647:
192:
667:. Once the gods have taken the spiritual essence of the offering, people may consume the earthly remains. The head of a household or the individual who wants to gain the favor of the gods usually performs the ritual. In many villages, a person, usually an older man believed to have special knowledge of the gods, may be asked to choose an auspicious day for weddings or other important events, or for household rites.
248:
979:
60:
718:), who is responsible for making all the sacrifices to village gods. He also supervises communal houses and officiates at the construction of any new houses. When a ritual practitioner dies, one of his sons is elected by the married men of the village to be his successor. If he has no sons, then one of his brother's sons is chosen.
725:) are very important to the Lamet because they look out for the well-being of the entire household. They live in the house, and no activity is undertaken without informing them of it. The spirits of the ancestors are fond of buffalos; thus buffalo skulls or horns from sacrifices are hung at the altar of the ancestors or under the
1120:
Yoshihisa
Shirayama, Samlane Phompida, Chushi Kuroiwa, 2006. p. 622, quote: " Approximately 60 to 65% of the population, most of whom are Lao Lum (people of the lowlands) follow Theravada Buddhism. About 30% of the population, on the other hand, hold an animist belief system called "Sadsana Phee"
387:(ຜີດິບ, ผีดิบ). Deities associated with specific places such as the household, the river, or a grove of trees are neither inherently benevolent nor evil, and occasional offerings ensure their favor and assistance in human affairs. Lowland Thai and Lao villages believe they are protected by the
538:
The temple in Tai folk religion has various forms and names. Tai Ahom has the system of sacred worship place named Sheng Ruen. Most people pay respect to the deities that reside in temples, who are thought to protect the general vicinity of the temple from harm. These temples are essentially
494:(ບາສີ, , บายศรี, ) ceremonies are sometimes performed for the benefit of an individual, with the aim of properly re-binding such "khwan" body-spirits back to one's body, as the unintentional loosening of such bonds is believed to possibly risk illness or harm. The
367:(ຜີແຖນ, ผีแถน). Gods are ubiquitous, with some of them being associated with the universal elements: heaven, earth, fire, and water. Guardian angels of people often include ancestors or angelic-beings who arrive at various points in life, better known as
363:(ຫລັກເມືອງ, หลักเมือง, ) of towns are celebrated and propitiated with communal gatherings and offerings of food. Gods of animist derivation are included in the Satsana Phi pantheon of gods, as well as several indigenous pre-buddhist gods called
507:
ceremony can also be performed to welcome guests to one's home, before and after making a long trip, as a curing ritual or after recovery from an illness. The rite is also the central ritual for both the Lao Loum wedding ceremony and for the
477:
has the ritual known as Rik-Khwan which literally means calling the khwan (Rik= to call, Khwan= Vitality). Khwans are called for vitality at various stages such as for a village it's called Mueang Khwan Ban while for a
502:
to return to one's self to bestow health, prosperity, and well-being on the affected participant. During such ceremonies, cotton strings are often tied around a participant's wrists to keep the spirits in place. The
582:, the shaman is often consulted during times of trouble, hauntings, and illness or other misfortune that might be caused by malevolent or unhappy spirits. They are also usually present during religious festivals.
391:, which requires an annual offering to ensure the continued prosperity of the village. The village ritual specialist presides over this major ritual, which in the past often involved the sacrifice of a
543:, and candles are given, and the spirits are consulted during times of change or hardship for protection and assistance. Natural deities include those that reside in trees, mountains, or forests.
1333:
488:: At certain special occasions during the course of an individual's life, such as before a pending marriage, a job change, or at other times of high uncertainty, certain
539:
miniature shrines, built to represent the presence of the deity of the shrine, just as a full size shrine is meant to represent such a "presence." Offerings of flowers,
1211:
Placzek, Kanittanan, James, Wilaiwan (1986). "Historical and contemporary meaning of Thai khwan: The use of lexical meaning change as an indicator of cultural change".
411:
believe Khwan as the element of vitality and longevity. It is the belief system features thirty-two typically protective khwan in various parts of the body. Khwan is a
1373:
880:"...the ancient religion of Tais of Moung Mao, the present Yunnan province of China..The religion of the Tais is based primarily on the cult of ancestor worship..."(
610:) follow Tai folk religion traditionally. Approximately 30% of the Laos population are followers of Tai folk religion however due to force of the state religion
482:
or country it's called Rik Khwan Mueang Khwan. Rik khwan are performed in three main types i.e. Leng Phun Rik khwan, Cham Phun Rik khon and Ha-Phun Rik khwan.
