125:
340:, who deposed Mukaththir in 1203 and assumed control of Mecca. Salim was able to secure the assistance of the Ayyubids, and his nephew and successor, Qasim, was able to defeat the Meccans in battle at Wadi al-Safra in 1216. Qasim's attacks on Mecca proved fruitless, and the Ayyubids of Egypt, interested in maintaining a balance of power, switched their support to the Meccans and even garrisoned
376:, and the Mamluk sultans began to interfere more actively in the affairs of Medina. In this they were aided by dynastic disputes among the Banu Muhanna; by the 14th century, Cairo had arrogated the right to appoint the emir, while the latter was downgraded to the status of a mere Mamluk functionary. The disputes began with Jammaz's twelve sons: the chosen successor,
395:; but this also meant that both Mecca and Medina, as well as the Hejaz more broadly, gradually became more tightly integrated into the Mamluk empire. By 1426, the Mamluk sultan even demanded the payment of large sums of money from the emirs of Mecca and Medina as a tribute before they were confirmed in office. Emir
243:
soon after Kafur's death, even before the
Fatimid conquest of Egypt, and may have played a role in the success of the latter. The Friday sermon was read for al-Mu'izz in Medina in 969 or 970, and two years later the Sharif of Medina joined the Fatimids in a campaign that obliged the Sharif of Mecca
248:
returned from Egypt to Medina, where he was acknowledged as emir of the city by the local Alids. Initially acknowledging the suzerainty of the
Abbasids, the arrival of a Fatimid army forced him to return to Fatimid allegiance. Later the Banu Muhanna briefly lost control of Medina to the Meccan emir
209:
was much larger and powerful than that of Medina, which apparently controlled little beyond the city's immediate environs. The two emirates would be often in conflict with one another, as the more ambitious sharifs of Mecca tried to include Medina in their domain. The two emirates were also exposed
108:
as the two holy cities of Islam ensured that the caliphs took care to conduct works there, placate the locals with donations and gifts, and maintain order and prosperity; Medina especially appears to have sometimes functioned as the main administrative centre for Arabia or at least the
210:
to the rivalries of the great powers of the Muslim world, who by turns wooed and pressured the sharifs to recognize their suzerainty, and exploited dynastic rivalries or used direct military force to impose their preferred candidates as emirs; the sharifs of Medina were adherents of
384:, lost control of Medina to rival brothers, nephews, or cousin during their absence, and were able to recover it only through Mamluk intercession. Both Mansur and Kubaysh were assassinated by rival family members. Mansur's descendants remained in power after, with the exception of
411:, but Khashram was in turn deposed a year later after failing to forward the sum. By 1439/40, and likely since 1424, when it is attested for Mecca, a small Mamluk garrison was sent yearly to Medina to maintain order and further cement Cairo's control.
200:
Alid, Ubayd Allah ibn Tahir, in circumstances that are entirely unknown. Ubayd Allah's successors, the Banu
Muhanna dynasty, would rule Medina on and off until the sixteenth century. This development was paralleled a generation later at Mecca, where a
156:) at some point. Indeed, during these years it became common for military commanders to be appointed as governors, a testament to the instability of the region. This did not bring the desired results and the anarchy continued, culminating with the
380:, was opposed by his brothers Muqbil and Wudayy; both Muqbil and his son, Barjis, turned to Cairo for sanction of their claims to the emirate, while Mansur in turn visited Cairo to secure his own position. Both Mansur and his son and successor,
348:
that followed (1226/7β1249/50) was peaceful and prosperous, and marked by the close relations with
Ayyubid Egypt, which led Shihah to support and even lead repeated Ayyubid attempts to regain control of Mecca, which was being contested by the
152:. By the early 10th century, Abbasid control appears to have been nominal at best, and the sources are unclear as to who held power; Medina is reported to have been ruled by the Ja'farids (the Alids' rivals, descendants of Ali's brother
168:
of Egypt. The two cities were dependent on Egypt already from the first years of the caliphate, as the influx of new inhabitants and the status of the city led to the need to supply them with food imported from Egypt, using the
364:, continued the attempts to annex Mecca, but was only briefly successful, occupying the city for 40 days in 1271 and a few months in 1288. His reign also marks the start of the tightening of control by the
286:). Otherwise little is known about the history of Medina in the 11th and 12th centuries, and even the exact line of succession between the various branches of the Banu Muhanna is unclear.
