985:. This script spread quite rapidly, being employed in many English centres for copying Latin texts. English scribes adapted the Carolingian script, giving it proportion and legibility. This new revision of the Caroline minuscule was called English Protogothic Bookhand. Another script that is derived from the Caroline Minuscule was the German Protogothic Bookhand. It originated in southern Germany during the second half of the 12th century. All the individual letters are Caroline; but just as with English Protogothic Bookhand it evolved. This can be seen most notably in the arm of the letter h. It has a hairline that tapers out by curving to the left. When first read the German Protogothic h looks like the German Protogothic b. Many more scripts sprang out of the German Protogothic Bookhand. After those came Bastard Anglicana, which is best described as:
62:
852:
508:
901:, although it was widely used across the Roman world. Parchment is made of animal skin, normally calf, sheep, or goat, but also other animals. With all skins, the quality of the finished product is based on how much preparation and skill was put into turning the skin into parchment. Parchment made from calf or sheep was the most common in Northern Europe, while civilizations in Southern Europe preferred goatskin. Often, if the parchment is white or cream in color and veins from the animal can still be seen, it is calfskin. If it is yellow, greasy or in some cases shiny, then it was made from sheepskin.
119:
71:
6810:
520:
872:
131:
4986:
6683:
5699:
40:
146:
1338:
1278:
66:
pointing at a raised flask while lecturing on the "Book on urines" of
Theophilus. The right hand page is only shown in part. On its very bottom is an illuminated letter "U" – initial of "Urina ergo est colamentum sanguinis" (Urine is the filtrate of the blood). Inside the letter is a picture of a master holding up a flask while explaining the diagnostic significance of urine to a student or a patient. HMD Collection, MS E 78.
536:
6693:
1033:
1113:, a manuscript is defined as any hand-written item in the collections of a library or an archive. For example, a library's collection of hand-written letters or diaries is considered a manuscript collection. Such manuscript collections are described in finding aids, similar to an index or table of contents to the collection, in accordance with national and international content standards such as
2286:– Digital facsimile of the 8th-century St Chad Gospels and Cathedral's 15th-century Wycliffe New Testament, 2010. Includes the ability to overlay images captured with 13 different bands of light, historical images (starting in 1887), and multispectral visualizations. Also includes sixteen interactive 3D renderings. College of Arts & Sciences, University of Kentucky
4455:
808:(vellum) was a common way to produce manuscripts. Manuscripts eventually transitioned to using paper in later centuries with the diffusion of paper making in the Islamic empire. When Muslims encountered paper in Central Asia, its use and production spread to Iran, Iraq, Syria, Egypt, and North Africa during the 8th century.
1174:
for short, is an author's or dramatist's text, used by a theatre company or film crew during the production of the work's performance or filming. More specifically, a motion picture manuscript is called a screenplay; a television manuscript, a teleplay; a manuscript for the theatre, a stage play; and
691:
of 868. In the
Islamic world and the West, all books were in manuscript until the introduction of movable type printing in about 1450. Manuscript copying of books continued for a least a century, as printing remained expensive. Private or government documents remained hand-written until the invention
1096:
Along with Bibles, large numbers of manuscripts made in the Middle Ages were received in Church. Due to the complex church system of rituals and worship these books were the most elegantly written and finely decorated of all medieval manuscripts. Liturgical books usually came in two varieties. Those
989:
The coexistence in the Gothic period of formal hands employed for the copying of books and cursive scripts used for documentary purposes eventually resulted in cross-fertilization between these two fundamentally different writing styles. Notably, scribes began to upgrade some of the cursive scripts.
908:
word vitulinum which means "of calf"/ "made from calf". For modern parchment makers and calligraphers, and apparently often in the past, the terms parchment and vellum are used based on the different degrees of quality, preparation and thickness, and not according to which animal the skin came from,
994:
script (whereas a bookhand that has had cursive elements fused onto it is known as a hybrid script). The advantage of such a script was that it could be written more quickly than a pure bookhand; it thus recommended itself to scribes in a period when demand for books was increasing and authors were
65:
Image of two facing pages of the illuminated manuscript of "Isagoge", fols. 42b and 43a. On the top of the left hand page is an illuminated letter "D" – initial of "De urinarum differencia negocium" (The matter of the differences of urines). Inside the letter is a picture of a master on bench
1023:
was the most studied book of the Middle Ages". The Bible was the center of medieval religious life. Along with the Bible came scores of commentaries. Commentaries were written in volumes, with some focusing on just single pages of scripture. Across Europe, there were universities that prided
830:
between 2012 and 2013. 90% of these manuscripts were saved by the population organized around the NGO "Sauvegarde et valorisation des manuscrits pour la défense de la culture islamique" (SAVAMA-DCI). Some 350,000 manuscripts were transported to safety, and 300,000 of them were still in
624:
spread from China via the
Islamic world to Europe by the 14th century, and by the late 15th century had largely replaced parchment for many purposes there. When Greek or Latin works were published, numerous professional copies were sometimes made simultaneously by scribes in a
3749:
6891:
5835:
679:
are virtually all lost. Papyrus has a life of at most a century or two in relatively humid
Italian or Greek conditions; only those works copied onto parchment, usually after the general conversion to Christianity, have survived, and by no means all of those.
5190:
74:
Inside the letter is a picture of a master in cathedra expounding on the
Aphorisms of Hippocrates. Initial "V" rendered as "U" of "Vita brevis, ars vero longa", or "Life is short, but the art is long". "Isagoge", fol. 15b. HMD Collection, MS E
3795:
3783:
782:
are written with much more care. The scribe lifted his pen between each stroke, producing an unmistakable effect of regularity and formality. On the other hand, while minuscule scripts can be written with pen-lift, they may also be
4180:
4422:
1004:
From ancient texts to medieval maps, anything written down for study would have been done with manuscripts. Some of the most common genres were bibles, religious commentaries, philosophy, law and government texts.
5185:
1100:
Most liturgical books came with a calendar in the front. This served as a quick reference point for important dates in Jesus' life and to tell church officials which saints were to be honored and on what day.
715:. This type of document was rare compared to the usual leaves and bamboo staves that were inscribed. However, neither the leaves nor paper were as durable as the metal document in the hot, humid climate. In
3771:
5904:
5341:
4981:
4450:
1929:
Buringh, Eltjo; Van Zanden, Jan Luiten (2009). "Charting the 'Rise of the West': Manuscripts and
Printed Books in Europe, A Long-Term Perspective from the Sixth through Eighteenth Centuries".
1899:
5381:
3568:
4557:
6927:
6399:
5774:
5786:
3766:
106:
Before the arrival of prints, all documents and books were manuscripts. Manuscripts are not defined by their contents, which may combine writing with mathematical calculations, maps,
5830:
5499:
4552:
4185:
3744:
4467:
5984:
5960:
5928:
5818:
1592:
1148:
or copy of a work, written by an author, composer or copyist. Such manuscripts generally follow standardized typographic and formatting rules, in which case they can be called
5972:
5867:
606:, with a distinctive long rectangular shape, were used dating back to the 5th century BCE or earlier, and in some cases continued to be used until the 19th century. In China,
4571:
4168:
6915:
6031:
3536:
5300:
3877:
6213:
3732:
2295:
6259:
6026:
5444:
3066:
2176:
Pass, Gregory. Descriptive
Cataloging of Ancient, Medieval, Renaissance, and Early Modern Manuscripts. Chicago: Association of College and Research Libraries, 2002.
