A similar idea was proposed to the 1094: 986: 5091: 1554:

government. At the same time, the union-republican ministries had double subordination – they simultaneously submitted to the union republican government, within the framework of which they were created, and to the corresponding all-union government, orders and instructions which should have been guided in their activities. In contrast to the union republican ministries of the union republic, the republican ministries were subordinate only to the government of the corresponding union republic.

1065:

meantime the commissariats for foreign affairs, commerce and industry, transport, military and navy affairs, finance, foreign trade, labour, post and telegraphs, supply and the interior were granted All-Union status. This system created troubles at first since neither the constitution or any legal document defined the relations between All-Union commissariats, their organs in republics and the separate unified republican commissariats. However, this system was kept with minor changes until the

699: 1308:

Extraordinary Session of the Congress of People's Deputies was convened to amend the constitution. The Law on the Presidency which was adopted by the Congress of People's Deputies stated that the president had to be elected in a nationwide election, but Gorbachev argued that the country was not ready for divisive election. Therefore, the Congress of People's Deputies held a vote in which 1329 voted to elect Gorbachev as President of the Soviet Union, while 916 voted against him.

1609:. The officeholder was responsible for convening the government and its Presidium, reporting to the Supreme Soviet on behalf of the government and leading the work on formulating the five-year plans. The "Law on the Council of Ministers of the USSR" states that the chairman "heads the Government and directs its activity... coordinates the activity of the first deputy chairmen and deputy chairmen in urgent cases, makes decisions on particular questions of state administration." 1159:

Industry and Bureau for Culture and Health. This decision transformed the government's working methods. The new resolution delegated authorities to the bureaus and away from the deputy chairmen of government and high-standing ministers. Every sectoral bureau was headed by a deputy chairman of government, but decision-making was devolved into these collegial decision-making organs. The net effect of these change was to greatly increase the legislative activity of government.

5103: 1277:. It defined for the first time the responsibilities and membership of the government's Presidium. The constitution defined the Presidium as a permanent governmental organ responsible for establishing and securing good economic leadership and to assume administrative responsibilities. It stated that the government chairman, alongside the first deputy chairmen, deputy chairmen and the republican governmental heads made up the Presidium's membership. 1024:(CEC). The Congress of Soviets held legislative responsibilities and was the highest organ of state power, while the CEC was to exercise the powers of the Congress of Soviets whenever it was not in session, which in practice comprised the majority of its existence. It stated that the government, named the Council of People's Commissars, was to be the executive arm of the CEC. This governmental structure was copied from the one established in the 1151:

sought to explain the role of the Council of Ministers, its internal operations and its relationship with the party. It stated that the party politburo had the right to decide on all political matters, which included such topics as governmental appointments and defense, foreign policy and internal security. It went on to define the government solely as an institution of administering the economy. The non-economic ministries, such as the

995: 1196: 973: 955:, in a speech to the II Supreme Soviet in March 1946, argued to change the name of government from Council of People's Commissars to Council of Ministers because "The commissar reflects the period of revolutionary rupture and so on. But that time has now passed. Our social system has come into being and is now made flesh and blood. It is time to move on from the title 'people's commissar' to that of 'minister. 1546:

to it. The Council coordinated and directed the work of the union republics and union ministries, state committees and other organs subordinate to it. The competence of the government and its Presidium with respect to their procedures and activities and the council's relationships with subordinate organs were defined in the Soviet constitution by the Law on the Council of Ministers of the USSR.

1266:. In the decade 1965 to 1975, twenty-eight industrial ministries were established. Of these seven were All-Union ministries and the remainder seventeen were republican ministries. In addition, the Kosygin Government sought to reform the economy by strengthening enterprise autonomy while at the same time retaining strong centralised authority. The 1227:

increase inter-branch cooperation and specialization. However, the reforms did not manage to cure the failings of the Soviet economy, and actually showed shortcomings in other areas as well. Khrushchev's government responded by initiating reforms that reversed decentralisation measures, and sought to recentralise control over resource allocation.

1627:

The government appointed first deputy chairmen and deputy chairmen to assist the work of the government chairman. These deputies worked with the responsibilities allocated to them by the government. They could coordinate the activities of ministries, state committees and other organs subordinated to

1496:, state committees chairmen and the republican governmental chairmen. The premier could recommend individuals who he found suitable for membership in the governmental council to the Supreme Soviet. The government tendered its resignation to the first plenary session of a newly elected Supreme Soviet. 1253:

was regifted responsibility for agriculture (which it lost in one Khrushchev's earlier reforms). By October the same year the Council of Ministers abolished the industrial state committees and regional economic councils and reestablished the system of industrial ministers as they existed before 1957.

1545:

The government could issue decrees and resolutions and later verify their execution. All organisations were obliged to obey the decrees and resolutions issued by the government. The All-Union Council also had the power to suspend all mandates and decrees issued by itself or organisations subordinate

1553:

had its own governments formed by the republican legislature of the respective union republic or autonomous republic. Republican governments were not legally subordinate to the All-Union government, but they were obliged in their activities to be guided by the decrees and decisions of the All-Union

1076:

defined the Council of People's Commissars as the Soviet government, and conferring upon it the role of the "highest executive and administrative organ of state power". The constitution stripped the Council of People's Commissars of powers to initiate legislation, and instead confined it to issuing

1658:

The Administrator of Affairs was tasked with co-signing decrees and resolutions made by government with the government chairman. The government apparatus prepared items of policy, which the officeholder would check systematically against decrees of the party-government. This function consisted of

1150:

The government's Bureau was established in 1944. After the war, the bureau was split into two. These bureaus were merged on 20 March 1946, reestablishing the government's Bureau. The party Politburo adopted on 8 February 1947 the resolution "On the Organization of the Council of Ministers", which

1064:

The 1924 constitution differentiated between All-Union and unified (referred to as republican from 1936 onwards) people's commissariats. The people's commissariats for justice, internal affairs, social security, education, agriculture and public health remained republican-level ministries. In the

1043:

The original idea was for the Council of People's Commissars to report directly (and be subordinate) to the CEC, but the working relations of the two bodies were never clearly defined in depth. Eventually, the powers of the Council of People's Commissars outstripped those of the CEC. However, the

1311:

As President of the Soviet Union Gorbachev could appoint and dismiss government ministers. However, he grew concerned about his inability to control All-Union ministries. On 24 September 1990 Gorbachev managed to get the Supreme Soviet to grant him temporary powers of unrestricted decrees on the

1226:

was given responsibility over companies that could not be decentralised to republican governments. The Soviet media began propagating the idea of developing complex, regional economies and comparing them to the old ministerial system. The belief was that the Soviets of the National economy would

1158:

In addition, the 8 February resolution established eight sectoral bureaus; Bureau for Agriculture, Bureau for Metallurgy and Chemicals, Bureau for Machine Construction, Bureau for Fuel and Electric Power Stations, Bureau for Food Industry, Bureau for Transport and Communication, Bureau for Light

1323:

By November 1990 Gorbachev was calling for the dissolution of the Council of Ministers and its replacement with a Cabinet of Ministers. Formerly executive power had been divided into two separate institutions; the presidency and the Council of Ministers. Both reported to the Supreme Soviet. The

1162:

Stalin, who had not attended a meeting of the Bureau since 1944, resorted to appointing acting government chairmen. Molotov was first appointed, but could rarely fulfill his duties since he was simultaneously Minister of Foreign Affairs and often away on business. On 29 March 1948 the politburo

1307:

was seen as an important tool to strengthen Gorbachev's control over the state apparatus. Gorbachev proposed to the 3rd Plenary Session of the XXI Supreme Soviet in February 1990 to establish the Office of the President of the Soviet Union. The Supreme Soviet passed the motion, and in March an

1503:. It regularly reported to the Supreme Soviet on its work, as well as being tasked with resolving all state administrative duties in the jurisdiction of the USSR which were not the responsibility of the Supreme Soviet or the Presidium. Within its limits, the government had responsibility for: 1416:

was established and superseded the government in terms of power by giving each republican president a seat on the council. In addition, every decision had to be decided by a vote–a move that greatly weakened Gorbachev's control. In tandem, the Russian SFSR seized the building and staff of the

1361:

The Cabinet of Ministers was by law forced to work more closely with republican governments than the Council of Ministers. Republican governments could petition the Cabinet of Ministers at any time, and the Cabinet of Ministers was forced to take all questions from republican governments into

1706:

According to the Soviet constitution, ministries were divided into all-union and union-republican. All-Union ministries managed the branch of state administration entrusted to them throughout the entire Soviet Union directly or through the organs appointed by them, while the union-republican

1687:

USSR state committees were different from the ministries in that a state committee was primarily responsible for several parts of government as opposed to the one specific topic for which a ministry was solely responsible. Therefore, many state committees had jurisdiction over certain common

1048:

defined the Council of People's Commissars as the "executive and administrative organ" of the CEC. The ability to legislate was restricted by the powers conferred to it by the CEC, and on the Statute of the Council of People's Commissars. The legislative dominance of the Council of People's

1142:

concurrently served as SDC head and as chairman of the Soviet government until 1946. On 15 March 1946 the 1st Plenary Session of the 2nd Supreme Soviet transformed the Council of People's Commissars into the Council of Ministers. Accordingly, the people's commissariats were renamed

1214:

in January 1957. The proposal sought to switch the function of the All-Union government from active management of operational management of industry to active branch policy-making. Operational management was to be decentralised to republican governments and local authorities.

1688:

activities performed by ministries such as research and development, standardisation, planning, building construction, state security, publishing, archiving and so on. The distinction between a ministry and a state committee could be obscure as for the case of the

1114:

contended that "Stalin's style of rule was characterised by the way in which rule through regular machinery (party, government apparatus) gave way increasingly to the rule of personal agents and agencies, each operating separately and often in conflict, with

3586: 1312:

economy, law and order and appointment of government personnel until 31 March 1992. Still feeling stifled by anti-reformist elements, Gorbachev proposed in November 1990 to radically reorganise the Soviet political system, being greatly inspired by the

1254:

Of the 33 newly appointed construction- and industry ministers appointed in 1965, twelve had served as ministers in 1957 or before and ten had worked and risen to the rank of deputy minister by this time. This was followed by the establishment of the

3772: 3787: 1707:

ministries operated, as a rule, through the same-named ministry of the specific union republic in question. It managed only a certain limited number of activities directly according to the list approved by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet.

