563:
263:
2059:
1788:
1604:
2083:
2071:
1800:
2019:
1725:
1713:
1816:
1975:
1662:
2007:
1701:
1616:
2047:
1852:
1776:
1828:
1963:
1649:
1997:
1688:
1945:
1865:
1633:
2218:
233:
1985:
1675:
126:
64:
1932:
1920:
1908:
1896:
1590:
1112:
113:
2095:
1840:
564:
1089:
1102:
2035:
1764:
1737:
1126:
2181:
Whether or not there is an ongoing conflict, the Shan are subject to depredations by the
Burmese regime; in particular, young men may be conscripted into the Burmese Army indefinitely, or enslaved to do road work for a number of months—with no wages and little food. The horrific conditions inside
76:
3261:
2296:
and return to their own country, to respect the traditional culture and indigenous lands of the Shan people. He worked with the interim Shan
Government, with Shan exiles abroad, and the Burmese regime to regain his country.
2137:
During conflicts, Shan civilians are often burned out of their villages and forced to flee into
Thailand. Some of the worst fighting in recent times occurred in 2002 when the Burmese army shelled the Thai border town of
2304:, and to some extent in distant exile communities, in favor of the goal of "total independence for the Shan State." This came to a head when, in May 2005, Shan elders in exile declared the independence of the
1408:
retained a large degree of autonomy. Throughout the
Burmese feudal era, Shan states supplied much manpower in the service of Burmese kings. Without Shan manpower, it would have been harder for the
2190:
gangs and end up in the prostitution business or bride trafficking. Despite the hardships, Shan people in
Thailand are conscious of their culture and seek occasions to gather in cultural events.
2618:
Edmondson, Jerold A. 2008. "Shan and other
Northern Tier Southeast Tai languages of Myanmar and China: Themes and Variations." In Diller, Anthony, Jerold Edmondson, & Yongxian Luo, (eds.)
1066:.However, only a few Shan can read and write in their own language. Shan state is the most illiterate state with over a million illiterates in Myanmar due to lack of basic infrastructures and
6238:
3269:
2126:(SSNA) was effectively abolished after its surrender to the Burmese government. Some SSNA units joined the SSA/RCSS, which has yet to sign any agreements, and is still engaged in
1147:
3238:
2952:
3372:
3295:
3138:
2327:
is rumoured to have used it as a reason to crack down on Shan civilians. Shan people have reported an increase in restrictions on their movements and an escalation in
2186:
status. Shan people in
Thailand often work as undocumented labourers. Males typically find low-paid work in construction, while many Shan females fall in the hands of
1505:. The Shan states were given the option to secede after 10 years of independence. The Shan states became Shan State in 1948 as part of the newly independent Burma.
2641:
1459:, where there are groups which settled long ago and built their own communities and temples. Shan people are known as "Tai Yai" in north Thailand, where the word
4947:
4877:
3019:
2178:. This evacuation was aided by members of the Shan State Army, and in turn brought tighter measures restricting foreign aid in the area as violence increased.
1404:
conquered all of the Shan states in 1557. Although the Shan states would become a tributary to
Irrawaddy valley based Burmese kingdoms from then on, the Shan
4887:
2583:
2528:
5411:
2265:, becoming chair of the SSWC, and taking the Shan rebellion that started in 1958 to a new phase. Sao Nang Hearn Kham died on 17 January 2003 in exile in
3091:
4807:
4521:
4842:
4728:
2253:
in April 1962 and Sao Shwe Thaik died in prison in
November the same year. In exile, his wife took up the cause of the independence struggle of the
4907:
4563:
3350:
1377:
kings of
Burmese history between the 13th-16th centuries were of (partial) Shan descent. The kings of Ava fought kings of Pegu for control of the
5654:
4827:
4723:
4674:
4578:
4573:
3114:
3188:
5153:
5124:
5109:
5061:
5036:
4992:
4817:
4792:
4639:
4568:
5975:
5303:
5134:
4982:
4757:
4713:
4708:
4659:
2331:
raids on Shan villages. The October 2015 Burmese military offensive in Central Shan State has displaced thousands of Shan people, as well as
5762:
5283:
5278:
5183:
5041:
4752:
4733:
2976:
5203:
4942:
4787:
4698:
4693:
4669:
2277:
1293:
was a co-founder of the Myinsaing Kingdom and the founder of the Pinya Kingdom, and the minor kingdom was a predecessor to Ava Kingdom.
5559:
5293:
5208:
4952:
4832:
6248:
5233:
5228:
5223:
4987:
4967:
4837:
4812:
4664:
3234:
2453:
1792:
2944:
6243:
5268:
5051:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4847:
4822:
3291:
2738:
2713:
5404:
4932:
4922:
4902:
4872:
643:
4514:
3130:
3001:
2928:
2823:
2771:
3343:
2423:
4478:
931:
resembling De'ang (especially the Bulei dialect of Yunnan) and Silver Palaung. They take part in mainstream Shan society.
250:
246:
3016:
2633:
6233:
5397:
1804:
262:
6223:
6218:
4507:
3169:
2576:"CHAP. II. A Continuation of the Geographical Description of the Kingdom of Siam, with an Account of its Metropolis."
2558:
1844:
4488:
2486:
1875:
408:
giving an estimate of five million spread throughout Myanmar which is about 10% of the overall Burmese population.
404:. Though no reliable census has been taken in Burma since 1935, the Shan are estimated to number 4–6 million, with
17:
2575:
6228:
3336:
2170:, and the subsequent closure of the border to Thailand, caused an evacuation of the surviving members across the
2520:
6167:
3359:
1666:
5389:
2238:
3075:
2320:
2163:
1729:
4391:
3017:
Photos of Shan State Army-South (SSA-S) military outposts along the border of Thailand, Chiang Rai province
1533:
1482:
were administered separately as British protectorates with limited monarchical powers invested in the Shan
1394:
1298:
2182:
Burma have led to a massive exodus of young Shan males to neighbouring Thailand, where they are not given
1820:
1755:
1705:
2866:
2397:, the Shan make up 9% of the total population of Myanmar (55 million) or approximately 5 million people.
2114:
within Burma for decades. Currently two main Shan armed insurgent forces operate within Shan State: the
1168:('Great Tai') or Tai Yai ('Big Tai'). The Tai-Shan who migrated to the south and now inhabit modern-day
3111:
2344:
1746:
553:
5420:
5324:
3196:
287:
2110:
A Shan independence movement has been active and engaged in armed struggle, leading to intermittent
813:. Traditionally they lived in the northernmost and westernmost edges of Shan-settled areas, such as
6096:
4530:
4453:
3772:
3262:"Naypyidaw must immediately stop its attacks in central Shan State and let communities return home"
2123:
1780:
1692:
479:
6132:
4316:
3671:
2151:
1467:
1421:
743:
793:(Nam Mao). Chinese Shan language is also known as (Tai) Mao, referring to the old Shan State of
6192:
6187:
5664:
5622:
5590:
5346:
4802:
4649:
4304:
4032:
3742:
3450:
3380:
2973:
2258:
1326:
1059:
979:. The Shan constitute one of the four main Buddhist ethnic groups in Burma; the others are the
545:
155:
6152:
5794:
5424:
5373:
4044:
3421:
2305:
2293:
1741:
1344:
1035:
43:
6213:
6162:
5509:
5319:
5263:
4483:
4458:
3756:
2890:
2206:
1869:
1637:
1620:
1516:
overthrew the democratically elected government in 1962, and abolished Shan saopha system.