4192:
4082:
3790:
3582:
1189:
In insurance, a manuscript policy is one that is negotiated between the insurer and the policyholder, as opposed to an off-the-shelf form supplied by the insurer.
6241:
4964:
1446:
1024:
themselves on their biblical knowledge. Along with universities, certain cities also had their own celebrities of biblical knowledge during the medieval period.
6036:
4149:
4000:
3983:
6903:
6533:
5099:
2028:
Clemens, Raymond, and
Timothy Graham. "English Protogothic Bookhand." In Introduction to Manuscript Studies. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2008. 146–147.
5326:
2037:
Clemens, Raymond, and
Timothy Graham. "German Protogothic Bookhand." In Introduction to Manuscript Studies. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2008. 149–150.
4244:
3457:
995:
tending to write longer texts. In
England during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, many books were written in the script known as Bastard Anglicana.
954:
between approximately 800 and 1200. Codices, classical and Christian texts, and educational material were written in Carolingian minuscule throughout the
909:
and because of this, the more neutral term "membrane" is often used by modern academics, especially where the animal has not been established by testing.
6011:
5538:
5149:
5025:
3227:
4590:
6910:
4535:
6850:
4607:
958:. The script developed into blackletter and became obsolete, though its revival in the Italian renaissance forms the basis of more recent scripts. In
6527:
4815:
4595:
6539:
6016:
5909:
5872:
5673:
4462:
1907:
1318:
Because they are books, pre-modern manuscripts are best described using bibliographic rather than archival standards. The standard endorsed by the
719:, the kammavaca, Buddhist manuscripts, were inscribed on brass, copper or ivory sheets, and even on discarded monk robes folded and lacquered. In
6862:
5852:
5587:
2808:
6171:
6922:
6879:
6066:
5650:
5562:
3870:
696:
of different versions of the same text is a fundamental part of the study and criticism of all texts that have been transmitted in manuscript.
1175:
a manuscript for audio-only performance is often called a radio play, even when the recorded performance is disseminated via non-radio means.
6934:
6898:
6874:
6828:
6730:
6389:
6161:
6021:
5808:
5305:
4060:
436:
6886:
5226:
3831:
1652:
6148:
5754:
5423:
5125:
4576:
4050:
6867:
692:
of the typewriter in the late 19th century. Because of the likelihood of errors being introduced each time a manuscript was copied, the
632:
The oldest written manuscripts have been preserved by the perfect dryness of their Middle Eastern resting places, whether placed within
6333:
6001:
5955:
5594:
4891:
4143:
3594:
1738:
1152:(whether original or copy). The staff paper commonly used for handwritten music is, for this reason, often called "manuscript paper".
1124:
In other contexts, however, the use of the term "manuscript" no longer necessarily means something that is hand-written. By analogy a
5950:
5945:
5640:
4310:
1227:
5842:
3573:
711:, for example, as early as 900 AD, specimen documents were not inscribed by stylus, but were punched much like the style of today's
6663:
5250:
4949:
3452:
2322:
1536:
571:, all written documents had to be both produced and reproduced by hand. In the west, manuscripts were produced in form of scrolls (
5504:
2096:
1633:
1058:
is a type of devotional text which was widely popular during the Middle Ages. They are the most common type of surviving medieval
103:
written, typed, or word-processed copy of an author's work, as distinguished from the rendition as a printed version of the same.
6404:
5879:
5386:
5221:
5035:
4959:
4547:
3648:
1613:
1114:
5401:
4417:
1701:
in The Free Dictionary (American Heritage 2011, Collins 2014 and Random House Kernerman Webster's 2010). Accessed 12 March 2016.
523:
Gharib al-Hadith, by Abu 'Ubaid al-Qasim ibn Sallam al-Harawi (d. 837 AD). The oldest known dated Arabic manuscript on paper in
237:
is not simply the plural; by an old convention, a doubling of the last letter of the abbreviation expresses the plural, just as
6303:
5989:
5977:
5965:
5933:
5847:
5823:
5791:
5779:
5480:
5462:
5413:
5067:
4355:
3658:
2641:
2278:
2235:
The Schøyen Collection – the world's largest private collection of manuscripts of all types, with many descriptions and images
6499:
6338:
5749:
4808:
3737:
6484:
6328:
6096:
5635:
5604:
5074:
5005:
4721:
4657:
4635:
4316:
3559:
2839:
1873:
1327:
6833:
3587:
1345:
1285:
5614:
5392:
5270:
5260:
5050:
4896:
4731:
3933:
3663:
3613:
2355:
2229:
1500:
5940:
4173:
6494:
5569:
5331:
4694:
4476:
4015:
1458:
1075:
4969:
2189:
2064:
1070:
but decoration can vary between each and each example. Many have minimal illumination, often restricted to ornamented
835:
in 2022. An international consultation on the safeguarding, accessibility and promotion of ancient manuscripts in the
99:
or reproduced in some indirect or automated way. More recently, the term has come to be understood to further include
6723:
6176:
5079:
5045:
5030:
4025:
3865:
3860:
3848:
3311:
2127:
2000:
703:, in the first millennium, documents of sufficiently great importance were inscribed on soft metallic sheets such as
5133:
4116:
6076:
5702:
5418:
5094:
5057:
4930:
4801:
3631:
3626:
3285:
1713:
897:, which was not nearly so long lived and has survived to the present almost exclusively in the very dry climate of
881:
Most surviving pre-modern manuscripts use the codex format (as in a modern book), which had replaced the scroll by
746:), which makes them especially hard for the untrained to read. Extant copies of these early manuscripts written in
139:
5255:
5201:
5062:
3621:
3462:
1694:
1682:
in The Free Dictionary (American Heritage 2011 and Random House Kernerman Webster's 2010). Accessed 12 March 2016.
6696:
6118:
5161:
5143:
4976:
4667:
3636:
3489:
3019:
2637:
1675:
260:
are enriched with pictures, border decorations, elaborately embossed initial letters or full-page illustrations.
3978:
754:
and usually dating from the 4th century to the 8th century, are classified according to their use of either all
6298:
6290:
6253:
6235:
6056:
5889:
5744:
5599:
5547:
5520:
5282:
4879:
4677:
4488:
4343:
4055:
4010:
3995:
3519:
2155:
1817:
1778:
1720:(MS. and ms., MSS. and mss.) in Dictionary.com LLC(Random House 2014 and Collins 2012). Accessed 12 March 2016.
1221:
126:. Most manuscripts were ruled with horizontal lines that served as the baselines on which the text was entered.
3071:
6774:
6394:
6362:
6285:
6091:
5118:
5010:
4884:
4005:
3928:
3882:
2577:
2259:
2118:
Coulie, Bernard (2014). "Collections and catalogues of Armenian manuscripts". In Calzolari, Valentina (ed.).