1667:

The Presidium of the Council of Ministers consisted of the chairman, First Deputy Chairmen, and the deputy chairman. It is important to note that the Presidium of the Council of Ministers is different than the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet.

3777: 1175:. Lacking a formal leader, most controversial issues were solved at meetings of the Bureau. On 1 September 1949 power was even more dispersed. The Bureau changed its name to the Presidium of the Council of Ministers, and Beria, Malenkov, 3591: 3306: 3546: 3666: 2814:

On the order of publication of the laws and orders of the Government of the Soviet Union: Decree of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union and the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union of August 22,

959:" Scholar Yoram Gorlizki writes that "Notwithstanding the reversion to bourgeois precedents, the adoption of the new nomenclature signaled that the Soviet order had entered a new phase of postrevolutionary consolidation." 3601: 3451: 3381: 3621: 3296: 3782: 3576: 3767: 3326: 890:

in its place. At the 1st Plenary Session of the II Supreme Soviet in 1946, the government was renamed Council of Ministers. Minor changes were introduced with the enactment of the 1977 constitution. The CPSU's

1105:

Stalin's power grab in the 1930s had weakened the formal institutions of governance, both in the party and government. Scholar T. H. Rigby writes that "all institutions had gradually dissolved in the acid of

3914: 3731: 3631: 3919: 3396: 3366: 1628:

the government, take control of these organs and issue day-to-day instructions. At last, they could give prior consideration to proposals and draft decisions submitted to the government. For example,

1354:

The Council of Ministers had been the sole permanent executive and administrative body in the Soviet Union during its existence. The Cabinet of Ministers existed alongside the Federation Council, the

3386: 1441:, to elect a new Cabinet of Ministers. This committee was later transformed into the Committee for the Operational Management of the National Economy (COMSE), also chaired by Silayev, to manage the 242: 3909: 3827: 3807: 3247: 3641: 3446: 1110:", and that from 1946 until Stalin's death in 1953 "only the most minimal of gestures were made to reverse the atrophy of formal organs of authority, in both party and state." British academic 3521: 1644:. In the case of the government chairman not being able to perform his duties one of the first deputy chairmen would take on the role of acting head of government until the premier's return. 951:. However, scholar Derek Watson states that "the term 'commissar' was regarded as interchangeable with 'minister', and there seems little doubt that the Bolshevik leaders meant 'minister'." 3676: 3541: 3346: 1270:

also sought to de-regulate the economy to give state enterprises more autonomy, while giving state enterprises more room to discuss their production goals with their respective ministries.

3651: 3421: 892: 1404:

was one of the leaders of the coup. The Cabinet of Ministers alongside most All-Union organs of power supported the coup attempt against Gorbachev. In the aftermath of the coup attempt,

3837: 3711: 3491: 781:, controlled the government by holding a two-thirds majority in the All-Union Supreme Soviet. The government underwent several name changes throughout its history, and was known as the 1303:

and one-man leadership. However, Gorbachev was meeting stiff resistance from bureaucrats and anti-reformist elements against his reformist policies. The establishment of the office of

3661: 4010: 855: 1218:

The CPSU Presidium adopted Khrushchev's proposal. By July 1957 the management functions of the construction and industrial ministries had been transferred to 105 newly established

3867: 3751: 1538:, economic, scientific-technical and cultural cooperation of the USSR with foreign countries as well as the power to confirm or denounce international treaties signed by the USSR. 1358:

and other executive organs that reported directly to the president. However, as the sole executive organ responsible for the economy and the ministries it was the most important.

3391: 3716: 3581: 1472:

The government was the highest executive and administrative body of the Soviet state. It was formed at the 1st Plenary Session of the Supreme Soviet (the joint meeting of the

1032:

governed the Soviet Union until 6 July 1923, when the CEC established the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union. Lenin was appointed its chairman, alongside five

3691: 3551: 4414: 4397: 3736: 3561: 801: 521: 133: 118: 4444: 3356: 1753: 1659:

several departments and other structural units. In addition the Administrator of Affairs headed the government apparatus and was a member of the government's Presidium.

393: 1299:

Gorbachev had been speaking critically of the idea of a Soviet presidency until October 1989. He had argued that a presidency could lead to the reestablishment of the

1743: 1582:

and ratified later by the Council of People's Commissars. This informal system of government, in which the party decides and the government implements, lasted until

1040:

notified the central executive committees of the union republics and their respective republican governments that it had begun to fulfill the tasks entrusted to it.

1339:

The duties and responsibilities of the Cabinet of Ministers overlapped with the former Council of Ministers. It was responsible for formulating and executing the

4387: 835:; they were chosen by the premier and confirmed by the Supreme Soviet. The Government of the Soviet Union exercised its executive powers in conformity with the 4907: 4407: 3726: 736: 149: 2764: 1464:

voted to dissolve the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as a state and subject of international law, legally terminating the Soviet government's existence.

3531: 3476: 782: 4433: 4402: 2827: 1579: 1211: 896: 230: 144: 1748: 1425:

and the Bank for Foreign Economic Relations. With the central government's authority greatly weakened, Gorbachev established a four-man committee, led by

5542: 4392: 4344: 3596: 871: 418: 113: 1727:"Bulletin of the Central Executive Committee, the Council of People's Commissars and the Council of Labor and Defense of the Soviet Union" (1923–1924); 1453:. The All-Union government tried to rebuff the seizure attempts by the Russian government but by September 1991 the Soviet government had broken down. 123: 874:

established the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). The treaty established the government, which was later legitimised by the adoption of the

4641: 3207: 651: 1262:

in 1966. Four All-Union construction ministries were established in 1967 and a fifth in 1972. In addition, in 1970 the government reestablished the

1028:(Russian SFSR), and the government was modeled on the Council of People's Commissars of the Russian SFSR. The government of the Russian SFSR led by 5537: 3436: 3376: 1710:

The government had the right to create, reorganize and abolish subordinate institutions, which were directly subordinate to the government itself.

3291: 2835: 1021: 761:. It was formed on 30 December 1922 and abolished on 26 December 1991. The government was headed by a chairman, most commonly referred to as the 190: 3832: 3741: 3606: 2831: 919:. The head of the Cabinet of Ministers was the Prime Minister of the Soviet Union. The government was forced to resign in the aftermath of the 4339: 3952: 3461: 3286: 3115: 1367: 4005: 3842: 1653: 1405: 1333: 1058: 1025: 859: 361: 1147:, and the people's commissars into ministers. On 25 February 1947, appropriate changes were made to the Constitution of the Soviet Union. 4524: 4494: 3556: 3536: 3416: 1259: 1037: 4781: 4741: 4651: 4462: 3978: 3877: 3456: 3371: 3235: 1768: 1445:. On 28 August 1991 a Supreme Soviet temporarily gave the COMSE the same authority as the Cabinet of Ministers, and Silayev became the 908: 729: 646: 536: 67: 4769: 4664: 4536: 4322: 3872: 3706: 3636: 3571: 3511: 3351: 3336: 1393: 1362:

consideration. To foster better relations ministers moved to create collegiums with their republican counterparts. For instance, the

1152: 79: 1241:

The removal of Khrushchev was followed by reversing his reforms of the government apparatus. The first move came in early 1965 when

4674: 4591: 4484: 3331: 3242: 3103: 3099: 1618: 1485: 1325: 820: 786: 656: 621: 351: 89: 20: 1320:

of France. Gorbachev sought to reorganise institutions at the All-Union level by subordinating executive power to the presidency.

5532: 4614: 4421: 4288: 3696: 3361: 3316: 1758: 1054: 879: 816: 671: 661: 331: 180: 5139: 4312: 4157: 3277: 1250: 867: 840: 405: 247: 709: 5267: 4799: 4300: 4266: 4254: 4249: 4140: 3671: 3200: 3082: 3063: 2996: 2949: 2856: 2799: 2480: 1763: 1570:

responded to criticism in 1923 by stating that "Everyone understands that our Politburo is the principal body of the state."

1274: 1119:

in supreme overall control." The government, which was at this point the most formalised Soviet state institution, developed

1073: 1045: 883: 875: 778: 722: 4726: 1385: 920: 5197: 4836: 4604: 3501: 3426: 3257: 1255: 636: 4716: 4382: 4329: 4317: 3797: 3686: 3626: 3611: 3148: 2657: 2636: 2615: 2594: 2573: 2552: 2531: 2510: 1682: 1511: 1355: 863: 832: 805: 790: 770: 326: 102: 57: 947:

was chosen to distinguish the Soviet government from its bourgeois counterparts, especially its tsarist predecessor the

4764: 4759: 4479: 4427: 3812: 3746: 3646: 3566: 3526: 3506: 3466: 3431: 3411: 3406: 2759: 2247: 1622: 1541:

Creation of necessary organisations within the government concerning economics, socio-cultural development and defence.

1489: 1418: 1363: 1329: 1263: 1078: 1033: 1013: 887: 824: 812: 766: 758: 516: 356: 285: 200: 72: 931:

headed by Silayev to run the basic governmental functions until a new cabinet was appointed. On 26 December 1991, the

5016: 4967: 4900: 4711: 4439: 4041: 3945: 3516: 3252: 3037: 3018: 2977: 2930: 2879: 2453: 2413: 1535: 1413: 1126:

Stalin was elected to the government chairmanship on 6 May 1941. The government continued to function normally until

1061:, which he considered the "organ of legislation", and the administrative role of the Council of People's Commissars. 944: 388: 84: 2889:

Gorlizki, Y. (2002). "Ordinary Stalinism: The Council of Ministers and the Soviet Neopatrimonial State, 1946–1953".