1448:
2449:
775:, or Mueng Doon Soon Kham, and ruled for almost 600 years (1228–1826). They now speak the
617:); the 'Shan Proper', by far the largest group, by which all Shan people are known in the
420:, the fifth-largest city in Myanmar with about 390,000 people. Other major cities include
8:
6182:
6172:
6157:
6137:
5739:
4634:
4425:
2246:
2194:
2159:
1967:
1856:
1498:
1374:
1039:
928:
421:
4354:
4324:
4240:
3818:
3750:
2730:
2710:
2693:
2222:
2209:(UWSA) as an ally for the purpose of fighting against Shan nationalist militia groups.
1717:
1043:
829:
471:
172:
5939:
5631:
5519:
4772:
4386:
4347:
4329:
3554:
3389:
3165:
3083:
2997:
2924:
2819:
2767:
2697:
2554:
2374:
2187:
2127:
1924:
1428:
1243:
1223:
in 1287, the Shan chiefs quickly gained power throughout central Burma, and founded:
976:
776:
768:
751:
176:
2415:
1513:
1424:
of 1824–1826, and fought valiantly—a fact even the British commanders acknowledged.
947:
681:
6077:
5934:
5880:
5534:
5441:
5213:
4937:
4912:
4762:
4583:
4404:
4381:
4334:
4251:
4162:
3929:
3919:
3863:
3852:
3537:
3501:
3409:
2883:
2685:
2316:
2315:
groups, many Shan living inside Burma, and the country's leading opposition party,
2202:
1832:
1452:
1386:
1067:
1063:
1027:
1003:
960:
903:
549:
491:
475:
449:
312:
300:
254:
240:
151:
2257:. In 1964 Sao Nang Hearn Kham with her son Chao-Tzang Yawnghwe helped to form the
6030:
5862:
5840:
5826:
5813:
5378:
5363:
5351:
5336:
5114:
4957:
4703:
4441:
4415:
4376:
4291:
4258:
4245:
3996:
3914:
3567:
3506:
3404:
3118:
3023:
2980:
2717:
2312:
2262:
2147:
2063:
2039:
1900:
1653:
1436:
1378:
1360:
1279:
918:
810:
345:
4927:
2787:
548:. The Shan also have a number of exonyms in other minority languages, including
6114:
6057:
6010:
5985:
5875:
5781:
5767:
5687:
5554:
5539:
5504:
5419:
5368:
5356:
5341:
5258:
5253:
5218:
5198:
5188:
5168:
5092:
5007:
4897:
4852:
4767:
4654:
4644:
4598:
4540:
4463:
4446:
4272:
4217:
4076:
4071:
4014:
3954:
3899:
3717:
3711:
3701:
3612:
3591:
3440:
3435:
2347:
are concerned about the lack of international response on the recent conflict.
2332:
2230:
1936:
1471:
1432:
1370:
988:
940:
935:
735:
674:
625:
357:
329:
4230:
4111:
2689:
2664:
Two Undescribed Dialects of Northern Burmish Sub-branch: Gyannoʔ and Thoʔlhang
6207:
6082:
6072:
6020:
5962:
5705:
5678:
5549:
5298:
5273:
5173:
5012:
5002:
4892:
4618:
4588:
4558:
4549:
4199:
4185:
4151:
4123:
4105:
4059:
4053:
3991:
3979:
3869:
3642:
3635:
3629:
3606:
3489:
3470:
3459:
3087:
2356:
2281:
2087:
1679:
1356:
1247:
1216:
1209:
1055:
1015:
1007:
999:
955:
876:
801:
780:
692:
663:
636:
618:
610:
599:
537:
509:
275:
208:
192:
159:
147:
2764:
Dictionary of Languages: The Definitive Reference to More Than 400 Languages
1184:), while those in parts of northern Thailand and Laos are commonly known as
6104:
6067:
6062:
6049:
6035:
5980:
5953:
5789:
5752:
5747:
5649:
5524:
5514:
5163:
5119:
5027:
4977:
4882:
4797:
4684:
4613:
4499:
4420:
4396:
4360:
4339:
4265:
4235:
4225:
4192:
4177:
4117:
4091:
4006:
3827:
3792:
3780:
3680:
3656:
3649:
3600:
3580:
3562:
3524:
2394:
2328:
2324:
2273:
2171:
2139:
2131:
2075:
1949:
1490:
1444:
1264:
1023:
1011:
1006:. The Shan language, spoken by about 5 or 6 million, is closely related to
818:
790:
772:
739:
699:
557:
405:
349:
180:
2217:
1493:, the Shan and other ethnic minority leaders negotiated with the majority
1164:. The Shan are descendants of the oldest branch of the Tai-Shan, known as
6177:
5995:
5990:
5970:
5870:
5757:
5715:
5710:
5695:
5644:
5639:
5603:
5598:
5569:
5564:
5449:
5432:
5288:
5193:
5178:
5158:
5066:
5056:
4972:
4917:
4743:
4608:
4603:
4206:
4145:
4128:
4098:
3969:
3834:
3786:
3706:
3696:
3691:
3573:
3512:
3495:
3483:
3476:
3465:
3415:
3328:
2361:
2340:
2336:
2051:
1768:
1479:
1475:
1413:
1382:
1272:
1200:(Muang Mao) existed as early as the 10th century CE but became a Burmese
1153:
1143:
1074:
992:
814:
759:
413:
393:
385:
361:
353:
325:
220:
216:
204:
3323:
3076:"Teenage Brides Trafficked to China Reveal Ordeal: 'Ma, I've Been Sold'"
2634:"သျှမ်းနီလူငယ်: သျှမ်းနီလူမျိုးတို့၏ အိုးစည်နိုင်ငံတော် Country of Drum"
2478:
1129:
Shan style pounded oily rice served on a banana leaf with garlicky roots
490:, the former name of Thailand. The term has been borrowed into Chinese (
6109:
6025:
6005:
5848:
5821:
5725:
5720:
5700:
5659:
5608:
5544:
5459:
5248:
5129:
5082:
5046:
5017:
4782:
4718:
4408:
4139:
4084:
4065:
4020:
3939:
3924:
3841:
3807:
3800:
3724:
3429:
3398:
3064:, Australian Mekong Resource Centre, University of Sydney. October 2003
2366:
2254:
2225:
festival celebrated by one of the Shan communities in exile in Thailand
2099:
1556:
1440:
1401:
1260:
1189:
1019:
984:
868:
731:
711:
710:
The speakers of Shan, Lue, Khun and Nua languages form the majority of
369:
341:
212:
200:
196:
131:
87:
907:. Related to the Tai Khamti, this group has a significant presence in
6015:
6000:
5529:
5499:
5484:
5469:
5243:
4777:
3731:
3543:
3531:
3189:"Burma's first President's wife passed away ( DVB ) January 18, 2003"
2878:
2143:
2111:
2011:
1912:
1205:
1111:
1092:
972:
858:
822:
747:
670:
433:
381:
63:
6142:
5489:
5479:
5329:
3934:
3874:
3847:
2678:
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland
2301:
2285:
2250:
2234:
2198:
2167:
2155:
2119:
2115:
1608:
1321:
conquered the Ava Kingdom in 1527 and ruled Upper Burma until 1555
1290:
1268:
1197:
1173:
794:
429:
417:
401:
389:
1420:, and elsewhere. Shans were a major part of Burmese forces in the
1101:
1088:
893:
means 'under' or 'south.' This group lives in southern Shan State.