64:
period, the
Sharifate of Medina gradually lost its autonomy and importance, its emirs being appointed by Cairo and subordinated to the Sharif of Mecca as the vice-sultan of the Hejaz.
60:, which arose at about the same time, the sharifs of Medina were usually obliged to vassalage to the rulers of Egypt, as the two holy cities drew their food supply from there. In the
481:
487:
475:
321:
328:, and installed Qasim as the new ruler of Mecca. Realizing that his position was untenable, after only three days Qasim handed over power to Mukaththir's brother,
1557:
400:
396:
526:
381:
520:
511:
459:
385:
377:
345:
290:
164:
in 930. Unable to ensure the safety of the Hejaz, in 935 and again in 942 the
Abbasids handed over jurisdiction for Mecca and Medina to the autonomous
469:
333:
1552:
1567:
391:
Finally, in the 15th century, Medina was subordinated to the Sharif of Mecca, who became the 'vice-sultan' of the Hejaz, starting with
272:
1475:
Mortel, Richard T. (1991). "The
Origins and Early History of the Husaynid Amirate of MadΔ«na to the End of the AyyΕ«bid Period".
1465:
250:
114:
276:
136:
opposition to the
Abbasid government, with members of various Alid branches rising in revolt, most notably in
1458:
The New
Cambridge History of Islam, Volume 1: The Formation of the Islamic World, Sixth to Eleventh Centuries
88:(680β692), the political seat of the Muslim world quickly shifted permanently away from the Hejaz, first to
1542:
1572:
137:
117:
appointed to Medina were often members of the ruling dynasties or otherwise high-status members of the
182:
1562:
505:(1251/2β1300/1 or 1302/3; co-emir 1251/2β1259), abdicated; briefly Sharif of Mecca in 1271 and 1288
153:
261:
1547:
229:
219:
189:
being read in the name of the
Ikhshidid emir. But power in the city was seized, already by
149:
388:'s rule in 1336β1343, and a period when the family was ousted from Medina in 1350β1357/8.
8:
373:
1521:
1492:
325:
211:
206:
57:
1504:
Mortel, Richard T. (1994). "The αΈ€usaynid Amirate of MadΔ«na during the MamlΕ«k Period".
517:
Muqbil ibn Jammaz ibn Shihah (co-emir in 1309/10), killed while trying to seize Medina
1461:
1453:
562:
Thabit ibn Nu'ayr (1387β1402, reappointed in 1408 but died before the decree arrived)
502:
361:
233:
181:
Medieval sources report that the Hejaz remained under Ikhshidid suzerainty until the
165:
101:
93:
49:
33:
556:
Jammaz ibn Hiba ibn Jammaz (1382β1385/6, 1386β1387, 1402β1408, 1409), died in office
1513:
1484:
420:
365:
337:
329:
245:
141:
61:
463:
392:
222:
145:
493:
244:
to acknowledge Fatimid suzerainty as well. After Muslim died in 976/7, his son
237:
215:
1536:
157:
315:
240:
85:
535:
Humayan bint Mubarak bint Muqbil (March 1350), de facto emir for two days
1178:
565:
Ajlan ibn Nu'ayr (1408β1409, 1409β1410, 1417β1418/9, 1421β1426), deposed
550:
Atiyya ibn Mansur ibn Jammaz (1359β1371/2 and 1381β1382), died in office
124:
1525:
1496:
523:(usurper in 1316/7 and 1326/7, co-emir in 1335, sole emir in 1336β1343)
408:
161:
635:
559:
Muhammad ibn Atiyya ibn Mansur (co-emir in 1383/4, emir in 1385β1386)
81:
1517:
1488:
1280:
598:
Zuhayr ibn Sulayman ibn Hiba (1461β1465, 1465β1469), died in office
350:
197:
89:
73:
45:
743:
132:
During the later 8th century, Mecca and Medina became the seat of
1417:
1415:
1413:
1219:
1217:
731:
647:
592:
Daygham ibn Khashram ibn Najjad ibn Nu'ayr (1443β1446/7), deposed
404:
305:
301:
202:
170:
118:
97:
709:
707:
705:
703:
659:
625:
623:
1369:
580:
Umyan ibn Mani ibn Ali (1436β1439, 1446/7β1451), died in office
532:
Tufayl ibn Mansur ibn Jammaz (1328β1336 and 1343β1350), deposed
260:
at the behest of the Fatimids, and again to Abu'l-Futuh's son,
186:
77:
53:
39:
25:
1410:
1381:
1328:
1316:
1304:
1253:
1229:
1214:
1202:
1190:
1154:
1028:
806:
577:
Mani ibn Ali ibn Atiyya ibn Mansur (1427β1435/6), assassinated
571:
Ghurayr ibn Hayaz'a ibn Hiba (1413β1417, 1418/9β1421), deposed
232:
had settled in Egypt, and was a friend of the Ikhshidid emir,
36:
empire in the mid-tenth century, and was ruled by a series of
1432:
1430:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1270:
1268:
1130:
929:
700:
671:
620:
574:
Khashram ibn Dawghan ibn Ja'far ibn Hiba (1426β1427), deposed
538:
Sa'd ibn Thabit ibn Jammaz (1350β1351), died of battle wounds
369:
354:
341:
110:
105:
29:
1106:
958:
956:
344:
and possible Mecca itself for protection. The long reign of
104:(750β1258). Nevertheless, the unique prestige of Medina and
1460:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 397β447.
508:
Malik ibn Munif ibn Shihah (co-emir 1266/7β1267/8 and 1269)
309:
133:
1427:
1393:
1352:
1340:
1292:
1265:
1241:
1166:
1142:
992:
892:
890:
877:
875:
850:
848:
835:
833:
796:
794:
438:
Abu'l-Ghana'im ibn Muhanna ibn Da'ud (c. 1017/8), murdered
1118:
1004:
980:
953:
941:
544:
Mani ibn Ali ibn Mas'ud ibn Jammaz (1354β1357/8), deposed
499:
Munif ibn Shihah ibn Hashim (1251/2β1259), died in office
435:
Muhanna ibn Da'ud ibn al-Qasim (?β1017/8), died in office
426:
al-Hasan ibn Tahir ibn Muslim (992β1007), deposed in coup
818:
547:
Jammaz ibn Mansur ibn Jammaz (1357/8β1358), assassinated
368:
of Cairo over Medina: in 1283/4 the Mamluks installed a
300:
till the 1190s, as he was a friend and confidant of the
84:. Despite the attempt to return it to Medina during the
1082:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
919:
917:
902:
887:
872:
845:
830:
791:
779:
595:
Zubayri ibn Qays (1451β1461, 1482β1483), died in office
447:
Mansur ibn Umara ibn Muhanna (?β1103/4), died in office
690:
688:
686:
586:
Haydara ibn Dawghan ibn Hiba (1442β1443), assassinated
1016:
968:
604:
Qusaytil ibn Zuhayr ibn Sulayman (1478β1482), deposed
541:
Fadl ibn Qasim ibn Jammaz (1351β1354), died in office
236:, but appears to have switched his allegiance to the
176:
1094:
1063:
1040:
914:
860:
767:
755:
313:
37:
719:
683:
72:The first city converted to Islam and the base for
32:. It was established during the dissolution of the
24:was an emirate centred on the Islamic holy city of
462:(c. 1170/1180β1190/1200), died in office; briefly
607:Hasan ibn Zubayri ibn Qays (1483β1495/6), deposed
568:Sulayman ibn Hiba ibn Jammaz (1410β1413), deposed
553:Hiba ibn Jammaz ibn Mansur (1371/2β1381), deposed
1534:
583:Sulayman ibn Ghurayr (1439β1442), died in office
218:), and usually recognized the suzerainty of the
1451:
812:
749:
737:
713:
677:
665:
653:
641:
629:
601:Dughaym ibn Khashram (1465, 1469β1478), deposed
1558:States and territories established in the 940s
44:s of the Banu Muhanna dynasty, descendants of
1452:Landau-Tasseron, Ella (2010). "Arabia". In
444:al-Husayn ibn Muhanna ibn Da'ud (c. 1076/7)
429:Da'ud ibn al-Qasim ibn Ubayd Allah (1007β?)