5511: 5404: 5217: 5046: 5034: 4858: 4848: 4804: 4619: 4295: 4244: 4127: 3817: 3471: 3193: 836: 641: 577: 400: 274: 1285: 5470: 5242: 5051: 5039: 4895: 4880: 4794: 4696: 4278: 4098: 3441: 1637: 1517:

Defence of the interests of state, socialist property, public order and to protect the rights of Soviet citizens.

1500: 1379: 1082: 1066: 511: 220: 4992: 4972: 4669: 4108: 4036: 3862: 3852: 3272: 1701: 1641: 1493: 1144: 948: 828: 666: 616: 321: 1730:"Collection of laws and regulations of the Workers' and Peasants' Government of the Soviet Union" (1924–1938); 1085:, having replaced the Congress of Soviets and the Central Executive Committee respectively, could alter laws. 5485: 5437: 5329: 5324: 5063: 4890: 4754: 4706: 4467: 4261: 4135: 4118: 3486: 3321: 3311: 3230: 3163: 1457: 1304: 1246: 1098: 1017: 916: 809: 582: 551: 62: 1202:

was the longest-serving chairman of the Soviet government, holding office from 1964 until his death in 1980.

915:. The Council of Ministers was abolished and replaced by a Cabinet of Ministers that was responsible to the 4659: 4334: 4229: 4030: 3938: 3616: 754: 597: 29: 5442: 5289: 4940: 4922: 4688: 4546: 4507: 4474: 4164: 4152: 4068: 3970: 3897: 3721: 3262: 2871: 2469:Постановление Верховного Совета СССР от 28 августа 1991 г. № 2367-I «О недоверии Кабинету Министров СССР» 1773: 1600: 1481: 1446: 1267: 1004: 899:

and weakened the party's control over the Supreme Soviet. Later, on 20 March 1991, the Supreme Soviet on

762: 566: 526: 501: 341: 1578:, echoed the same sentiments. According to Bazhanov appointment of people's commissars were made by the 5447: 5409: 5132: 4935: 4912: 4885: 3681: 895:

voted in favor of amending the constitution. It allowed for multi-candidate elections, established the

587: 37: 5389: 4977: 4950: 4853: 3857: 3341: 928: 774: 546: 4945: 5359: 5319: 5299: 5279: 5182: 5058: 3656: 3496: 2653: 2632: 2611: 2590: 2569: 2548: 2527: 2506: 1605:

The government chairman was until the establishment of the Cabinet of Ministers in 1991 the Soviet

1531: 1317: 904: 300: 295: 290: 5475: 5294: 4307: 3822: 3701: 2401: 1477: 1461: 1135: 1077:"decrees and regulations on the basis and in execution of the laws currently in force". Only the 794: 383: 215: 2405: 2395: 1049:

Commissars continued despite the 1924 constitution's insistence on its relationship to the CEC.

5495: 5480: 5427: 5374: 5369: 5344: 5202: 4987: 4579: 4517: 1456:

On 25 December 1991 Gorbachev announced in a televised speech his resignation from the post of

5465: 5399: 5349: 5309: 5262: 5257: 5247: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5207: 5192: 5187: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5125: 5106: 4078: 2942:

Party Leadership under Stalin and Khrushchev: Party Officials and the Soviet State, 1948–1964

1562:

Lenin sought to create a governmental structure that was independent of the party apparatus.

1351:, but not of the same power and scope of those formerly issued by the Council of Ministers. 5490: 5432: 5394: 5384: 5364: 5354: 5339: 5334: 5314: 5284: 5252: 5237: 5212: 5148: 4868: 4731: 4551: 4349: 4063: 3481: 3301: 3185: 3167: 3134: 912: 434: 4955: 1187:

were handed the chairmanship. This mode of operating lasted until Stalin's death in 1953.

1123:

due to Stalin's habit of ruling through "the strict personal loyalty of his lieutenants".

819:, such as Ryzhkov's second government, had more than 100 government ministers, serving as 8: 5379: 5304: 5274: 5095: 4824: 4629: 4558: 4366: 4215: 4093: 4015: 3988: 3055: 2848: 1550: 1524: 1473: 1366:

established the Council of Ministers of Culture to better coordinate policies, while the

1313: 1300: 1168: 1131: 703: 531: 210: 1514:

for "economic and social development" to the Supreme Soviet along with the state budget.

1003:

Lenin and Trotsky (both photographed in 1920) were viewed as the leading figures in the

4962: 4873: 4190: 4103: 3993: 3983: 3401: 2906: 2752: 1606: 1206:

The Post-Stalin Era saw several changes to the government apparatus, especially during

775:

The leading and guiding force of Soviet society and the nucleus of its political system

592: 5070: 5010: 4789: 4575: 4271: 4073: 4058: 4000: 3078: 3059: 3033: 3014: 2992: 2973: 2945: 2926: 2910: 2875: 2852: 2795: 2449: 2409: 1733:"Collection of decrees and orders of the Government of the Soviet Union" (1938–1946). 1583: 1430: 1236: 1207: 1120: 935:

dissolved the union and therefore, the government of the USSR shut down permanently.

900: 541: 1289:

Gorbachev at the 1st Plenary Session of the I Congress of People's Deputies in 1989.

927:

participated in. In its place, the Soviet state established what was supposed to be

3047: 2898: 1633: 1567: 1563: 1397: 1348: 1180: 1176: 1111: 460: 429: 2484: 1507:

Management of the union's economy and socio-cultural construction and development.

967: 4982: 4195: 4147: 4053: 1401: 1172: 1164: 1093: 1050: 924: 848: 5002: 4930: 4210: 4200: 3173: 3152: 3006: 2918: 2428: 1629: 1571: 1442: 1242: 1199: 1184: 1029: 932: 844: 1754:

Bibliography of the Post Stalinist Soviet Union § Government and politics

1370:

established the Council of Foreign Ministers of the USSR and Union Republics.

19:"Council of Ministers (Soviet Union)" redirects here. Not to be confused with 5526: 4863: 2970:

Executive Power and Soviet Politics: The Rise and Decline of the Soviet State

2792:

Executive Power and Soviet Politics: The Rise and Decline of the Soviet State

1575: 1434: 1409: 1139: 952: 681: 556: 452: 4746: 4567: 3961: 3123: 1438: 1426: 1340: 1280: 1222:. Republican planning committees were given more responsibility, while the 1127: 985: 4609: 4571: 4563: 4185: 4169: 4083: 4025: 3882: 1294: 1138:(SDC), formed on 30 June 1941 to govern the Soviet Union during the war. 626: 466: 2429:Указ Президента СССР от 24.08.1991 N УП-2461 "О Кабинете Министров СССР" 5117: 4599: 3904: 1527:

and determination of how many citizens were to be drafted into service.

1219: 676: 3930: 3100:

Governments of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics from 1917–1964

1744:

Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War § Government

878:

in 1924. The 1924 constitution made the government responsible to the

4819: 4814: 4636: 4529: 4359: 4020: 2445: 1107: 447: 4809: 4354: 4088: 4048: 2902: 2397:

Revolutionary Passage: From Soviet to Post-Soviet Russia, 1985–2000

1721: 473: 442: 2989:

Soviet Economic Management under Khrushchev: The Sovnarkhoz Reform

1195: 994: 808:(CPSU) and elected by delegates at the first plenary session of a 4701: 4205: 3887: 3847: 2468: 1422: 1223: 154: 2171: 2169: 2167: 2165: 2066: 1749:

Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union § Government

972: 2150: 1344: 1116: 968:

Revolutionary beginnings and Molotov's chairmanship (1922–1941)

882:. In 1936, the state system was reformed with the enactment of 795:

Committee on the Operational Management of the National Economy

16:

Highest executive and administrative organ in the Soviet Union

4624: 4502: 2868:

Russian Law: The End of the Soviet System and the Role of Law

2442:

Socialist Economies and the Transition to the Market: A Guide

2162: 1499:

The government was responsible to the Supreme Soviet and its

1036:

and ten people's commissars (ministers). On 17 July 1923 the

631: 3215: 3030:

The Nature of Stalin's Dictatorship: The Politburo 1928–1953

2483:[Силаев, Иван Степанович]. Praviteli. Archived from 4736: 4512: 1944: 1057:

noted in 1928 that one needed to differentiate between the

886:. It abolished the Congress of Soviets and established the 2923:

Cold Peace: Stalin and the Soviet Ruling Circle, 1945–1953

2056: 2054: 2052: 2050: 2037: 2035: 2022: 2020: 2007: 2005: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1934: 1932: 4721: 4541: 3892: 3587:

Machine Building for Animal Husbandry and Fodder Products

1907: 1905: 1903: 1901: 1819: 1817: 1815: 1689: 1467: 753:(USSR) was the executive and administrative organ of the 2377: 2375: 2373: 2360: 2358: 2356: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2318: 2316: 2314: 2301: 2299: 2297: 2295: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2287: 2285: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2230: 2228: 2215: 2213: 2211: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2184: 1281:

Presidentialism and the Cabinet of Ministers (1990–1991)

2771: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2113: 2047: 2032: 2017: 2002: 1983: 1956: 1929: 1163:

resolved to create a rotational chairmanship headed by

2688: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2128: 2126: 2111: 2109: 2107: 2105: 2103: 2101: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2093: 1973: 1971: 1917: 1898: 1888: 1886: 1884: 1882: 1880: 1812: 1412:

sought to weaken Gorbachev's presidential powers. The

903:'s suggestion amended the constitution to establish a 2370: 2347: 2328: 2311: 2282: 2265: 2225: 2208: 2181: 2138: 2078: 1867: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1859: 1846: 1844: 1790: 1788: 751:

Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

3773:

Construction in the Far East and Transbaikal Regions

3111: 2828:

Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War

2715: 2698: 1800: 3788:

Construction in the Urals and West Siberian Regions

3392:

Construction of Road Building and Communal Machines

2679: 2667: 2123: 2090: 1968: 1877: 839:and legislation enacted by the Supreme Soviet. The 1856: 1841: 1829: 1785: 1260:All-Union Ministry of Preservation of Public Order 3552:Instrument-Making, Automation and Control Systems 3075:Molotov and Soviet Government: Sovnarkom, 1930–41 2917: 2072: 5524: 4810:Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences 3778:Construction in the Northern and Western Regions 3231:President and Vice President of the Soviet Union 3052:The Government and Politics of the Soviet Union 2897:(4). The University of Chicago Press: 699–736. 2836:Bibliography of the Post Stalinist Soviet Union 2248:"Soviet Union – The U.S.S.R. from 1953 to 1991" 2832:Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union 2789: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2393: 1373: 1273:The Brezhnev Era also saw the adoption of the 1190: 5133: 3946: 3201: 2749: 2439: 1557: 1088: 800:The government chairman was nominated by the 730: 3592:Machine Building for Light and Food Industry 3307:Automobile and Agricultural Machine Building 2958: 2808: 2156: 1654:Administrator of Affairs of the Soviet Union 1406:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic 1026:Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic 2765:Law of the Council of Ministers of the USSR 2736: 1647: 1134:in Russia) when it was subordinated to the 5543:1991 disestablishments in the Soviet Union 5140: 5126: 3953: 3939: 3727:Timber, Paper and Wood Processing Industry 3547:Installation and Special Construction Work 3208: 3194: 3116:All-Russian Council of People's Commissars 2865: 2842: 2751:Кабинет Министров СССР. 5 июля 1978 « 2175: 1769:List of heads of state of the Soviet Union 1014:Treaty on the Creation of the Soviet Union 737: 723: 3667:Oil Processing and Petrochemical Industry 3532:Heavy and Transport Machines Construction 1394:State Committee on the State of Emergency 5147: 3883:Standards and Product Quality Management 3217:All-Union Government of the Soviet Union 3046: 2888: 2777: 2060: 2041: 2026: 2011: 1996: 1962: 1950: 1938: 1923: 1911: 1823: 1619:First Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union 1396:in a bid to oppose the enactment of the 1284: 1194: 1092: 1038:All-Union Council of People's Commissars 971: 21:Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union 5538:1922 establishments in the Soviet Union 3960: 3602:Machinery for Stock Raising and Feeding 3597:Machine Tool and Tool Building Industry 3382:Construction of Petrochemical Machinery 1759:List of governments of the Soviet Union 1055:All-Russian Central Executive Committee 880:Congress of Soviets of the Soviet Union 5525: 3979:Index of Soviet Union–related articles 3072: 2986: 2967: 2963:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 2939: 2730: 2709: 2692: 2673: 2381: 2364: 2341: 2322: 2305: 2276: 2234: 2219: 2202: 2132: 2117: 2084: 1892: 1871: 1850: 1835: 1806: 1794: 1468:Duties, functions and responsibilities 1230: 5121: 3934: 3622:Medical and Microbiologiacal Industry 3297:Installation and Special Construction 3189: 1764:List of heads of government of Russia 1368:All-Union Ministry of Foreign Affairs 847:, and the last government was led by 793:from January to August 1991 and the 3783:Construction in the Southern Regions 3577:Land Reclamation and Water Resources 3437:Electrical Power and Electrification 3377:Construction of Oil and Gas Industry 3027: 3005: 2144: 1977: 3768:Construction in the Eastern Regions 3327:Chemical and Oil Machinery Building 2660:(USSR) of 7 October 1977 2658:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 2639:(USSR) of 7 October 1977 2637:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 2618:(USSR) of 7 October 1977 2616:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 2597:(USSR) of 7 October 1977 2595:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 2576:(USSR) of 7 October 1977 2574:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 2555:(USSR) of 7 October 1977 2553:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 2534:(USSR) of 7 October 1977 2532:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 2513:(USSR) of 7 October 1977 2511:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 1683:State Committee of the Soviet Union 806:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 771:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 13: 3742:Tractors and Agricultural Machines 3607:Manufacture of Communication Media 2760:Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union 1632:was responsible for industry, and 1623:Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union 1612: 1510:Formulation and submission of the 888:Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union 856:Treaty on the Creation of the USSR 813:Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union 14: 5554: 3287:Agricultural Products Procurement 3093: 2959:Hough, J; Fainsod, Merle (1979). 1251:All-Union Ministry of Agriculture 5102: 5101: 5089: 3357:Communication Equipment Industry 2961:How the Soviet Union is Governed 993: 984: 837:constitution of the Soviet Union 697: 36: 3732:Tool and Tool Building Industry 2821: 2783: 2646: 2625: 2604: 2583: 2562: 2541: 2520: 2499: 2473: 2462: 2433: 2422: 2387: 2240: 1713: 1671: 1386:1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt 1380:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 1256:All-Union Ministry of Education 1220:Soviets of the National Economy 1067:dissolution of the Soviet Union 1053:of the CEC and Chairman of the 976:A governmental badge from 1930. 921:1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt 755:highest body of state authority 5533:Government of the Soviet Union 3372:Construction of Heavy Industry 2845:Contemporary Soviet Government 2652:Article #136 of the 2631:Article #135 of the 2610:Article #134 of the 2589:Article #133 of the 2568:Article #131 of the 2547:Article #130 of the 2526:Article #129 of the 2505:Article #128 of the 1702:Ministries of the Soviet Union 1566:echoed Lenin's criticism, but 945:Council of People's Commissars 907:, essentially a fusion of the 797:from August to December 1991. 783:Council of People's Commissars 769:throughout its existence. The 1: 4642:Political abuse of psychiatry 4434:Congress of People's Deputies 3637:Mineral Fertilizer Production 3397:Construction of Tool-Machines 3367:Construction of Fuel Industry 3013:(3rd ed.). Unwin Hyman. 2891:The Journal of Modern History 2866:Feldbrugge, F. J. M. (1993). 2753:ЗАКОН О СОВЕТЕ МИНИСТРОВ СССР 2073:Gorlizki & Khlevniuk 2005 1695: 1676: 1589: 1480:), and had to consist of the 1458:President of the Soviet Union 1364:All-Union Ministry of Culture 1316:of the United States and the 1305:President of the Soviet Union 1264:All-Union Ministry of Justice 1155:, reported to the politburo. 1018:All-Union Congress of Soviets 1016:saw the establishment of the 917:President of the Soviet Union 897:Congress of People's Deputies 652:Political abuse of psychiatry 231:Congress of People's Deputies 3387:Construction of Power Plants 3332:Cellulose and Paper Industry 2944:. Rowman & Littlefield. 2794:. M.E. Sharpe. p. 112. 1690:Committee for State Security 1662: 1530:General policies concerning 938: 833:state committees/commissions 30:Politics of the Soviet Union 7: 4805:Academy of Medical Sciences 3317:Building Materials Industry 2925:. Oxford University Press. 2872:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 1774:Premier of the Soviet Union 1737: 1642:Kosygin's Second Government 1601:Premier of the Soviet Union 1594: 1574:, the private secretary of 1460:. On the following day the 1374:Government breakdown (1991) 1268:1979 Soviet economic reform 1191:Post-Stalin Era (1953–1985) 1022:Central Executive Committee 913:French styles of government 763:premier of the Soviet Union 191:Central Executive Committee 10: 5559: 3477:Foreign Economic Relations 3011:The Soviet Economic System 2921:; Khlevniuk, Oleg (2005). 2825: 2481:"Silaev, Ivan Stepanovich" 1699: 1680: 1651: 1616: 1598: 1558:Party-government relations 1377: 1292: 1234: 1153:Ministry of State Security 1099:Stalin's Second Government 1089:High Stalinism (1941–1953) 962: 18: 5504: 5456: 5418: 5155: 5083: 5027: 5001: 4921: 4844: 4835: 4780: 4687: 4650: 4590: 4493: 4455: 4375: 4237: 4228: 4178: 4126: 4117: 3969: 3915:Timber and Paper Industry 3796: 3760: 3672:Power and Electrification 3447:Electrotechnical Industry 3271: 3223: 3159: 3145: 3130: 3120: 2843:Churchward, L.G. (1975). 2750: 1523:General policies for the 893:19th All-Union Conference 876:first Soviet constitution 547:Material balance planning 248:1989 Legislative election 3843:Labour and Social Issues 3522:Housing and Architecture 3502:General Machine-Building 3452:Environmental Protection 2157:Hough & Fainsod 1979 1779: 1648:Administrator of Affairs 1549:Each union republic and 1532:Soviet foreign relations 1520:Ensuring state security. 