5474:
5238:
4997:
4284:
3986:
3974:
3964:
3944:
3904:
3894:
3889:
3884:
2183:
1989:
1931:
1919:
1907:
1895:
1595:
1589:
1560:
1456:
1427:
In the latter half of the 19th century Shan people migrated into
1409:
1390:
1318:
1220:
1193:
1116:
1078:
1051:
872:
806:
448:(တႆး) in reference to themselves, which is also used in Chinese (
397:
337:
118:
83:
5454:
698:). The 'upper' or 'northern Tai'. This group lives north of the
6147:
5926:
5912:
5907:
5894:
5494:
5464:
5103:
4962:
4593:
4278:
4171:
3949:
3909:
3879:
3857:
3762:
2289:
2266:
2242:
1509:
1483:
1405:
1397:
defeated Ava in 1527, and ruled all of Upper Burma until 1555.
1314:
1310:
1201:
1157:
1047:
1031:
880:
703:
499:
457:
425:
31:
3318:
1125:
75:
6239:
Members of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
5902:
4298:
4026:
4001:
3959:
3686:
3518:
2903:
2838:
2241:
in March 1962 by the Revolutionary Council headed by General
1502:
1494:
1161:
980:
908:
764:
715:
647:
377:
365:
333:
35:
1435:. The Shan population in Thailand is concentrated mainly in
2889:. New York and London: Cambridge University Press. p.
2311:
The declaration of independence was rejected by most other
2175:
2158:. While in July of that same year, in the Shan Township of
1417:
1169:
669:), a subgroup of the Tai Yai making up the majority in the
487:
373:
2323:. Despite the domestic opposition to the declaration, the
2300:
Opinion has been voiced in the Shan State, in neighboring
1501:, and agreed to gain independence from Britain as part of
1381:
valley. Various Shan states fought Ava for the control of
991:. The Mon were the main source of early Shan Buddhism and
2292:. He was campaigning for the Burmese regime to leave the
1196:
as far back as the 10th century CE. The Shan kingdom of
1188:('Little Tai' - Lao spoken) The Shan have inhabited the
899:, a group living to the south and east of Kengtung town.
763:: The Ahom people live in India's northeastern state of
3062:
Security Developments in the Thailand-Burma Borderlands
3131:"Myanmar: The United Wa State Army's Uncertain Future"
3112:
Celebration of Panglong Agreement Day in Loi Tai Leng
2676:
Scott, George (1911). "Buddhism in the Shan States".
416:
within Myanmar (Burma). The capital of Shan State is
2908:(2 ed.). London: Susil Gupta. pp. 108–109.
2843:(2 ed.). London: Susil Gupta. pp. 282–285.
1393:were the strongest of the Shan States. Monhyin-led
1034:, and in parts of northwestern Thailand, including
754:, although they are assimilated into Shan society.
2974:History of Lanna - From Dark Times to Modern Times
2882:
2450:"The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency"
30:"Tai Yai" redirects here. Not to be confused with
3159:
2120:Shan State Army/Restoration Council of Shan State
478:; the term itself was historically spelt သျှမ်း (
6205:
5630:
3220:Burma - Insurgency and the Politics of Ethnicity
2580:A New Historical Relation of the Kingdom of Siam
821:. Part of the Tai Khamti were once ruled by the
5440:
2923:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. pp. 123–124.
2921:The River of Lost Footsteps--Histories of Burma
2877:
2816:Burma under British Rule - and before. Volume 2
2521:"FACTBOX: The Shan, Myanmar's largest minority"
1478:Under the British colonial administration, the
771:where tradition says that they established the
3164:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 410–411.
2548:
867:, a group living around the confluence of the
726:There are various ethnic groups designated as
5405:
4515:
3344:
3047:"Mortar Rounds Hit Thai Outpost, 2 Injured",
2918:
2573:
2510:. Cornell University, Cornell, 1969 (2nd ed.)
1271:, and the minor kingdom was a predecessor to
1105:A Shan deer dance ceremony in the early 1900s
1042:. The two major dialects differ in number of
690:
661:
634:
597:
5961:
4529:
789:, living in the area along the banks of the
921:), but are part of mainstream Shan society.
917:. The Tai Saʔ speak a variety of Ngochang (
842:
517:
344:of this country, but also inhabit parts of
5412:
5398:
4522:
4508:
3358:
3351:
3337:
2818:. Adamant Media Corporation. p. 414.
2656:
2508:The Shan States and the British Annexation
2444:
2442:
2440:
2343:, causing a new humanitarian crisis. Shan
2146:, in an attempt to capture members of the
1363:, but they were subject to British Crown.
1156:people are believed to have migrated from
62:
3292:"Shan CSOs blast 'silence' over conflict"
2991:
2666:. Presented at ICSTLL 50, Beijing, China.
1519:
5421:Ethnic and linguistic groups in Thailand
3162:Historical Dictionary of Burma (Myanmar)
3034:"Mae Sai Evacuated as Shells Hit Town",
2945:"Thailand's World: Shan People Thailand"
2757:
2755:
2216:
1124:
1110:
1100:
1087:
783:falling into disuse by the 19th century.
721:
261:
2912:
2897:
2832:
2437:
2410:
2408:
2212:
966:
861:in the Kachin / Shan State border area.
332:. The Shan are the biggest minority of
251:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
14:
6206:
3183:
3181:
2904:Lt. Gen. Sir Arthur P. Phayre (1967).
2839:Lt. Gen. Sir Arthur P. Phayre (1967).
2813:
2807:
2603:
1463:is very seldom used to refer to them.
959:, a Shan group that speaks a Northern
286:
5686:
5393:
4503:
3332:
3217:
3073:
2871:
2761:
2752:
2675:
1259:Founded by three Shan brothers named
742:. Some of these groups in fact speak
589:The major groups of Shan people are:
584:
311:
3241:from the original on 22 October 2023
2631:
2473:
2471:
2456:from the original on 1 December 2021
2405:
1412:alone to achieve their victories in
105:Regions with significant populations
4479:Unrecognized ethnic groups in China
3222:. London and New Jersey: Zed Books.
3178:
3153:
3141:from the original on 6 October 2014
2420:The Peoples of the World Foundation
24:
3211:
2955:from the original on 22 April 2017
2644:from the original on 24 March 2017
2612:
673:area. The former ruling family of
74:
25:
6260:
3312:
2802:The Shan: Culture, Art and Crafts
2468:
2284:), son of Sao Nang Hearn Kham of
412:'Shan' is a generic term for all
6249:Ethnic groups in Northeast India
4484:Immigrant ethnic groups in China
3259:
3232:
2855:The Imperial Gazetteer of India.
2162:, the killing of a member of an
2116:Shan State Army/Special Region 3
2093:
2081:
2069:
2057:
2045:
2033:
2017:
2005:
1995:
1983:
1973:
1961:
1943:
1930:
1918:
1906:
1894:
1863:
1850:
1838:
1826:
1814:
1798:
1786:
1774:
1762:
1735:
1723:
1711:
1699:
1686:
1673:
1660:
1647:
1631:
1614:
1602:
1588:
951:: Also known as the "White Tai".
579:
486:), and is derived from the term
231:
124:
111:
68:National flag of the Shan people
6244:Buddhist communities of Myanmar
3298:from the original on 2015-11-30
3284:
3253:
3226:
3123:
3105:
3094:from the original on 2020-08-16
3067:
3054:
3041:
3028:
3010:
2985:
2967:
2937:
2860:
2847:
2794:
2788:"Myanmar 2014 census dashboard"
2780:
2741:from the original on 2012-09-29
2723:
2704:
2669:
2625:
2606:Dictionary of Modern Spoken Mon
2586:from the original on 2021-09-24
2531:from the original on 2021-09-29
2489:from the original on 2020-10-04
2426:from the original on 2016-03-14
1204:state during the reign of King
1014:, and is part of the family of
857:), a Tai group living north of
279:
266:1889 photograph of a Shan woman
2857:Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1908.
