559:
the Ahom script. Schools in
Dibrugarh and Sibsagar districts started offering Tai language classes, teaching a mix of Tai Ahom, Phakey, Khamti and Central Thai. The scholar Terwiel notes that the view of the Ahom language being a dead language is hotly contested by Ahom priests and spokesmen of the revival movement. According to them, the language did not die out because Ahom priests still use the language for religious purposes. Some even claim that the priestly class speaks Ahom as their mother tongue. Upon further investigation, it was determined that the priests could decipher the Ahom script and read the words aloud. However, because they did not know any tones, they did not have any idea of the meaning of the words except for the simplest expressions.
567:. This dictionary allowed a reader to find the translation of 9,000 Assamese words into English and Tai. This dictionary filled in missing gaps of the Ahom vocabulary with Aiton and Khamti words and if those were not available, Lanna and Thai words were used. The result was a hodgepodge of multiple Tai languages, that was only linked to the Ahom language by the Ahom script in which the dictionary entries were written. The scholar Terwiel recommended in 1992 to base neo-Ahom on the grammar and tones of the very closely related Aiton language, which is still spoken in Assam. Summarizing, the revivalists use a language consisting of a mixture of Tai words from multiple Tai languages, overlaid on an Assamese grammatical base.
530:
247:
222:
629:. It offers a one-year Tai-Ahom language diploma course and a three-month certificate course in spoken Tai-Ahom. Other initiatives have been taken, such as workshops and language classes. In 2019, the 'Tai Ahom Yuva Chatra Sanmilan, Assam' (TAYCSA), demanded that the Tai-Ahom language be included in the school curriculum of the state of Assam. They also demanded the creation of a two-year diploma course in Mahdavdeva University.
563:
translating
Assamese into Tai words, which leads to sentences which do not make sense to any Tai speaker. Terwiel therefore calls this revived language 'pseudo-Ahom'. Nevertheless, this revived language has been used passionately by revitalists and many neologisms have been created. The demand for translation into Tai-Ahom led to the creation of the first adequate modern dictionary by Nomal Chandra Gogoi in 1987, titled
36:
427:
Time periods can be identified by adverbs, strings of verbs, or auxiliaries placed before the verb. Ahom, like other Tai languages, uses classifiers to identify categories, and repetitions of words to express idiomatic expressions. However, the expressions, classifiers, pronouns, and other sentence particles vary between the Tai languages descended from Proto-Tai, making Tai languages mutually unintelligible.
207:
1210:
Classifiers are used when forming plurals, counting entities and when specifically referring to one single entity. Some classifiers are: 'kun' (used for persons), 'tu' (used for animals) and 'an' (general). For example 'khai song tu' means two buffalo, where 'khai' means buffalo, 'song' means two and
632:
An online dictionary containing nearly 5,000 entries (see
External links) has been created by analyzing old manuscripts, especially the Bar Amra. A descriptive grammar of Ahom, based on the grammar found in old manuscripts, is being worked on. A sketch has been released, titled “A Sketch of Tai Ahom”
516:
The language today is used chiefly for liturgical purposes, and is no longer used in daily life. While the written language (and ritualistic chants) survive in a vast number of written manuscripts, Ahom is therefore usually regarded as a dead language. It retains cultural significance and is used for
480:
valley, in
Northeast India. After increasing their power in Upper Assam, the Ahom people extended their power to the south of the river Brahmaputra and east of the river Dikho, which corresponds to the modern day districts of Dibrugarh and Sibsagar, Assam, where the Ahom still reside today. Tai-Ahom
558:
at
Patsaku, Sibsagar District, the Tai Historical and Cultural Society of Assam was founded. Since the late 1960s, Ahom culture and traditions have witnessed a revival. In 1981 the Eastern Tai Literary Organization has been founded in Dhemaji, which produced language text books and publications in
327:
in the 17th century. Since the early 18th century, there have been no native speakers of the language, though extensive manuscripts in the language still exist today. The tonal system of the language is entirely lost. The language was only partially known by a small group of traditional priests of
426:
When speaking and writing Ahom, much is dependent upon context and the audience interpretation. Multiple parts of the sentence can be left out; verb and adjectives will remain, but other parts of speech, especially pronouns, can be dropped. Verbs do not have tenses, and nouns do not have plurals.
562:
According to
Terwiel, there are great differences between the old Ahom language of the manuscripts, which is easily recognizable as a Tai language, and what the revivalists call Ahom, which does not follow the rules of Tai grammar. It has also changed greatly regarding semantics, literally
537:
Fabricated samples of the Ahom script delayed translation of legitimate Ahom texts. Several publications were created based on the fabricated samples, leading to incorrect grammatical analysis and dictionary resources that acted as a barrier to future researchers. A later translation of
504:
over the Ahom language for secular purposes, while Ahom was restricted to religious use by Ahom priests. The everyday usage of Ahom language ceased completely by the early 19th century. Although the language is no longer spoken, the exhaustive 1795 Ahom-Assamese lexicon known as the
1965:
546:, that the translation was unreliable. Despite these difficulties, along with the lack of native speakers and specific text, studies in Ahom have prevailed, and certain available scripts have been translated and transliterated, using known words, characters and context.
570:
In 1999, the scholar Morey reported that Ahom priests have resorted to compounding words to differentiate between words that are homophones in the revived language, since Ahom lost its tone system. For example in old Ahom, the word
985:
The semi-vowel /w/ is missing from the system, however it is an allophone of /b/ that occurs only in the word final position. Consonants found in the word final position are: /p, t, k, m, n, ŋ, j, b /.
1938:"Linguists and historians are generally united in the view that the Ahom language has been dead for about two hundred years, and that all Ahom use Assamese as their mother tongue." (
542:, a major Ahom script was provided by Golap Chandra Barua, the same man responsible for fabricating samples of translated Ahom script. It was discovered years later, by Professor
2408:
2164:"In (the 17th) century of Ahom-Mughal conflicts, (the Tai) language first coexisted with and then was progressively replaced by Assamese (Asamiya) at and outside the Court."
496:
and other invaders. The rapid expansion resulted in the Ahom people becoming a small minority in their own kingdom, of which they kept control. During the 17th century, the
521:
does not mark tone and under-specifies vowel contrasts, which obscures the meaning of words as tones are important to distinguish the meaning of words in tonal languages.
579:
for shirt would have sounded differently by pronouncing them with a different tone. In revived Ahom, they are now differentiated by compounding them with another word:
2437:
2828:
2480:
517:
religious chants and to read literature. This is complicated however by the fact that the phonology with its tone system has been completely lost, because the
2351:
Stephen, Morey (2002). "Tai languages of Assam, a progress report — Does anything remain of the Tai Ahom language?". In
Bradley, David; Bradley, Maya (eds.).