6939:
5798:
5454:
1312:
1078:. These books were used for owners to recite prayers privately eight different times, or hours, of the day.
969:
Caroline Minuscule arrived in England in the second half of the 10th century. Its adoption there, replacing
274:
6992:
6716:
6585:
6447:
6264:
5894:
5862:
5351:
4503:
3563:
2394:
2315:
1319:
1197:
About 300,000 Latin, 55,000 Greek, 30,000 Armenian and 12,000 Georgian medieval manuscripts have survived.
61:
5211:
4263:
2199:
6764:
6656:
6489:
6355:
6247:
6225:
5428:
5396:
5346:
5154:
5104:
4995:
4736:
4498:
4374:
4368:
4349:
3554:
3383:
3266:
2813:
2219:
322:
233:
for plural (with or without the full stop, all uppercase or all lowercase) are also accepted. The second
31:
17:
4872:
4525:
1380:
6987:
6576:
6453:
6430:
6315:
6218:
6156:
6128:
5764:
5577:
5310:
5084:
4741:
4672:
4327:
4197:
4126:
3271:
3105:
3095:
1640:." www.Library.Rtruuochester.Edu. 22 June 2004. University of Rochester Libraries. Accessed 10-11-2007.
1266:
5533:
4481:
4412:
4302:
978:
6982:
6759:
6601:
6511:
5857:
4209:
3690:
3232:
3061:
2713:
1565:
524:
155:
4600:
6794:
6596:
5376:
5356:
4913:
4847:
4682:
4257:
3727:
3514:
3471:
3262:
2959:
1978:
4711:
962:, Clemens and Graham associate the beginning of this text coming from the Abby of Saint-Martin at
851:
6686:
6591:
6086:
5528:
4765:
4704:
4630:
4493:
4274:
4030:
3843:
3838:
3816:
3778:
3758:
3392:
3388:
3205:
3078:
3041:
3024:
2844:
2308:
2296:
Introduction to codicology : Hebrew, Greek, Latin, Roman and Arabic Mss by Philippe Bobichon
2225:
1570:
1425:
1139:
1059:
955:
607:
4903:
4867:
1649:
6997:
6420:
6372:
6367:
5336:
5290:
5139:
4645:
4099:
4072:
4042:
3906:
3853:
3670:
3546:
3441:
3281:
3276:
3134:
3100:
3088:
3083:
3046:
2996:
2854:
2834:
2520:
2465:
1809:
1803:
1770:
1764:
1202:
1145:
507:
257:
118:
70:
47:
5899:
4154:
6784:
6544:
6435:
6415:
6280:
6230:
6123:
6113:
5803:
5769:
5678:
4689:
4427:
4322:
4249:
4121:
3524:
3241:
3195:
3190:
3139:
2803:
2784:
2600:
2495:
2248:
2194:
2190:
British Library Glossary of manuscript terms, mostly relating to Western medieval manuscripts
1578:
1401:
683:
Originally, all books were in manuscript form. In China, and later other parts of East Asia,
280:
6348:
5759:
5295:
1074:, but books of hours made for wealthier patrons can be extremely extravagant with full-page
950:
could be easily recognized by the literate class from different regions. It was used in the
6977:
6631:
6108:
5449:
5166:
4521:
4361:
4094:
3970:
3941:
3712:
3374:
3348:
3295:
3129:
3056:
2901:
2866:
2820:
2788:
2666:
2380:
1845:"Le sort des manuscrits anciens du Mali au centre d'une conférence internationale à Bamako"
1731:
1470:
1407:
823:
817:
727:
texts were similarly inscribed on thin gold plates: similar sheets have been discovered in
603:
4402:
8:
6425:
5171:
4585:
4292:
3988:
3200:
3112:
2871:
2505:
2470:
2373:
1660:
1419:
1323:
1198:
1091:
1014:
982:
801:
796:
735:
676:
675:
Ironically, the manuscripts that were being most carefully preserved in the libraries of
665:
657:
649:
615:
595:
540:
5923:
5493:
4908:
4612:
3220:
6799:
6651:
6646:
6581:
6464:
6377:
6208:
5884:
5216:
5000:
4065:
4020:
3379:
3335:
3290:
2913:
2859:
2780:
2351:
2090:
2046:
Beryl Smalley, The Study of the Bible in the Middle Ages. 3rd ed. (Oxford, 1983), xxvii
1946:
1528:
1496:
1452:
1392:
1251:
1233:
1067:
935:
917:
712:
684:
560:
253:
43:
3921:
2242:
1630:
1610:
1559:
6956:
6469:
6323:
6071:
5368:
4379:
4218:
3643:
3402:
3341:
3300:
3117:
3002:
2938:
2849:
2826:
2770:
2678:
2411:
2133:
2123:
1996:
1950:
1823:
1813:
1784:
1774:
951:
856:
743:
704:
405:
1349:
1289:
7002:
6789:
6636:
6343:
6166:
6142:
6103:
5683:
4840:
4230:
4089:
4077:
3369:
3329:
3324:
3149:
3036:
2971:
2798:
2793:
2775:
2633:
2434:
2387:
1938:
1732:"Digital Enhancement of Palm Leaf Manuscript Images using Normalization Techniques"
1492:
1464:
1386:
1260:
1245:
1239:
1184:
1063:
921:
864:
860:
827:
767:
653:
611:
6708:
3958:
1977:
Clemens, Raymond, and Timothy Graham. Introduction to Manuscript Studies. Ithaca:
973:, was encouraged by the importation of continental European manuscripts by Saints
770:
make no such differentiation. Manuscripts using all upper case letters are called
6946:
6779:
6061:
5668:
5242:
4918:
4282:
4104:
3889:
3653:
3479:
3124:
2439:
2273:
2263:
2086:
1717:
1698:
1679:
1656:
1637:
1617:
1110:
1087:
763:
687:
was used for books from about the 7th century. The earliest dated example is the
4162:
2289:
2234:
6769:
6442:
6133:
5552:
5180:
5176:
4827:
4445:
4384:
4224:
3695:
3529:
3317:
3305:
2991:
2876:
2552:
2537:
2527:
2429:
2331:
2268:
1504:
1165:
970:
947:
882:
875:
747:
700:
599:
568:
548:
356:
319:
page format/layout: columns? text and surrounding commentary/additions/glosses?
164:
107:
6809:
6382:
1942:
1844:
1805:
Paper before print : the history and impact of paper in the Islamic world
1766:
Paper before print : the history and impact of paper in the Islamic world
6971:
6857:
6840:
6522:
6474:
5916:
5542:
3705:
3029:
3010:
2954:
2908:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2740:
2735:
2612:
2605:
2137:
1827:
1788:
1413:
1055:
739:
688:
544:
496:
492:
307:
123:
519:
197:). The study of the writing (the "hand") in surviving manuscripts is termed
6951:
4640:
4287:
4109:
3952:
3808:
3257:
3215:
3144:
2881:
2766:
2720:
2708:
2651:
2617:
2120:
Armenian philology in the modern era : from manuscript to digital text
2056:
1322:
is known as AMREMM. A growing digital catalog of pre-modern manuscripts is
564:
198:
2204:
6845:
6641:
4923:
4565:
4541:
3911:
3899:
3821:
3397:
3210:
3014:
2750:
2698:
2673:
2656:
2595:
1440:
1422: – Series of Chinese leases, mortgages, and other commerce contracts
939:
920:, or "Luxeuil minuscule", is named after an abbey in Western France, the
871:
708:
669:
661:
645:
633:
626:
552:
441:
361:
335:
249:
92:
5813:
2230:
richest collection of manuscripts in Sanskrit, Tamil, Marathi and Telugu
1729:
1710:
804:
were produced in different ways depending on their use and time period.