2632:Pauk, Kyar (24 January 2012).
2597:
2567:
2542:
2513:
2500:
2387:
1309:A group of Shan States led by
1192:and other parts of modern-day
1148:List of Shan states and rulers
1077:cultivators, shopkeepers, and
642:). Its traditional area is in
504:
462:
274:(Short name or simple name in
13:
1:
2766:. Columbia University Press.
2731:"Shan: A language of Myanmar"
2574:de La Loubère, Simon (1693).
2380:
2321:National League for Democracy
364:, and in adjacent regions of
3319:Shan State Government Office
3074:Beech, Hannah (2019-08-17).
2867:Census of India 1901 - Burma
2853:Great Britain India Office.
1534:internal conflict in Myanmar
1395:Confederation of Shan States
1299:Confederation of Shan States
875:rivers, just to the west of
439:
340:) and primarily live in the
27:Southeast Asian ethnic group
7:
2350:
2345:civil society organisations
1073:The Shan are traditionally
10:
6265:
3160:Donald M. Seekins (2006).
2608:. Oxford University Press.
2221:Traditional Poi Sang Long
1141:
1137:
1085:
1050:Shan has six tones, while
29:
6234:Ethnic groups in Thailand
6125:
6095:
6048:
5952:
5925:
5893:
5861:
5839:
5812:
5780:
5738:
5677:
5621:
5589:
5431:
5312:
5143:
5091:
5075:
5026:
4742:
4683:
4627:
4548:
4537:
4474:
4434:
4369:
4315:
4216:
4161:
4043:
3817:
3771:
3741:
3670:
3622:
3590:
3553:
3449:
3388:
3379:
3366:
2992:Mackerras, Colin (2003).
2690:10.1017/S0035869X00042295
1884:
1579:
1539:
1531:
1526:
1359:were nominally sovereign
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
971:The majority of Shan are
736:Northern Sagaing Division
691:
662:
650:) and the eastern states.
635:
614:
598:
541:
495:
453:
444:The Shan use the endonym
304:
191:
186:
170:
165:
146:
141:
109:
104:
99:
94:
73:
61:
6224:Ethnic groups in Vietnam
6219:Ethnic groups in Myanmar
4531:Ethnic groups in Myanmar
4454:Local ethnic nationalism
3373:recognized ethnic groups
2638:ShanniYouth.Blogspot.com
2249:fled with her family to
2229:Following the arrest of
2205:has frequently used the
2154:who had fled across the
2124:Shan State National Army
1355:Princely Shan States of
1058:is an adaptation of the
702:, mostly in the area of
4650:Ka-Yun (Kayan; Padaung)
3233:PCL., Post Publishing.
2620:The Tai–Kadai languages
2551:Shan-English Dictionary
2549:Sao Tern Moeng (1995).
2483:Encyclopedia Britannica
1706:Shan State Army – South
1468:Third Anglo-Burmese War
1422:First Anglo-Burmese War
677:belonged to this group.
6229:Ethnic groups in China
4489:Historic ethnic groups
3360:Ethnic groups in China
3218:Smith, Martin (1991).
2919:Thant Myint-U (2006).
2762:Dalby, Andrew (2004).
2276:(sometimes written as
2259:Shan State War Council
2226:
1885:Commanders and leaders
1520:Conflict in Shan State
1474:gained control of the
1343:British Shan States /
1130:
1120:
1106:
1096:
1068:long ongoing civil war
927:. The Tai Loi speak a
512:, the Shan are called
267:
239:This article contains
79:
5313:Unrecognised / Others
2814:Nisbet, John (2005).
2662:Sawada, Hideo. 2017.
2604:Shorto, H.L. (1962).
2582:. Translated by A.P.
2306:Federated Shan States
2294:Federated Shan States
2263:Shan State Army (SSA)
2220:
1547:21 May 1958 - present
1352:1885–1922, 1922–1948
1345:Federated Shan States
1338:Princely Shan States
1335:1215–1885, 1948–1959
1128:
1114:
1104:
1091:
1036:Mae Hong Son Province
1002:and are bilingual in
939:: Also known as the "
722:Other Tai Shan groups
316:), also known as the
265:
187:Related ethnic groups
100:c. 5 million + (est.)
78:
38:. For other uses of
3199:on 11 September 2014
2622:. London: Routledge.
2213:Communities in exile
2207:United Wa State Army
1621:Myanmar Police Force
998:Most Shan speak the
967:Religion and culture
805:. The Tai Khamti an
414:Tai-speaking peoples
3266:ShanHumanRights.org
3051:, 20 June 2002, p.1
2247:Sao Nang Hearn Kham
2239:Burmese coup d'état
2197:does not recognise
2195:Government of Burma
1968:Sao Nang Hearn Kham
1499:Panglong Conference
1480:Shan principalities
1054:Shan has five. The
1040:Chiang Mai Province
1030:in Burma, parts of
973:Theravada Buddhists
809:group speaking the
313:[ʃáɰ̃lùmjó]
58:
4699:Mon Kayin (Sarpyu)
3117:2016-02-05 at the
3080:The New York Times
3022:2010-09-23 at the
2994:Ethnicity in Asias
2979:2014-01-10 at the
2949:ThailandsWorld.com
2885:A History of Burma
2716:2012-09-29 at the
2711:Shan language page
2700:– via JSTOR.
2553:. Dunwoody Press.
2288:lived in exile in
2269:at the age of 86.
2227:
1497:leadership at the
1329:(Princely states)
1131:
1121:
1107:
1097:
1060:Mon–Burmese script
1018:. It is spoken in
929:Palaungic language
585:Major subdivisions
268:
173:Theravada Buddhism
80:
52:
6201:
6200:
6091:
6090:
6044:
6043:
5948:
5947:
5921:
5920:
5889:
5888:
5857:
5856:
5835:
5834:
5808:
5807:
5776:
5775:
5734:
5733:
5673:
5672:
5632:Malayo-Polynesian
5617:
5616:
5585:
5584:
5387:
5386:
4998:Zahnyet (Zanniat)
4497:
4496:
3666:
3665:
3003:978-0-415-25816-6
2930:978-0-374-16342-6
2825:978-1-4021-5293-1
2773:978-0-231-11569-8
2416:"The Shan People"
2375:Saharat Thai Doem
2223:novice ordination
2188:human trafficking
2128:guerrilla warfare
2108:
2107:
1756:Northern Alliance
1575:
1574:
1429:Northern Thailand
1400:The Burmese king
1367:
1366:
1135:
1134:
1119:and kinnari dance
977:Tai folk religion
777:Assamese language
769:Arunachal Pradesh
752:Assamese language
554:Western Pwo Karen
546:Tai yuan language
247:rendering support
227:
226:
177:Tai folk religion
16:(Redirected from
6256:
6046:
6045:
5959:
5958:
5923:
5922:
5891:
5890:
5859:
5858:
5837:
5836:
5810:
5809:
5778:
5777:
5736:
5735:
5684:
5683:
5628:
5627:
5587:
5586:
5442:Southwestern Tai
5438:
5437:
5414:
5407:
5400:
5391:
5390:
5289:Kaw (Akha-E-Kaw)
4978:Tiddim (Hai-Dim)
4913:Mro-Khimi people
4808:Kaung Saing Chin
4524:
4517:
4510:
4501:
4500:
4355:Tajiks (Pamiris)
3386:
3385:
3353:
3346:
3339:
3330:
3329:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3288:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3272:on 28 April 2016
3268:. Archived from
3257:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3215:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3204:
3195:. Archived from
3185:
3176:
3175:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3137:. 22 July 2013.