2458:
416:
Each syllable is tonal, and begins with a consonant or consonant cluster. A vowel or diphthong follows. A final consonant may be added, but is not necessary.
492:
In the 16th and 17th centuries, the small Ahom community expanded their rule dramatically toward the west and they successfully saw off challenges from the
1925:
4320:
500:
entered the Ahom court and co-existed with the Tai-Ahom for some time before finally replacing it. Eventually the Ahom peasants too adopted the
2376:
Gogoi, Chao Medini Mohan (2018). "Revitalization of
Endangered Language and Culture of the Ahoms: The Background, Problems and Prospects".
335:
There has been efforts to revive the language in recent times. A reconstructed version is taught in various educational institutions in
232:
2690:
Morey, Stephen (2014), "Ahom and Tangsa: Case studies of language maintenance and loss in North East India", in
Cardoso, Hugo C. (ed.),
387:, although some say that Tai languages are a discrete family, and are not part of Kra–Dai. Ahom is distinct from but closely related to
2821:
292:. It's currently undergoing a revival and mainly used in religious and educational purposes. Ahom language was the state language of
2416:
1979:
2502:
323:
between the 13th and the 18th centuries. The language was the court language of the kingdom, until it began to be replaced by the
2524:
Morey, Stephen (2015). "Metadata and endangered archives: lessons from the Ahom
Manuscripts Project". In Kominko, Maja (ed.).
2814:
2669:
1919:
610:
2203:"It seems that by early in the 19th century, everyday usage of Ahom language had ceased and that Ahom people all spoke the
5210:
4313:
906:
264:
246:
5200:
2608:
Diller, Anthony (1992). "Tai languages in Assam: Daughters or Ghosts". In Compton, Carol J.; Hartmann, John F. (eds.).
2533:
1117:
The language had a tone system, but because the Ahom script did not spell out any tones, the tones are now unknown.
994:
Vowels can occur in syllable medial and final positions only. The following vowel inventory has been reconstructed:
598:
An effort has been made to revive the language by following the phonology of existing sister languages, especially
2684:
A sketch of Tai Ahom, as recorded in original manuscripts to appear in Das, Biswajit and Phukan Basumatary (eds).
1067:
181:
4306:
2849:
4200:
3719:
3023:
1902:
3851:
1078:
869:
533:
An Ahom manuscript preserved in the Department of Historical and Antiquarian Studies, Pan Bazaar, Guwahati.
5215:
5205:
1860:
1037:
886:
5158:
5137:
4783:
1101:
1094:
1044:
970:
737:
723:
356:
285:
111:
2168:"The Ahom Political System: An Enquiry into the State Formation Process in Medieval Assam (1228–1714)"
5220:
751:
260:
2394:
4689:
2786:
1053:
460:. They migrated from the border between northern Vietnam and the Guangxi province of China, to the
4773:
3589:
760:
744:
730:
3944:
5020:
4994:
4943:
4923:
4661:
4215:
3840:
3623:
3043:
1582:
778:
380:
4763:
5118:
5085:
4758:
4753:
4725:
4679:
4427:
4329:
3972:
3831:
3339:
3241:
3203:
2381:
936:
836:
827:
384:
376:
101:
5035:
4820:
4748:
4733:
4398:
4187:
4178:
3748:
3435:
3381:
3005:
2837:
2700:
2612:. DeKalb, IL: Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Northern Illinois University. p. 22.
2167:
626:
344:
301:
646:
The Tai Ahom consonants have been reconstructed as the following, by analyzing old texts:
8:
5165:
4743:
4738:
4684:
4576:
4105:
3929:
3766:
3632:
3390:
3052:
2661:
807:
794:
785:
297:
4978:
4938:
5151:
5144:
5030:
5025:
4973:
4933:
4928:
4830:
4148:
3430:
3367:
3090:
2996:
2798:
of a speaker of Ahom reading the book Khon Mu'ng Lum Phai and then explaining the text.
2747:
2647:
2539:
2187:
849:
659:
603:
599:
372:
371:. The immediate parent language from which Ahom is descended has been reconstructed as
2701:"The Tai Ahom Sound System as Reflected by the Texts Recorded in the Bark Manuscripts"
1592:
1202:
Tai-Ahom mainly used an SVO word order, but an SOV word order has also been attested.
197:
4880:
4845:
4815:
4810:
4446:
4268:
4263:
4086:
4066:
4056:
3801:
3776:
3693:
3660:
3609:
3511:
3357:
3251:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3013:
2957:
2712:
2675:
2665:
2529:
2204:
2114:
1915:
894:
674:
664:
543:
501:
497:
477:
324:
2795:
5095:
5059:
4958:
4948:
4901:
4896:
4715:
4651:
4591:
4561:
4551:
4482:
4467:
4393:
4278:
4228:
4205:
4195:
4025:
4015:
4002:
3934:
3901:
3886:
3871:
3680:
3670:
3604:
3584:
3563:
3548:
3535:
3516:
3506:
3475:
3440:
3299:
3289:
3276:
3163:
3120:
3033:
3018:
2926:
2916:
2737:
2657:
2179:
1564:
716:
654:
281:
79:
4963:
5100:
4890:
4858:
4825:
4805:
4704:
4674:
4669:
4636:
4623:
4609:
4601:
4586:
4581:
4556:
4546:
4536:
4518:
4510:
4462:
4380:
4370:
4360:
4273:
4243:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4143:
4133:
4118:
4113:
4091:
4061:
4051:
4020:
3992:
3977:
3967:
3891:
3881:
3866:
3861:
3796:
3729:
3650:
3599:
3558:
3470:
3425:
3420:
3352:
3325:
3320:
3256:
3218:
3208:
3198:
3193:
3153:
3138:
3080:
2982:
2972:
2962:
2936:
2893:
2883:
2878:
2841:
2769:
1597:
924:
669:
364:
93:
4768:
5181:
5128:
5075:
5050:
5015:
4968:
4840:
4835:
4571:
4541:
4528:
4451:
4435:
4408:
4403:
4388:
4350:
4258:
4253:
4168:
4138:
4128:
4123:
4046:
4010:
3982:
3962:
3924:
3876:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3761:
3756:
3688:
3655:
3645:
3553:
3543:
3521:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3415:
3410:
3362:
3294:
3284:
3266:
3246:
3228:
3213:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3148:
3100:
3095:
3075:
3070:
2967:
2931:
2903:
2888:
2873:
2868:
2806:
2543:
1061:
710:
465:
461:
388:
138:
2771:
Reimagining India-thailand Relations: A Multilateral And Bilateral Perspective
2742:
2725:
1879:
5194:
5010:
4953:
4917:
4885:
4800:
4699:
4646:
4500:
4492:
4457:
4355:
4345:
4337:
4283:
4248:
4233:
4223:
4030:
3987:
3954:
3896:
3791:
3786:
3771:
3734:
3724:
3698:
3665:
3640:
3594:
3568:
3501:
3496:
3405:
3304:
3168:
3158:
3143:
3130:
3085:
3065:
3060:
3028:
2941:
2921:
2860:
2716:
2679:
2438:"Language route to roots – 16 sign up for Tai Ahom course in Guwahati school"
1845:
1587:
1572:
1007:
529:
493:
368:
360:
329:
174:
106:
4875:
4710:
4566:
4477:
4472:
4440:
4413:
3939:
3911:
3703:
3480:
3236:
2911:
2119:
International Conference of South East Asian Linguistics Society (SEALS 21)
1855:
1577:
769:
510:
482:
473:
308:
293:
165:
4631:
4619:
4365:
3919:
2646:
Morey, Stephen (2010). Das, Biswajit; Basumatary, Phukan Chandra (eds.).