130:
6479:
5486:
5129:
4699:
3361:
2949:
2703:
2661:
2647:
2500:
1691:
1395: – oldest Sanskrit philosophical manuscript known (2nd-century CE)
1161:
1041:
775:
759:
707:, softened by refiner's fire and inscribed with a metal stylus. In the
693:
629:, each making a single copy from an original that was declaimed aloud.
528:
450:
351:
269:
150:
145:
135:
39:
2209:
1672:
301:
or Signature in holding library (as opposed to printed Catalog number)
5406:
4530:
4407:
4237:
3720:
3051:
2730:
2725:
2688:
2683:
2547:
2490:
2475:
2344:
2152:"700,000 ancient African books survived in Timbuktu University, Mali"
1650:"Manuscript" (abbreviated ms. and mss.) in British Library Glossaries
1149:
1037:
1020:
886:
805:
771:
755:
512:
488:
482:
417:
389:
345:
298:
2279:
Medieval Manuscript Leaves, University of Colorado Boulder Libraries
2151:
6081:
4824:
2745:
2693:
2220:
Manuscripts Department, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
1874:"Mali : les précieux manuscrits de Tombouctou – Jeune Afrique"
1620:." Online Etymology Dictionary. November 2001. Accessed 10-11-2007.
1071:
731:. Technically, these are all inscriptions rather than manuscripts.
728:
96:
2256:
2241:
2532:
2510:
2460:
2364:
2300:
1491:
Examples for papyri that have survived outside Egypt include the
1118:
974:
925:
894:
784:
724:
716:
588:
394:
286:
1461: – Picture in an ancient or medieval illuminated manuscript
1201:
estimates that 700,000 African manuscripts have survived at the
535:
91:
for plural) was, traditionally, any document written by hand or
6820:
6739:
2965:
2542:
2455:
1032:
943:
890:
840:
832:
779:
641:
584:
411:
2283:
1900:"The Brave Sage of Timbuktu: Abdel Kader Haidara | Innovators"
3600:
3497:
3358:
2480:
963:
905:
898:
836:
751:
742:, manuscripts were written without spaces between the words (
720:
637:
621:
384:
245:
194:
2017:
A Guide to Western Historical Scripts from Antiquity to 1600
1144:
In book, magazine, and music publishing, a manuscript is an
1062:. Each book of hours contain a similar collection of texts,
893:, as the best type of parchment is known, had also replaced
668:, written on palm leaves, survived in desert burials in the
2485:
2200:
Centre for the History of the Book, University of Edinburgh
1206:
656:). Volcanic ash preserved some of the Roman library of the
178:
2214:
313:
deletions method: erasure? overstrike? dots above letters?
2122:. Handbuch der Orientalistik. Leiden: Brill. p. 24.
1217:
Major U.S. repositories of medieval manuscripts include:
400:
4948:
491:. Digital reproductions can be called (high-resolution)
6242:
Professionalization and institutionalization of history
1447:
Conservation and restoration of illuminated manuscripts
2195:
Centre for the Studies of Manuscript Cultures, Hamburg
487:
The mechanical reproduction of a manuscript is called
455:
historical elements of the ms: blood, wine etc. stains
6534:
Heroic theory of invention and scientific development
1455: – Culture depending on hand-written manuscripts
1308:
Many European libraries have far larger collections.
990:
A script that has been thus formalized is known as a
5382:
Awareness in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe
1557:
1410: – Pre-Columbian document of Mixtec pictography
1397:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
867:
witnessed a sharp increase of manuscript production.
372:
fascicle: individual manuscript, part of a convolute
201:(or paleography). The traditional abbreviations are
6738:
2079:
1428: – 1802 Letter written by Ludwig van Beethoven
5342:Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia
5200:
2982:
1730:Zhixin Shi; Srirangaraj Setlur; Venu Govindaraju.
1558:
369:convolute: volume containing different manuscripts
256:, or bound differently or consist of loose pages.
50:from the Badische Landesbibliothek, Germany (from
6000:
1928:
1473: – Manuscripts made out of dried palm leaves
1081:
648:or secreted for safe-keeping in jars and buried (
6969:
1801:
1762:
6566:
2809:Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought
2292:– See how an early medieval manuscript is aging
618:as old as from the 11th century have survived.
559:Before the inventions of printing, in China by
366:manuscripts bound together in a single volume:
1097:used during mass and those for divine office.
6724:
6390:Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church
6260:Western European colonialism and colonization
4809:
2316:
1449: – Care and treatment of decorated texts
1383: – Ancient Gandhāran Buddhist manuscript
4720:
325:(passage not written by the original author)
4823:
2085:
188:
182:
172:
6731:
6717:
4816:
4802:
2323:
2309:
2239:
1313:British Library#Collections of manuscripts
5445:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
1228:Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library
778:. Usually, the majuscule scripts such as
110:, explanatory figures, or illustrations.
6664:Historical geographic information system
3430:
2144:
1995:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
1973:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1404: – Greek parchment codex manuscript
1031:
870:
850:
774:, those using all lower case are called
534:
518:
506:
424:
144:
129:
117:
69:
60:
38:
2092:Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary
826:were burned or stolen during the armed
163:The word "manuscript" derives from the
14:
6970:
6304:English historical school of economics
4356:Historical Series of the Bank of Italy
2410:
2170:
2117:
2022:
1170:In film and theatre, a manuscript, or
787:, that is, use little or no pen-lift.
328:owners' marginal notations/corrections
304:works/compositions included in same ms
6712:
6620:
6565:
6500:Revisionist school of Islamic studies
6339:Historical reliability of the Gospels
6197:
5724:
4797:
4786:
3429:
3172:
2936:
2575:
2409:
2304:
2158:from the original on 21 November 2020
2099:from the original on 22 February 2015
2040:
1990:
1958:
1868:
1866:
1839:
1837:
1631:Medieval English Literary Manuscripts
1443: – Visual art related to writing
924:, founded by the Irish missionary St
134:10th-century minuscule manuscript of
6692:
4787:
4317:More Irish than the Irish themselves
2252:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
2031:
1579:participating institution membership
1539:from the original on 18 October 2017
1467: – Handwritten sources of music
1332:
1328:University of California at Berkeley
1272:
1104:
5387:Functionalism–intentionalism debate
2576:
1155:
1130:has been produced on a typewriter.