3127:
3121:
3109:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3099:
3071:
3065:
3058:
3052:
3045:
3039:
3032:
3026:
3014:
3008:
3007:
2989:
2983:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2906:History of Burma
2901:
2895:
2894:
2888:
2875:
2869:
2864:
2858:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2841:History of Burma
2836:
2830:
2829:
2811:
2805:
2804:(Bangkok, 2006).
2798:
2792:
2791:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2759:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2727:
2721:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2673:
2667:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2629:
2623:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2536:
2517:
2511:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2475:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2446:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2412:
2398:
2391:
2317:Aung San Suu Kyi
2203:Burmese military
2168:Burmese Tatmadaw
2152:Southern Faction
2098:
2097:
2096:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2062:
2061:
2060:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2022:
2021:
2020:
2010:
2009:
2008:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1935:
1934:
1923:
1922:
1911:
1910:
1899:
1898:
1868:
1867:
1866:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1831:
1830:
1829:
1819:
1818:
1817:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1593:
1592:
1541:
1540:
1524:
1523:
1389:(Mong Yang) and
1385:. The states of
1226:
1225:
1084:
1083:
1064:Burmese alphabet
1028:Sagaing Division
1026:, some parts of
1022:, some parts of
961:Burmish language
856:
853:
850:
847:
844:
697:
696:
668:
667:
641:
640:
616:
604:
603:
571:
570:
569:
567:
543:
531:
528:
525:
522:
519:
506:
497:
476:Burmese language
464:
455:
326:Tai ethnic group
315:
310:
306:
290:
285:
281:
253: instead of
235:
234:
130:
128:
127:
117:
115:
114:
95:Total population
82:Shan woman from
66:
59:
51:
21:
18:Shan nationalism
6264:
6263:
6259:
6258:
6257:
6255:
6254:
6253:
6204:
6203:
6202:
6197:
6121:
6087:
6040:
5944:
5917:
5885:
5853:
5831:
5804:
5772:
5730:
5669:
5613:
5581:
5427:
5425:language family
5418:
5388:
5383:
5308:
5139:
5130:Mru (Taung Mro)
5094:
5087:
5071:
5022:
4893:Meithei (Kathe)
4843:Lai (Haka Chin)
4738:
4679:
4623:
4594:Lashi (La Chit)
4544:
4533:
4528:
4498:
4493:
4470:
4442:Han nationalism
4430:
4377:African Chinese
4365:
4311:
4212:
4157:
4039:
3997:Sichuan Mongols
3813:
3767:
3737:
3662:
3618:
3586:
3549:
3445:
3375:
3362:
3357:
3315:
3310:
3301:
3299:
3290:
3289:
3285:
3275:
3273:
3258:
3254:
3244:
3242:
3231:
3227:
3216:
3212:
3202:
3200:
3187:
3186:
3179:
3172:
3158:
3154:
3144:
3142:
3135:ProjectAK47.com
3129:
3128:
3124:
3119:Wayback Machine
3110:
3106:
3097:
3095:
3072:
3068:
3059:
3055:
3046:
3042:
3033:
3029:
3024:Wayback Machine
3015:
3011:
3004:
2990:
2986:
2981:Wayback Machine
2972:
2968:
2958:
2956:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2931:
2917:
2913:
2902:
2898:
2879:Maung Htin Aung
2876:
2872:
2865:
2861:
2852:
2848:
2837:
2833:
2826:
2812:
2808:
2799:
2795:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2774:
2760:
2753:
2744:
2742:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2720:from Ethnologue
2718:Wayback Machine
2709:
2705:
2674:
2670:
2661:
2657:
2647:
2645:
2630:
2626:
2617:
2613:
2602:
2598:
2589:
2587:
2572:
2568:
2561:
2547:
2543:
2534:
2532:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2505:
2501:
2492:
2490:
2479:"Shan | people"
2477:
2476:
2469:
2459:
2457:
2448:
2447:
2438:
2429:
2427:
2414:
2413:
2406:
2402:
2401:
2392:
2388:
2383:
2353:
2313:ethnic minority
2261:(SSWC) and the
2215:
2104:
2094:
2092:
2082:
2080:
2070:
2068:
2064:Pheung Kya-shin
2058:
2056:
2046:
2044:
2040:Twan Mrat Naing
2034:
2032:
2026:
2018:
2016:
2006:
2004:
1996:
1994:
1984:
1982:
1974:
1972:
1962:
1960:
1954:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1929:
1917:
1905:
1901:Min Aung Hlaing
1893:
1864:
1862:
1851:
1849:
1839:
1837:
1827:
1825:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1799:
1797:
1787:
1785:
1775:
1773:
1763:
1761:
1736:
1734:
1724:
1722:
1712:
1710:
1700:
1698:
1687:
1685:
1674:
1672:
1661:
1659:
1648:
1646:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1615:
1613:
1603:
1601:
1587:
1563:
1522:
1361:princely states
1280:Sagaing Kingdom
1232:Peak territory
1150:
1140:
969:
854:
851:
848:
845:
811:Khamti language
724:
712:Dai nationality
587:
582:
565:
562:
561:
529:
526:
523:
520:
442:
411:
346:Mandalay Region
308:
283:
260:
259:
258:
245:Without proper
236:
232:
125:
123:
121:
112:
110:
90:
69:
56:
54:
50:
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6262:
6252:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6199:
6198:
6196:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6129:
6127:
6126:Non-Indigenous
6123:
6122:
6120:
6119:
6118:
6117:
6107:
6101:
6099:
6093:
6092:
6089:
6088:
6086:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6054:
6052:
6042:
6041:
6039:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5967:
5965:
5956:
5950:
5949:
5946:
5945:
5943:
5942:
5937:
5931:
5929:
5919:
5918:
5916:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5899:
5897:
5887:
5886:
5884:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5867:
5865:
5855:
5854:
5852:
5851:
5845:
5843:
5833:
5832:
5830:
5829:
5824:
5818:
5816:
5806:
5805:
5803:
5802:
5801:
5800:
5797:
5786:
5784:
5774:
5773:
5771:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5744:
5742:
5732:
5731:
5729:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5692:
5690:
5681:
5675:
5674:
5671:
5670:
5668:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5636:
5634:
5625:
5619:
5618:
5615:
5614:
5612:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5595:
5593:
5583:
5582:
5580:
5579:
5574:
5573:
5572:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5446:
5444:
5435:
5429:
5428:
5417:
5416:
5409:
5402:
5394:
5385:
5384:
5382:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5360:
5359:
5349:
5344:
5339:
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3313:External links
3311:
3309:
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3235:"Bangkok Post"
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3210:
3193:BurmaToday.net
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3066:
3060:Desmond Ball.
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2800:Susan Conway,
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2684:(4): 917–934.
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2527:. 2007-08-30.