205:, Ja'far ibn Muhammad, seized control. The
589:Yunus ibn Kabsh ibn Jammaz (1443), deposed
225:and mentioned them in the Friday sermon.
527:Badr al-Din Kubaysh ibn Mansur ibn Jammaz
336:, in turn had to confront the attacks of
128:Map of Arabia in the early Islamic period
441:Hashim ibn al-Hasan ibn Da'ud (1036/7β?)
123:
514:(1300/1 or 1302/3 β 1325), assassinated
1535:
1503:
1474:
1436:
1421:
1404:
1387:
1375:
1363:
1346:
1334:
1322:
1310:
1298:
1286:
1274:
1259:
1247:
1235:
1223:
1208:
1196:
1184:
1172:
1160:
1148:
1136:
1124:
1112:
1100:
1088:
1076:
1057:
1034:
1022:
1010:
998:
986:
974:
962:
947:
935:
923:
908:
896:
881:
866:
854:
839:
824:
800:
785:
773:
761:
725:
694:
80:was the first capital of the nascent
1553:Government of the Fatimid Caliphate
456:al-Husayn ibn Muhanna ibn al-Husayn
56:. Like its southern neighbour, the
13:
1568:Government of the Mamluk Sultanate
1187:, pp. 104, 105, 106β107, 122.
177:History of the Sharifate of Medina
14:
1584:
496:(1249/50β1251/2), deposed in coup
453:Muhanna ibn al-Husayn ibn Muhanna
289:More information is available on
421:Tahir ibn Muslim ibn Ubayd Allah
460:Qasim ibn Muhanna ibn al-Husayn
324:, deposed the sharif of Mecca,
281:
266:
251:Abu'l-Futuh al-Hasan ibn Ja'far
1289:, pp. 110β112, 1222, 123.
484:(1226/7β1249/50), assassinated
277:Abu Hashim Muhammad ibn Ja'far
1:
614:
294:
254:
190:
67:
521:Wudayy ibn Jammaz ibn Shihah
512:Mansur ibn Jammaz ibn Shihah
503:Jammaz ibn Shihah ibn Hashim
332:. Qasim' son and successor,
308:. In 1176, Qasim joined the
7:
610:Faris ibn Shaman (1495/6β?)
482:Shihah ibn Hashim ibn Qasim
478:(1215β1226/7), assassinated
470:Salim ibn Qasim ibn Muhanna
432:Hani ibn Da'ud ibn al-Qasim
314:
38:
10:
1589:
1445:
488:Umayr ibn Qasim ibn Jammaz
476:Qasim ibn Jammaz ibn Qasim
1378:, pp. 114, 115, 123.
529:(1325β1328), assassinated
494:Isa ibn Shihah ibn Hashim
423:(976β992), died in office
183:Fatimid conquest of Egypt
1424:, pp. 115β116, 123.
1390:, pp. 114β115, 123.
1337:, pp. 112β113, 123.
1325:, pp. 112β114, 123.
1313:, pp. 111β112, 123.
1262:, pp. 109β110, 122.
1238:, pp. 108β109, 122.
1226:, pp. 107β108, 122.
1211:, pp. 105β107, 122.
1199:, pp. 105β106, 122.
1163:, pp. 103β105, 122.
1037:, pp. 114β115, 117.
644:, pp. 400β405, 408.
450:NN. ibn Mansur ibn Umara
414:
214:(as those of Mecca were
1139:, pp. 99β103, 122.
938:, pp. 99β103, 117.
403:promised to pay Sultan
322:Tashtakin al-Mustanjadi
76:'s conquest of Arabia,
1115:, pp. 98β99, 122.
312:caravan to Mecca; the
129:
96:(661β750) and then to
127:
1439:, pp. 116, 123.
1407:, pp. 115, 123.
1366:, pp. 114, 123.
1349:, pp. 113, 123.
1301:, pp. 111, 123.