351:, or other types of angels. Such deities often interact with the world of the living, at times protecting people, and at other times seeming to cause harm.
399:(feed the village spirit) also serves an important social function by reaffirming the village boundaries and the shared interests of all villagers.
1273:
1238:
355:
of Bassac have the belief system that Khwan of living person transform to Phi after death. Guardian deities of places, such as the
311:. For the followers, worshipping ancestors is very important, although each ethnic group has different practices and beliefs. The
1340:
1222:
1421:
1257:
1478:
1292:
1035:
331:
The house spirit is particularly important, and spirits of wild places are to be avoided or barred from the village.
690:
has the same belief in phi, khwan and ancestor worship. They offer chicken and a traditional rice beer, known as
1463:
1399:
308:
280:
618:
the Tai folk religion is still not recognised properly by the pro-buddhist government. Among the Lao, the
287:. It is a syncretic mixture of Buddhist and Tai folk practices with local traditional beliefs in mainland
1030:. Secretary General, 17th International Association of Historians of Asia Conference. 2004. p. 728.
44:
564:, specialists in the rituals and in communication with their personal angels and gods in general. Using
946:
Childbirth and
Tradition in Northeast Thailand. Copenhagen, Denmark: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies.
1458:
973:
590:
Ahoms have priestly clans known as Molung. There are three divisions: Mo-sam, Mo-hung, and Mo-Plong.
1468:
1406:
752:
526:
has the tradition of Min-khwan that's notion of prosperity and luck. The word Min is also used by
1483:
1326:
1394:
762:
742:
1309:
1473:
1130:
8:
970:
1193:
646:
191:
1267:
1232:
828:"...the ancient religion of Tais of Moung Mao, the present Yunnan province of China.."(
802:"...the ancient religion of Tais of Moung Mao, the present Yunnan province of China.."(
196:
1416:
1288:
1253:
1218:
1031:
757:
348:
299:
Tai folk religion is primarily based on deities such as Phi, Khwan, Dam (ancestors).
448:
1368:
1199:
841:"..The religion of the Tais is based primarily on the cult of ancestor worship..."(
733:
regarding behavior in the house are observed to avoid offending ancestral spirits.
635:
527:
467:
by Dioi. Various rituals are performed by various Tai groups to worship the Khwan.
392:
379:
of people who were bad in past lives or died of tragic deaths, such as the ghastly
1437:
1282:
1247:
1212:
1182:
1171:
509:
272:
216:
395:
and is still an occasion for closing the village to any outsiders for a day. To
239:. It is primarily based on worshipping deities called Phi, Khwan and Ancestors.
1363:
436:
288:
121:
456:
1452:
1349:
983:
767:
747:
687:
681:
663:
Ceremonies devoted to the gods commonly involve an offering of a chicken and
412:
174:
166:
131:
110:
48:
36:
460:
223:
still practiced by various Tai groups. Tai folk religion was dominant among
1160:
Malaria
Control Alongside "Sadsana-Phee" (Animist Belief System) in Lao PDR
711:
519:
28:
964:
523:
432:
424:
420:
320:
312:
264:
182:
178:
162:
158:
1203:
1378:
1044:
989:
627:
574:
428:
408:
352:
224:
220:
170:
154:
94:
664:
657:
284:
263:
beliefs traditionally and historically practiced by groups of ethnic
1081:
Shamanism: an encyclopedia of world beliefs, practices, and culture
631:
619:
611:
474:
260:
252:
236:
232:
104:
65:
982:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
623:
565:
540:
256:
1318:
714:
have similar beliefs, and each village must have one ritualist (
561:
479:
142:
77:
1079:
Walter, M., Fridman, E., Jacoby, J., & Kibbee, J. (2007).
730:
726:
340:
276:
247:
146:
87:
1049:
1047:
996:
994:
992:
652:
615:
490:
347:(ຜີ, ผี, ). These deities of Tai folk religion can also be
228:
1217:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 146–166.
195:
Inner hall of the shrine of the god of Bo Lek Nam Phi, in
59:
1252:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 27–28.
1158:
Yoshihisa
Shirayama, Samlane Phompida, Chushi Kuroiwa.
560:(mo-phi ໝໍຜີ, หมอผี), "tellers", are locally trained
568:, sacred objects imbued with supernatural power, or
1214:
1210:
1067:
1014:
932:
868:
1284:The Way of the Gods Polytheism(s) Around the World
1131:International Religious Freedom Report 2007 – Laos
1102:
283:. This cult of ancestor worship was borrowed from
1450:
1245:
790:
1246:Fox,Creak,Rathie, Martin,Simon,Martin (2023).