942:developed as a writing standard in
738:through the early centuries of the
24:
6808:
6400:Hermeneutics of Vatican Council II
4344:Fourth Italian War of Independence
2330:
2284:Manuscripts of Lichfield Cathedral
2257:Newberry Library Manuscript Search
1863:
1834:
1808:. Yale University Press. pp.
1769:. Yale University Press. pp.
1459:Miniature (illuminated manuscript)
1389: – Ancient Jewish manuscripts
960:Introduction to Manuscript Studies
159:(published as a facsimile in 1923)
25:
7014:
2240:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
2183:
1744:from the original on 16 June 2010
1599:. Vol. 6. 1933. p. 145.
1416: – Book by Leonardo da Vinci
289:(the first few words of the text)
209:for manuscripts, while the forms
6691:
6682:
6681:
6198:
5698:
5697:
5539:Palestinian expulsion and flight
4051:5000-year civilization assertion
3627:Nadir of American race relations
2067:from the original on 28 May 2019
1737:. Amherst, US: SUNY at Buffalo.
1336:
1276:
1027:
846:
790:
636:in Egyptian tombs, or reused as
583:). Manuscripts were produced on
414:to help with the writing process
140:History of the Peloponnesian War
6528:Protestant Ethic and Capitalism
5402:Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust
5337:Soviets and the Warsaw Uprising
5144:Causes of the Armenian genocide
3453:Pyramid construction techniques
3020:Comparative historical research
2937:
2638:Library and information science
2111:
2049:
2009:
1984:
1931:The Journal of Economic History
1922:
1906:. 21 April 2014. Archived from
1892:
1795:
1756:
1723:
1485:
1222:The Morgan Library & Museum
1212:
1192:
1040:, from an illuminated Catholic
734:In the Western world, from the
476:
6540:Gunpowder and gun transmission
6490:Religionsgeschichtliche Schule
6299:Historical school of economics
6236:Nationalism in the Middle Ages
5674:Gunpowder and gun transmission
5548:Zionism as settler colonialism
4553:Limpieza de sangre controversy
3520:Metropolitan-hinterland thesis
1704:
1685:
1666:
1643:
1623:
1603:
1585:
1551:
1521:
1507:, which have survived in Italy
1082:Liturgical books and calendars
420:(blank paper for inside cover)
113:
46:seated in a capital "U" in an
13:
1:
6775:Codex Parisino-petropolitanus
6349:Opposition to Papal supremacy
5725:
3537:Indigenous population history
2215:Shapell Manuscript Foundation
1514:
1133:
1045:
928:
640:-wrappings, discarded in the
95:, as opposed to mechanically
51:
6265:Desacralization of knowledge
4536:Carlism in the Francoist era
4504:Holodomor in modern politics
3173:
2274:Polish manuscripts in Sweden
1880:(in French). 21 January 2022
1851:(in French). 28 January 2015
1320:American Library Association
1178:
378:
7:
6765:Birmingham Quran manuscript
6657:Historiographic metafiction
6621:
6567:Organizations, publications
6356:Proto-orthodox Christianity
5306:German resistance to Nazism
5162:Persian famine of 1917–1919
4572:Islamic revolution of Spain
4499:Holodomor genocide question
4375:Revisionism of Risorgimento
4369:Rerum italicarum scriptores
4350:Historiae Patriae Monumenta
4117:Self-Strengthening Movement
3267:decolonization of knowledge
1991:Brown, Michelle P. (1991).
1373:
1368:
1008:
32:Manuscript (disambiguation)
10:
7019:
6454:Wissenschaft des Judentums
6431:Criticism of Protestantism
5311:Nazi foreign policy debate
4742:Second colonial occupation
4489:Soviet famine of 1930–1933
4127:Tibetan sovereignty debate
3671:Progressive-era historians
3106:Nationalization of history
3057:Historical-critical method
1529:"Definition of MANUSCRIPT"
1501:Eruption of Mount Vesuvius
1433:
1267:Cornell University Library
1224:= 1,300 (including papyri)
1182:
1159:
1137:
1085:
1012:
912:
843:office in Bamako in 2020.
815:
794:
652:) or stored in dry caves (
551:. Cod. 2627, fol. 436 r. (
502:
480:
29:
6819:
6806:
6760:Early Quranic manuscripts
6750:
6676:
6627:
6616:
6572:
6561:
6510:
6314:
6273:
6204:
6193:
6049:
5735:
5731:
5720:
5692:
5661:
5625:
5519:
5473:
5459:Second Sino-Japanese War
5437:
5367:
5319:
5281:
5241:
5117:
4939:
4858:
4834:
4793:
4782:
4758:
4656:
4623:
4514:
4438:
4395:
4336:
4301:
4273:
4264:Vergangenheitsbewältigung
4208:
4135:
4041:
3969:
3683:
3612:
3545:
3507:
3440:
3436:
3425:
3250:
3183:
3179:
3168:
2945:
2932:
2759:
2626:
2588:
2584:
2571:
2448:
2422:
2418:
2405:
2338:
2290:Historical Image Overlays
1943:10.1017/s0022050709000837
1802:Bloom, Jonathan. (2001).
1763:Bloom, Jonathan. (2001).
1663:. Accessed 12 March 2016.
1597:Oxford English Dictionary
1566:Oxford English Dictionary
999:
811:
766:manuscripts, such as the
525:Leiden University Library
292:decoration; illustrations
283:(publication information)
156:Sports et divertissements
6795:Timurid Quran manuscript
6214:Crisis of historiography
5377:Auschwitz bombing debate
5063:Indian Rebellion of 1857
4914:Late Bronze Age collapse
4848:List of military museums
4451:Pre-Revolutionary Russia
4423:Polish People's Republic
4258:Sybel-Ficker controversy
3622:African-American history
3595:Colonial Spanish America
3384:Second Thirty Years' War
1979:Cornell University Press
1616:28 February 2008 at the
1495:(in a dry climate), the
1478:
1381:Gandhāran Buddhist texts
1257:Robbins Collection = 300
855:After plummeting in the
587:and other parchment, on
547:. The first page of the
348:(quires) (binding order)
263:
27:Document written by hand
5327:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
5186:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
4737:Porter–MacKenzie debate
4494:Causes of the Holodomor
4031:Problem of two emperors
3979:Catilinarian conspiracy
3206:Historical significance
3067:Indiscipline of history
3042:Historical anthropology
2226:Sarasvati Mahal Library
2057:"Learn: Basic Tutorial"
1993:Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts
1692:"MSS", "mss" and "mss."