2069:
2067:
2065:
1850:
1031:
1019:
1002:
555:
518:
449:
443:
431:
312:
304:
influences and has a written tradition dating back to the 13th century.
289:
145:
72:
41:
2751:
5090:
4694:
3261:
2526:
In From Dust to Digital: Ten Years of the Endangered Archives Programme
2191:
1884:
1086:
1024:
1012:
954:
819:
2062:
2792:
859:
618:
332:, and it was being used only for ceremonial or ritualistic purposes.
190:
158:
4298:
2699:
Gogoi, Poppy; Morey, Stephen; Pittayaporn, Pittayawat (2020-09-08).
2352:
2183:
221:
4238:
3781:
3173:
2977:
614:
509:
preserves the lexical forms of the language towards the end of the
2623:
2354:
Language Maintenance for Endangered Languages: An Active Approach
486:
254:
1966:"Assam Higher Secondary Education Council official Notification"
2481:"Include Language in Curriculum, Demands Tai-Ahom Organization"
1911:
453:
229:
206:
2761:
Tai Ahoms and the Stars: Three Ritual Texts to Ward off Danger
1558:
Below is a comparative table of Ahom and other Tai languages.
35:
2459:"Workshop on Tai-Ahom Language Organized at Doomdooma, Assam"
622:
469:
457:
392:
340:
336:
320:
316:
214:
Ahom language belongs to Southwestern Tai in north east India
62:
52:
2059:(Vol. 4, pp. 1952–1957). New York, NY: Pergamon Press Press.
2011:(Vol. 4, pp. 4520–4521). New York, NY: Pergamon Press Press.
403:
Ahom has characteristics typical of Tai languages, such as:
2566:
Tai-Ahom and standard Thai: a descriptive-comparative study
2503:"Clamour for introduction of Tai language in Assam schools"
2100:(Vol. 4, pp. 128–131). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
2801:
379:
family (unrelated to Chinese, but possibly related to the
2409:"Centre for Studies in Languages – Dibrugarh University"
2037:(Vol. 2, pp. 1098–1101). New York, NY: Fitzroy Dearborn.
1980:"Centre for Studies in Languages - Dibrugarh University"
355:
Tai-Ahom is classified in a Northwestern subgrouping of
2726:"Recreating the Past: Revivalism in Northeastern India"
2694:, Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, pp. 46–77
2528:. Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers. pp. 31–66.
1901:
Moseley, Christopher; Nicolas, Alexander, eds. (2010).
2319:
613:(ITSAR), is a Tai-Ahom language teaching institute in
2789:
Tai Ahom Development Council (TADC) Official website.
2698:
2073:
2692:
Language Endangerment and Preservation in South Asia
2610:
Papers on Tai Languages, Linguistics and Literatures
2591:
2589:
2587:
2268:
2033:Hongladarom, K. (2005). Thai and Tai Languages. In
2705:Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society
2572:
2115:"Issues of Language Contact and Shift in Tai Ahom"
2584:
2563:
2055:Blake, B. J. (1994). Language Classification. In
485:, where it was used to write state-histories or '
383:), within the (proposed but debated) subgroup of
16:Dead Southwestern Tai language of Northeast India
5192:
2836:
2251:Issues of Language Contact and Shift in Tai Ahom
625:, India, established in 2001 and affiliated to
86:used in religious chants and literary materials
1900:
1130:The Ahom language has the following pronouns:
228:Ahom is classified as Extinct language by the
4314:
2822:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2730:Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde
2559:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2057:The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics
2009:The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics
1190:meaning 'this' and the distal demonstrative
4321:
4307:
2829:
2815:
2112:
2014:
220:
205:
34:
2741:
2550:
2098:International Encyclopedia of Linguistics
2092:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2082:
549:
375:, a language from 2000 years ago, in the
2134:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2007:French, M. A. (1994). Tai Languages. In
2003:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1904:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
1219:The following interrogatives are found:
528:
481:was the exclusive court language of the
472:. In the 13th century, they crossed the
267: instead of the intended characters.
233:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
2758:
2723:
2357:. London: Curzon Press. pp. 98–113
2350:
2338:
2325:
2313:
2300:
2287:
2274:
2262:
2232:
2230:
2152:
2139:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2043:
1939:
1292:Ahom has the following basic numerals:
265:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
5193:
2767:
2607:
2601:
2079:
1952:
587:for cloth respectively. Subsequently,
524:
4328:
4302:
2810:
2689:
2645:
2595:
2578:
2564:Duangthip; Rungkarn (18 April 2013).
2523:
2375:
2237:
2221:
2208:
2125:
2108:
2106:
2096:Diller, A. (1993). Tai Languages. In
1990:
1186:Ahom uses the proximal demonstrative
999:
651:
611:Institute of Tai Studies and Research
407:Subject Verb Object (SVO) word order
4379:
2227:
2165:
2040:
1553:
1211:'tu' is the classifier for animals.
2654:Assamese and the languages of Assam
2074:Gogoi, Morey & Pittayaporn 2020
565:The Assamese-English-Tai Dictionary
13:
2103:
1928:from the original on 23 July 2022.
1873:
14:
5232:
2780:
1214:
1181:
1100:
1093:
1077:
1066:
1052:
1043:
1036:
969:
935:
905:
885:
868:
848:
835:
826:
806:
793:
784:
768:
759:
750:
743:
736:
729:
722:
464:, along the upper reaches of the
452:and their language originated in
350:
296:. It was relatively free of both
2166:Guha, Amalendu (December 1983),
315:river valley in the present day
307:The Ahom people established the
245:
2638:
2616:
2517:
2495:
2473:
2451:
2430:
2401:
2369:
2344:
2331:
2306:
2293:
2280:
2255:
2243:
2214:
2197:
2158:
2145:
359:owing to close affinities with
253:This article contains uncommon
1972:
1958:
1945:
1932:
1894:
398:
1:
2662:1839/00-0000-0000-0015-4653-8
2624:"Thai Lexicography Resources"
1866:
1282:
641:
2656:]. Guwāhāṭī: AANK-Bank.