1334:
1164:Modern Medicine and Indigenous Health Beliefs
1114:
927:
925:
923:
921:
415:word with various linguistical tones such as
153:Ethnic religion of Tai ethnic groups such as
1272:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1237:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
785:
783:
518:: Khwan culture is an essential part of the
307:The Tai folk religion is primarily based on
1341:
1327:
918:
598:In case of Ahom the three priestly clans (
58:
959:
957:
955:
953:
780:
1173:The Tais of Assam and Ancient Tai Ritual
645:
246:
190:
1195:Tai ahom religion a philosophical study
1169:
1028:Proceedings of the 17th IAHA Conference
963:Ireson, W. Randall. "Animism in Laos".
530:(Red Tai) that's alternative to Khwan.
1451:
1280:
1108:
950:
694:, in the Ancestor Worship ceremony of
626:are predominantly Buddhist, while the
1322:
1191:
1142:
1096:
1091:
1089:
1054:
1001:
912:
907:
905:
903:
894:
881:
855:
842:
829:
816:
803:
1422:Indigenous Philippine folk religions
638:is influenced by Tai folk religion.
1180:
1083:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, Inc.
13:
1086:
900:
634:are predominantly folk religious.
383:(ຜີປອບ, ผีปอบ) and the vampirical
359:(ຜີວັດ, ผีวัด) of temples and the
14:
1495:
1348:
1302:
1184:Religion in Burma, A.D. 1000-1300
705:
977:
969:(Andrea Matles Savada, editor).
675:
572:, possessions, and rituals like
271:Tai folk religion originated in
1135:
1124:
1073:
1060:
1020:
1007:
938:
887:
874:
861:
848:
835:
822:
809:
796:
656:rite conducted by a family in
1:
1400:Northeast China folk religion
1249:Historical Dictionary of Laos
1192:Gogoi, Shrutashwinee (2011).
1152:
670:
641:
593:
498:rite calls on all thirty-two
339:Within the Tai folk religion
302:
7:
736:
10:
1500:
1281:Butler, Edward P. (2022).
679:
556:A class of priests called
546:
533:
294:
279:and is primarily based on
242:
1430:
1387:
1356:
1308:Lao Heritage Foundation:
1166:, Vol 37 No. 4 July 2006.
974:Federal Research Division
585:
152:
137:
127:
117:
103:
93:
83:
73:
57:
40:
32:
25:
20:
1479:Ethnic religions in Asia
1407:Vietnamese folk religion
1068:Placzek, Kanittanan 1986
1015:Placzek, Kanittanan 1986
933:Placzek, Kanittanan 1986
869:Placzek, Kanittanan 1986
773:
753:Vietnamese folk religion
578:(ລຳຜີຟ້າ, ลำผีฟ้า, ) or
551:
402:
729:of the house. Numerous
327:the Lao Loum call them
1170:Terwiel, B.J. (1981).
698:(Ancestor Spirit) and
660:
371:. Malevolent spirits (
334:
268:
215:is the ancient native
200:
1395:Chinese folk religion
966:A country study: Laos
791:Fox,Creak,Rathie 2023
763:Muong ethnic religion
743:Chinese folk religion
680:Further information:
649:
250:
231:until the arrival of
194:
1464:Religion in Thailand
944:Poulsen, A. (2007).
512:of a newborn child.
971:Library of Congress
721:Ancestral spirits (
309:Ancestor veneration
281:ancestor veneration
1181:Tun, Than (1959).
702:(Village Spirit).
661:
269:
201:
197:Uttaradit Province
45:/sàːt.sa.nǎː.pʰǐː/
1446:
1445:
1417:Yao folk religion
1412:Tai folk religion
1224:978-9971-988-20-3
758:Yao folk religion
435:(ຂວັນ, ขวัญ) and
349:ancestral spirits
205:Tai folk religion
189:
188:
21:Tai Folk Religion
1491:
1459:Religion in Laos
1431:General concepts
1388:Asian traditions
1369:Folk Catholicism
1343:
1336:
1329:
1320:
1319:
1298:
1287:. Notion Press.