1277:, pp. 110, 122.
1250:, pp. 109, 122.
1175:, pp. 103, 122.
1151:, pp. 100, 122.
1001:, pp. 112, 117.
813:Landau-Tasseron 2010
750:Landau-Tasseron 2010
738:Landau-Tasseron 2010
714:Landau-Tasseron 2010
678:Landau-Tasseron 2010
666:Landau-Tasseron 2010
654:Landau-Tasseron 2010
642:Landau-Tasseron 2010
630:Landau-Tasseron 2010
401:Khashram ibn Dawghan
271:), and to the first
154:Ja'far ibn Abi Talib
1543:Sharifate of Medina
1013:, pp. 113β114.
989:, pp. 105β110.
965:, pp. 103β105.
950:, pp. 117β118.
752:, pp. 411β413.
740:, pp. 411β412.
656:, pp. 405β409.
472:(c. 1190/1200β1215)
382:Badr al-Din Kubaysh
18:Sharifate of Medina
1454:Robinson, Chase F.
1127:, p. 99, 122.
827:, pp. 67, 68.
668:, pp. 409410.
326:Mukaththir ibn Isa
269: 1038/9β1061
228:Ubayd Allah's son
207:Sharifate of Mecca
130:
115:caliphal governors
58:Sharifate of Mecca
1573:Ayyubid Sultanate
1467:978-0-521-83823-8
1091:, pp. 72β74.
911:, pp. 72β73.
899:, pp. 71β72.
884:, pp. 69β71.
857:, pp. 68β69.
842:, pp. 67β68.
803:, pp. 66β67.
788:, pp. 65β66.
399:was deposed when
386:Wudayy ibn Jammaz
346:Shihah ibn Hashim
304:sultan of Egypt,
293:, who ruled from
291:Qasim ibn Muhanna
234:Abu al-Misk Kafur
185:in 969, with the
166:Ikhshidid dynasty
102:Abbasid Caliphate
94:Umayyad Caliphate
50:Ali ibn Abi Talib
22:Emirate of Medina
1580:
1529:
1500:
1471:
1440:
1434:
1425:
1419:
1408:
1402:
1391:
1385:
1379:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1350:
1344:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1284:
1278:
1272:
1263:
1257:
1251:
1245:
1239:
1233:
1227:
1221:
1212:
1206:
1200:
1194:
1188:
1182:
1176:
1170:
1164:
1158:
1152:
1146:
1140:
1134:
1128:
1122:
1116:
1110:
1104:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1080:
1074:
1061:
1055:
1038:
1032:
1026:
1020:
1014:
1008:
1002:
996:
990:
984:
978:
972:
966:
960:
951:
945:
939:
933:
927:
921:
912:
906:
900:
894:
885:
879:
870:
864:
858:
852:
843:
837:
828:
822:
816:
810:
804:
798:
789:
783:
777:
771:
765:
759:
753:
747:
741:
735:
729:
723:
717:
711:
698:
692:
681:
675:
669:
663:
657:
651:
645:
639:
633:
627:
397:Ajlan ibn Nu'ayr
374:Prophet's Mosque
366:Mamluk Sultanate
338:Qatada ibn Idris
319:
299:
298: 1170/1180
296:
285:
284: 1062β1094
283:
270:
268:
259:
256:
195:
192:
43:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1563:Former emirates
1533:
1532:
1518:10.2307/1595853
1506:Studia Islamica
1489:10.2307/1595897
1477:Studia Islamica
1468:
1448:
1443:
1435:
1428:
1420:
1411:
1403:
1394:
1386:
1382:
1374:
1370:
1362:
1353:
1345:
1341:
1333:
1329:
1321:
1317:
1309:
1305:
1297:
1293:
1285:
1281:
1273:
1266:
1258:
1254:
1246:
1242:
1234:
1230:
1222:
1215:
1207:
1203:
1195:
1191:
1183:
1179:
1171:
1167:
1159:
1155:
1147:
1143:
1135:
1131:
1123:
1119:
1111:
1107:
1099:
1095:
1087:
1083:
1075:
1064:
1056:
1041:
1033:
1029:
1021:
1017:
1009:
1005:
997:
993:
985:
981:
973:
969:
961:
954:
946:
942:
934:
930:
922:
915:
907:
903:
895:
888:
880:
873:
865:
861:
853:
846:
838:
831:
823:
819:
811:
807:
799:
792:
784:
780:
772:
768:
760:
756:
748:
744:
736:
732:
724:
720:
712:
701:
693:
684:
676:
672:
664:
660:
652:
648:
640:
636:
628:
621:
617:
464:Sharif of Mecca
417:
393:Hasan ibn Ajlan
297:
280:
275:emir of Mecca,
265:
257:
223:Fatimid caliphs
212:Twelver Shi'ism
193:
179:
70:
12:
11:
5:
1586:
1576:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1531:
1530:
1512:(80): 97β123.