636:
7:
2113:Buragohain, Dipima (2011).
2035:Encyclopedia of linguistics
1861:All Tai Ahom Students Union
1839:
1287:
1125:
430:It has its own script, the
391:, which is still spoken in
10:
5237:
5211:Southwestern Tai languages
2802:Tai Ahom Online Dictionary
2649:Asamīẏā āru Asamara bhāshā
2207:as their mother tongue." (
1550:0 in Ahom script is "𑜰".
1120:
441:
437:
5201:Extinct languages of Asia
5175:
5127:
5109:
5072:
5048:
5003:
4987:
4910:
4868:
4793:
4782:
4724:
4660:
4645:
4618:
4600:
4527:
4509:
4491:
4426:
4336:
4214:
4186:
4177:
4104:
4079:
4039:
4001:
3953:
3910:
3850:
3839:
3830:
3747:
3712:
3679:
3631:
3622:
3577:
3534:
3489:
3398:
3389:
3380:
3338:
3313:
3275:
3227:
3129:
3051:
3042:
3004:
2995:
2950:
2902:
2859:
2848:
2743:10.1163/22134379-90003014
1440:
1297:
1197:
1011:
1006:
1001:
989:
953:
923:
893:
858:
818:
709:
668:
663:
658:
653:
554:In 1954, at a meeting of
286:Southwestern Tai language
219:
204:
188:
172:
156:
151:
135:
90:
78:
68:
58:
48:
33:
26:
21:
1205:
1112:
2759:Terwiel, B. J. (1992).
1910:(3rd ed.). Paris:
1890:(subscription required)
1569:Proto-Southwestern Tai
595:can be differentiated.
311:and ruled parts of the
288:formerly spoken by the
84:18th or 19th century AD
2768:Marwah, Reena (2020).
2724:Terwiel, B.J. (1996).
2389:Cite journal requires
550:Revitalization efforts
534:
381:Austronesian languages
2796:open access recording
532:
476:. and settled in the
367:and, more distantly,
4201:Bishnupriya Manipuri
3024:Bishnupriya Manipuri
627:Dibrugarh University
419:Lack of inflection
345:Dibrugarh University
2249:Dipima Buragohain.
525:Translation efforts
413:Monosyllabic roots
40:The word "Ahom" in
5216:Languages of Assam
5206:Medieval languages
5111:proposed groupings
1914:. pp. 43–47.
633:by Stephen Morey.
535:
5188:
5187:
5182:extinct languages
5068:
5067:
5044:
5043:
4422:
4421:
4330:Kra–Dai languages
4296:
4295:
4292:
4291:
4100:
4099:
4075:
4074:
3743:
3742:
3618:
3617:
3530:
3529:
3376:
3375:
3334:
3333:
2991:
2990:
2671:978-93-80454-30-6
2505:. 28 October 2019
2483:. 29 October 2019
2205:Assamese language
2076:, pp. 14–42.
1921:978-92-3-104096-2
1888:(18th ed., 2015)
1837:
1836:
1554:Comparative table
1548:
1547:
1280:
1279:
1179:
1178:
1110:
1109:
983:
982:
781:
719:
544:Prasert na Nagara
502:Assamese language
498:Assamese language
478:Brahmaputra River
325:Assamese language
278:Tai-Ahom language
261:rendering support
241:
240:
5228:
5221:Language revival
4791:
4790:
4658:
4657:
4377:
4376:
4323:
4316:
4309:
4300:
4299:
4184:
4183:
3848:
3847:
3837:
3836:
3629:
3628:
3396:
3395:
3387:
3386:
3049:
3048:
3002:
3001:
2857:
2856:
2831:
2824:
2817:
2808:
2807:
2775:
2764:
2755:
2745:
2720:
2695:
2686:
2632:
2631:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2605:
2599:
2593:
2582:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2561:
2548:
2547:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2415:. Archived from
2405:
2399:
2398:
2392:
2387:
2385:
2377:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2348:
2342:
2335:
2329:
2323:
2317:
2310:
2304:
2297:
2291:
2284:
2278:
2272:
2266:
2259:
2253:
2247:
2241:
2234:
2225:
2218:
2212:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2172:Social Scientist
2162:
2156:
2149:
2143:
2136:
2123:
2122:
2110:
2101:
2094:
2077:
2071:
2060:
2053:
2038:
2031:
2012:
2005:
1988:
1987:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1962:
1956:
1949:
1943:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1909:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1877:
1725:/pʰáj/ or /fáj/
1561:
1560:
1509:𑜀𑜟𑜨 𑜏𑜢𑜆𑜫
1366:𑜀𑜟𑜨 𑜏𑜢𑜆𑜫
1295:
1294:
1222:
1221:
1194:meaning 'that'.
1133:
1132:
1104:
1097:
1081:
1070:
1056:
1047:
1040:
997:
996:
973:
939:
909:
889:
872:
852:
839:
830:
810:
797:
788:
777:
772:
763:
754:
747:
740:
733:
726:
715:
649:
648:
422:Analytic syntax
357:Southwestern Tai
249:
235:
224:
209:
200:
184:
168:
161:
141:
96:
38:
29:
19:
18:
5236:
5235:
5231:
5230:
5229:
5227:
5226:
5225:
5191:
5190:
5189:
5184:
5171:
5129:Proto-languages
5123:
5105:
5064:
5040:
4999:
4983:
4906:
4864:
4786:
4778:
4720:
4690:Longsang Zhuang
4670:Standard Zhuang
4649:
4641:
4614:
4596:
4523:
4505:
4487:
4418:
4375:
4332:
4327:
4297:
4288:
4210:
4173:
4096:
4092:Nagamese creole
4071:
4035:
3997:
3949:
3906:
3853:
3842:
3826:
3739:
3708:
3675:
3614:
3573:
3526:
3485:
3372:
3330:
3309:
3271:
3223:
3125:
3038:
2987:
2946:
2898:
2851:
2844:
2842:Northeast India
2835:
2783:
2778:
2672:
2641:
2636:
2635:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2606:
2602:
2594:
2585:
2577:
2573:
2562:
2551:
2544:j.ctt15m7nhp.13
2536:
2522:
2518:
2508:
2506:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2486:
2484:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2464:
2462:
2461:. 2 August 2018
2457:
2456:
2452:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2422:
2420:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2390:
2388:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2360:
2358:
2349:
2345:
2336:
2332:
2328:, pp. 6–7.