1277:
1271:
1263:
1242:
1236:
1228:
1207:
1188:
1177:
1146:
1139:
1133:
1128:
1122:
1118:
1112:
1106:
1100:
1093:
1084:
1077:
1071:
1064:
1058:
1051:
1042:
1041:
1024:
1018:
1011:
1005:
998:
987:
981:
980:
961:
948:
942:
936:
929:
916:
909:
898:
891:
885:
878:
872:
865:
859:
852:
846:
839:
833:
826:
820:
813:
807:
800:
794:
787:
636:Laotian Buddhism
528:Tai Daeng people
486:Baci or Su Khwan
375:) include those
259:intermixed with
62:
53:
46:
42:
34:
18:
17:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1469:Asian shamanism
1449:
1448:
1447:
1442:
1438:Lower mythology
1426:
1383:
1352:
1347:
1305:
1295:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1155:
1150:
1149:
1140:
1136:
1129:
1125:
1119:
1115:
1107:
1103:
1094:
1087:
1078:
1074:
1065:
1061:
1052:
1045:
1038:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1012:
1008:
999:
990:
978:
962:
951:
943:
939:
930:
919:
910:
901:
892:
888:
879:
875:
866:
862:
853:
849:
840:
836:
827:
823:
814:
810:
801:
797:
788:
781:
776:
739:
708:
684:
678:
673:
644:
596:
588:
554:
549:
536:
510:naming ceremony
405:
337:
315:called spirits
305:
297:
273:Yunnan province
245:
217:ethnic religion
141:
69:
26:
12:
11:
5:
1497:
1487:
1486:
1484:Folk religions
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1364:Folk Orthodoxy
1360:
1358:
1354:
1353:
1346:
1345:
1338:
1331:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1304:
1303:External links
1301:
1300:
1299:
1293:
1278:
1259:978-1538120286
1258:
1243:
1223:
1208:
1189:
1178:
1167:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1134:
1123:
1113:
1101:
1085:
1072:
1059:
1043:
1036:
1019:
1006:
988:
949:
937:
917:
899:
886:
873:
860:
847:
834:
821:
808:
795:
778:
777:
775:
772:
771:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
738:
735:
707:
706:Lamet religion
704:
677:
674:
672:
669:
643:
640:
595:
592:
587:
584:
553:
550:
548:
545:
535:
532:
425:Tai Yai (Shan)
404:
401:
336:
333:
304:
301:
296:
293:
289:Southeast Asia
244:
241:
187:
186:
150:
149:
139:
135:
134:
129:
125:
124:
122:Southeast Asia
119:
115:
114:
107:
101:
100:
97:
91:
90:
85:
84:Classification
81:
80:
75:
71:
70:
63:
55:
54:
51:: 𑜈𑜃𑜫 𑜇𑜣.
23:
22:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1496:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1350:Folk religion
1344:
1339:
1337:
1332:
1330:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1314:
1312:
1307:
1306:
1296:
1294:9798887835334
1290:
1286:
1285:
1279:
1275:
1269:
1261:
1255:
1251:
1250:
1244:
1240:
1234:
1226:
1220:
1216:
1215:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1179:
1175:
1174:
1168:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1156:
1144:
1138:
1132:
1127:
1117:
1110:
1109:Butler (2022)
1105:
1098:
1092:
1090:
1082:
1076:
1069:
1063:
1056:
1050:
1048:
1039:
1037:9789843218230
1033:
1029:
1023:
1016:
1010:
1003:
997:
995:
993:
985:
984:public domain
976:(July 1994).
975:
972:
968:
967:
960:
958:
956:
954:
947:
941:
934:
928:
926:
924:
922:
914:
908:
906:
904:
896:
890:
883:
877:
870:
864:
857:
851:
844:
838:
831:
825:
818:
812:
805:
799:
792:
786:
784:
779:
769:
768:Thai folklore
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
748:Mo (religion)
746:
744:
741:
740:
734:
732:
728:
724:
719:
717:
713:
703:
701:
697:
693:
689:
688:Ahom religion
683:
682:Ahom religion
676:Ahom religion
668:
666:
659:
655:
654:
648:
639:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
591:
583:
581:
577:
576:
571:
567:
563:
559:
544:
542:
531:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
511:
506:
501:
497:
493:
492:
487:
483:
481:
476:
472:
468:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
400:
398:
397:liang phi ban
394:
393:water buffalo
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
332:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
300:
292:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
266:
262:
258:
254:
249:
240:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
198:
193:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
151:
148:
144:
140:
136:
133:
132:Tai languages
130:
126:
123:
120:
116:
112:
111:Ahom religion
108:
106:
102:
98:
96:
92:
89:
86:
82:
79:
76:
72:
67:
61:
56:
52:
50:
38:
30:
24:
19:
16:
1411:
1357:Christianity
1310:
1283:
1248:
1213:
1204:10603/116167
1194:
1183:
1172:
1163:
1159:
1137:
1126:
1116:
1104:
1080:
1075:
1062:
1027:
1022:
1009:
965:
945:
940:
889:
876:
863:
850:
837:
824:
811:
798:
722:
720:
715:
712:Lamet people
709:
699:
695:
691:
685:
662:
651:
607:
603:
599:
597:
589:
579:
573:
569:
557:
555:
537:
520:Thai culture
515:
514:
504:
499:
495:
489:
485:
484:
470:
469:
464:
452:
444:
440:
416:
406:
396:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
344:
338:
328:
324:
316:
306:
298:
285:Confucianism
270:
212:
208:
204:
202:
183:Central Thai
64:Traditional
27:
15:
1474:Tai history
524:Thai people
343:are called
265:Tai peoples
209:Satsana Phi
99:Satsana Phi
1453:Categories
1379:Folk saint
1153:References
1143:Gogoi 2011
1097:Gogoi 2011
1055:Gogoi 2011
1002:Gogoi 2011
913:Gogoi 2011
895:Gogoi 2011
882:Gogoi 2011
856:Gogoi 2011
843:Gogoi 2011
830:Gogoi 2011
817:Gogoi 2011
804:Gogoi 2011
723:mbrong n'a
671:Variations
642:Ceremonies
628:Lao Theung
594:Population
575:lam phi fa
409:Tai people
361:lak mueang
325:hrooy, and
323:call them
225:Tai people
221:Tai people
199:, Thailand
1374:Mormonism
1268:cite book
1233:cite book
665:rice wine
658:Vientiane
516:Min-Khwan
471:Rik-Khwan
449:White Tai
373:phi phetu
365:phi thien
303:Ancestors
109:Ban Phi (
1313:Ceremony
737:See also
632:Lao Sung
620:Lao Loum
612:Buddhism
608:Mo'Plong
475:Tai-Ahom
457:Tai-Nùng
433:Thai-Lao
421:Tai-Ahom
317:Phi Dam,
313:Tai Ahom
261:Buddhist
253:Lao Loum
237:Hinduism
233:Buddhism
128:Language
105:Tai-Ahom
66:Tai Ahom
33:ສາສະໜາຜີ
1198:(PhD).
700:Ban-Phi
696:Phi Dam
624:Lao Lom
604:Mo'hung
566:trances
562:shamans
547:Priests
541:incense
534:Temples
437:Tai-Lue
389:phi ban
385:phi dip
381:phi pob
369:thewada
357:phi wat
353:Tai-Lao
341:deities
295:Deities
257:Lao Lom
243:History
213:Ban Phi
41:ศาสนาผี
1291:
1256:
1221:
1162:. In:
1034:
731:taboos
600:Mo'sam
586:Molung
570:saksit
480:Mueang
175:Khamti
167:Zhuang
143:Yunnan
138:Origin
118:Region
78:Ethnic
68:temple
1070::150)
1057::110)
1017::159)
1004::107)
935::156)
897::203)
884::203)
871::150)
858::210)
845::203)
832::203)
819::227)
806::203)
774:Notes
727:gable
716:xemia
558:mophi
552:Mophi
500:khwan
453:khuan
417:khwan
403:Khwan
377:khwan
277:China
147:China
88:Taoic
1311:Baci
1289:ISBN
1274:link
1254:ISBN
1239:link
1219:ISBN
1099::70)
1032:ISBN
915::20)
793::27)
710:The
686:The
653:baci
630:and
622:and
616:Laos
580:baci
505:baci
496:baci
491:Baci
459:and
445:Xwan
407:All
329:phi.
321:Khmu
319:the
255:and
235:and
229:Asia
203:The
185:etc.
179:Isan
163:Shan
159:Ahom
74:Type
49:Ahom
37:Thai
1200:hdl
692:lao
614:in
465:hon
461:Tày
455:by
447:by
443:or
441:Xen
429:Dai
419:by
413:Tai
345:Phi
335:Phi
275:of
251:In
227:in
219:of
211:or
171:Dai
155:Lao
95:Lao
29:Lao
1455::
1270:}}
1266:{{
1235:}}
1231:{{
1121:".
1088:^
1046:^
991:^
952:^
920:^
902:^
782:^
650:A
606:,
602:,
522:.
473::
463:,
451:,
439:,
431:,
427:,
423:,
291:.
207:,
181:,
177:,
173:,
169:,
165:,
161:,
157:,
145:,
43:,
39::
35:;
31::
1342:e
1335:t
1328:v
1315:.
1297:.
1276:)
1262:.
1241:)
1227:.
1206:.
1202::
1187:.
1176:.
1145:)
1141:(
1111:.
1095:(
1066:(
1053:(
1040:.
1013:(
1000:(
986:.
931:(
911:(
893:(
867:(
854:(
815:(
789:(
267:.
113:)
47:,
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
_05.jpg)