1501:
1472:
1466:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1441:
1426:
1409:
1392:
1380:
1368:
1351:
1339:
1327:
1315:
1303:
1291:
1279:
1264:
1252:
1240:
1228:
1213:
1201:
1189:
1177:
1165:
1153:
1141:
1129:
1117:
1105:
1093:
1081:
1062:
1039:
1027:
1025:, p. 114.
1015:
1003:
991:
979:
977:, p. 105.
967:
952:
940:
928:
913:
901:
886:
871:
859:
844:
829:
817:
815:, p. 412.
805:
790:
778:
766:
754:
742:
730:
718:
716:, p. 411.
699:
682:
680:, p. 410.
670:
658:
646:
634:
632:, p. 399.
618:
616:
613:
612:
611:
608:
605:
602:
599:
596:
593:
590:
587:
584:
581:
578:
575:
572:
569:
566:
563:
560:
557:
554:
551:
548:
545:
542:
539:
536:
533:
530:
524:
518:
515:
509:
506:
500:
497:
491:
485:
479:
473:
467:
457:
454:
451:
448:
445:
442:
439:
436:
433:
430:
427:
424:
416:
413:
360:Shihah's son,
238:Fatimid caliph
220:Isma'ili Shi'a
178:
175:
69:
66:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1585:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1483:(74): 63β78.
1482:
1478:
1473:
1469:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1449:
1438:
1433:
1431:
1423:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1406:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1389:
1384:
1377:
1372:
1365:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1348:
1343:
1336:
1331:
1324:
1319:
1312:
1307:
1300:
1295:
1288:
1283:
1276:
1271:
1269:
1261:
1256:
1249:
1244:
1237:
1232:
1225:
1220:
1218:
1210:
1205:
1198:
1193:
1186:
1181:
1174:
1169:
1162:
1157:
1150:
1145:
1138:
1133:
1126:
1121:
1114:
1109:
1103:, p. 72.
1102:
1097:
1090:
1085:
1079:, p. 68.
1078:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1060:, p. 67.
1059:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1036:
1031:
1024:
1019:
1012:
1007:
1000:
995:
988:
983:
976:
971:
964:
959:
957:
949:
944:
937:
932:
926:, p. 98.
925:
920:
918:
910:
905:
898:
893:
891:
883:
878:
876:
869:, p. 69.
868:
863:
856:
851:
849:
841:
836:
834:
826:
821:
814:
809:
802:
797:
795:
787:
782:
776:, p. 97.
775:
770:
764:, p. 76.
763:
758:
751:
746:
739:
734:
728:, p. 74.
727:
722:
715:
710:
708:
706:
704:
697:, p. 64.
