Nùng people - Knowledge

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one Song commander was killed, and the Song army was momentarily forced to fall back. In the second engagement, the Zhuang forces could not withstand the Song infantry charges. The Song infantry hacked at the Zhuang shields with heavy swords and axes while the Fanluo cavalry attacked their wings, breaking their ranks. The Zhuang fled, suffering 5,341 casualties. Di Qing retook Yongzhou and executed the jinshi-holder Huang, two of Zhigao's family, and 57 officials. Zhigao and his remaining family fled to seek help from the Zhuang clans, but he was not well liked, and the Huang chieftain, Huang Shouling, refused to aid him. He also requested aid from the Viet court, which sent the tribal commander Võ Nhị to assist the rebels. A Nong and her son Nong Zhiguang, as well as Zhigao's sons Nong Jifeng and Nong Jizong, were caught at Temo in

303: 357:. Had he won, it is possible that he might have established a state under his own clan name, Nong. Instead, his people in China continued to be referred to as Zhuang, which in their own language means "cave", while in Vietnam they came to be known as Nùng. The majority ethnic group and now the largest minority, however, was and still is the same, the Zhuang/Nùng, who together number more than 15 million people. They are just recognized by different names in China and Vietnam. Nong Zhigao (V. Nùng Trí Cao) has sometimes been claimed by Vietnam as a Vietnamese native, but this is due to antagonism with modern China, while in previous times the Vietnamese sometimes saw him as primarily Chinese. 802:

revolts in Yunnan.This migration was a peaceful one which occurred family by family. French administrators later identified a number of Nùng clans in the course of their ethnographic surveys. These had incorporated Chinese place names in their clan names and indicated the place of their origin in China, such as the "Nùng Inh" clan from Long Ying in the southwest of Guangxi. Other names also reflected the locations from where they came, indicating that they were primarily from the immediate frontier region of the southwest of Guangxi. The Nùng became increasingly numerous in the region, and were spread out through a long stretch of the Vietnamese northern border from

852:(1850–64) to the early twentieth century was marked by continual waves of immigration by Zhuang/Nùng peoples from China into Vietnam. These waves were a result of the continuous drought of Guangxi which made the thinly occupied lands of northern Vietnam an attractive alternative habitation. The immigration process was generally a peaceful one as the Nùng purchased land from the "Tho" owners. The Nùng were superior to the Tho in cultivating wet rice and transformed poor lands, facilitating later migrations into adjoining areas. The repeated violent incursions of the Taiping era and the 93: 641:. By summertime, he had taken Yongzhou and reached Guangzhou, where his 50,000 strong army became bogged down in a prolonged siege. Despite cutting off Guangzhou from water, the city was well stocked with provisions, and the defenders fought back with crossbow defenses. The district magistrate Xiao Zhu foiled a waterborne attack on Guangzhou by setting fire to their ships. After 57 days, Zhigao was forced to retreat as more Song reinforcements arrived. He held out at Yongzhou, defeating five Song commanders sent against him. The Song called in a veteran of the 1029: 570: 345:, as of 1999, there were 933,653 Nùng people and 1,574,822 Tày people. Recently the Tày and Nùng have been referred to as a combined Tày-Nùng minority. However these ethnonyms are a recent phenomenon and did not exist until the modern age. According to Keith Taylor, the Vietnamese terms were "categories of French colonial knowledge" used to differentiate highlanders from lowlanders. The ethnic Zhuang was a product of the "ethnic identification project" pursued in 1950s China. 3041: 223: 621:

passed on the petition to court. However, when the tribute reached the court, the Fiscal Commissioner Xiao Gu argued to the emperor that Zhigao should be granted title. The Song court refused because it considered Zhigao's service to be the right of Đại Cồ Việt. The military commander Yuan Yun was dispatched to attack Zhigao but instead he wanted to offer Zhigao protection, and returned to the capital with tribute, arguing for a change in policy.

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been retouched and the Chinese-character inscriptions at the front and Quốc ngữ inscriptions on the walls have been removed. References to "King Nùng" who had "raised high the banner proclaiming independence" have been replaced with floral patterns and pictures of horses, generic symbols associated with local heroes. A large sign indicates the temple as a historical landmark.

649:, to assume command of the anti-rebel forces. He gathered 31,000 men and 32 generals, including Fanluo tribal cavalry from the northwest that "were able to ascend and descend mountains as though walking on level ground." Lý Thái Tông also offered to send 20,000 troops but the offer was refused out of fear that the troops would not leave afterwards. 609:大理). Đại Cồ Việt sent troops and captured him. He was held prisoner for a year before he was released with an honorary title and given control of Guangyuan, Leihuo, Ping'an, Pinpo, and Silang in return for a share of their natural resources, particularly gold. In 1048, Zhigao declared another state, the Kingdom of the Southern Heavens ( 179:(indigenous or native to the land). Their ethnonym is often mingled with that of the Tày as Tày-Nùng. According to the Vietnam census, the population of the Nùng numbered about 856,412 by 1999, 968,800 by 2009, and 1,083,298 by 2019. They are the third largest Tai-speaking group, preceded by the Tày and the 734:

and most of their interaction with Viets was through the Các Lái, Kinh (Vietnamese) merchants who had obtained government licenses for trade in the uplands in return for tribute to the court. Assimilation with broader society was not necessary unlike in China. The Viet court ruled the frontier region

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for irrigation. The Nùng engage in similar forms of agriculture today, using their gardens to grow a variety of vegetables, corn, peanuts, and fruits such as tangerines, persimmons, anise and other spices, and bamboo as cash crops. Nùng material culture is similar to other highlanders. They live on

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and the government pursued a policy of forced assimilation of minorities into Vietnamese culture. All education was conducted in the Vietnamese language, traditional customs were discouraged or outlawed, and minority people were moved from their villages into government settlements. At the same time

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in connection to the suppression of a rebel force by Lê forces in 1431. Worship of Nùng Trí Cao was widespread by the 19th century. In 1897, it was reported that local leaders had arranged the renovation of Kỳ Sầm Temple in conjunction with the Nùng clan. On the tenth day of the first lunar month a

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east of Yongzhou. Zhigao attacked the Song forces in early 1054. The Zhuang wore bright crimson uniforms and fought in units of three armed with long shields that advanced "like fire." One man carried a shield while the other two hurled metal-tipped bamboo javelins. In the initial stages of battle,

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Nong Zhigao approached the Song at Yongzhou for assistance but was denied an audience until he staged a military demonstration beneath the walls. He then presented substantial tribute (tame elephants and lumps of gold and silver) and petitioned the emperor. The prefect of Yongzhou, Chen Gong, never

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of Đại Cồ Việt. A Nong learned to spin and weave from her mother. At some point she was separated from the other girls and learned the ways of a shaman. She married Nong Quanfu and became his primary political adviser. Her brother, Nong Dangdao, inherited Wulezhou near Guangyuanzhou. She gave birth

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The Guangyuan zhou Man-barbarian Nong clan came from the south west... of Yongzhou and held the districts there. The terrain was steep mountains and inaccessible valleys; it produced gold and cinnabar. A good many people lived there. They wore their hair long and fastened their clothes on the left.