2324:
2320:
2311:
2307:
2298:
2294:
2285:
2281:
2273:
2269:
2260:
2256:
2248:
2244:
2235:
2228:
2219:
2215:
2202:
2198:
2184:10.2307/3516963
2163:
2159:
2150:
2146:
2137:
2126:
2111:
2104:
2095:
2080:
2072:
2063:
2054:
2041:
2032:
2015:
2006:
1991:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1950:
1946:
1937:
1933:
1922:
1907:
1899:
1895:
1889:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1842:
1598:Standard Zhuang
1556:
1290:
1285:
1217:
1208:
1200:
1184:
1128:
1123:
1115:
992:
644:
639:
583:for animal and
552:
527:
446:
440:
401:
353:
270:
269:
268:
259:Without proper
250:
237:
236:
227:
215:
196:
180:
177:
164:
157:
142:
137:
131:
97:
94:Language family
92:
85:
44:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5234:
5224:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5186:
5185:
5176:
5173:
5172:
5170:
5169:
5162:
5155:
5148:
5141:
5133:
5131:
5125:
5124:
5122:
5121:
5115:
5113:
5107:
5106:
5104:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5082:
5080:
5070:
5069:
5066:
5065:
5063:
5062:
5056:
5054:
5046:
5045:
5042:
5041:
5039:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5007:
5005:
5001:
5000:
4998:
4997:
4991:
4989:
4985:
4984:
4982:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4914:
4912:
4908:
4907:
4905:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4872:
4870:
4866:
4865:
4863:
4862:
4855:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4797:
4795:
4788:
4780:
4779:
4777:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4730:
4728:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4666:
4664:
4655:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4639:
4634:
4628:
4626:
4616:
4615:
4613:
4612:
4606:
4604:
4598:
4597:
4595:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4533:
4531:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4521:
4515:
4513:
4507:
4506:
4504:
4503:
4497:
4495:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4449:
4444:
4438:
4432:
4430:
4424:
4423:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4385:
4383:
4374:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4342:
4340:
4334:
4333:
4326:
4325:
4318:
4311:
4303:
4294:
4293:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4220:
4218:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4192:
4190:
4181:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4110:
4108:
4102:
4101:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4094:
4089:
4083:
4081:
4077:
4076:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4043:
4041:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4007:
4005:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3959:
3957:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3916:
3914:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3858:
3856:
3845:
3834:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3753:
3751:
3745:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3716:
3714:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3685:
3683:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3637:
3635:
3626:
3620:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3581:
3579:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3540:
3538:
3532:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3493:
3491:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3402:
3400:
3393:
3384:
3378:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3344:
3342:
3336:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3328:
3323:
3317:
3315:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3281:
3279:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3233:
3231:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3135:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3057:
3055:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3010:
3008:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2954:
2952:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2908:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2865:
2863:
2854:
2846:
2845:
2834:
2833:
2826:
2819:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2790:
2782:
2781:External links
2779:
2777:
2776:
2765:
2756:
2721:
2696:
2687:
2670:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2615:
2600:
2583:
2571:
2549:
2534:
2516:
2494:
2472:
2450:
2429:
2400:
2391:|journal=
2368:
2343:
2330:
2318:
2305:
2292:
2279:
2267:
2254:
2242:
2226:
2213:
2196:
2157:
2144:
2124:
2102:
2078:
2061:
2039:
2013:
1989:
1971:
1957:
1944:
1931:
1920:
1893:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1802:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1769:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1690:
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1678:
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1666:
1663:
1660:
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1651:
1648:
1645:
1637:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1604:
1603:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1567:
1555:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1438:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1278:
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1274:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1262:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1216:
1215:Interrogatives
1213:
1207:
1204:
1199:
1196:
1183:
1182:Demonstratives
1180:
1177:
1176:
1175:/kʰau/ (𑜁𑜧)
1173:
1172:/man/ (𑜉𑜃𑜫)
1170:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1098:
1091:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1050:
1048:
1041:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
991:
988:
981:
980:
978:
976:
974:
967:
965:
963:
961:
959:
957:
951:
950:
948:
946:
944:
942:
940:
933:
931:
929:
927:
921:
920:
918:
916:
914:
912:
910:
903:
901:
899:
897:
891:
890:
883:
881:
879:
877:
875:
873:
866:
864:
862:
856:
855:
853:
846:
844:
842:
840:
833:
831:
824:
822:
816:
815:
813:
811:
804:
802:
800:
798:
791:
789:
782:
774:
773:
766:
764:
757:
755:
748:
741:
734:
727:
720:
713:
707:
706:
703:
700:
697:
694:
691:
688:
685:
682:
678:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
643:
640:
638:
635:
575:for tiger and
551:
548:
526:
523:
466:Chindwin river
462:Hukawng Valley
456:in south-west
442:Main article:
439:
436:
424:
423:
420:
417:
414:
411:
408:
400:
397:
352:
351:Classification
349:
263:, you may see
251:
244:
243:
242:
239:
238:
226:
225:
217:
216:
210:
202:
201:
194:
186:
185:
178:
173:
170:
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154:
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152:Language codes
149:
148:
143:
139:Writing system
136:
133:
132:
130:
129:
128:
127:
126:
125:
124:
123:
100:
98:
91:
88:
87:
82:
76:
75:
70:
66:
65:
60:
56:
55:
50:
49:Native to
46:
45:
39:
31:
30:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5233:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5198:
5196:
5183:
5179:
5174:
5168:
5167:
5163:
5161:
5160:
5159:Proto-Kam–Sui
5156:
5154:
5153:
5149:
5147:
5146:
5142:
5140:
5139:
5138:Proto-Kra–Dai
5135:
5134:
5132:
5130:
5126:
5120:
5117:
5116:
5114:
5112:
5108:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5077:
5076:mixed origins
5071:
5061:
5058:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5047:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5021:Tai Muong Vat
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5008:
5006:
5002:
4996:
4995:Southern Thai
4993:
4992:
4990:
4986:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4944:Tai Hang Tong
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4924:Northern Thai
4922:
4919:
4916:
4915:
4913:
4909:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
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4709:
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4009:
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4000:
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3989:
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3829:
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3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
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3409:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3397:
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3392:
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3379:
3369:
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3349:
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3345:
3343:
3341:
3337:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3312:
3306:
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3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
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3274:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3226:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
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3172:
3170:
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3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3122:
3119:
3117:
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3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
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3094:
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3089:
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3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3041:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3029:Haflong Hindi
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3007:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
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2907:
2905:
2901:
2895:
2892:
2890:
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2882:
2880:
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2872:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2855:
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2847:
2843:
2839:
2832:
2827:
2825:
2820:
2818:
2813:
2812:
2809:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2787:tadcassam.org
2785:
2784:
2773:
2772:
2766:
2762:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2736:(2): 275–92.