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2122:. In 2005 the
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1937:Henry Van Thio
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470:(ရှမ်း) is an
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358:Sagaing Region
330:Southeast Asia
288:[taj˥]
255:Burmese script
249:, you may see
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4685:Kayin (Karen)
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4317:Indo-European
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4000:
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3980:Upper Mongols
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3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3843:
3839:
3837:
3836:
3832:
3830:
3829:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3816:
3810:
3809:
3805:
3803:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3791:
3790:
3789:
3788:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3774:
3770:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3758:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3740:
3734:
3733:
3729:
3727:
3726:
3722:
3720:
3719:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3682:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3672:Austroasiatic
3669:
3659:
3658:
3654:
3652:
3651:
3647:
3645:
3644:
3640:
3638:
3637:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3621:
3615:
3614:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3602:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3589:
3583:
3582:
3578:
3576:
3575:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3556:
3552:
3546:
3545:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3533:
3529:
3527:
3526:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3485:
3481:
3479:
3478:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3461:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3448:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3400:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3365:
3361:
3354:
3349:
3347:
3342:
3340:
3335:
3334:
3331:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3297:
3293:
3287:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3256:
3240:
3236:
3229:
3221:
3214:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3184:
3182:
3173:
3171:9780810854765
3167:
3163:
3156:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3126:
3120:
3116:
3113:
3108:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3070:
3063:
3057:
3050:
3044:
3038:, 12 May 2002
3037:
3031:
3025:
3021:
3018:
3013:
3005:
2999:
2996:. Routledge.
2995:
2988:
2982:
2978:
2975:
2970:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2940:
2932:
2926:
2922:
2915:
2907:
2900:
2892:
2887:
2886:
2880:
2874:
2868:
2863:
2856:
2850:
2842:
2835:
2827:
2821:
2817:
2810:
2803:
2797:
2789:
2783:
2775:
2769:
2765:
2758:
2756:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2726:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2707:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2672:
2665:
2659:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2628:
2621:
2615:
2607:
2600:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2570:
2562:
2560:0-931745-92-6
2556:
2552:
2545:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2516:
2509:
2506:Sao Sāimöng,
2503:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2474:
2472:
2455:
2451:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2411:
2409:
2404:
2396:
2393:According to
2390:
2386:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2357:Poy Sang Long
2355:
2354:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2298:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2270:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2224:
2219:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2193:Although the
2191:
2189:
2185:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2101:
2091:
2089:
2088:Tar Bone Kyaw
2079:
2077:
2067:
2065:
2055:
2053:
2043:
2041:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2015:
2013:
2003:
1993:
1991:
1981:
1971:
1969:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1951:
1941:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1883:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1861:
1858:
1848:
1846:
1836:
1834:
1824:
1822:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1796:
1794:
1784:
1782:
1772:
1770:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1733:
1731:
1721:
1719:
1709:
1707:
1697:
1694:
1684:
1681:
1671:
1668:
1658:
1655:
1645:
1644:
1639:
1629:
1628:
1622:
1612:
1610:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1591:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1535:
1530:
1527:Shan conflict
1525:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1470:in 1885, the
1469:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1362:
1358:
1357:British Burma
1354:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1248:Pinya Kingdom
1245:
1242:
1241:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1217:Pagan Kingdom
1213:
1212:(1044–1077).
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1176:are known as
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1149:
1145:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1103:
1099:
1095:, a Shan dish
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1056:Shan alphabet
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1016:Tai languages
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
1000:Shan language
996:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
962:
958:
957:
953:
950:
949:
945:
942:
938:
937:
933:
930:
926:
923:
920:
916:
913:
910:
906:
905:
901:
898:
895:
892:
888:
885:
882:
878:
877:Gengma County
874:
870:
866:
863:
860:
840:
836:
832:
831:
827:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
803:
799:
796:
792:
788:
785:
782:
781:Ahom language
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
761:
757:
756:
755:
753:
749:
745:
744:Tibeto-Burman
741:
737:
733:
729:
719:
717:
713:
705:
701:
694:
688:
684:
683:
679:
676:
672:
665:
659:
655:
652:
649:
645:
644:Xishuangbanna
638:
632:
628:
627:
623:
620:
619:Thai language
612:
608:
601:
595:
592:
591:
590:
580:Sub-ethnicity
577:
575:
568:
559:
555:
551:
547:
539:
535:
515:
511:
507:
501:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
459:
451:
447:
437:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
409:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
314:
302:
298:
294:
289:
277:
273:
264:
256:
252:
248:
244:
242:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
185:
182:
178:
174:
169:
164:
161:
157:
156:Northern Thai
153:
149:
145:
140:
136:
133:
120:
108:
103:
98:
93:
89:
85:
77:
72:
65:
60:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
5954:Sino-Tibetan
5623:Austronesian
5591:Northern Tai
5576:
5179:Khmu (Khamu)
5144:
5125:Miram (Mara)
4768:Bre (Ka-Yaw)
4539:
4403:
4397:Kaifeng Jews
4353:
4346:
4297:
4290:
4283:
4271:
4264:
4257:
4250:
4205:
4198:
4191:
4184:
4170:
4150:
4138:
4133:
4116:
4104:
4097:
4090:
4083:
4064:
4052:
4025:
4013:
3862:
3840:
3833:
3826:
3806:
3799:
3785:
3755:
3743:Austronesian
3730:
3723:
3716:
3679:
3655:
3648:
3641:
3634:
3611:
3599:
3579:
3572:
3542:
3530:
3523:
3511:
3494:
3482:
3475:
3458:
3451:Lolo-Burmese
3428:
3414:
3397:
3381:Sino-Tibetan
3368:
3300:. Retrieved
3286:
3274:. Retrieved
3270:the original
3265:
3255:
3243:. Retrieved
3228:
3219:
3213:
3201:. Retrieved
3197:the original
3192:
3161:
3155:
3143:. Retrieved
3134:
3125:
3107:
3096:. Retrieved
3079:
3069:
3061:
3056:
3049:Bangkok Post
3048:
3043:
3036:Bangkok Post
3035:
3030:
3012:
2993:
2987:
2969:
2957:. Retrieved
2948:
2939:
2920:
2914:
2905:
2899:
2884:
2873:
2862:
2854:
2849:
2840:
2834:
2815:
2809:
2801:
2796:
2782:
2763:
2743:. Retrieved
2734:
2725:
2706:
2681:
2677:
2671:
2663:
2658:
2646:. Retrieved
2637:
2627:
2619:
2614:
2605:
2599:
2588:. Retrieved
2579:
2569:
2550:
2544:
2533:. Retrieved
2524:
2515:
2507:
2502:
2491:. Retrieved
2482:
2458:. Retrieved
2428:. Retrieved
2419:
2395:CIA Factbook
2389:
2329:Burmese Army
2325:Burmese Army
2310:
2299:
2274:Hso Khan Pha
2271:
2228:
2192:
2180:
2172:Mekong River
2136:
2132:Burmese Army
2130:against the
2109:
2076:Tar Aik Bong
1950:Bao Youxiang
1872:(until 1989)
1754:
1594:
1580:Belligerents
1507:
1491:World War II
1488:
1476:Shan states.