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also saw the Nùng as potential converts to the colonial order and portrayed them as oppressed minorities who had suffered under Chinese and Viet rule. According to a 1908 military dispatch by Commandant LeBlond, they had been "subjugated and held ransom during many long centuries, sometimes by the

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shifted the policy of ethnic affairs towards liberalization and preservation. Part of this was the appeal of creating tourist attractions and revenue. The Kỳ Sầm Temple was renovated sometime prior to 2001 to portray a more nationalistic image. The exterior and interior pillars of the temple have

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began migrating into Vietnam. This movement was accelerated by the cycle of disasters and political events of the seventeenth century which brought larger numbers of Chinese immigrants into the region, such as the fall of the Ming, the rebellion of Wu Sangui, the Qing occupation, and the Muslim

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Like the Nùng, the Tày (originally Thổ) would have been classified as Zhuang had they lived in China. However unlike the Nùng, the Tày are considered the most Vietnamized of all the Thai peoples in Vietnam and lacquered their teeth black like the Viets. The Tày and Nùng frequently intermarried,

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supervised state-sponsored migration to upland areas, the north did not experience a massive influx of Kinh Viets, so the ethnic balance around the Nùng Trí Cao temples remained fairly consistent. However the Viet Bac Autonomous Zone in which the Nùng and Tày were most numerous was revoked by

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Five temples dedicated to Nùng Trí Cao remained active into the 20th century. The keepers of the Kỳ Sầm Temple all bear the surname Nùng. Although a Romanized script has been created for the Nùng language, worshipers of the temple prefer Chinese, similar to the Zhuang in China, and sometimes

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wished to raise fighters in the region, he could recruit them from Nùng villages such as Na Cen and Na Mo, both on the Vietnamese side of the border. The French colonists saw this Nùng predominance as a threat, and found it convenient at that time to re-assert the primacy of the Vietnamese

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in Pinyin transcription as referred to above) were a branch of the proto-Zhuang peoples who had a political relationship with Nan Zhao, and its successor, Dali. The language and culture of the Nong is the same as the Zhuang, and only an accident of history prevents us from simplifying this

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was founded in 1930, its policy suggested upland peoples and minorities should be given full autonomy once the French colonial order was overthrown, however such policy was given little attention until 1941 when support from these communities became a strategic necessity. The Nùng assisted

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As for all the belongings that you amassed during your lives, they were destroyed today by heaven's fire. You have nothing to live on, and you are considered poor indeed! You must grab Yongzhou and capture Guangzhou where I will establish myself as its ruler. If you don't do this, you will

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They loved to fight and struggle and regarded death lightly. Earlier the leaders were of the Wei, Huang, Zhou and Nong clans which were constantly contending and pillaging each other.... The Huang clan offered pledges and 13 Bu-districts and 29 Man-barbarian Zhou-districts were established.

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degree holders Huang Wei and Huang Shifu. He also recruited other Nong clan members such as Nong Zhizhong and Nong Jianhou. Under the influence of Huang Wei and A Nong, Zhigao decided to declare independence. In 1052, Zhigao proclaimed the establishment of the Kingdom of the Great South

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occupation accelerated the outflow of Tho as the bands from China were largely Zhuang who favored the Nùng at the expense of the Tho. The Tho who remained became alienated from the Vietnamese government which could not offer protection and became clients of the Chinese and the Nùng.

617:). He called the Viet court's actions criminal and that his territory would not be annexed by China. In the fall of 1049, Zhigao's forces pillaged Yongzhou. In 1050, Đại Cồ Việt launched an attack on Zhigao's stronghold and evicted him, sending him fleeing into Song territory. 1090:

Nùng society is patrilineal and grouped into clans denoted by the region in China they came from. In the past, men could marry outside the clan but women could only marry within the clan, however this practice has declined in the present day. Men could have multiple wives.

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description by simply referring to them as "Zhuang." People who would today in China be termed Zhuang because of their language and culture, but who live in Vietnamese territory are designated by several different terms, including Nung, Tho/Tay, Thai, and possibly others.

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Many scholars of the Tai peoples consider the Zhuang and Nùng to be essentially the same people, a single ethnic group. During the early 11th century, ethnic identities and boundaries were more fluid than in the modern Sino-Vietnamese borderland. The Zhuang leader

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one, sometimes by the other, the race has become flexible and is frequently able to ascertain the stronger , to which it would turn instinctively. French domination appears soft to him and benevolent, compared with that of Annamites or the Chinese." During the

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over these areas was often met by violent local opposition. Unlike the Chinese however, the Viets did offer princesses to the thổ ty to cement allegiances. Despite this, most Nùng communities were self ruled as late as 1953 when the

601:). A Nong married a wealthy merchant but Zhigao murdered this man. A Nong married a third time to Nong Xiaqing, expanding their territory further into Temo. In 1042, Zhigao declared the founding the Kingdom of the Great Succession ( 743:

rulers and held absolute authority in their own areas. They paid tribute to both Chinese and Viet authorities. As late as the 19th century, imperial presence was not guaranteed. Central expansion and assertion of authority by the

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rivers. The Wei had settled on the Song-Viet border. However the power of the Nong clan increased and began to upset Huang supremacy. By the early Song, they ruled over an area known as Temo, which stretched from modern

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flooded the region during the festival so that Quảng Nguyên "resembled nothing more than another region of China." Another festival focused on trade was held around the temple in the third lunar month during Thanh Minh

997:. Frequently this involved taking the best land in order to resettle thousands of people from the overcrowded lowlands. As tension arose between Vietnam and China in 1975, Hanoi feared the loyalty of the Nùng and 442:. It is not known when he was born, but a memorial in early 977 states that the "peaceful and generous" leader Nong Minfu of Guangyuanzhou had established himself over ten neighboring villages with the support of 768:

consolidated support from border communities by acknowledging a variety of local deities. It's suggested that a shrine to Nùng Trí Cao, the Great King of Kỳ Sầm Temple, was erected in the western outskirts of

929:. When war broke out in 1946, groups of Thai, H’mong and Muong in the northwest sided with the French and against the Vietnamese and even provided battalions to fight with the French troops. But The Nùng and 666:

One general, Chen Shu, attacked early with 8,000 men and suffered a defeat against the Zhuang forces. Di Qing executed him and 31 officers. He then marched his forces under cover of night and blocked the

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According to official accounts, Nong Zhigao was executed by the ruler of Dali and his head presented to Song authorities. However popular accounts claim he fled further south into modern northern

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provinces and became known as the Nùng. Barlow (2005) suggests that many of the original 11th-century rebels who fled to Vietnam were absorbed by the related Tày peoples of the region.

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in 1078, the Nùng north of the border became more sinicized by accepting greater integration into the Chinese tributary system while the Tai-speaking people south of the border in

561:, invaded the newly found kingdom, captured Quanfu and four other male members of the Nong clan, and executed them. A Nong escaped with the 14-year old Zhigao into Song territory. 894:'s mercenary Nùng warriors had killed several French officers, the French offered a bounty of eight dollars for each head brought in by the "Man". The bounty was paid 150 times. 946: 3099: 814:, a Vietnamese dynasty ruled over the Vietnamese northeast highlands, profited from the migration in that they were able to draw upon Nùng manpower for their own forces. 886:

The French, however, perhaps having less choice, tended to support the Tho and other minorities, often undifferentiated as "Man" in their reports—usually a reference to

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There are several subgroups among the Nùng: Nùng Xuồng, Nùng Giang, Nùng An, Nùng Phàn Slình, Nùng Lòi, Nùng Cháo, Nùng Quý Rỉn, Nùng Dín, Nùng Inh, Nùng Tùng Slìn etc.