1334:Administrator of Affairs 1318:semi-presidential system 1224:State Planning Committee 905:semi-presidential system 759:All-Union Supreme Soviet 362:Administrator of Affairs 5096:Soviet Union portal 3677:Pulp and Paper Industry 3627:Medium Machine-Building 3612:Meat and Dairy Industry 3542:Industrial Construction 3147:Representative for the 2790:Huskey, Eugene (1992). 2402:Temple University Press 2394:Garcelon, Marc (2005). 2252:Encyclopædia Britannica 1478:Soviet of Nationalities 1462:Soviet of the Republics 1392:, was initiated by the 1136:State Defense Committee 1121:neopatrimonial features 1005:first Soviet government 923:, which Prime Minister 789:from 1946 to 1991, the 785:from 1922 to 1946, the 777:" per Article 6 of the 704:Soviet Union portal 216:Soviet of Nationalities 5198:Bosnia and Herzegovina 4988:Stalinist architecture 4742:Science and technology 4652:Ideological repression 4580:Soviet Airborne Forces 4518:Destruction battalions 3920:Transport Construction 3878:Science and Technology 3747:Transport Construction 3652:Nuclear Power Industry 3647:Non-Ferrous Metallurgy 3527:Heavy Machine Building 3432:Electrical Engineering 2440:Jeffries, Ian (1993). 1408:(Russian SFSR) led by 1388:, better known as the 1341:All-Union state budget 1290: 1203: 1102: 977: 929:a transitory committee 647:Ideological repression 537:Science and technology 5149:Government of Europe 4770:List of metro systems 4323:Collective leadership 3712:Technical Cultivation 3492:Fruits and Vegetables 1586:'s tenure as leader. 1288: 1198: 1096: 975: 821:first deputy premiers 80:Collective leadership 4732:Net material product 4675:Censorship of images 4592:Political repression 4552:Soviet Border Troops 4485:First Deputy Premier 4069:1965 economic reform 4064:Soviet space program 3910:Television and Radio 3662:Oil and Gas Industry 3442:Electronics Industry 3292:Agriculture and Food 3243:Presidential Council 3135:Government of Russia 3056:Taylor & Francis 3028:Rees, E. A. (2003). 2849:Taylor & Francis 2444:. London; New York: 1636:was responsible for 1356:Presidential Council 1059:Presidium of the CEC 949:Council of Ministers 829:government ministers 791:Cabinet of Ministers 787:Council of Ministers 657:Political repression 622:Censorship of images 352:First Deputy Premier 90:Presidential Council 5419:States with limited 4800:Academy of Sciences 4615:Population transfer 4559:Soviet Armed Forces 4422:Congress of Soviets 4403:Presidium/Politburo 4367:Soviet anti-Zionism 4216:West Siberian Plain 4094:Revolutions of 1989 4031:Great Patriotic War 4016:New Economic Policy 3761:Regional ministries 3073:Watson, D. (2016). 2987:Kibita, N. (2013). 2968:Huskey, E. (1992). 2940:Harris, J. (2008). 2762:. 5 July 1978 2178:, pp. 158–159. 2159:, pp. 253–255. 1953:, pp. 699–700. 1551:autonomous republic 1525:Soviet armed forces 1482:government chairman 1474:Soviet of the Union 1419:Ministry of Finance 1390:August coup attempt 1314:presidential system 1301:cult of personality 1231:Brezhnev government 1169:Nikolai Voznesensky 1132:Great Patriotic War 1097:The composition of 817:Certain governments 672:Suppressed research 662:Population transfer 532:New Economic Policy 211:Soviet of the Union 181:Congress of Soviets 4445:Military Collegium 4313:Capital punishment 4191:Caucasus Mountains 4104:Post-Soviet states 3984:Russian Revolution 3873:State of Emergency 3828:Defense Technology 3808:Building Materials 3752:Urban Construction 3462:Ferrous Metallurgy 3248:Federation Council 3178:1991–present 3170:Russian Federation 3139:1991–present 3122:Government ruling 1607:head of government 1291: 1204: 1103: 978: 884:a new constitution 872:Transcaucasian SSR 779:state constitution 406:Procurator General 394:Military Collegium 5520: 5519: 5115: 5114: 5079: 5078: 5071:Hammer and sickle 5013:and their groups 5011:Soviet dissidents 4790:Communist Academy 4707:Economic planning 4683: 4682: 4576:Soviet Air Forces 4495:Security services 4415:General Secretary 4398:Central Committee 4340:Political parties 4272:Brezhnev Doctrine 4267:Foreign relations 4224: 4223: 4165:Autonomous okrugs 4079:Soviet–Afghan War 4059:Sino-Soviet split 4001:Russian Civil War 3928: 3927: 3487:Forestry Industry 3322:Chemical Industry 3312:Aviation Industry 3184: 3183: 3168:Government of the 3084:978-1-34924-848-3 3065:978-0-09-131721-8 2998:978-0-415-60568-7 2951:978-1-49852-839-9 2858:978-0-7100-8202-2 2801:978-1-56324-060-7 2654:1977 constitution 2633:1977 constitution 2612:1977 constitution 2591:1977 constitution 2570:1977 constitution 2549:1977 constitution 2528:1977 constitution 2507:1977 constitution 2147:, pp. 86–89. 1584:Mikhail Gorbachev 1431:Grigory Yavlinsky 1400:. Prime Minister 1275:1977 constitution 1237:Era of Stagnation 1208:Nikita Khrushchev 1101:as shown in 1946. 1074:1936 constitution 1046:1924 constitution 901:Mikhail Gorbachev 802:Central Committee 747: 746: 689: 688: 542:Era of Stagnation 484: 483: 369: 368: 257: 256: 163: 162: 134:General Secretary 119:Central Committee 5550: 5457:Dependencies and 5156:Sovereign states 5142: 5135: 5128: 5119: 5118: 5105: 5104: 5094: 5093: 5092: 4842: 4841: 4750: 4605:Collectivization 4350:Marxism–Leninism 4235: 4234: 4124: 4123: 3955: 3948: 3941: 3932: 3931: 3853:People's Control 3798:State Committees 3717:Textile Industry 3617:Medical Industry 3582:Machine Building 3557:Internal Affairs 3537:Higher Education 3472:Fishing Industry 3417:Defense Industry 3258:Security Council 3210: 3203: 3196: 3187: 3186: 3179: 3157:1945–1991 3140: 3128:1922–1991 3109: 3108: 3088: 3069: 3043: 3024: 3002: 2983: 2964: 2955: 2936: 2914: 2885: 2862: 2816: 2812: 2806: 2805: 2787: 2781: 2775: 2769: 2757: 2756: 2747: 2734: 2728: 2713: 2707: 2696: 2690: 2677: 2671: 2665: 2650: 2644: 2629: 2623: 2608: 2602: 2587: 2581: 2566: 2560: 2545: 2539: 2524: 2518: 2503: 2497: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2477: 2471: 2466: 2460: 2459: 2437: 2431: 2426: 2420: 2419: 2400:. Philadelphia: 2391: 2385: 2379: 2368: 2362: 2345: 2339: 2326: 2320: 2309: 2303: 2280: 2274: 2263: 2262: 2260: 2258: 2244: 2238: 2232: 2223: 2217: 2206: 2200: 2179: 2173: 2160: 2154: 2148: 2142: 2136: 2130: 2121: 2115: 2088: 2082: 2076: 2070: 2064: 2058: 2045: 2039: 2030: 2024: 2015: 2009: 2000: 1994: 1981: 1975: 1966: 1960: 1954: 1948: 1942: 1936: 1927: 1921: 1915: 1909: 1896: 1890: 1875: 1869: 1854: 1848: 1839: 1833: 1827: 1821: 1810: 1804: 1798: 1792: 1634:Dmitry Polyansky 1568:Grigory Zinoviev 1564:Valerian Osinsky 1429:, that included 1398:New Union Treaty 1247:First Government 1181:Lazar Kaganovich 1177:Nikolai Bulganin 1112:Leonard Schapiro 997: 988: 958: 868:Byelorussian SSR 841:first government 739: 732: 725: 702: 701: 700: 637:Collectivization 497: 496: 461:De-Stalinization 435:Marxism–Leninism 430:Soviet democracy 424: 423: 327:State Committees 270: 269: 176: 175: 108: 107: 40: 26: 25: 5558: 5557: 5553: 5552: 5551: 5549: 5548: 5547: 5523: 5522: 5521: 5516: 5500: 5458: 5452: 5438:Northern Cyprus 5420: 5414: 5330:North Macedonia 5151: 5146: 5116: 5111: 5090: 5088: 5075: 5023: 4997: 4917: 4831: 4776: 4748: 4722:Internet domain 4717:Five-year plans 4679: 4646: 4586: 4489: 4451: 4383:Communist Party 4371: 4330:Passport system 4220: 4196:European Russia 4174: 4113: 4054:Khrushchev Thaw 4033:(World War II) 4011:Creation treaty 3965: 3959: 3929: 3924: 3801:and commissions 3800: 3792: 3756: 3722:Timber Industry 3692:Rubber Industry 3632:Merchant Marine 3457:Foreign Affairs 3275: 3267: 3219: 3214: 3177: 3176: 3169: 3161: 3156: 3138: 3137: 3132: 3127: 3113: 3096: 3091: 3085: 3066: 3040: 3021: 2999: 2980: 2972:. M.E. Sharpe. 2952: 2933: 2882: 2859: 2838: 2826:Main articles: 2824: 2819: 2813: 2809: 2802: 2788: 2784: 2776: 2772: 2748: 2737: 2729: 2716: 2708: 2699: 2691: 2680: 2672: 2668: 2651: 2647: 2630: 2626: 2609: 2605: 2588: 2584: 2567: 2563: 2546: 2542: 2525: 2521: 2504: 2500: 2490: 2488: 2479: 2478: 2474: 2467: 2463: 2456: 2448:. p. 100. 2438: 2434: 2427: 2423: 2416: 2392: 2388: 2380: 2371: 2363: 2348: 2340: 2329: 2321: 2312: 2304: 2283: 2275: 2266: 2256: 2254: 2246: 2245: 2241: 2233: 2226: 2218: 2209: 2201: 2182: 2176:Feldbrugge 1993 2174: 2163: 2155: 2151: 2143: 2139: 2131: 2124: 2116: 2091: 2087:, pp. 1–2. 2083: 2079: 2071: 2067: 2059: 2048: 2040: 2033: 2025: 2018: 2010: 2003: 1995: 1984: 1976: 1969: 1961: 1957: 1949: 1945: 1937: 1930: 1922: 1918: 1910: 1899: 1891: 1878: 1870: 1857: 1849: 1842: 1834: 1830: 1822: 1813: 1809:, pp. 1–2. 