2735:
2731:
2727:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2697:
2693:
2688:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2629:
2625:
2619:
2611:
2604:
2597:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2580:
2575:
2567:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2535:9781783740628
2531:
2527:
2520:
2504:
2498:
2482:
2476:
2460:
2454:
2439:
2433:
2419:on 2019-07-23
2418:
2414:
2410:
2404:
2396:
2383:
2372:
2356:
2355:
2347:
2340:
2334:
2327:
2322:
2315:
2309:
2302:
2296:
2289:
2283:
2276:
2271:
2264:
2258:
2252:
2246:
2239:
2233:
2231:
2223:
2217:
2210:
2206:
2200:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2161:
2154:
2148:
2141:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2120:
2116:
2109:
2107:
2099:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2075:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2058:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2036:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2010:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1985:
1981:
1975:
1967:
1961:
1954:
1948:
1941:
1935:
1927:
1923:
1917:
1913:
1906:
1905:
1897:
1887:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1846:Ahom alphabet
1844:
1843:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1743:
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1738:
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1733:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1697:
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1691:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1583:Northern Thai
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1551:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1293:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1212:
1203:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1153:/rau/ (𑜍𑜧)
1152:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1118:
1106:
1103:
1099:
1096:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1009:
1004:
998:
995:
987:
979:
977:
975:
972:
968:
966:
964:
962:
960:
958:
956:
952:
949:
947:
945:
943:
941:
938:
934:
932:
930:
928:
926:
922:
919:
917:
915:
913:
911:
908:
904:
902:
900:
898:
896:
892:
888:
884:
882:
880:
878:
876:
874:
871:
867:
865:
863:
861:
857:
854:
851:
847:
845:
843:
841:
838:
834:
832:
829:
825:
823:
821:
817:
814:
812:
809:
805:
803:
801:
799:
796:
792:
790:
787:
783:
780:
776:
775:
771:
767:
765:
762:
758:
756:
753:
749:
746:
742:
739:
735:
732:
728:
725:
721:
718:
714:
712:
708:
704:
701:
698:
695:
692:
689:
686:
683:
680:
679:
676:
673:
671:
666:
661:
656:
650:
647:
634:
630:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
607:
605:
601:
596:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
568:
566:
560:
557:
547:
545:
541:
531:
522:
520:
514:
512:
508:
503:
499:
495:
494:Mughal Empire
490:
488:
484:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
445:
435:
433:
428:
421:
418:
415:
412:
409:
406:
405:
404:
396:
395:to this day.
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
348:
346:
342:
338:
333:
331:
330:Ahom religion
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
305:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
274:Ahom language
266:
262:
258:
256:
248:
234:
231:
223:
218:
213:
212:Tai languages
208:
203:
199:
195:
193:
192:
187:
183:
179:
176:
175:Linguist List
171:
167:
163:
160:
155:
150:
147:
144:
140:
134:
122:
119:
118:
116:
115:
113:
110:
109:
108:
105:
104:
103:
99:
95:
89:
83:
81:
77:
74:
71:
67:
64:
61:
57:
54:
51:
47:
43:
37:
32:
25:
20:
5177:
5164:
5157:
5150:
5143:
5136:
5110:
5086:Hezhang Buyi
5074:
4857:
4851:
4850:
4794:Northwestern
4784:Southwestern
4759:Myang Zhuang
4754:Pyang Zhuang
4680:Hezhang Buyi
4216:Sino-Tibetan
3973:Khiamniungan
3347:
3242:Bangni-Tagin
3044:Sino-Tibetan
2770:
2760:
2733:
2729:
2708:
2704:
2691:
2683:
2653:
2648:
2639:Bibliography
2627:
2618:
2609:
2603:
2581:, p. ?.
2574:
2565:
2525:
2519:
2507:. Retrieved
2497:
2485:. Retrieved
2475:
2463:. Retrieved
2453:
2441:. Retrieved
2432:
2421:. Retrieved
2417:the original
2412:
2403:
2382:cite journal
2371:
2359:. Retrieved
2353:
2346:
2339:Terwiel 1996
2333:
2326:Terwiel 1992
2321:
2314:Terwiel 1996
2308:
2301:Terwiel 1996
2295:
2288:Terwiel 1996
2282:
2275:Terwiel 1992
2270:
2263:Terwiel 1996
2257:
2250:
2245:
2216:
2199:
2175:
2171:
2160:
2153:Terwiel 1992
2147:
2140:Terwiel 1996
2118:
2097:
2056:
2034:
2008:
1983:
1974:
1960:
1947:
1940:Terwiel 1996
1934:
1903:
1896:
1883:
1875:
1856:Ahom Kingdom
1806:
1805:
1773:
1772:
1740:
1739:
1707:
1706:
1674:
1673:
1641:
1640:
1608:
1607:
1557:
1549:
1291:
1218:
1209:
1201:
1191:
1187:
1185:
1164:/su/ (𑜏𑜤)
1161:/maɯ/ (𑜉𑜧)
1150:/kau/ (𑜀𑜧)
1129:
1116:
993:
984:
645:
631:
608:
597:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
569:
564:
561:
553:
540:Ahom Buranji
539:
536:
515:
511:Ahom Kingdom
506:
491:
483:Ahom kingdom
474:Patkai Range
447:
429:
425:
402:
354:
334:
309:Ahom kingdom
306:
294:Ahom kingdom
277:
273:
271:
252:
211:
189:
120:
117:Northwestern
112:Southwestern
4911:Chiang Saen
4821:Tai Hongjin
4749:Yang Zhuang
4734:Nong Zhuang
2628:sealang.net
2413:dibru.ac.in
1984:dibru.ac.in
1953:Marwah 2020
1851:Ahom people
1755:/hǔa tɕǎj/
1752:/hǔa tɕàj/
1749:/hǔa tɕāj/
556:Ahom people
519:Ahom script
468:, northern
450:Ahom people
444:Ahom people
432:Ahom script
399:Description
313:Brahmaputra
290:Ahom people
257:characters.