950: 1005:, support for Nùng Trí Cao could be read as anti-Chinese, as he was mainly seen as a rebel against Chinese authority. Even so, during the 1980s, an estimated 250,000 739:

known as thổ ty. Thổ ty officials who governed the frontier held hereditary positions and passed on their position from generation to generation. The thổ ty were

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Local religious services are led by a village shaman who oversees animal sacrifices and communication with the spiritual world. Nature spirits are known as the

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to restore Viet independence, the Nùng showed little interest in supporting the lowland Kinh Viets against the French. Some of the upland peoples supported the

975:, Nùng villages in the Việt Bắc region received very little damage and avoided the devastation of upland communities in the Central Highlands. Although the 498:). Such preferential treatment was viewed with anger in Đại Cồ Việt, which attacked a Song garrison in 1004 after it held a banquet for a Nong chieftain. 2545: 233:

Many of the Nùng's sub-group names correspond to the geographic regions of the Nùng homeland. Hoàng Nam (2008:11) lists the following Nùng subgroups.

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Blust, Robert (1996). "Beyond the Austronesian Homeland: The Austric Hypothesis and Its Implications for Archaeology". In Goodenough, Ward H. (ed.).

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to deal with the rebellion, but officials there appear to have feared involvement and refused to offer aid. In 1039, the emperor of the

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in his activities. As a result of anti-French activities, temples of Nùng Trí Cao were destroyed. The French had more success with the

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provinces, aiming to create a separate Tày-Nùng state in the northern region of Vietnam. His rising was eventually suppressed by the

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were settled in the mountainous regions along the Chinese border, leading to a shortage of food in the region and much suffering.

419:(r. 976-997) bestowed special favors on Nong leadership, acknowledging that they had succeeded the Huang in the Zuo River region. 2508: 624:

Zhigao's followers set up shop and through the mineral wealth of his holdings formed close ties with Chinese traders, including

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remained in a patron-client relationship with the Viet court. These Tai-speaking communities lived in the mountainous areas of

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Treatises of the Supervisor and Guardian of the Cinnamon Sea: The Natural World and Material Culture of Twelfth-Century China

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As the strongest thổ ty, Nùng Trí Cao (C. Nong Zhigao) and his family members were deified by these communities. After the

637:). In the spring of 1052, Zhigao ordered the villages under his control to be burnt and led 5,000 subjects on the path to 4205: 1950: 1058:

higher elevation with houses built with clay on stilts near rivers to avoid flooding. Like the Tày, they are known for

945:, the Viet Minh tried to win the allegiance of all of the northern ethnic minorities by creating two autonomous zones, 4236: 3044: 2531: 2498:. : Instttute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, 1996. 2321: 1618: 1470: 1262: 4215: 3008: 723: 302: 3063: 2383:——— (1987), "The Zhuang Minority Peoples of the Sino-Vietnamese Frontier in the Song Period", 761: 3086: 2998: 1135:

features similarly to other Tai ethnic groups. In addition, Nùng religious practices are heavily influenced by

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The Quest for Zhuang Identity: Cultural Politics of Promoting the Buluotuo Cultural Festival in Guangxi, China

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Ng, Candice Sheung Pui (2011). "On "Constructed" Identities: A Dialogue on the Nature of Zhuang Identity".

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king. Sioung's armies raided gold from Buddhist temples and seized large tracts of land from other people.

695:, and northern Thailand claim to be descended from Zhigao. Many Zhuang songs refer to him as "King Nong." 2939: 994: 898: 876: 17: 2343:

Sẹc mạhn slú Nohng Fạn Slihng = Ngũ-vụng Nùng Phạn Slinh = Nung Fan Slihng vocabulary: Nung-Viêt-English

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by Zhuang forces allied with the Song. They were executed. Zhigao failed to raise more troops in Dali.

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Geographic distribution of Nùng, Zhuang, Tay, Bouyei languages in northern Vietnam and southern China.

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respectively, allowing limited self-government within a “unified multi-national state”. During the

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After the defeat of Nùng Trí Cao, Many of the Nùng rebels fled to Vietnam, concentrating around

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was born to a notable warrior chieftain who accepted titles from both the Song dynasty and the

430: 2523: 2307: 2250: 2222: 113: 3771: 3148: 2755: 822: 807: 712: 166: 890:—as a counterweight against the Nùng. In 1908, for example, following an incident in which 4241: 4210: 4185: 3483: 3003: 2292:"A Sociolinguistic Introduction to the Central Taic Languages of Wenshan Prefecture, China" 1791: 1411: 960:

In 1954, several thousand Nùng Phàn Slình came to South Vietnam as refugees and settled in

462:) and "grand master of splendid happiness bearing the golden pocket with purple trimming" ( 2158: 926: 818: 558: 8: 4152: 1223: 1120: 1100: 1002: 479: 395: 117: 2518: 821:, a Nùng chieftain, led a rebellion against Vietnamese rule. He quickly took control of 757: 727: 506: 4081: 4051: 3967: 3545: 3477: 2993: 2983: 2922: 2823: 2697: 2590: 2446: 2408: 2400: 2291: 2276: 2201: 2189: 2154: 838: 745: 2365:

The Rebel Den of Nung Tri Cao: loyalty and identity along the Sino-Vietnamese frontier

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and was rewarded with titles. Duan rewarded another leader in Temo with the title

4168: 4142: 4103: 4018: 3985: 3972: 3723: 3641: 3294: 3233: 3131: 2788: 2707: 2579: 1108: 1028: 880: 853: 811: 606: 590: 487: 471: 408: 169:-speaking ethnic group living primarily in northeastern Vietnam and southwestern 1169: 4190: 4173: 3999: 3944: 3803: 3798: 3741: 3681: 3626: 3444: 3438: 3428: 3339: 3318: 3167: 3162: 3034: 2890: 2803: 2778: 2745: 2712: 2647: 2596: 1107:. Its written script was developed around the 17th century. It is close to the 1059: 1046: 184: 3957: 2885: 2768: 2396: 981: 4230: 3926: 3912: 3878: 3850: 3832: 3786: 3780: 3718: 3706: 3596: 3369: 3362: 3356: 3333: 3216: 3197: 3186: 2967: 2902: 2850: 2763: 2687: 2682: 2672: 2617: 1228: 1198: 1104: 841:

in 1835. In the 1860s, the Nùng sided with Sioung (Xiong), a self-proclaimed

569: 518:, and take his lands. The Nong clan eventually controlled 14 major grottoes ( 318: 218:

Geographic distribution of the Nùng as a part of Central Tai speaking peoples

203: 143: 765: 554: 322: 206:. In China, the Nùng together with the Tày are classified as Zhuang people. 199: 147: 4147: 4123: 4087: 4066: 3992: 3962: 3952: 3919: 3904: 3844: 3818: 3733: 3554: 3519: 3507: 3407: 3383: 3376: 3327: 3307: 3289: 3251: 2962: 2952: 2927: 2840: 2835: 2740: 2702: 2667: 2652: 2584: 2558: 1140: 1050: 941:, with a safe base for his guerrilla armies. After defeating the French at 842: 775: 770: 692: 598: 577: 451: 443: 412: 391: 354: 2018: 3933: 3872: 3860: 3855: 3825: 3696: 3561: 3513: 3433: 3423: 3418: 3300: 3239: 3222: 3210: 3203: 3192: 3142: 3055: 2957: 2912: 2907: 2845: 2692: 2677: 2662: 2657: 2637: 2622: 2278:

The migration of Chinese-Vietnamese from Vietnam : the Truong Family

1218: 1208: 1185: 1179: 1071: 1054: 972: 954: 938: 903: 891: 866: 787: 668: 659: 573: 529:長生國) and took for himself the exalted title "Luminous and Sage Emperor" ( 511: 467: 447: 350: 334: 330: 27:

Central Tai ethnic group living in Northern Vietnam and Southwest Guangxi

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festival was held around the temple. Apparently "Han Chinese" from the

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in 1025. A Nong induced Quanfu to kill his brother, the leader of the

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identify as survivors of Zhigao's rebel movement and other groups in

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who fought against the French, while others sided with the French.

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In 1035, Quanfu declared the founding of the Kingdom of Longevity (

494:). His younger brother, Nong Quanlu, controlled Wennaizhou (modern 486:). He was also granted additional authority of Dangyouzhou (modern 438:

The first member of the Nong clan to gain official recognition was

163: 2170:. Vol. 86. American Philosophical Society. pp. 117–158. 1600:

Huang, Xianfan 黄现璠; Huang, Zengqing 黃增慶; Zhang, Yimin 張一民 (1988).

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administrative system in the region. The French colonizers of the

533:昭聖皇帝) while A Nong became the "Enlightened and Virtuous Empress" ( 4011: 3713: 3701: 3691: 3671: 3631: 3621: 3616: 3611: 1144: 1124: 1063: 1042: 1015: 794: 646: 594: 550: 491: 342: 311: 170: 80: 633:) and granted himself the title of Benevolent and Kind Emperor ( 173:. The Nùng sometimes call themselves Thổ, which literally means 4005: 3898: 3676: 3636: 3606: 3584: 3489: 2553: 1243: 1238: 1079: 798: 673: 625: 589:

In 1041, Nong Zhigao and his mother seized Dangyouzhou (modern

502: 1717: 957:, many Nùng fought alongside the North Vietnamese Army (NVA). 214: 4025: 3753: 3728: 3686: 3413: 3245: 2947: 98: 51: 2309:

Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia

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Fighting Words: Language Policy and Ethnic Relations in Asia

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groups), and sixth overall among national minority groups.

1921: 1919: 1917: 1811: 1809: 1763: 1761: 1707: 1705: 1668: 1666: 1613:] (in Chinese). Nanning Shi: Guangxi minzu chubanshe. 683:, where his descendants thrive to this day. The Zhuang of 377:

although the Tày seem to have been held in higher regard.

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Prehistoric Settlement of the Pacific, Volume 86, Part 5

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in Nùng cosmology. Ancestor worship is also practiced.

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agriculture and worked on terraced hillsides, tending

613:), and took a reign title, "Auspicious Circumstances" ( 466:) on Minfu. These titles were passed onto Minfu's son, 2128: 2126: 2101: 2099: 2097: 2046: 2036: 2034: 2032: 1868: 1690: 1678: 1651: 1639: 1581: 1569: 1518: 1491: 1479: 1441: 1426: 1292: 786:

The Nùng, although lacking a leader of the stature of

1866: 1864: 1862: 1860: 1858: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1850: 1848: 1833: 1821: 1741: 1530: 1506: 1381: 1304: 297: 2335:. Hanoi: Social Sciences Publishing House. Vb 47561. 1557: 1316: 1282: 1280: 458:. The Song bestowed the titles "minister of works" ( 2123: 2094: 2070: 2029: 1045:during the 12th and 13th centuries, they developed 2424:(Ph.D. thesis). National University of Singapore. 2301:(2010–027). In cooperation with Mingfu Wang (王明富). 1845: 1352: 1340: 1328: 865:The Nùng dominance became so pronounced that when 2013: 2011: 2009: 2007: 2005: 2003: 1277: 411:in the east and Guangyuanzhou (Quảng Nguyên, now 333:. In China, the Zhuang are today the largest non- 329:with very similar customs and dress known as the 4228: 2419: 1723: 1398: 1396: 337:minority with around 14.5 million population in 2482:Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania 1599: 2221:Brown, Michael Edward; Ganguly, Sumit (2003). 2000: 522:) in comparison to only 5 for the Huang clan. 3071: 2539: 1465:. University of Washington Press. June 2011. 1393: 1147:) as the goddess of compassion and kindness. 685:Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture 405:Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture 2220: 1778: 1776: 914:-border, who established a regime known as 597:) and the Leihuo grotto settlement (modern 541:and styled himself the first king of Dali, 394:, the Huang clan was left in charge of the 3085: 3078: 3064: 2546: 2532: 1375:"A Nong (c. 1005–1055) | Encyclopedia.com" 537:明德皇后). Another source says he founded the 2265: 1298: 1255: 2361: 2339: 2283:Department of History, Baylor University 2088: 2064: 2052: 1994: 1982: 1970: 1937: 1925: 1908: 1896: 1884: 1815: 1773: 1767: 1735: 1711: 1696: 1684: 1672: 1657: 1645: 1633: 1587: 1575: 1551: 1524: 1500: 1485: 1447: 1435: 1369: 1367: 1310: 1027: 702: 568: 301: 221: 213: 2305: 2289: 2040: 1032:A hand basket of Nùng people in Vietnam 30:For the Tibeto-Burman people Nung, see 14: 4229: 2496:Tay-Nùng Language in the North Vietnam 2457: 2382: 2330: 2274: 2253:. General Statistics Office of Vietnam 2148: 2076: 1872: 1839: 1827: 1752: 1563: 1539: 1512: 1387: 1322: 1286: 1265:. General Statistics Office of Vietnam 1263:"Report on Results of the 2019 Census" 1041:When the Nùng moved into Vietnam from 735:using a system similar to the Chinese 3059: 2527: 2340:Wilson, Nancy F.; Vy, Thị Bé (1976). 2165: 1364: 2479: 2132: 2117: 2105: 1358: 1346: 993:along the Chinese border and in the 937:and provided the Vietnamese leader, 925:) under the control of collaborator 793:In the 16th century the Zhuang from 62:Regions with significant populations 4206:Unrecognized ethnic groups in China 2290:Johnson, Eric C. (September 2010). 2245: 385: 24: 2488: 2436: 2385:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 2368:, University of Washington Press, 2349:. Summer Institute of Linguistics. 1334: 298:Relationship to the Zhuang and Tày 25: 4253: 2502: 2420:Chaisingkananont, Somrak (2014). 2268:The Nùng ethnic group of Việt Nam 1157: 605:大歷國, not to be confused with the 4211:Immigrant ethnic groups in China 3040: 3039: 3029: 2306:Minahan, James B. (2012-08-30). 198:They are closely related to the 91: 73: 50: 2355: 1943: 1593: 1453: 790:, rose up in 1352, 1430, 1434. 564: 446:(907-971). Minfu had supported 209: 2465:. Cambridge University Press. 1013:Vietnamese. In the 1990s, the 977:Democratic Republic of Vietnam 966: 860: 13: 1: 2270:. Hanoi: Thế Giới Publishers. 1611:General History of the Zhuang 1249: 2362:Anderson, James A. (2012) , 2299:SIL Electronic Survey Report 1166:, a general of North Vietnam 1143:. The Nùng worship Quan Âm ( 698: 353:was defeated in 1055 by the 34:. For the Chinese Nùng, see 7: 3025:– Not officially recognized 2519:Nùng - Vietnam Ethnic Group 2463:A History of the Vietnamese 2439:Journal of Oriental Studies 1192: 1114: 1094: 899:Indochinese Communist Party 797:and perhaps from southeast 246:: migrated from Wan Cheng 10: 4258: 2611:Austroasiatic (non-Vietic) 2275:Hoover, Daniel J. (2010). 2141: 1085: 1036: 1023: 753:took the Việt Bắc region. 582: 549:requested assistance from 501:In 1005, a woman known as 380: 29: 4201: 4161: 4096: 4042: 3943: 3888: 3770: 3544: 3498: 3468: 3397: 3349: 3317: 3280: 3176: 3115: 3106: 3093: 3017: 2976: 2938: 2866: 2754: 2726: 2610: 2565: 2480:West, Barbara A. (2008), 2397:10.1017/s0022463400020543 475: 293:: migrated from Long Zhou 281:: migrated from Cong Shan 240:: migrated from Long Ying 142: 137: 133:Nùng folk religion, Moism 132: 127: 112: 107: 89: 71: 66: 61: 49: 4237:Ethnic groups in Vietnam 4181:Local ethnic nationalism 3100:recognized ethnic groups 2555:Ethnic groups in Vietnam 2331:Nguyễn, Thị Yên (2009). 2149:Barlow, Jeffrey (2005). 1605: 951:Viet Bac Autonomous Zone 947:Thai–Meo Autonomous Zone 415:province) in the south. 287:: migrated from Gui Shun 250:Nùng Phàn Slình thua lài 985:the government created 545:. The local prefect of 417:Emperor Taizong of Song 275:: migrated from Xia Lei 255:Nùng Phàn Slình cúm cọt 4216:Historic ethnic groups 3087:Ethnic groups in China 2868:Sino-Tibetan languages 2509:Nùng People in Vietnam 1958:The Peoples of Vietnam 1119:Many Nùng practice an 1033: 999:the Chinese-Vietnamese 708: 664: 585:Nong Zhigao rebellions 580: 483: 436: 374: 314: 264:: migrated from An Jie 227: 219: 2333:Tày-Nùng Folk Beliefs 1724:Chaisingkananont 2014 1031: 943:Dien Bien Phu in 1954 707:Nùng woman's clothing 706: 651: 572: 421: 359: 305: 225: 217: 138:Related ethnic groups 36:Nùng people (Chinese) 2053:Wilson & Vy 1976 848:The period from the 722:With the end of the 450:(r. 937–944) of the 2494:Đoàn, Thiện Thuật. 