1805: 1801: 1793: 1786: 1782: 1740: 1716: 1704: 1698: 1685: 1679: 1674: 1665: 1656: 1650: 1625: 1617:Main articles: 1615: 1613:Deputy Chairmen 1603: 1597: 1592: 1580:party Politburo 1560: 1512:five-year plans 1470: 1447:Soviet Union's 1402:Valentin Pavlov 1382: 1376: 1297: 1283: 1239: 1233: 1193: 1173:Georgy Malenkov 1165:Lavrentiy Beria 1091: 1051:Mikhail Kalinin 1034:deputy chairmen 1010: 1009: 1008: 1007: 1000: 999: 998: 990: 989: 970: 965: 956: 941: 925:Valentin Pavlov 849:Valentin Pavlov 825:deputy premiers 767:deputy chairmen 743: 714: 710:Other countries 698: 696: 691: 690: 602: 494: 486: 485: 457: 421: 411: 410: 379: 371: 370: 305: 267: 259: 258: 173: 165: 164: 159: 105: 103:Communist Party 95: 94: 53: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5556: 5546: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5518: 5517: 5515: 5514: 5512:European Union 5508: 5506: 5505:Other entities 5502: 5501: 5499: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5462: 5460: 5459:other entities 5454: 5453: 5451: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5424: 5422: 5416: 5415: 5413: 5412: 5407: 5405:United Kingdom 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5218:Czech Republic 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5159: 5157: 5153: 5152: 5145: 5144: 5137: 5130: 5122: 5113: 5112: 5110: 5109: 5099: 5084: 5081: 5080: 5077: 5076: 5074: 5073: 5068: 5067: 5066: 5056: 5055: 5054: 5044: 5043: 5042: 5031: 5029: 5025: 5024: 5022: 5021: 5020: 5019: 5007: 5005: 4999: 4998: 4996: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4959: 4958: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4927: 4925: 4919: 4918: 4916: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4904: 4903: 4898: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4877: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4856: 4851: 4845: 4839: 4833: 4832: 4830: 4829: 4828: 4827: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4786: 4784: 4778: 4777: 4775: 4774: 4773: 4772: 4767: 4765:Rail transport 4762: 4760:Railway system 4752: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4693: 4691: 4685: 4684: 4681: 4680: 4678: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4656: 4654: 4648: 4647: 4645: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4633: 4632: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4596: 4594: 4588: 4587: 4585: 4584: 4583: 4582: 4556: 4555: 4554: 4549: 4539: 4534: 4533: 4532: 4522: 4521: 4520: 4510: 4505: 4499: 4497: 4491: 4490: 4488: 4487: 4482: 4480:Deputy Premier 4477: 4472: 4471: 4470: 4463:Heads of state 4459: 4457: 4453: 4452: 4450: 4449: 4448: 4447: 4437: 4431: 4428:Supreme Soviet 4425: 4419: 4418: 4417: 4412: 4411: 4410: 4405: 4395: 4390: 4379: 4377: 4373: 4372: 4370: 4369: 4364: 4363: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4345:State ideology 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4326: 4325: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4304: 4303: 4293: 4292: 4291: 4281: 4276: 4275: 4274: 4264: 4259: 4258: 4257: 4252: 4241: 4239: 4232: 4226: 4225: 4222: 4221: 4219: 4218: 4213: 4211:Ural Mountains 4208: 4203: 4201:North Caucasus 4198: 4193: 4188: 4182: 4180: 4176: 4175: 4173: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4161: 4160: 4150: 4145: 4144: 4143: 4132: 4130: 4121: 4115: 4114: 4112: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4045: 4044: 4039: 4028: 4023: 4018: 4013: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3997: 3996: 3991: 3981: 3975: 3973: 3967: 3966: 3958: 3957: 3950: 3943: 3935: 3926: 3925: 3923: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3901: 3900: 3893:State Security 3890: 3888:State Planning 3885: 3880: 3875: 3870: 3865: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3820: 3815: 3813:Cinematography 3810: 3804: 3802: 3794: 3793: 3791: 3790: 3785: 3780: 3775: 3770: 3764: 3762: 3758: 3757: 3755: 3754: 3749: 3744: 3739: 3737:Internal Trade 3734: 3729: 3724: 3719: 3714: 3709: 3707:State Security 3704: 3699: 3694: 3689: 3684: 3682:Radio Industry 3679: 3674: 3669: 3664: 3659: 3654: 3649: 3644: 3639: 3634: 3629: 3624: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3604: 3599: 3594: 3589: 3584: 3579: 3574: 3572:Light Industry 3569: 3564: 3562:Iron and Steel 3559: 3554: 3549: 3544: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3524: 3519: 3514: 3512:Grain Products 3509: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3489: 3484: 3479: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3444: 3439: 3434: 3429: 3424: 3419: 3414: 3409: 3404: 3399: 3394: 3389: 3384: 3379: 3374: 3369: 3364: 3359: 3354: 3352:Communications 3349: 3344: 3339: 3337:Civil Aviation 3334: 3329: 3324: 3319: 3314: 3309: 3304: 3299: 3294: 3289: 3283: 3281: 3269: 3268: 3266: 3265: 3260: 3255: 3250: 3245: 3240: 3239: 3238: 3227: 3225: 3221: 3220: 3213: 3212: 3205: 3198: 3190: 3182: 3181: 3174:United Nations 3164:Representative 3158: 3153:United Nations 3143: 3142: 3129: 3119: 3107: 3106: 3095: 3094:External links 3092: 3090: 3089: 3083: 3070: 3064: 3044: 3038: 3025: 3019: 3003: 2997: 2984: 2978: 2965: 2956: 2950: 2937: 2931: 2915: 2903:10.1086/376210 2886: 2880: 2863: 2857: 2839: 2823: 2820: 2818: 2817: 2807: 2800: 2782: 2780:, p. 127. 2770: 2735: 2714: 2697: 2678: 2666: 2645: 2624: 2603: 2582: 2561: 2540: 2519: 2498: 2472: 2461: 2454: 2432: 2421: 2414: 2386: 2384:, p. 121. 2369: 2367:, p. 120. 2346: 2344:, p. 119. 2327: 2325:, p. 112. 2310: 2308:, p. 111. 2281: 2279:, p. 110. 2264: 2239: 2237:, p. 109. 2224: 2222:, p. 108. 2207: 2205:, p. 107. 2180: 2161: 2149: 2137: 2122: 2089: 2077: 2075:, p. 104. 2065: 2063:, p. 713. 2046: 2044:, p. 712. 2031: 2029:, p. 709. 2016: 2014:, p. 707. 2001: 1999:, p. 705. 1982: 1980:, p. 215. 1967: 1965:, p. 706. 1955: 1943: 1941:, p. 704. 1928: 1926:, p. 736. 1916: 1914:, p. 699. 1897: 1876: 1855: 1840: 1828: 1826:, p. 703. 1811: 1799: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1777: 1776: 1771: 1766: 1761: 1756: 1751: 1746: 1739: 1736: 1735: 1734: 1731: 1728: 1725: 1719:The newspaper 1715: 1712: 1700:Main article: 1697: 1694: 1681:Main article: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1664: 1661: 1652:Main article: 1649: 1646: 1630:Kirill Mazurov 1614: 1611: 1599:Main article: 1596: 1593: 1591: 1588: 1572:Boris Bazhanov 1559: 1556: 1543: 1542: 1539: 1528: 1521: 1518: 1515: 1508: 1486:first deputies 1469: 1466: 1443:Soviet economy 1378:Main article: 1375: 1372: 1326:first deputies 1293:Main article: 1282: 1279: 1243:Alexei Kosygin 1235:Main article: 1232: 1229: 1212:CPSU Presidium 1200:Alexei Kosygin 1192: 1189: 1185:Maksim Saburov 1130:(known as the 1090: 1087: 1079:Supreme Soviet 1030:Vladimir Lenin 1002: 1001: 992: 991: 983: 982: 981: 980: 979: 969: 966: 964: 961: 940: 937: 933:Supreme Soviet 854:Following the 845:Vladimir Lenin 765:, and several 745: 744: 742: 741: 734: 727: 719: 716: 715: 713: 712: 706: 693: 692: 687: 686: 685: 684: 679: 674: 669: 664: 659: 654: 649: 644: 639: 634: 629: 624: 619: 611: 610: 604: 603: 601: 600: 595: 590: 585: 580: 574: 571: 570: 562: 561: 560: 559: 554: 549: 544: 539: 534: 529: 527:Kosygin reform 524: 522:Five-Year Plan 519: 517:Consumer goods 514: 506: 505: 495: 492: 491: 488: 487: 482: 481: 480: 479: 478: 477: 463: 458: 456: 455: 450: 445: 439: 437: 432: 422: 417: 416: 413: 412: 409: 408: 403: 401:People's Court 398: 397: 396: 386: 380: 377: 376: 373: 372: 367: 366: 365: 364: 359: 357:Deputy Premier 354: 346: 345: 337: 336: 335: 334: 329: 324: 316: 315: 307: 306: 304: 303: 298: 293: 288: 286:Official names 282: 279: 278: 268: 265: 264: 261: 260: 255: 254: 253: 252: 251: 250: 245: 235: 234: 226: 225: 224: 223: 218: 213: 205: 204: 201:Supreme Soviet 196: 195: 194: 193: 185: 184: 174: 171: 170: 167: 166: 161: 160: 158: 157: 152: 147: 141: 138: 137: 129: 128: 127: 126: 121: 116: 106: 101: 100: 97: 96: 93: 92: 87: 82: 77: 76: 75: 73:Vice President 70: 60: 54: 51: 50: 47: 46: 42: 41: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5555: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5530: 5528: 5513: 5510: 5509: 5507: 5503: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5471:Faroe Islands 5469: 5467: 5464: 5463: 5461: 5455: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5443:South Ossetia 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5425: 5423: 5417: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5290:Liechtenstein 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5160: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5143: 5138: 5136: 5131: 5129: 5124: 5123: 5120: 5108: 5100: 5098: 5097: 5086: 5085: 5082: 5072: 5069: 5065: 5062: 5061: 5060: 5057: 5053: 5050: 5049: 5048: 5045: 5041: 5038: 5037: 5036: 5033: 5032: 5030: 5026: 5018: 5015: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5008: 5006: 5004: 5000: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4968:Printed media 4966: 4964: 4961: 4957: 4954: 4953: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4928: 4926: 4924: 4920: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4902: 4901:Cyrillisation 4899: 4897: 4894: 4893: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4869:Working class 4867: 4865: 4864:Soviet people 4862: 4861: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4846: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4834: 4826: 