1465:
1460:
1445:Mae Hong Son
1426:
1399:
1368:
1349:Shan States
1332:Shan States
1303:Upper Burma
1265:Yazathingyan
1250:(1297–1364)
1219:fell to the
1214:
1190:Shan Plateau
1185:
1181:
1177:
1165:
1151:
1072:
1024:Kachin State
997:
993:Shan scripts
970:
954:
946:
934:
924:
914:
902:
896:
890:
886:
864:
838:
834:
828:
819:Kachin State
800:
791:Shweli River
786:
773:Ahom kingdom
758:
740:Kachin State
727:
725:
709:
700:Shweli River
686:
680:
657:
653:
630:
624:
606:
593:
588:
573:
556:: ၥဲၫ့, and
533:
513:
503:
483:
467:
461:
445:
443:
410:
406:CIA Factbook
350:Kachin State
321:
317:
305:ရှမ်းလူမျိုး
296:
292:
291:, Real name
271:
269:
238:
197:Chinese Shan
181:Christianity
179:, Minority:
49:Ethnic group
39:
6214:Tai peoples
6178:Luk khrueng
6133:Australians
5665:Urak Lawoi’
5660:Phuket Baba
5570:Khorat Thai
5304:Hkun (Khün)
5174:Khamti Shan
5095:(Arakanese)
5057:Kadu (Kado)
4983:Torr (Tawr)
4778:Dai (Yindu)
4709:Ta-Hlay-Pwa
4241:Fuyu Kyrgyz
3324:Shan People
2452:. cia.gov.
2362:Tai peoples
2341:Lahu people
2245:, his wife
2142:, south of
1878:(1989–2009)
1859:(1961-2010)
1749:(1985–2000)
1695:(1995–2005)
1682:(1985–1996)
1669:(1960–1966)
1656:(1964–1975)
1640:(from 1989)
1514:coup d'état
1449:Mae Sariang
1414:Lower Burma
1383:Upper Burma
1327:Shan States
1273:Ava Kingdom
1144:Shan States
760:Ahom people
730:throughout
394:Kula people
386:Ahom people
362:Kayin State
354:Kayah State
272:Shan people
6208:Categories
6188:Pakistanis
6097:Hmong–Mien
5940:Vietnamese
5545:Tai Gapong
4655:Manu Manaw
4635:Geba Karen
4447:chauvinism
4426:Pakistanis
4409:Chaoxianzu
4021:Sogwo Arig
3940:Muumyangan
3925:Khishigten
3773:Hmong-Mien
3725:Vietnamese
3369:Underlined
3302:2015-12-01
3098:2020-08-28
2745:2006-12-02
2735:Ethnologue
2590:2021-04-01
2535:2020-08-26
2493:2020-08-26
2460:24 January
2430:2015-01-16
2381:References
2371:Shan Hills
2367:Shan Horse
2255:Shan State
2160:Mong Yawng
2100:U Sai Leun
1557:Shan State
1466:After the
1441:Chiang Mai
1437:Chiang Rai
1402:Bayinnaung
1306:1527–1555
1287:1315–1364
1261:Athinkhaya
1256:1297–1364
1215:After the
1142:See also:
1020:Shan State
802:Tai Khamti
732:Shan State
639::တႆးလိုဝ်ႉ
424:(Hsipaw),
370:Dai people
342:Shan State
309:pronounced
297:taj˥.loŋ˨˦
284:pronounced
171:Majority:
132:Shan State
88:Shan State
6078:Cantonese
6073:Hainanese
6016:Phrae Pwo
5740:Palaungic
5535:Tai Daeng
5530:Tai Bueng
5500:Lao Wiang
5485:Lao Ngaew
5470:Lao Krang
5374:Pakistani
5204:Shan Gale
5120:Maramagyi
4943:Saing Zan
4788:Eik-swair
4734:Shu (Pwo)
4694:Pa-Le-Chi
4670:Yin Talai
4628:Kayah (9)
4325:Armenians
4246:Ili Turks
3842:Dongxiang
3538:Qixingmin
3422:subgroups
3410:Chuanqing
3371:: the 56
3088:0362-4331
2698:163824875
2278:Surkhanfa
2144:Tachileik
2112:civil war
2023:Khun Okka
2012:Yawd Serk
1913:Myint Swe
1431:reaching
1379:Irrawaddy
1244:Myinsaing
1235:Duration
1206:Anawrahta
1166:Tai Luang
1115:The Shan
1093:Nam ngiao
941:Black Tai
904:Tai Phake
859:Myitkyina
830:Tai Laing
823:Mongkawng
779:with the
748:Mon-Khmer
695::တႆးၼိူဝ်
671:Keng Tung
666::တႆးၶိုၼ်
654:Tai Khuen
574:seṃ jnok)
552:: ဖြဝ်ꩻ,
527:Great Tai
516:(ไทใหญ่,
474:from the
440:Etymology
434:Tachileik
382:Meghalaya
142:Languages
137:5 million
6168:Japanese
6163:Iranians
6153:Filipino
6143:Chin Haw
5827:Nyah Kur
5795:Northern
5577:Thai Yai
5565:Thai Noi
5560:Tai Wang
5520:Phu Thai
5510:Tai Yuan
5490:Lao Song
5480:Lao Loum
5379:Taungtha
5364:Rohingya
5337:Bayingyi
5299:Maingtha
5294:Maw Shan
5209:Shan Gyi
5115:Daingnet
5093:Rakhine
4958:Tangkhul
4953:Senthang
4833:Kwelshin
4729:Monnepwa
4619:Ngochang
4416:Macanese
4387:Japanese
4348:Russians
4330:Iranians
4226:Altaians
4163:Tungusic
3935:Khuuchid
3930:Khorchin
3920:Kharchin
3875:Abaganar
3848:Hamnigan
3819:Mongolic
3751:Filipino
3568:Gyalrong
3296:Archived
3276:24 March
3245:24 March
3239:Archived
3203:24 March
3145:24 March
3139:Archived
3115:Archived
3092:Archived
3020:Archived
2977:Archived
2959:24 March
2953:Archived
2881:(1967).
2739:Archived
2714:Archived
2648:24 March
2642:Archived
2584:Archived
2529:Archived
2487:Archived
2454:Archived
2424:Archived
2351:See also
2302:Thailand
2286:Yawnghwe
2251:Thailand
2235:Yawnghwe
2199:Wa State
2156:Nam Ruak
2052:N'Ban La
1609:Tatmadaw
1552:Location
1532:Part of
1508:General
1291:Thihathu
1269:Thihathu
1198:Mong Mao
1182:Tai Nyai
1174:Thailand
1154:Tai-Shan
1079:artisans
1075:wet-rice
1062:via the
987:and the
956:Maingtha
911:, India.
883:, China.
865:Tai Ting
852:red Shan
835:Tai Leng
795:Mong Mao
706:, China.