146:Ahom script
73:Ahom people
42:Ahom script
5195:Categories
5166:Proto-Hlai
4869:Lao–Phutai
4744:Min Zhuang
4739:Dai Zhuang
4685:Yei Zhuang
4577:Changjiang
4454:(Naxi Yao)
4188:Indo-Aryan
3945:Yimchungrü
3930:Mongsen Ao
3767:Hakha Chin
3006:Indo-Aryan
2596:Morey 2010
2579:Morey 2010
2423:2020-06-09
2238:Morey 2014
2222:Morey 2014
2209:Morey 2014
1885:Ethnologue
1867:References
1761:/hó tɕáj/
1758:/hǒ tsǎɰ/
1336:𑜎𑜢𑜤𑜂𑜫
1283:Vocabulary
955:Semi-vowel
705:voiceless
699:voiceless
693:voiceless
687:voiceless
681:voiceless
642:Consonants
410:Tonality
302:Indo-Aryan
5180:indicate
5152:Proto-Tai
5145:Proto-Kra
5031:Tai Khang
5026:Tai Thanh
4974:Thai Song
4934:Tai Meuay
4929:Tai Daeng
4920:(Siamese)
4831:Tai Laing
4774:Tsʻün-Lao
4149:Sikkimese
3633:Kuki-Chin
3624:Meghalaya
3431:Hrangkhol
3391:Kuki-Chin
3368:Tai Phake
3363:Tai Aiton
3252:Hill Miri
3091:Hrangkhol
3053:Kuki-Chin
3014:Assamese
2850:Arunachal
2838:Languages
2793:PARADISEC
2717:1836-6821
2680:757135305
2316::284–285)
2303::283–284)
2265::283–284)
2178:(12): 9,
1830:/ɣaem˦˨/
1797:/kʲaj˧˩/
1474:/kawsip/
1331:/kawsip/
1298:Cardinal
1260:How many
860:Fricative
779:Aspirated
637:Phonology
619:Sivasagar
604:Tai-Phake
600:Tai-Aiton
373:Proto-Tai
319:state of
298:Mon-Khmer
191:Glottolog
159:ISO 639-3
69:Ethnicity
4988:Southern
4881:Phu Thai
4846:Khamyang
4816:Tai Long
4811:Tai Nuea
4662:Northern
4447:Cao Miao
4269:Tangkhul
4264:Ranglong
4239:Kokborok
4087:Assamese
4067:Tangkhul
3832:Nagaland
3802:Ranglong
3782:Kokborok
3694:Lyngngam
3610:Tangkhul
3512:Sakachep
3399:Northern
3358:Khamyang
3174:Kokborok
3116:Sakachep
3111:Saihriem
3106:Ranglong
2978:Nefamese
2958:Assamese
2752:27864746
1926:Archived
1840:See also
1746:*čai/aɯ
1731:/fei˧˩/
1713:*vai/aɯ
1656:/mɯ̄aŋ/
1653:/mɯ́aŋ/
1650:/mɯ̄aŋ/
1632:/ɣum˧˩/
1506:𑜏𑜢𑜆𑜫
1500:𑜆𑜦𑜄𑜫
1497:𑜋𑜢𑜄𑜫
1494:𑜎𑜤𑜀𑜫
1441:Ordinal
1363:𑜏𑜢𑜆𑜫
1357:𑜆𑜦𑜄𑜫
1354:𑜋𑜢𑜄𑜫
1351:𑜍𑜤𑜀𑜫
1339:𑜏𑜨𑜂𑜫
1288:Numerals
1228:Meaning
1225:Phonemic
1139:Singular
1126:Pronouns
1062:Open-mid
660:Alveolar
655:Bilabial
507:Bar Amra
487:Buranjis
198:ahom1240
182:aho.html
28:𑜒𑜑𑜪𑜨
5178:Italics
5119:Kam–Tai
5096:Cao Lan
5060:Cao Lan
5004:(other)
4979:Tày Tac
4959:Tai Dam
4949:Tai Lue
4939:Tai Dón
4902:Kaloeng
4897:Lao Nyo
4726:Central
4716:Tai Pao
4654:, etc.)
4592:Yuanmen
4562:Baoting
4552:Tongzha
4483:Ai-Cham
4468:Chadong
4428:Kam–Sui
4279:Vaiphei
4229:Darlong
4206:Sylheti
4196:Bengali
4179:Tripura
4154:Sunwar
4119:Lepcha
4026:Rongmei
4016:Lamkang
3935:Sangtam
3902:Sopvoma
3887:Pochuri
3872:Kuzhami
3854:Pochuri
3852:Angami-
3843:Tibetan
3749:Mizoram
3671:Vaiphei
3605:Sopvoma
3585:Chairel
3564:Rongmei
3549:Khoirao
3517:Sorbung
3507:Monsang
3476:Vaiphei
3441:Lamkang
3382:Manipur
3340:Kra-Dai
3300:Rongmei
3290:Khoirao
3194:Singpho
3164:Kachari
3121:Vaiphei
3034:Sylheti
3019:Bengali
2927:Gallong
2917:Apatani
2879:Singpho
2852:Pradesh
2361:14 June
2192:3516963
1827:/nà̄m/
1821:/náːm/
1818:/nâːm/
1815:/náːm/
1734:/pʰaj/
1698:/dei˧/
1668:/mɯng/
1665:/mɯŋ˧/
1662:/mɤ̂ŋ/
1659:/mɤ́ŋ/
1565:English
1241:naɯ/daɯ
1142:Plural
1121:Grammar
1008:Central
895:Lateral
711:Plosive
702:voiced
696:voiced
690:voiced
684:voiced
675:Glottal
665:Palatal
438:History
385:Kam–Tai
377:Kra–Dai
282:dormant
255:Unicode
102:Kra–Dai
80:Extinct
5101:Jiamao
4893:(Nyaw)
4891:Tai Yo
4859:Turung
4826:Khamti
4806:Tai Ya
4787:(Thai)
4707:(Nyaw)
4705:Tai Yo
4675:Bouyei
4652:Zhuang
4637:Jizhao
4624:Jizhao
4610:Jiamao
4602:Jiamao
4587:Baisha
4582:Moyfaw
4557:Zandui
4547:Lauhut
4537:Bouhin
4519:Lakkia
4511:Lakkia
4463:Maonan
4443:(Dong)
4371:Qabiao
4361:Buyang
4274:Thadou
4244:Meitei
4164:Yakkha
4159:Tamang
4144:Sherpa
4139:Newar
4134:Nepali
4124:Limbu
4114:Gurung
4106:Sikkim
4062:Makury
4057:Khelma
4052:Chothe
4021:Mzieme
3993:Wancho
3978:Konyak
3968:Dimasa
3892:Rengma
3882:Ntenyi
3867:Chokri
3862:Angami
3797:Nga La
3777:Khelma
3730:Hajong
3681:Khasic
3661:Khelma
3651:Gangte
3600:Meitei
3590:Maring
3559:Puimei
3471:Thadou
3426:Gangte
3421:Chothe
3353:Khamti
3326:Meitei
3321:Hajong
3257:Mising
3219:Wancho
3209:Turung
3199:Tangsa
3154:Dimasa
3139:Barman
3081:Gangte
2983:Puimei
2973:Milang
2963:Hajong
2937:Tangam
2894:Wancho
2884:Tangsa
2750:
2715:
2678:
2668:
2542:
2532:
2509:9 June
2487:9 June
2465:9 June
2443:9 June
2190:
1918:
1912:UNESCO
1833:/nam/
1824:/nâm/
1812:*naam
1800:/hak/
1794:/hak/
1791:/hâk/
1788:/hák/
1785:/hāk/
1782:/rák/
1767:/caj/
1764:/sim/
1728:/fâj/
1722:/fāj/
1719:/fáj/
1716:/fāj/
1701:/nin/
1695:/dín/
1692:/lǐn/
1689:/dīn/
1686:/dìn/
1683:/dīn/
1680:*ʔdin
1647:*mɯaŋ
1635:/lum/
1629:/lôm/
1626:/lóm/
1623:/lōm/
1620:/lóm/
1617:/lōm/
1602:Ahom:
1593:Tai Lü
1503:𑜀𑜟𑜨
1488:𑜏𑜊𑜫
1479:𑜒𑜊𑜫
1360:𑜀𑜟𑜨
1304:/sɔ:ŋ/
1276:Where
1198:Syntax
1136:Person
990:Vowels
717:Tenuis
593:pha su
454:Yunnan
365:Khamti
317:Indian
230:UNESCO
114:(Thai)
59:Region
5051:mixed
5016:Pa Di
4969:Phuan
4841:Aiton
4836:Phake
4572:Nadou
4542:Ha Em
4452:Nuoxi
4436:Mulam
4409:Telue
4404:Hagei
4399:Mulao
4389:Vandu
4381:Gelao
4351:Lachi
4259:Ralte
4254:Paite
4169:Yolmo
4129:Magar
4080:Other
4047:Chiru
4040:Other
4011:Inpui
3983:Nocte
3963:Chang
3925:Lotha
3877:Moyon
3841:Sino-
3822:Zyphe
3817:Tedim
3812:Ralte
3807:Paite
3762:Falam
3757:Biate
3720:Atong
3713:Other
3689:Khasi
3656:Karbi
3646:Biate
3578:Other
3554:Maram
3544:Inpui
3522:Tarao
3490:Other
3466:Simte
3461:Ralte
3456:Purum
3451:Paite
3446:Moyon
3416:Chiru
3411:Biate
3314:Other
3295:Maram
3285:Inpui
3267:Nishi
3247:Bokar
3214:Tutsa
3189:Rabha
3184:Nocte
3179:Moran
3149:Deori
3101:Paite
3096:Karbi
3076:Chiru
3071:Biate
2997:Assam
2968:Karbi
2951:Other
2932:Nishi
2889:Tutsa
2874:Nocte
2869:Deori
2748:JSTOR
2711:(2).
2652:[
2540:JSTOR
2341::286)
2290::279)
2188:JSTOR
2142::276)
1942::283)
1908:(PDF)
1807:water
1779:*rak
1741:heart
1675:earth
1614:*lom
1544:20th
1471:/sip/
1468:/kaw/
1465:/pit/
1462:/cit/
1459:/luk/
1456:/ŋu:/
1453:/saj/
1450:/sam/
1447:/ŋi:/
1444:/ʔaj/
1328:/sip/
1325:/kaw/
1322:/pit/
1319:/cit/
1316:/ruk/
1310:/si:/
1307:/sam/
1301:/lɯŋ/
1244:What
1236:What
1206:Nouns
1113:Tones
1032:Close
1020:short
1003:Front
925:Trill
820:Nasal
670:Velar
623:Assam
615:Moran
589:tu su
470:Burma
458:China
393:Assam
389:Aiton
341:AHSEC
337:Assam
321:Assam
280:is a
63:Assam
53:India
5036:Kuan
5011:Sapa
4964:Khün
4954:Yong
4918:Thai
4886:Isan
4852:Ahom
4801:Shan
4764:Nùng
4700:Saek
4529:Hlai
4501:Biao
4493:Biao
4458:Then
4394:A'ou
4356:Paha
4346:Laha
4284:Zeme
4249:Mizo
4234:Koch
4224:Bawm
4031:Zeme
4003:Zeme
3988:Phom
3897:Sema
3792:Mizo
3787:Mara
3772:Hmar
3735:Koch
3725:Garo
3699:Pnar
3666:Mizo
3641:Amri
3595:Uipo
3569:Zeme
3536:Zeme
3502:Mizo
3497:Hmar
3406:Anal
3348:Ahom
3305:Zeme
3277:Zeme
3229:Tani
3204:Tiwa
3169:Koch
3159:Garo
3144:Bodo
3086:Hmar
3066:Bawm
3061:Amri
2942:Yano
2922:Bori
2904:Tani
2713:ISSN
2676:OCLC
2666:ISBN
2530:ISBN
2511:2020
2489:2020
2467:2020
2445:2020
2395:help
2363:2020
2240::55)
2224::50)
2211::50)
1955::76)
1916:ISBN
1880:Ahom
1774:love
1708:fire
1642:town
1609:wind
1588:Shan
1573:Thai
1541:10th
1491:𑜂𑜥
1485:𑜏𑜪
1482:𑜂𑜣
1348:𑜑𑜡
1345:𑜏𑜣
1342:𑜏𑜪
1313:/ha/
1273:thaɯ
1268:Who
1265:phaɯ
1252:Why
1233:sang
1087:Open
1025:long
1013:Back
609:The
602:and
591:and
448:The
369:Thai
361:Shan
343:and
328:the
300:and
272:The
121:Ahom
22:Ahom
4876:Lao
4769:Tày
4711:Yoy
4647:Tai
4567:Cun
4478:Mak
4473:Sui
4441:Kam
4414:Qau
4338:Kra
3955:Sal
3940:Wui
3704:War
3481:Zou
3436:Kom
3237:Adi
3131:Sal
2912:Adi
2861:Sal
2840:of
2738:doi
2734:152
2658:hdl
2180:doi
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1882:at
1578:Lao
1538:9th
1535:8th
1532:7th
1529:6th
1526:5th
1523:4th
1520:3rd
1517:2nd
1514:1st
1436:20
1401:𑜻
1192:nan
1188:nai
1169:3rd
1158:2nd
1147:1st
585:pha
489:'.
339:by
276:or
166:aho
107:Tai
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4632:Be
4620:Be
4366:En
3920:Ao
3912:Ao
3262:Na
2746:.
2732:.
2728:.
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1982:.
1924:.
1433:10
1398:𑜺
1395:𑜹
1392:𑜸
1389:𑜷
1386:𑜶
1383:𑜵
1380:𑜴
1377:𑜳
1374:𑜲
1371:𑜱
1257:ki
1249:rɯ
1102:aː
808:kʰ
795:tʰ
786:pʰ
621:,
617:,
606:.
581:tu
577:su
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1095:a
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1054:u
1045:ɯ
1038:i
971:j
937:r
907:l
887:h
870:s
850:ŋ
837:n
828:m
770:ʔ
761:k
752:c
745:d
738:t
731:b
724:p
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