4823: 4822: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4787: 4785: 4783: 4779: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4757: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4712:Energy policy 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4694: 4692: 4690: 4686: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4649: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4631: 4628: 4627: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4597: 4595: 4593: 4589: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4562: 4561: 4560: 4557: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4544: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4531: 4528: 4527: 4526: 4523: 4519: 4516: 4515: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4500: 4498: 4496: 4492: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4469: 4466: 4465: 4464: 4461: 4460: 4458: 4454: 4446: 4443: 4442: 4441: 4440:Supreme Court 4438: 4435: 4432: 4429: 4426: 4423: 4420: 4416: 4413: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4400: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4385: 4384: 4381: 4380: 4378: 4374: 4368: 4365: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4347: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4324: 4321: 4320: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4302: 4299: 4298: 4297: 4294: 4290: 4287: 4286: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4273: 4270: 4269: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4247: 4246: 4243: 4242: 4240: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4227: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4183: 4181: 4177: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4159: 4156: 4155: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4142: 4139: 4138: 4137: 4134: 4133: 4131: 4129: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4116: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4043: 4042:The Holocaust 4040: 4038: 4035: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4009: 4007: 4004: 4002: 3999: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3986: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3968: 3963: 3956: 3951: 3949: 3944: 3942: 3937: 3936: 3933: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3899: 3896: 3895: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3838:Fuel Industry 3836: 3834: 3833:Flight Safety 3831: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3805: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3779: 3776: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3765: 3763: 3759: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3735: 3733: 3730: 3728: 3725: 3723: 3720: 3718: 3715: 3713: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3703: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3688: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3673: 3670: 3668: 3665: 3663: 3660: 3658: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3648: 3645: 3643: 3640: 3638: 3635: 3633: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3620: 3618: 3615: 3613: 3610: 3608: 3605: 3603: 3600: 3598: 3595: 3593: 3590: 3588: 3585: 3583: 3580: 3578: 3575: 3573: 3570: 3568: 3565: 3563: 3560: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3550: 3548: 3545: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3528: 3525: 3523: 3520: 3518: 3515: 3513: 3510: 3508: 3505: 3503: 3500: 3498: 3495: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3453: 3450: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3438: 3435: 3433: 3430: 3428: 3425: 3423: 3420: 3418: 3415: 3413: 3410: 3408: 3405: 3403: 3400: 3398: 3395: 3393: 3390: 3388: 3385: 3383: 3380: 3378: 3375: 3373: 3370: 3368: 3365: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3343: 3342:Coal Industry 3340: 3338: 3335: 3333: 3330: 3328: 3325: 3323: 3320: 3318: 3315: 3313: 3310: 3308: 3305: 3303: 3300: 3298: 3295: 3293: 3290: 3288: 3285: 3284: 3282: 3279: 3274: 3270: 3264: 3261: 3259: 3256: 3254: 3253:State Council 3251: 3249: 3246: 3244: 3241: 3237: 3234: 3233: 3232: 3229: 3228: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3211: 3206: 3204: 3199: 3197: 3192: 3191: 3188: 3180: 3175: 3171: 3165: 3155: 3154: 3150: 3144: 3141: 3136: 3126: 3125: 3124:Russia proper 3118: 3117: 3110: 3105: 3101: 3098: 3097: 3086: 3080: 3076: 3071: 3067: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3039:0-23052-428-1 3035: 3031: 3026: 3022: 3020:0-04335-042-9 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2994: 2991:. Routledge. 2990: 2985: 2981: 2979:1-56324-059-9 2975: 2971: 2966: 2962: 2957: 2953: 2947: 2943: 2938: 2934: 2932:0-19530-420-9 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2887: 2883: 2881:0-79232-359-9 2877: 2873: 2869: 2864: 2860: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2841: 2840: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2811: 2803: 2797: 2793: 2786: 2779: 2778:Schapiro 1977 2774: 2767: 2766: 2761: 2754: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2733:, p. 34. 2732: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2712:, p. 33. 2711: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2694: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2675: 2670: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2649: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2628: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2607: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2586: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2565: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2544: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2523: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2502: 2487:on 7 May 2011 2486: 2482: 2476: 2470: 2465: 2457: 2455:0-415-07580-7 2451: 2447: 2443: 2436: 2430: 2425: 2417: 2415:1-59213-362-2 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2398: 2390: 2383: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2366: 2361: 2359: 2357: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2343: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2324: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2307: 2302: 2300: 2298: 2296: 2294: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2286: 2278: 2273: 2271: 2269: 2253: 2249: 2243: 2236: 2231: 2229: 2221: 2216: 2214: 2212: 2204: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2193: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2177: 2172: 2170: 2168: 2166: 2158: 2153: 2146: 2141: 2134: 2129: 2127: 2119: 2114: 2112: 2110: 2108: 2106: 2104: 2102: 2100: 2098: 2096: 2094: 2086: 2081: 2074: 2069: 2062: 2061:Gorlizki 2002 2057: 2055: 2053: 2051: 2043: 2042:Gorlizki 2002 2038: 2036: 2028: 2027:Gorlizki 2002 2023: 2021: 2013: 2012:Gorlizki 2002 2008: 2006: 1998: 1997:Gorlizki 2002 1993: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1979: 1974: 1972: 1964: 1963:Gorlizki 2002 1959: 1952: 1951:Gorlizki 2002 1947: 1940: 1939:Gorlizki 2002 1935: 1933: 1925: 1924:Gorlizki 2002 1920: 1913: 1912:Gorlizki 2002 1908: 1906: 1904: 1902: 1895:, p. 14. 1894: 1889: 1887: 1885: 1883: 1881: 1873: 1868: 1866: 1864: 1862: 1860: 1852: 1847: 1845: 1837: 1832: 1825: 1824:Gorlizki 2002 1820: 1818: 1816: 1808: 1803: 1796: 1791: 1789: 1784: 1775: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1760: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1745: 1742: 1741: 1732: 1729: 1726: 1724: 1723: 1718: 1717: 1711: 1708: 1703: 1693: 1691: 1684: 1669: 1660: 1655: 1645: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1624: 1620: 1610: 1608: 1602: 1587: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1576:Joseph Stalin 1573: 1569: 1565: 1555: 1552: 1547: 1540: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1526: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1513: 1509: 1506: 1505: 1504: 1502: 1497: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1465: 1463: 1459: 1454: 1452: 1450: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1435:Arkady Volsky 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1415: 1414:State Council 1411: 1410:Boris Yeltsin 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1381: 1371: 1369: 1365: 1359: 1357: 1352: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1337: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1321: 1319: 1315: 1309: 1306: 1302: 1296: 1287: 1278: 1276: 1271: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1238: 1228: 1225: 1221: 1216: 1213: 1209: 1201: 1197: 1188: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1160: 1156: 1154: 1148: 1146: 1141: 1140:Joseph Stalin 1137: 1133: 1129: 1124: 1122: 1118: 1113: 1109: 1100: 1095: 1086: 1084: 1080: 1075: 1070: 1068: 1062: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1047: 1041: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1006: 996: 987: 974: 960: 954: 953:Joseph Stalin 950: 946: 936: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 