1960:. Asia Harvest USA. 1224:Tai-Kadai languages 1121:indigenous religion 1105:Tai language family 1003:Sino-Vietnamese War 872:Tonkin Protectorate 576:'s movement in the 464:jinzi guanglu daifu 161:pronounced as noong 46: 2266:Hoàng Nam (2008). 2155:Pacific University 2120:, p. 603-604. 2091:, p. 177-178. 2067:, p. 172-173. 1997:, p. 170-171. 1985:, p. 168-170. 1911:, p. 165-167. 1887:, p. 163-165. 1794:on 8 February 2007 1414:on 8 February 2007 1188:, a Nùng chieftain 1182:, a Nùng chieftain 1034: 989:New Economic Zones 877:Cần Vương movement 709: 581: 315: 228: 220: 44: 4224: 4223: 3393: 3392: 3053: 3052: 2940:Malayo-Polynesian 2472:978-0-521-87586-8 2375:978-0-295-80077-6 2238:978-0-262-52333-2 2185:978-0-871-69865-0 1788:mcel.pacificu.edu 1408:mcel.pacificu.edu 1174:August Revolution 1172:, fighter of the 1007:ethnic Vietnamese 995:Central Highlands 962:Lâm Đồng Province 916:Sip Song Chau Tai 850:Taiping Rebellion 781:Qingming Festival 764:, the Viet ruler 724:Song–Đại Việt war 654:necessarily die." 531:Zhaosheng Huangdi 390:During the early 325:are a cluster of 153: 152: 32:Nungish languages 16:(Redirected from 4249: 4082:Tajiks (Pamiris) 3113: 3112: 3080: 3073: 3066: 3057: 3056: 3043: 3042: 3033: 3026: 2548: 2541: 2534: 2525: 2524: 2484: 2476: 2454: 2433: 2416: 2379: 2350: 2348: 2336: 2327: 2302: 2296: 2286: 2271: 2262: 2260: 2258: 2242: 2217: 2211: 2207: 2205: 2197: 2162: 2157:. Archived from 2136: 2130: 2121: 2115: 2109: 2103: 2092: 2086: 2080: 2074: 2068: 2062: 2056: 2050: 2044: 2038: 2027: 2026: 2015: 1998: 1992: 1986: 1980: 1974: 1968: 1962: 1961: 1955: 1947: 1941: 1935: 1929: 1923: 1912: 1906: 1900: 1894: 1888: 1882: 1876: 1870: 1843: 1837: 1831: 1825: 1819: 1813: 1804: 1803: 1801: 1799: 1790:. Archived from 1780: 1771: 1765: 1756: 1750: 1739: 1733: 1727: 1721: 1715: 1709: 1700: 1694: 1688: 1682: 1676: 1670: 1661: 1655: 1649: 1643: 1637: 1636:, p. 91-92. 1631: 1625: 1624: 1603:Zhuàngzú tōngshǐ 1597: 1591: 1585: 1579: 1573: 1567: 1561: 1555: 1554:, p. 68-69. 1549: 1543: 1537: 1528: 1522: 1516: 1510: 1504: 1498: 1489: 1483: 1477: 1476: 1457: 1451: 1445: 1439: 1433: 1424: 1423: 1421: 1419: 1410:. Archived from 1400: 1391: 1385: 1379: 1378: 1371: 1362: 1356: 1350: 1344: 1338: 1337:, p. 49-50. 1332: 1326: 1320: 1314: 1308: 1302: 1296: 1290: 1284: 1275: 1274: 1272: 1270: 1259: 760:which ended the 758:Lam Sơn uprising 662: 507:Early Lê dynasty 477: 434: 386:Rise of the Nùng 372: 339:Guangxi Province 306:Distribution of 97: 95: 94: 85:1,083,298 (2019) 79: 77: 76: 54: 47: 43: 21: 4257: 4256: 4252: 4251: 4250: 4248: 4247: 4246: 4227: 4226: 4225: 4220: 4197: 4169:Han nationalism 4157: 4104:African Chinese 4092: 4038: 3939: 3884: 3766: 3724:Sichuan Mongols 3540: 3494: 3464: 3389: 3345: 3313: 3276: 3172: 3102: 3089: 3084: 3054: 3049: 3021: 3013: 2972: 2934: 2862: 2750: 2722: 2606: 2561: 2559:language family 2552: 2505: 2491: 2489:Further reading 2473: 2376: 2358: 2353: 2346: 2324: 2294: 2256: 2254: 2239: 2209: 2208: 2199: 2198: 2186: 2176:10.2307/1006623 2144: 2139: 2131: 2124: 2116: 2112: 2104: 2095: 2087: 2083: 2075: 2071: 2063: 2059: 2051: 2047: 2039: 2030: 2017: 2016: 2001: 1993: 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2832: 2831: 2829:Thái Hàng Tổng 2826: 2821: 2816: 2811: 2806: 2796: 2791: 2786: 2781: 2776: 2771: 2766: 2760: 2758: 2752: 2751: 2749: 2748: 2743: 2738: 2732: 2730: 2724: 2723: 2721: 2720: 2715: 2710: 2705: 2700: 2695: 2690: 2685: 2680: 2675: 2670: 2665: 2660: 2655: 2650: 2645: 2640: 2635: 2630: 2625: 2620: 2614: 2612: 2608: 2607: 2605: 2604: 2599: 2594: 2587: 2582: 2576: 2574: 2563: 2562: 2551: 2550: 2543: 2536: 2528: 2522: 2521: 2516: 2511: 2504: 2503:External links 2501: 2500: 2499: 2490: 2487: 2486: 2485: 2477: 2471: 2455: 2445:(1/2): 45–61. 2434: 2417: 2391:(2): 250–269, 2380: 2374: 2357: 2354: 2352: 2351: 2337: 2328: 2322: 2303: 2287: 2272: 2263: 2243: 2237: 2218: 2210:|journal= 2184: 2163: 2161:on 2007-02-06. 2145: 2143: 2140: 2138: 2137: 2135:, p. 604. 2122: 2110: 2108:, p. 603. 2093: 2081: 2069: 2057: 2045: 2028: 2023:InfoMekong.com 1999: 1987: 1975: 1973:, p. 168. 1963: 1942: 1940:, p. 165. 1930: 1928:, p. 167. 1913: 1901: 1899:, p. 171. 1889: 1877: 1844: 1842:, p. 268. 1832: 1830:, p. 261. 1820: 1818:, p. 112. 1805: 1772: 1770:, p. 111. 1757: 1755:, p. 259. 1740: 1738:, p. 105. 1728: 1716: 1714:, p. 100. 1701: 1689: 1677: 1675:, p. 7-8. 1662: 1650: 1638: 1626: 1619: 1592: 1580: 1568: 1556: 1544: 1542:, p. 256. 1529: 1517: 1515:, p. 255. 1505: 1490: 1478: 1471: 1452: 1440: 1425: 1392: 1390:, p. 265. 1380: 1363: 1361:, p. 915. 1351: 1349:, p. 914. 1339: 1327: 1325:, p. 250. 1315: 1303: 1299:Hoàng Nam 2008 1291: 1276: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1247: 1246: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1216: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1194: 1191: 1190: 1189: 1183: 1177: 1167: 1159: 1158:Notable people 1156: 1116: 1113: 1096: 1093: 1087: 1084: 1060:silversmithing 1047:slash-and-burn 1038: 1035: 1025: 1022: 968: 965: 933:supported the 908:Tai Dón people 862: 859: 839:Nguyễn dynasty 746:Nguyễn dynasty 700: 697: 656: 635:Renhui Huangdi 583:Main article: 566: 563: 527:Changsheng Guo 496:Na Rì District 476:Nungz Cienzfuk 426: 387: 384: 382: 379: 371:Jeffrey Barlow 368: 299: 296: 295: 294: 288: 282: 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W. 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2381: 2377: 2371: 2367: 2366: 2360: 2359: 2345: 2344: 2338: 2334: 2329: 2325: 2323:9781598846607 2319: 2315: 2311: 2310: 2304: 2300: 2293: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2279: 2273: 2269: 2264: 2252: 2249:(June 2010). 2248: 2244: 2240: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2225: 2219: 2215: 2203: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2147: 2146: 2134: 2129: 2127: 2119: 2114: 2107: 2102: 2100: 2098: 2090: 2089:Anderson 2012 2085: 2078: 2073: 2066: 2065:Anderson 2012 2061: 2055:, p. 11. 