696:
691:
689:
687:
679:
674:
667:
662:
655:
650:
643:
638:
631:
626:
624:
619:
609:
606:
603:
600:
597:
594:
591:
588:
585:
582:
579:
576:
573:
570:
567:
564:
561:
558:
555:
552:
549:
546:
543:
540:
537:
534:
531:
528:
525:
522:
519:
516:
513:
510:
507:
504:
501:
498:
495:
492:
489:
486:
483:
480:
477:
474:
471:
468:
465:
461:
458:
455:
452:
449:
446:
443:
440:
437:
434:
431:
428:
425:
422:
419:
418:
412:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
389:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
358:
356:
352:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
318:
317:
311:
307:
303:
292:
287:
278:
274:
263:
252:
247:
242:
239:
235:
231:
226:
224:
221:
217:
213:
208:
204:
199:
188:
187:Friday sermon
184:
174:
172:
167:
163:
159:
158:Sack of Mecca
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
126:
122:
120:
116:
112:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
65:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
42:
41:
35:
31:
27:
23:
19:
1548:Banu Muhanna
1509:
1505:
1480:
1476:
1457:
1383:
1371:
1342:
1330:
1318:
1306:
1294:
1282:
1255:
1243:
1231:
1204:
1192:
1180:
1168:
1156:
1144:
1132:
1120:
1108:
1096:
1084:
1030:
1018:
1006:
994:
982:
970:
943:
931:
904:
862:
820:
808:
781:
769:
757:
745:
733:
721:
673:
661:
649:
637:
390:
372:imam in the
359:
316:amir al-hajj
288:
227:
180:
131:
86:Second Fitna
71:
52:and his son
21:
17:
15:
1437:Mortel 1994
1422:Mortel 1994
1405:Mortel 1994
1388:Mortel 1994
1376:Mortel 1994
1364:Mortel 1994
1347:Mortel 1994
1335:Mortel 1994
1323:Mortel 1994
1311:Mortel 1994
1299:Mortel 1994
1287:Mortel 1994
1275:Mortel 1994
1260:Mortel 1994
1248:Mortel 1994
1236:Mortel 1994
1224:Mortel 1994
1209:Mortel 1994
1197:Mortel 1994
1185:Mortel 1994
1173:Mortel 1994
1161:Mortel 1994
1149:Mortel 1994
1137:Mortel 1994
1125:Mortel 1994
1113:Mortel 1994
1101:Mortel 1991
1089:Mortel 1991
1077:Mortel 1991
1058:Mortel 1991
1035:Mortel 1994
1023:Mortel 1994
1011:Mortel 1994
999:Mortel 1994
987:Mortel 1994
975:Mortel 1994
963:Mortel 1994
948:Mortel 1994
936:Mortel 1994
924:Mortel 1994
909:Mortel 1991
897:Mortel 1991
882:Mortel 1991
867:Mortel 1991
855:Mortel 1991
840:Mortel 1991
825:Mortel 1991
801:Mortel 1991
786:Mortel 1991
774:Mortel 1994
762:Mortel 1991
726:Mortel 1991
695:Mortel 1991
409:gold dinars
258: 1000
216:Zaydi Shi'a
1537:Categories
615:References
194: 940
162:Qarmatians
113:, and the
100:under the
92:under the
68:Background
241:al-Mu'izz
82:caliphate
351:Rasulids
273:Hawashim
198:Husaynid
121:tribe.
90:Damascus
74:Muhammad
46:Muhammad
1526:1595853
1497:1595897
1456:(ed.).
1446:Sources
466:in 1176
405:Barsbay
306:Saladin
302:Ayyubid
203:Hasanid
196:, by a
173:ports.
171:Red Sea
160:by the
119:Quraysh
98:Baghdad
34:Abbasid
28:in the
1524:
1495:
1464:
490:(1241)
407:5,000
378:Mansur
362:Jammaz
230:Muslim
150:865/66
148:, and
146:815/16
78:Medina
62:Mamluk
54:Husayn
40:sharif
26:Medina
1522:JSTOR
1493:JSTOR
415:Emirs
370:Sunni
355:Yemen
342:Yanbu
334:Salim
330:Da'ud
262:Shukr
246:Tahir
111:Hejaz
106:Mecca
30:Hejaz
1462:ISBN
310:Hajj
134:Alid
48:via
16:The
1514:doi
1485:doi
357:.
353:of
253:in
142:786
138:762
20:or
1539::
1520:.
1510:80
1508:.
1491:.
1481:74
1479:.
1429:^
1412:^
1395:^
1354:^
1267:^
1216:^
1065:^
1042:^
955:^
916:^
889:^
874:^
847:^
832:^
793:^
702:^
685:^
622:^
320:,
295:c.
282:r.
267:r.
255:c.
191:c.
144:,
140:,
1528:.
1516::
1499:.
1487::
1470:.
279:(
264:(
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