687:Tai Neua
658:Tai Khün
607:Thai Yai
602::တႆးယႂ်ႇ
560:သေံဇၞော်
430:Kengtung
418:Taunggyi
402:Thailand
390:Cambodia
324:, are a
318:Tai Long
221:Tai Ahom
217:Tai Thai
166:Religion
122:(mainly
53:Tai Shan
6193:Swedish
6183:Nepalis
6173:Koreans
6158:Indians
6138:Burmese
6115:Iu Mien
6083:Hokchew
6063:Hokkien
6058:Teochew
6050:Sinitic
5799:Western
5768:Palaung
5555:Tai Nüa
5540:Tai Dam
5475:Lao Lom
5433:Kra–Dai
5330:Panthay
5325:Chinese
5259:Yin Net
5254:Yin Kya
5244:Wa (Va)
5239:Taungyo
5234:Taishon
5229:Tai-Lay
5224:Tai-Lon
5219:Tai Nua
5214:Tai-Loi
5199:Palaung
5106:(Kaman)
5076:Mon (1)
4988:Yin Gog
4968:Tay-Zan
4838:Kwe Myi
4813:Kaungso
4803:Hualngo
4665:Yin Baw
4645:Karenni
4564:Dalaung
4559:Jingpaw
4435:Related
4405:Koreans
4382:Indians
4335:Nepalis
4305:Western
4285:Uyghurs
4186:Manchus
4077:Tai Nua
4072:Tai Lue
4045:Kra–Dai
4033:Eastern
4015:Monguor
3987:Onnigud
3975:Torghut
3965:Khoshut
3955:Dzungar
3945:Naimans
3915:Khalkha
3905:Jalaids
3895:Chahars
3890:Buryats
3885:Baarins
3864:Mongols
3853:Kangjia
3757:Gaoshan
3613:Tibetan
3592:Tibetic
3555:Qiangic
3502:Laomian
3441:Waxiang
3436:Longjia
3390:Sinitic
2525:Reuters
2333:Palaung
2272:Prince
2237:in the
2184:refugee
2166:by the
2140:Mae Sai
2001:Kan Yod
1990:Khun Sa
1979:Mo Heng
1925:Soe Win
1596:Myanmar
1571:ongoing
1561:Myanmar
1484:Saophas
1472:British
1457:Lampang
1453:Mae Sai
1410:Burmans
1406:Saophas
1391:Mogaung
1387:Monyhin
1319:Mohnyin
1221:Mongols
1186:Tai Noi
1178:Tai Noi
1138:History
1117:kinnara
1052:Mongnai
1004:Burmese
989:Rakhine
948:Tai Dón
936:Tai Dam
925:Tai Loi
915:Tai Saʔ
897:Tai Nui
887:Tai Taɯ
873:Salween
846:
839:Shan-ni
815:Putao-O
807:outlier
787:Tai Mao
682:Tai Nüa
631:Tai Lue
594:Tai Yai
521:
514:Tai Yai
492:Chinese
450:Chinese
398:Vietnam
338:Myanmar
322:Tai Yai
301:Burmese
293:တႆးလူင်
201:Tai Lao
152:Burmese
119:Myanmar
84:Lai-Hka
57:Tai Yai
6148:Farang
6021:Phunoi
5927:Vietic
5913:Kensiu
5908:Kintaq
5895:Aslian
5881:Sa'och
5863:Pearic
5841:Katuic
5706:Mlabri
5688:Khmuic
5655:Moklen
5550:Kaleun
5505:Tai Lu
5495:Lao Ti
5465:Lao Ga
5357:Tamils
5352:Indian
5342:Gurkha
5269:Man Zi
5189:Kokang
5104:Kamein
5052:Yabein
5013:Zotung
5008:Zophei
5003:Sizang
4963:Tapong
4948:Saline
4938:Rongtu
4908:Lusayy
4868:Lyente
4863:Lhinbu
4858:Laymyo
4853:Lawhtu
4848:Laizao
4823:Khawno
4724:Monpwa
4675:Zayein
4609:Rawang
4579:Duleng
4574:Hkahku
4550:Kachin
4421:Nivkhs
4370:Others
4361:Wakhis
4292:Uzbeks
4279:Tuvans
4259:Kyrgyz
4252:Kazakh
4218:Turkic
4200:Oroqen
4172:Evenks
4152:Zhuang
4124:Qabiao
4106:Maonan
4060:Buyang
4054:Bouyei
3950:Oirats
3910:Jaruud
3900:Gorlos
3880:Aohans
3858:Khatso
3763:Utsuls
3718:Ta'ang
3643:Jingpo
3636:Derung
3623:Others
3607:Sherpa
3507:Laopin
3490:Kucong
3460:Achang
3405:Caijia
3260:SHRF.
3168:
3086:
3000:
2927:
2822:
2770:
2696:
2557:
2290:Canada
2267:Canada
2243:Ne Win
2201:, the
1568:Status
1510:Ne Win
1489:After
1315:Saopha
1311:Sawlon
1238:Notes
1229:State
1202:vassal
1158:Yunnan
1048:Hsenwi
1032:Yunnan
983:, the
975:, and
919:Achang
881:Yunnan
704:Dehong
626:Tai Lü
615:ไทใหญ่
566:listen
542:เงี้ยว
508:). In
505:Shànzú
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494::
484:hsyam:
472:exonym
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452::
426:Lashio
422:Thibaw
295:, IPA
209:Bouyei
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129:
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32:Tai Ya
6105:Hmong
6068:Hakka
6036:Ugong
6031:S'gaw
5986:Kayah
5981:Karen
5903:Maniq
5876:Chong
5814:Monic
5790:Khmer
5782:Khmer
5753:Lamet
5748:Blang
5650:Moken
5645:Malay
5525:Phuan
5515:Nyong
5369:Malay
5164:Intha
5110:Khami
5062:Ganan
5037:Dawei
4993:Zahau
4973:Thado
4933:Panun
4928:Oo-Pu
4923:Ngawn
4903:Mi-er
4883:Marma
4878:Malin
4873:Magun
4818:Kebar
4798:Guite
4773:Cumtu
4704:S'gaw
4640:Gheko
4614:Taron
4569:Gauri
4459:Minzu
4340:Daman
4299:Yugur
4273:Tatar
4266:Salar
4236:Dolan
4207:Sibes
4193:Nanai
4178:Solon
4118:Mulao
4092:Gelao
4027:Yugur
4002:Sunud
3992:Ordos
3960:Khoid
3870:Abaga
3828:Bonan
3793:Hmong
3781:Gejia
3712:Pakan
3692:Kunge
3687:Bolyu
3681:Blang
3657:Tujia
3650:Lhoba
3601:Monpa
3581:Qiang
3563:Baima
3525:Nakhi
3519:Mosuo
2694:S2CID
1876:NDA-K
1821:SSA-N
1793:MNDAA
1495:Bamar
1369:Many
1210:Pagan
1194:Burma
1162:China
1044:tones
981:Bamar
909:Assam
837:, or
825:Shan.
765:Assam
716:China
648:China
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544:) in
534:Ngiao
532:) or
480:MLCTS
463:Dǎizú
378:Assam
366:China
334:Burma
36:Tayal
6011:Pa'O
6001:Lolo
5996:Lisu
5991:Lahu
5976:Bisu
5971:Akha
5935:Aheu
5871:Pear
5758:Lawa
5716:Pray
5711:Phai
5696:Khmu
5640:Cham
5604:Nyaw
5599:Saek
5455:Khün
5450:Isan
5347:Mizo
5274:Pyin
5194:Lahu
5169:Pa-O
5159:Danu
5147:(33)
5145:Shan
5135:Thet
5067:Hpon
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4918:Naga
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4763:Asho
4758:Anun
4746:(53)
4744:Chin
4714:Paku
4687:(11)
4660:Pale
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4589:Hpon
4552:(12)
4392:Jews
4231:Äynu
4146:Yang
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4112:Nùng
4085:Dong
4007:Urad
3970:Olot
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3787:Miao
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3697:Khmu
3630:Deng
3574:Pumi
3513:Lisu
3496:Lahu
3484:Jino
3477:Hani
3471:Bisu
3466:Akha
3278:2017
3247:2017
3205:2017
3166:ISBN
3147:2017
3084:ISSN
2998:ISBN
2961:2017
2925:ISBN
2820:ISBN
2768:ISBN
2650:2017
2555:ISBN
2462:2018
2339:and
2337:Lisu
2282:Thai
2176:Laos
2118:and
1870:UWSA
1845:NDAA
1805:TNLA
1747:MRDA
1730:PNLA
1693:SSNA
1667:SURA
1638:UWSA
1544:Date
1461:Shan
1455:and
1418:Siam
1375:Pegu
1373:and
1267:and
1180:(or
1172:and
1170:Laos
1152:The
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2686:doi
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