1636:9 December 2008 at the
1571:Oxford University Press
1426:Heiligenstadt Testament
1140:Manuscript (publishing)
1060:illuminated manuscripts
956:Carolingian Renaissance
610:were used prior to the
608:bamboo and wooden slips
258:Illuminated manuscripts
6813:
6421:Protestant Reformation
6395:Second Vatican Council
6373:Succession to Muhammad
6368:Criticism of the Quran
6119:Religious perspectives
5853:Klemens von Metternich
5450:"Battle for Australia"
5332:Soviet offensive plans
5301:Broad vs. narrow front
5140:Late Ottoman genocides
4073:Century of humiliation
3854:Goguryeo controversies
3832:2,500-year celebration
3490:Double genocide theory
3277:Historical negationism
3101:Ancestral civilisation
3089:Historical materialism
3047:Historical determinism
2997:History of mentalities
1203:University of Timbuktu
1051:
997:
904:Vellum comes from the
878:
868:
824:Timbuktu's manuscripts
556:
532:
516:
244:A manuscript may be a
189:
183:
173:
168:
160:
142:
127:
76:
67:
58:
48:illuminated manuscript
6812:
6785:Samarkand Kufic Quran
6545:Torsion mangonel myth
6448:Modern Jewish history
6443:Jesuit historiography
6436:Protestant work ethic
6416:Hesychast controversy
6281:Industrial Revolution
6231:Library of Alexandria
6149:The Lord of the Rings
5799:Constantine the Great
5679:Torsion mangonel myth
5611:Sri Lankan Civil War
4690:Storm over the gentry
4591:Colonies or Provinces
4122:Sprouts of capitalism
3196:Historic preservation
3191:Change and continuity
2249:Catholic Encyclopedia
1955:(see p. 416, table 1)
1716:13 March 2016 at the
1697:13 March 2016 at the
1678:13 March 2016 at the
1655:12 March 2016 at the
1402:Archimedes Palimpsest
1035:
987:
874:
854:
612:introduction of paper
604:palm leaf manuscripts
538:
522:
510:
425:Paleographic elements
148:
133:
121:
73:
64:
42:
6632:Commemorative plaque
5848:Juan Manuel de Rosas
5296:"Blitzkrieg" concept
5167:Powder keg of Europe
5042:Franco-Prussian War
4712:Winter of Discontent
4695:Suffragette Campaign
4362:Italiani brava gente
4328:Revolutionary period
4150:Frankish Interregnum
4083:"Chineseness" debate
4016:Byzantine succession
4001:Fall of Western Rome
3942:Executed Renaissance
3431:By country or region
3375:Age of Enlightenment
3349:Vaticinium ex eventu
3296:Modernisation theory
3130:Quantitative history
2506:Historical documents
1673:"ms", "ms." and "MS"
1471:Palm-leaf manuscript
1408:Codex Zouche-Nuttall
1350:adding missing items
1290:adding missing items
865:late medieval period
818:Timbuktu Manuscripts
616:birch bark documents
575:in Latin) or books (
430:script (one or more)
30:For other uses, see
6993:Textual scholarship
6461:Schools of thought
6426:Proto-Protestantism
6295:School of Thoughts
6177:William Shakespeare
6162:Robert Falcon Scott
6067:Friedrich Nietzsche
5905:Cult of personality
5890:Neville Chamberlain
5750:Alexander the Great
5632:Russo-Georgian War
5605:Sovereignty dispute
5584:Iranian Revolution
5414:"Polish death camp"
5391:In relation to the
5100:Myth of English aid
5091:War of the Pacific
4868:Albigensian Crusade
4293:Indigenous Aryanism
3989:Constantinian shift
3525:Residential schools
3282:Historian's fallacy
3201:Historic recurrence
2699:Numismatics (Money)
2471:Archaeological site
2395:theories of history
2262:17 May 2017 at the
2243:"Manuscripts"
2210:Digital Scriptorium
2095:, Merriam-Webster,
2015:Brown, Michelle P.
1661:The British Library
1569:(Online ed.).
1499:(buried during the
1420:Sinkang Manuscripts
1324:Digital Scriptorium
1199:National Geographic
1092:Liturgical calendar
1015:Biblical manuscript
940:calligraphic script
802:Islamic manuscripts
797:Islamic Manuscripts
713:dot-matrix printers
666:Tocharian languages
658:Villa of the Papyri
650:Nag Hammadi library
596:Indian Subcontinent
543:, with painting by
541:Armenian manuscript
205:for manuscript and
6814:
6800:Topkapi manuscript
6652:Historical realism
6647:Historical fiction
6592:History institutes
6582:Historical society
6577:Heritage registers
6465:Biblical criticism
6378:Islamic golden age
6329:Early Christianity
6209:Bears in antiquity
6097:Medieval Christian
5895:Pedro II of Brazil
5843:José de San Martín
5647:Syrian revolution
5559:Malayan Emergency
5534:1948 Palestine war
5267:Spanish Civil War
5217:War guilt question
5026:American Civil War
5006:Invasion of Russia
4982:New Russian School
4766:Colonial Australia
4482:October Revolution
4245:Strukturgeschichte
4181:Location of Alésia
4100:Hua–Yi distinction
4021:Moscow, third Rome
3637:Reconstruction era
3458:Black Egypt Thesis
3380:European Civil War
3336:Translatio imperii
3291:Invented tradition
2412:Historical sources
2205:Chinese Codicology
1609:Harper, Douglas. "
1497:Herculaneum papyri
1453:Manuscript culture
1393:Spitzer Manuscript
1348:; you can help by
1288:; you can help by
1252:Huntington Library
1234:Walters Art Museum
1109:In the context of
1105:Modern variations
1052:
936:Caroline minuscule
918:Merovingian script
879:
869:
760:lower case letters
685:woodblock printing
557:
533:
517:
221:for singular, and
161:
143:
128:
77:
68:
59:
44:Christ Pantocrator
6988:Textual criticism
6965:
6964:
6957:Uthman Taha Quran
6706:
6705:
6672:
6671:
6612:
6611:
6557:
6556:
6553:
6552:
6470:Catholic theology
6324:Avestan geography
6189:
6188:
6185:
6184:
6172:Søren Kierkegaard
6045:
6044:
5956:Warren G. Harding
5716:
5715:
5712:
5711:
5515:
5514:
5393:Armenian genocide
5256:Polish–Soviet War
5251:Burning of Smyrna
5237:
5236:
5227:Reichstag inquiry
5150:Patriotic consent
5021:
5020:
4996:War in the Vendée
4960:French Revolution
4942:century conflicts
4931:Peloponnesian War
4892:Eighty Years' War
4778:
4777:
4774:
4773:
4754:
4753:
4750:
4749:
4683:Westminster Stone
4380:Southern question
4219:Alltagsgeschichte
4169:Legendary Saracen
3871:Early settlements
3679:
3678:
3659:Political history
3644:Consensus history
3421:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3403:Continuity thesis
3342:Translatio studii
3228:Theory of history
3164:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3118:Subaltern Studies
3003:Nouvelle histoire
2928:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2840:Medieval churches
2827:Geistesgeschichte
2771:Paleoanthropology
2679:Encyclopaedistics
2567:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2435:Secondary sources
2269:Getty Exhibitions
1577:(Subscription or
1366:
1365:
1306:
1305:
952:Holy Roman Empire
857:Early Middle Ages
744:scriptio continua
672:of Central Asia.