864:Ukrainian SSR 861: 858:of 1922, the 857: 852: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 811: 810:newly elected 807: 803: 798: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 740: 735: 733: 728: 726: 721: 720: 718: 717: 711: 708: 707: 705: 695: 694: 683: 682:Soviet Empire 680: 678: 675: 673: 670: 668: 665: 663: 660: 658: 655: 653: 650: 648: 645: 643: 640: 638: 635: 633: 630: 628: 625: 623: 620: 618: 615: 614: 613: 612: 609: 606: 605: 599: 596: 594: 591: 589: 586: 584: 581: 579: 576: 575: 573: 572: 569: 568: 564: 563: 558: 557:War communism 555: 553: 550: 548: 545: 543: 540: 538: 535: 533: 530: 528: 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 513: 510: 509: 508: 507: 504: 503: 499: 498: 490: 489: 476: 475: 471: 470: 469: 468: 464: 462: 459: 454: 453:Khrushchevism 451: 449: 446: 444: 441: 440: 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 427: 426: 425: 420: 415: 414: 407: 404: 402: 399: 395: 392: 391: 390: 389:Supreme Court 387: 385: 382: 381: 375: 374: 363: 360: 358: 355: 353: 350: 349: 348: 347: 344: 343: 339: 338: 333: 330: 328: 325: 323: 320: 319: 318: 317: 314: 313: 309: 308: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 289: 287: 284: 283: 281: 280: 277: 276: 272: 271: 263: 262: 249: 246: 244: 241: 240: 239: 238: 237: 236: 233: 232: 228: 227: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 209: 208: 207: 206: 203: 202: 198: 197: 192: 189: 188: 187: 186: 183: 182: 178: 177: 169: 168: 156: 153: 151: 148: 146: 143: 142: 140: 139: 136: 135: 131: 130: 125: 122: 120: 117: 115: 112: 111: 110: 109: 104: 99: 98: 91: 88: 86: 85:State Council 83: 81: 78: 74: 71: 69: 66: 65: 64: 61: 59: 56: 55: 49: 48: 44: 43: 39: 35: 34: 31: 28: 27: 22: 5448:Transnistria 5410:Vatican City 5087: 4859:Demographics 4849:Antisemitism 4702:Central Bank 4620:Forced labor 4568:Spetsnaz GRU 4388:organisation 4296:Human rights 4283: 4245:Constitution 4128:Subdivisions 4006:Russian SFSR 3962:Soviet Union 3818:Construction 3697:Shipbuilding 3657:Oil Industry 3497:Gas Industry 3362:Construction 3216: 3162: 3149:Soviet Union 3146: 3133: 3121: 3114: 3077:. Springer. 3074: 3051: 3048:Schapiro, L. 3032:. Springer. 3029: 3010: 2988: 2969: 2960: 2941: 2922: 2919:Gorlizki, Y. 2894: 2890: 2867: 2844: 2822:Bibliography 2810: 2791: 2785: 2773: 2763: 2695:, p. 4. 2676:, p. 3. 2669: 2661: 2648: 2640: 2627: 2619: 2606: 2598: 2585: 2577: 2564: 2556: 2543: 2535: 2522: 2514: 2501: 2489:. Retrieved 2485:the original 2475: 2464: 2441: 2435: 2424: 2396: 2389: 2255:. Retrieved 2251: 2242: 2152: 2140: 2135:, p. 4. 2120:, p. 3. 2080: 2068: 1958: 1946: 1919: 1874:, p. 7. 1853:, p. 6. 1838:, p. 2. 1831: 1802: 1797:, p. 1. 1720: 1714:Publications 1709: 1705: 1686: 1672:Organization 1666: 1657: 1626: 1604: 1561: 1548: 1544: 1498: 1471: 1455: 1448: 1439:Yuri Luzhkov 1427:Ivan Silayev 1389: 1383: 1360: 1353: 1338: 1322: 1310: 1298: 1272: 1240: 1217: 1205: 1161: 1157: 1149: 1128:World War II 1125: 1104: 1071: 1063: 1042: 1011: 942: 860:Russian SFSR 853: 831:or heads of 799: 773:(CPSU), as " 750: 748: 642:Human rights 632:Gulag system 607: 578:Demographics 565: 500: 472: 465: 340: 311: 310: 275:Constitution 273: 229: 199: 179: 132: 5486:Isle of Man 5421:recognition 5390:Switzerland 5325:Netherlands 4963:Phraseology 4908:Prohibition 4896:Linguistics 4881:Drug policy 4874:1989 census 4795:Cybernetics 4697:Agriculture 4610:Great Purge 4572:Soviet Navy 4564:Soviet Army 4436:(1989–1991) 4430:(1938–1991) 4424:(1922–1936) 4408:Secretariat 4279:Gun control 4186:Caspian Sea 4170:Closed city 4099:Dissolution 4084:Perestroika 4026:Great Purge 3702:State Farms 2731:Huskey 1992 2710:Huskey 1992 2693:Watson 2016 2674:Watson 2016 2662:Article 136 2641:Article 135 2620:Article 134 2599:Article 133 2578:Article 131 2557:Article 130 2536:Article 129 2515:Article 128 2382:Huskey 1992 2365:Huskey 1992 2342:Huskey 1992 2323:Huskey 1992 2306:Huskey 1992 2277:Huskey 1992 2235:Huskey 1992 2220:Huskey 1992 2203:Huskey 1992 2133:Kibita 2013 2118:Kibita 2013 2085:Kibita 2013 1893:Watson 2016 1872:Watson 2016 1851:Watson 2016 1836:Watson 2016 1807:Watson 2016 1795:Watson 2016 1638:agriculture 1349:resolutions 1295:Perestroika 843:was led by 627:Great Purge 593:Phraseology 512:Agriculture 467:Perestroika 342:Premiership 172:Legislature 150:Secretariat 5527:Categories 5360:San Marino 5320:Montenegro 5300:Luxembourg 5280:Kazakhstan 5183:Azerbaijan 5003:Opposition 4993:Television 4973:Propaganda 4946:Literature 4820:Naukograds 4815:Sharashkas 4749:(currency) 4727:Inventions 4670:Censorship 4600:Red Terror 4284:Government 4158:Autonomous 4141:Autonomous 4074:Stagnation 4037:Evacuation 3905:Statistics 3868:Metallurgy 3863:Publishing 3642:Metallurgy 3273:Ministries 2404:. p. 1696:Ministries 1677:Committees 1590:Leadership 1423:State Bank 1417:All-Union 1145:ministries 677:Red Terror 667:Propaganda 617:Censorship 608:Repression 322:Ministries 312:Government 266:Governance 52:Leadership 5476:Gibraltar 5295:Lithuania 5064:Republics 5052:Republics 5040:Republics 4891:Languages 4755:Transport 4637:Holodomor 4530:Militsiya 4468:President 4360:Stalinism 4262:Elections 4136:Republics 4119:Geography 4109:Nostalgia 4021:Stalinism 3848:Logistics 3427:Education 3224:All-Union 3112:Previous: 3104:1964–1991 2911:144039204 2446:Routledge 2257:6 October 2145:Nove 1987 1978:Rees 2003 1663:Presidium 1501:Presidium 1494:ministers 1249:when the 1108:despotism 1083:Presidium 1069:in 1991. 943:The name 939:Etymology 583:Education 552:Transport 448:Stalinism 378:Judiciary 221:Presidium 145:Politburo 63:President 5496:Svalbard 5481:Guernsey 5428:Abkhazia 5375:Slovenia 5370:Slovakia 5345:Portugal 5203:Bulgaria 5107:Category 4660:Religion 4547:Chairmen 4393:Congress 4355:Leninism 4335:Propiska 4230:Politics 4089:Glasnost 4049:Cold War 3989:February 3898:Chairmen 3687:Railways 3482:Forestry 3347:Commerce 3302:Armament 3263:Premiers 3166:for the 3050:(1977). 3009:(1987). 3007:Nove, A. 1738:See also 1722:Izvestia 1595:Chairman 1490:deputies 1476:and the 1449:de facto 1330:deputies 1258:and the 1081:and its 1020:and its 909:American 870:and the 598:Religion 474:Glasnost 443:Leninism 419:Ideology 332:Cabinets 114:Congress 5400:Ukraine 5350:Romania 5310:Moldova 5268:Ireland 5263:Iceland 5258:Hungary 5248:Germany 5243:Georgia 5233:Finland 5228:Estonia 5223:Denmark 5208:Croatia 5193:Belgium 5188:Belarus 5178:Austria 5173:Armenia 5168:Andorra 5163:Albania 5028:Symbols 4941:Fashion 4923:Culture 4837:Society 4782:Science 4747:Rouble 4689:Economy 4665:Science 4475:Premier 4456:Offices 4318:Leaders 4238:General 4206:Siberia 4179:Regions 4153:Oblasts 3994:October 3971:History 3823:Defense 3567:Justice 3507:Geology 3467:Finance 3422:Economy 3412:Defense 3407:Culture 3172:in the 3151:in the 2656:of the 2635:of the 2614:of the 2593:of the 2572:of the 2551:of the 2530:of the 2509:of the 2491:4 April 1692:(KGB). 1451:Premier 1345:decrees 1332:and an 963:History 804:of the 567:Culture 502:Economy 493:Society 243:Speaker 155:Orgburo 124:History 58:Leaders 5491:Jersey 5433:Kosovo 5395:Turkey 5385:Sweden 5365:Serbia 5355:Russia 5340:Poland 5335:Norway 5315:Monaco 5285:Latvia 5253:Greece 5238:France 5213:Cyprus 5047:Emblem 5035:Anthem 4983:Sports 4936:Cinema 4931:Ballet 4913:Racism 4886:Family 4376:Bodies 3964:topics 3858:Prices 3517:Health 3402:Cotton 3081: 3062: 3036: 3017: 2995: 2976: 2948: 2929: 2909: 2878: 2855: 2834:, and 2798: 2452: 2412: 1484:, his 1437:, and 1421:, the 1117:Stalin 866:, the 757:, the 588:Family 45: 5466:Åland 5380:Spain 5305:Malta 5275:Italy 4978:Radio 4956:Opera 4951:Music 4854:Crime 4625:Gulag 4503:Cheka 4148:Krais 3160:Next: 3131:Next: 2907:S2CID 2815:1924. 1780:Notes 1536:trade 5059:Flag 5017:List 4825:List 4737:OGAS 4630:List 4513:NKVD 4301:LGBT 4289:List 4255:1977 4250:1936 3278:list 3236:list 3102:and 3079:ISBN 3060:ISBN 3034:ISBN 3015:ISBN 2993:ISBN 2974:ISBN 2946:ISBN 2927:ISBN 2876:ISBN 2853:ISBN 2796:ISBN 2768:. ). 2493:2011 2450:ISBN 2410:ISBN 2259:2018 1621:and 1534:and 1384:The 1347:and 1183:and 1171:and 1072:The 1012:The 911:and 749:The 301:1977 296:1936 291:1924 68:list 4542:KGB 4537:MGB 4525:MVD 4508:GPU 4308:Law 2899:doi 2664:. . 2643:. . 2622:. . 2601:. . 2580:. . 2559:. . 2538:. . 2517:. . 2406:167 1640:in 1245:'s 384:Law 5529:: 4574:• 4570:• 3058:. 3054:. 2905:. 2895:74 2893:. 2874:. 2870:. 2851:. 2847:. 2830:, 2755:». 2738:^ 2717:^ 2700:^ 2681:^ 2408:. 2372:^ 2349:^ 2330:^ 2313:^ 2284:^ 2267:^ 2250:. 2227:^ 2210:^ 2183:^ 2164:^ 2125:^ 2092:^ 2049:^ 2034:^ 2019:^ 2004:^ 1985:^ 1970:^ 1931:^ 1900:^ 1879:^ 1858:^ 1843:^ 1814:^ 1787:^ 1492:, 1488:, 1433:, 1336:. 1328:, 1179:, 1167:, 862:, 851:. 827:, 823:, 815:. 5141:e 5134:t 5127:v 4578:/ 4566:/ 3954:e 3947:t 3940:v 3280:) 3276:( 3209:e 3202:t 3195:v 3087:. 3068:. 3042:. 3023:. 3001:. 2982:. 2954:. 2935:. 2913:. 2901:: 2884:. 2861:. 2804:. 2758:( 2495:. 2458:. 2418:. 2261:. 957:' 738:e 731:t 724:v 23:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.