2054: 2049: 2042: 2037: 2035: 2033: 2024: 2020: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 1996: 1995:Anderson 2012 1991: 1984: 1983:Anderson 2012 1979: 1972: 1971:Anderson 2012 1967: 1959: 1952: 1946: 1939: 1938:Anderson 2012 1934: 1927: 1926:Anderson 2012 1922: 1920: 1918: 1910: 1909:Anderson 2012 1905: 1898: 1897:Anderson 2012 1893: 1886: 1885:Anderson 2012 1881: 1874: 1869: 1867: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1859: 1857: 1855: 1853: 1851: 1849: 1841: 1836: 1829: 1824: 1817: 1816:Anderson 2012 1812: 1810: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1779: 1777: 1769: 1768:Anderson 2012 1764: 1762: 1754: 1749: 1747: 1745: 1737: 1736:Anderson 2012 1732: 1726:, p. 97. 1725: 1720: 1713: 1712:Anderson 2012 1708: 1706: 1699:, p. 98. 1698: 1697:Anderson 2012 1693: 1687:, p. 96. 1686: 1685:Anderson 2012 1681: 1674: 1673:Anderson 2012 1669: 1667: 1660:, p. 94. 1659: 1658:Anderson 2012 1654: 1648:, p. 93. 1647: 1646:Anderson 2012 1642: 1635: 1634:Anderson 2012 1630: 1622: 1620:7-5363-0422-6 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1596: 1590:, p. 90. 1589: 1588:Anderson 2012 1584: 1578:, p. 88. 1577: 1576:Anderson 2012 1572: 1566:, p. 67. 1565: 1560: 1553: 1552:Anderson 2012 1548: 1541: 1536: 1534: 1527:, p. 86. 1526: 1525:Anderson 2012 1521: 1514: 1509: 1503:, p. 75. 1502: 1501:Anderson 2012 1497: 1495: 1488:, p. 74. 1487: 1486:Anderson 2012 1482: 1474: 1472:9780295802060 1468: 1464: 1463: 1456: 1450:, p. 73. 1449: 1448:Anderson 2012 1444: 1438:, p. 76. 1437: 1436:Anderson 2012 1432: 1430: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1399: 1397: 1389: 1384: 1376: 1370: 1368: 1360: 1355: 1348: 1343: 1336: 1331: 1324: 1319: 1313:, p. 12. 1312: 1311:Anderson 2012 1307: 1301:, p. 11. 1300: 1295: 1288: 1283: 1281: 1264: 1258: 1254: 1245: 1242: 1240: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1230: 1229:Tai languages 1227: 1225: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1200: 1199:Zhuang people 1197: 1196: 1187: 1184: 1181: 1178: 1175: 1171: 1168: 1165: 1162: 1161: 1155: 1153: 1148: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1112: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1101:Nùng language 1092: 1083: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1030: 1021: 1018: 1017: 1010: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 990: 983: 978: 974: 964: 963: 958: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 900: 895: 893: 889: 884: 882: 878: 873: 868: 858: 855: 851: 846: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 815: 813: 809: 805: 800: 796: 791: 789: 784: 782: 777: 772: 767: 763: 759: 754: 752: 747: 742: 738: 733: 729: 725: 720: 718: 714: 705: 696: 694: 690: 686: 682: 677: 675: 670: 661: 655: 650: 648: 644: 643:Song–Xia wars 640: 636: 632: 627: 622: 618: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 586: 579: 575: 571: 562: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 523: 521: 517: 513: 508: 504: 499: 497: 493: 489: 485: 484:Nùng Tồn Phúc 481: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 433: 432: 425: 420: 418: 414: 410: 406: 401: 397: 393: 378: 367: 364: 358: 356: 352: 346: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 313: 309: 304: 292: 289: 286: 283: 280: 277: 274: 271: 269: 266: 263: 260: 256: 253: 251: 248: 247: 245: 242: 239: 236: 235: 234: 231: 224: 216: 207: 205: 201: 196: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 177: 176:autochthonous 172: 168: 164: 162: 158: 149: 145: 144:Zhuang people 141: 136: 131: 126: 123: 119: 115: 111: 106: 102: 100: 88: 84: 82: 70: 65: 60: 53: 48: 37: 33: 19: 4130: 4124:Kaifeng Jews 4080: 4073: 4024: 4017: 4010: 3998: 3991: 3984: 3977: 3932: 3925: 3918: 3911: 3897: 3877: 3865: 3843: 3838: 3831: 3824: 3817: 3810: 3791: 3779: 3752: 3740: 3589: 3567: 3560: 3553: 3533: 3526: 3512: 3482: 3470:Austronesian 3457: 3450: 3443: 3406: 3382: 3375: 3368: 3361: 3338: 3326: 3306: 3299: 3269: 3257: 3250: 3238: 3221: 3209: 3202: 3185: 3178:Lolo-Burmese 3155: 3141: 3124: 3108:Sino-Tibetan 3095: 3022: 2891:Sán Dìu 2855: 2783: 2628:Bru-Vân Kiều 2589: 2495: 2481: 2462: 2442: 2438: 2430:10635/118867 2421: 2388: 2384: 2364: 2356:Bibliography 2342: 2332: 2308: 2298: 2282: 2277: 2267: 2255:. 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After the 986: 970: 959: 927:Đèo Văn Long 922: 919: 896: 885: 864: 847: 819:Nông Văn Vân 816: 792: 788:Nùng Trí Cao 785: 776:Qing dynasty 755: 740: 721: 710: 693:Xishuangbana 678: 665: 652: 634: 630: 623: 619: 614: 610: 602: 599:Daxin County 588: 578:Song dynasty 565:Nùng Trí Cao 559:Lý Thái Tông 542: 539:Chang Qi Guo 538: 534: 530: 526: 524: 519: 500: 463: 459: 455: 452:Dali Kingdom 444:Southern Han 437: 429: 422: 392:Song dynasty 389: 375: 362: 360: 355:Song dynasty 347: 321:, Nùng, and 316: 290: 285:Nùng Quý Rỉn 284: 278: 272: 267: 261: 254: 249: 243: 237: 232: 229: 210:Subdivisions 197: 174: 160: 156: 154: 56:A Nùng woman 41:Ethnic group 4242:Tai peoples 3968:Fuyu Kyrgyz 2923:Phù Lá 2908:Hà Nhì 2741:H'Mông/Mông 2602:Việt (Kinh) 2257:26 November 2077:Hoover 2010 1873:Barlow 2005 1840:Barlow 1987 1828:Barlow 1987 1784:"Zhuang 08" 1753:Barlow 1987 1564:Taylor 2013 1540:Barlow 1987 1513:Barlow 1987 1404:"Zhuang 07" 1388:Barlow 1987 1323:Barlow 1987 1287:Nguyễn 2009 1219:Chu (state) 1209:Yue (state) 1186:Nong Zhigao 1180:Nong Quanfu 1164:Chu Văn Tấn 1072:papermaking 973:Vietnam War 971:During the 967:Nationalism 955:Vietnam War 939:Ho Chi Minh 904:Ho Chi Minh 892:Sun Yat-sen 867:Sun Yat-sen 861:Colonialism 831:Thái Nguyên 827:Tuyên Quang 812:Mạc dynasty 669:Kunlun Pass 660:Nong Zhigao 611:Nantian Guo 574:Nong Zhigao 543:Tu Dan Chao 512:Nong Zhigao 468:Nong Quanfu 448:Duan Siping 351:Nong Zhigao 335:Han Chinese 331:Rau peoples 327:Tai peoples 167:Central Tai 18:Nung people 4231:Categories 4174:chauvinism 4153:Pakistanis 4136:Chaoxianzu 3748:Sogwo Arig 3667:Muumyangan 3652:Khishigten 3500:Hmong-Mien 3452:Vietnamese 3096:Underlined 2977:Expatriate 2928:Si La 2918:Lô Lô 2913:La Hủ 2814:Thái Trắng 2643:Giẻ Triêng 1250:References 1214:Wu (state) 1204:Tay people 1076:embroidery 1053:and using 910:along the 854:Black Flag 555:Lý dynasty 480:Vietnamese 440:Nong Minfu 361:The Nung ( 341:alone. In 323:Tày people 308:Rau people 148:Tày people 118:Vietnamese 4052:Armenians 3973:Ili Turks 3569:Dongxiang 3265:Qixingmin 3149:subgroups 3137:Chuanqing 3098:: the 56 3009:Taiwanese 2824:Tày Thanh 2756:Tai–Kadai 2728:Hmong–Dao 2413:163042066 2285:(Thesis). 