664:. Manuscripts in
563:and in Europe by
406:writing implement
340:censor signatures
87:for singular and
16:(Redirected from
7010:
6983:Book terminology
6943:
6931:
6919:
6911:Mauritania Quran
6907:
6895:
6883:
6871:
6854:
6837:
6790:Sanaa manuscript
6733:
6726:
6719:
6710:
6709:
6695:
6694:
6685:
6684:
6637:Documentary film
6618:
6617:
6597:History journals
6563:
6562:
6536:
6408:
6344:Primacy of Peter
6291:Great Depression
6271:
6270:
6244:
6222:
6195:
6194:
6143:J. R. R. Tolkien
5998:
5997:
5993:
5981:
5969:
5951:Ulysses S. Grant
5946:Thomas Jefferson
5937:
5913:
5876:
5839:
5827:
5795:
5783:
5775:Chiang Ching-kuo
5765:Cato the Younger
5755:Amin al-Husseini
5733:
5732:
5722:
5721:
5701:
5700:
5684:War and genocide
5508:
5494:Résistancialisme
5481:Battle of France
5463:Nanjing Massacre
5317:
5316:
5198:
5197:
5194:
5158:
5108:
4990:
4973:
4946:
4945:
4873:Catharism debate
4859:pre-18th century
4841:Military history
4818:
4811:
4804:
4795:
4794:
4788:By war, conflict
4784:
4783:
4732:Cambridge School
4718:
4717:
4616:
4604:
4580:
4561:
4471:
4459:
4431:
4253:
4231:Historikerstreit
4201:
4189:
4177:
4158:
4144:Cordon sanitaire
4090:New Qing History
4078:Conquest dynasty
4069:
3984:Christianization
3967:
3966:
3886:
3799:
3787:
3775:
3753:
3741:
3733:Byzantine Empire
3588:Iquicha Royalism
3577:
3543:
3542:
3466:
3438:
3437:
3427:
3426:
3370:Age of Discovery
3359:Periodization of
3356:
3355:
3330:Transhistoricity
3325:Thirty-year rule
3236:
3224:
3181:
3180:
3170:
3169:
3150:Great Man theory
3113:People's history
3075:
2980:
2979:
2972:Three-age system
2934:
2933:
2634:Archival science
2586:
2585:
2573:
2572:
2440:Tertiary sources
2420:
2419:
2407:
2406:
2356:by area of study
2325:
2318:
2311:
2302:
2301:
2253:
2245:
2177:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2154:. 12 July 2020.
2148:
2142:
2141:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2053:
2047:
2044:
2038:
2035:
2029:
2026:
2020:
2013:
2007:
2006:
1988:
1982:
1975:
1956:
1954:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1910:on 18 March 2021
1896:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1878:JeuneAfrique.com
1870:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1841:
1832:
1831:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1743:
1736:
1727:
1721:
1708:
1702:
1689:
1683:
1670:
1664:
1647:
1641:
1627:
1621:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1574:
1562:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1525:
1508:
1493:Dead Sea Scrolls
1489:
1465:Music manuscript
1398:
1387:Dead Sea Scrolls
1361:
1358:
1340:
1339:
1333:
1326:, hosted by the
1301:
1298:
1280:
1279:
1273:
1261:Newberry Library
1246:Van Pelt Library
1240:Houghton Library
1185:Insurance policy
1156:Film and theatre
1050:
1049: 1310–1320
1047:
933:
930:
839:was held at the
828:conflict in Mali
768:Dead Sea scrolls
736:classical period
654:Dead Sea scrolls
591:, and on paper.
464:evidence of fire
397:to preserve text
331:owner signatures
192:
186:
176:
56:
53:
21:
7018:
7017:
7013:
7012:
7011:
7009:
7008:
7007:
6968:
6967:
6966:
6961:
6947:Thaalibia Quran
6937:
6925:
6913:
6901:
6889:
6877:
6865:
6848:
6831:
6815:
6804:
6780:Miniature Quran
6746:
6740:Quranic mushafs
6737:
6707:
6702:
6701:
6668:
6623:
6608:
6568:
6549:
6532:
6515:
6506:
6402:
6310:
6286:Great Recession
6269:
6240:
6216:
6200:
6181:
6072:H. P. Lovecraft
6041:
6003:
5996:
5987:
5975:
5963:
5931:
5907:
5880:Muammar Gaddafi
5870:
5858:Leonid Brezhnev
5833:
5821:
5804:Gregory Palamas
5789:
5787:Chiang Kai Shek
5777:
5737:
5727:
5708:
5707:
5688:
5669:Conflict thesis
5657:
5621:
5511:
5502:
5469:
5433:
5363:
5315:
5277:
5243:Interwar period
5233:
5203:
5196:
5188:
5172:Schlieffen Plan
5152:
5113:
5102:
5017:
4984:
4967:
4952:
4941:
4935:
4919:Dorian invasion
4904:Fall of Babylon
4860:
4854:
4853:
4830:
4822:
4789:
4770:
4746:
4723:
4716:
4678:Kingdom of Alba
4659:
4652:
4619:
4610:
4598:
4596:Spanish decline
4574:
4555:
4510:
4465:
4453:
4434:
4425:
4391:
4332:
4297:
4283:Greater Magadha
4269:
4247:
4204:
4195:
4183:
4171:
4152:
4131:
4105:Four Barbarians
4063:
4037:
3965:
3922:Götaland theory
3890:Lusotropicalism
3880:
3861:North Macedonia
3793:
3781:
3769:
3747:
3735:
3675:
3654:Frontier thesis
3649:Cyclical theory
3632:Neoabolitionism
3608:
3571:
3541:
3503:
3480:Greater Morocco
3460:
3432:
3409:
3360:
3354:
3246:
3230:
3218:
3175:
3156:
3069:
2984:
2978:
2960:Historical eras
2941:
2920:
2755:
2652:Writing systems
2622:
2580:
2578:Fields of study
2559:
2553:Service records
2538:Religious texts
2444:
2430:Primary sources
2414:
2401:
2400:
2334:
2329:
2264:Wayback Machine
2186:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2171:
2161:
2159:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2130:
2116:
2112:
2102:
2100:
2087:Merriam-Webster
2084:
2080:
2070:
2068:
2061:Les Enluminures
2055:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2019:. Toronto,1990.
2014:
2010:
2003:
1989:
1985:
1976:
1959:
1927:
1923:
1913:
1911:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1883:
1881:
1872:
1871:
1864:
1854:
1852:
1843:
1842:
1835:
1820:
1800:
1796:
1781:
1761:
1757:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1734:
1728:
1724:
1718:Wayback Machine
1709:
1705:
1699:Wayback Machine
1690:
1686:
1680:Wayback Machine
1671:
1667:
1657:Wayback Machine
1648:
1644:
1638:Wayback Machine
1628:
1624:
1618:Wayback Machine
1608:
1604:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1576:
1556:
1552:
1542:
1540:
1533:Merriam-Webster
1527:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1511:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1436:
1431:
1396:
1376:
1371:
1362:
1356:
1353:
1337:
1302:
1296:
1293:
1277:
1242:, Harvard = 850
1215:
1195:
1187:
1181:
1168:
1158:
1142:
1136:
1111:library science
1107:
1094:
1088:Liturgical book
1086:Main articles:
1084:
1048:
1030:
1017:
1011:
1002:
931:
915:
849:
820:
814:
799:
793:
723:some important
539:A 14th-century
505:
485:
479:
427:
381:
357:page numeration
316:headers/footers
266:
250:bound as a book
241:means "pages".