2229:MIT Press 2212:ignored ( 2202:cite book 2133:West 2008 2118:West 2008 2106:West 2008 1359:West 2008 1347:West 2008 1125:animistic 935:Viet Minh 897:When the 817:In 1833, 751:Viet Minh 699:Migration 689:Dali City 639:Guangzhou 631:Danan Guo 291:Nùng Cháo 189:White Tai 185:Black Tai 108:Languages 4143:Macanese 4114:Japanese 4075:Russians 4057:Iranians 3953:Altaians 3890:Tungusic 3662:Khuuchid 3657:Khorchin 3647:Kharchin 3602:Abaganar 3575:Hamnigan 3546:Mongolic 3478:Filipino 3295:Gyalrong 3045:Category 3004:Nigerian 2989:Japanese 2819:Phu Thái 2804:Thái Đen 2789:Sán Chay 2708:Xinh Mun 2514:The Nùng 2461:(2013). 2451:44009390 2405:20070970 2314:ABC-CLIO 1193:See also 1176:in 1945. 1170:Kim Đồng 1137:Buddhism 1133:shamanic 1115:Religion 1095:Language 1068:basketry 923:Pays Taï 835:Lạng Sơn 823:Cao Bằng 808:Cao Bằng 804:Lạng Sơn 771:Cao Bằng 741:de facto 732:Việt Bắc 728:Đại Việt 717:Lạng Sơn 713:Cao Bằng 681:Thailand 657:— 603:Dali Guo 551:Yongzhou 547:Tianzhou 516:Cen clan 427:— 413:Cao Bằng 369:— 273:Nùng Lòi 268:Nùng Dín 238:Nùng Inh 202:and the 165:) are a 128:Religion 4162:Related 4132:Koreans 4109:Indians 4062:Nepalis 4032:Western 4012:Uyghurs 3913:Manchus 3804:Tai Nua 3799:Tai Lue 3772:Kra–Dai 3760:Eastern 3742:Monguor 3714:Onnigud 3702:Torghut 3692:Khoshut 3682:Dzungar 3672:Naimans 3642:Khalkha 3632:Jalaids 3622:Chahars 3617:Buryats 3612:Baarins 3591:Mongols 3580:Kangjia 3484:Gaoshan 3340:Tibetan 3319:Tibetic 3282:Qiangic 3229:Laomian 3168:Waxiang 3163:Longjia 3117:Sinitic 2963:Gia Rai 2809:Thái Đỏ 2746:Pà Thẻn 2713:Xơ Đăng 2194:1006623 2142:Sources 2025:. 2013. 1798:30 June 1418:30 June 1335:Ng 2011 1145:Guanyin 1129:totemic 1086:Customs 1064:weaving 1043:Guangxi 1037:Economy 1024:Culture 982:Lê Duẩn 920:French: 795:Guangxi 647:Di Qing 615:Jingrui 595:Guangxi 492:Guangxi 381:History 343:Vietnam 312:Vietnam 262:Nùng An 193:Red Tai 171:Guangxi 122:Chinese 103:unknown 81:Vietnam 4148:Nivkhs 4097:Others 4088:Wakhis 4019:Uzbeks 4006:Tuvans 3986:Kyrgyz 3979:Kazakh 3945:Turkic 3927:Oroqen 3899:Evenks 3879:Zhuang 3851:Qabiao 3833:Maonan 3787:Buyang 3781:Bouyei 3677:Oirats 3637:Jaruud 3627:Gorlos 3607:Aohans 3585:Khatso 3490:Utsuls 3445:Ta'ang 3370:Jingpo 3363:Derung 3350:Others 3334:Sherpa 3234:Laopin 3217:Kucong 3187:Achang 3132:Caijia 3023:italic 2999:Jewish 2994:Korean 2984:Indian 2968:Raglai 2953:Chu Ru 2851:Pu Péo 2841:La Chí 2836:Cơ Lao 2698:Rơ Măm 2688:Chơ Ro 2673:Xtiêng 2668:M'Nông 2658:Khơ Mú 2571:Vietic 2469: 2449: 2411: 2403: 2372: 2320: 2235: 2192: 2182: 2019:"Nung" 1951:"Nung" 1617: 1469: 1244:Baiyue 1239:Luoyue 1080:Indigo 1074:, and 810:. The 799:Yunnan 766:Lê Lợi 674:Yunnan 626:jinshi 591:Jingxi 503:A Nong 488:Jingxi 472:Zhuang 460:sigong 409:Jingxi 319:Zhuang 204:Zhuang 96: 78: 4186:Minzu 4067:Daman 4026:Yugur 4000:Tatar 3993:Salar 3963:Dolan 3934:Sibes 3920:Nanai 3905:Solon 3845:Mulao 3819:Gelao 3754:Yugur 3729:Sunud 3719:Ordos 3687:Khoid 3597:Abaga 3555:Bonan 3520:Hmong 3508:Gejia 3439:Pakan 3419:Kunge 3414:Bolyu 3408:Blang 3384:Tujia 3377:Lhoba 3328:Monpa 3308:Qiang 3290:Baima 3252:Nakhi 3246:Mosuo 2846:La Ha 2718:Khmer 2703:Tà Ôi 2678:Cơ Ho 2653:Kháng 2638:Cơ Tu 2618:Ba Na 2591:Nguồn 2585:Mường 2447:JSTOR 2409:S2CID 2401:JSTOR 2347:(PDF) 2295:(PDF) 2190:JSTOR 1954:(PDF) 1609:[ 1269:1 May 1234:Xi'ou 1123:with 843:Hmong 456:buxie 99:China 4119:Jews 3958:Äynu 3873:Yang 3861:Shan 3839:Nùng 3812:Dong 3734:Urad 3697:Olot 3562:Daur 3514:Miao 3434:Mang 3424:Khmu 3357:Deng 3301:Pumi 3240:Lisu 3223:Lahu 3211:Jino 3204:Hani 3198:Bisu 3193:Akha 2958:Ê Đê 2948:Chăm 2903:Cống 2886:Ngái 2857:Thủy 2799:Thái 2784:Nùng 2769:Giáy 2764:Bố Y 2693:Ơ Đu 2663:Mảng 2623:Brâu 2580:Chứt 2467:ISBN 2370:ISBN 2318:ISBN 2259:2013 2233:ISBN 2214:help 2180:ISBN 1800:2022 1615:ISBN 1606:壮族通史 1467:ISBN 1420:2022 1271:2020 1139:and 1131:and 1099:The 949:and 833:and 737:Tusi 715:and 520:dong 398:and 363:Nong 317:The 191:and 181:Thái 157:Nùng 155:The 146:and 114:Nùng 45:Nùng 3867:Sui 3856:Rau 3793:Dai 3535:Yao 3528:She 3429:Lai 3157:Hui 3143:Han 3126:Bai 2881:Hoa 2876:Han 2794:Tày 2774:Lào 2736:Dao 2648:Hrê 2597:Thổ 2557:by 2426:hdl 2393:doi 2247:GSO 2172:doi 1152:phi 931:Tày 912:Lao 888:Yao 806:to 783:). 510:to 400:Zuo 396:You 310:in 200:Tày 4233:: 3826:Li 3459:Wa 3271:Yi 3259:Nu 2779:Lự 2683:Mạ 2633:Co 2443:44 2441:. 2407:, 2399:, 2389:18 2387:, 2316:. 2312:. 2297:. 2281:. 2231:. 2227:. 2206:: 2204:}} 2200:{{ 2188:. 2178:. 2153:. 2125:^ 2096:^ 2031:^ 2021:. 2002:^ 1956:. 1916:^ 1847:^ 1808:^ 1786:. 1775:^ 1760:^ 1743:^ 1704:^ 1665:^ 1532:^ 1493:^ 1428:^ 1406:. 1395:^ 1366:^ 1279:^ 1127:, 1111:. 1078:. 1070:, 1066:, 1062:, 829:, 825:, 691:, 645:, 593:, 557:, 490:, 482:: 478:, 474:: 187:, 120:, 116:, 4138:) 4134:( 3079:e 3072:t 3065:v 2573:) 2569:( 2547:e 2540:t 2533:v 2475:. 2453:. 2432:. 2428:: 2415:. 2395:: 2378:. 2326:. 2261:. 2241:. 2216:) 2196:. 2174:: 2043:. 1875:. 1802:. 1623:. 1475:. 1422:. 1377:. 1289:. 1273:. 991:” 987:“ 918:( 779:( 629:( 470:( 183:( 159:( 38:. 20:)

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