116:
54:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7016:
7006:
7005:
7000:
6995:
6990:
6985:
6980:
6963:
6962:
6960:
6959:
6954:
6949:
6944:
6932:
6920:
6908:
6896:
6884:
6872:
6860:
6855:
6843:
6838:
6825:
6823:
6817:
6816:
6807:
6805:
6803:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6756:
6754:
6748:
6747:
6736:
6735:
6728:
6721:
6713:
6704:
6703:
6700:
6699:
6689:
6678:
6677:
6674:
6673:
6670:
6669:
6667:
6666:
6661:
6660:
6659:
6654:
6644:
6639:
6634:
6628:
6625:
6624:
6614:
6613:
6610:
6609:
6607:
6606:
6605:
6604:
6594:
6589:
6579:
6573:
6570:
6569:
6559:
6558:
6555:
6554:
6551:
6550:
6548:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6530:
6525:
6519:
6517:
6508:
6507:
6505:
6504:
6503:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6459:
6458:
6457:
6445:
6440:
6439:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6418:
6413:
6412:
6411:
6410:
6409:
6387:
6386:
6385:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6360:
6359:
6358:
6353:
6352:
6351:
6341:
6336:
6326:
6320:
6318:
6312:
6311:
6309:
6308:
6307:
6306:
6301:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6277:
6275:
6268:
6267:
6262:
6257:
6250:
6245:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6211:
6205:
6202:
6201:
6191:
6190:
6187:
6186:
6183:
6182:
6180:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6153:
6152:
6140:
6139:
6138:
6137:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6116:
6111:
6101:
6100:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6062:Charles Darwin
6059:
6053:
6051:
6047:
6046:
6043:
6042:
6040:
6039:
6034:
6032:United Kingdom
6029:
6024:
6022:Modern Germany
6019:
6014:
6008:
6006:
5995:
5994:
5982:
5970:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5941:Thomas Aquinas
5938:
5926:
5921:
5920:
5919:
5914:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5828:
5816:
5811:
5809:Horatio Nelson
5806:
5801:
5796:
5784:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5741:
5739:
5729:
5728:
5718:
5717:
5714:
5713:
5710:
5709:
5706:
5705:
5694:
5693:
5690:
5689:
5687:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5665:
5663:
5659:
5658:
5656:
5655:
5654:
5653:
5645:
5644:
5643:
5641:Responsibility
5638:
5629:
5627:
5623:
5622:
5620:
5619:
5618:
5617:
5609:
5608:
5607:
5597:
5592:
5591:
5590:
5582:
5581:
5580:
5572:
5567:
5566:
5565:
5557:
5556:
5555:
5553:New Historians
5550:
5545:
5531:
5525:
5523:
5517:
5516:
5513:
5512:
5510:
5509:
5497:
5490:
5483:
5477:
5475:
5471:
5470:
5468:
5467:
5466:
5465:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5441:
5439:
5435:
5434:
5432:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5419:Responsibility
5416:
5411:
5410:
5409:
5399:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5373:
5371:
5365:
5364:
5362:
5361:
5360:
5359:
5354:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5323:
5321:
5314:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5287:
5285:
5279:
5278:
5276:
5275:
5274:
5273:
5265:
5264:
5263:
5253:
5247:
5245:
5239:
5238:
5235:
5234:
5232:
5231:
5230:
5229:
5224:
5214:
5208:
5206:
5195:
5183:
5177:Spirit of 1914
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5147:
5137:
5134:Fischer thesis
5123:
5121:
5115:
5114:
5112:
5111:
5110:
5109:
5097:
5089:
5088:
5087:
5077:
5075:Paraguayan War
5072:
5071:
5070:
5060:
5055:
5054:
5053:
5048:
5040:
5039:
5038:
5033:
5022:
5019:
5018:
5016:
5015:
5014:
5013:
5008:
5001:Napoleonic era
4998:
4993:
4992:
4991:
4979:
4974:
4965:Pre-revolution
4956:
4954:
4950:Coalition Wars
4943:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4933:
4928:
4927:
4926:
4921:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4900:
4899:
4889:
4888:
4887:
4877:
4876:
4875:
4864:
4862:
4856:
4855:
4852:
4851:
4844:
4836:
4835:
4832:
4831:
4828:historiography
4821:
4820:
4813:
4806:
4798:
4791:
4790:
4780:
4779:
4776:
4775:
4772:
4771:
4769:
4768:
4762:
4760:
4756:
4755:
4752:
4751:
4748:
4747:
4745:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4728:
4726:
4715:
4714:
4709:
4708:
4707:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4686:
4685:
4680:
4670:
4664:
4662:
4654:
4653:
4651:
4650:
4649:
4648:
4646:Decline thesis
4643:
4636:Ottoman Empire
4633:
4627:
4625:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4617:
4605:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4582:
4581:
4562:
4550:
4545:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4518:
4516:
4512:
4511:
4509:
4508:
4507:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4486:
4485:
4484:
4474:
4473:
4472:
4463:Skeptic School
4448:
4446:Anti-Normanism
4442:
4440:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4432:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4403:Golden Liberty
4399:
4397:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4389:
4388:
4387:
4385:Neo-Bourbonism
4377:
4372:
4365:
4358:
4353:
4346:
4340:
4338:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4313:
4307:
4305:
4299:
4298:
4296:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4279:
4277:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4267:
4260:
4255:
4241:
4234:
4227:
4225:Borussian myth
4222:
4214:
4212:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4202:
4190:
4178:
4166:
4159:
4147:
4139:
4137:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4113:
4112:
4107:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4086:
4085:
4075:
4070:
4058:
4053:
4047:
4045:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4035:
4034:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3992:
3991:
3981:
3975:
3973:
3964:
3963:
3962:
3961:
3956:
3946:
3945:
3944:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3925:
3924:
3916:
3915:
3914:
3904:
3903:
3902:
3894:
3893:
3892:
3875:
3874:
3873:
3863:
3858:
3857:
3856:
3851:
3841:
3836:
3835:
3834:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3814:
3813:
3812:
3802:
3801:
3800:
3788:
3776:
3761:
3756:
3755:
3754:
3730:
3725:
3724:
3723:
3715:
3710:
3709:
3708:
3700:
3699:
3698:
3696:Dealbanisation
3687:
3685:
3681:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3673:
3668:
3667:
3666:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3640:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3618:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3606:
3605:
3604:
3592:
3591:
3590:
3580:
3579:
3578:
3566:
3560:May Revolution
3551:
3549:
3540:
3539:
3534:
3533:
3532:
3530:Staples thesis
3527:
3522:
3511:
3509:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3501:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3484:
3483:
3482:
3474:
3469:
3468:
3467:
3455:
3446:
3444:
3434:
3433:
3423:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3405:
3395:
3386:
3377:
3372:
3366:
3364:
3362:modern history
3353:
3352:
3345:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3321:
3320:
3308:
3306:Paradigm shift
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3260:
3254:
3252:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3187:
3185:
3177:
3176:
3166:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3121:
3120:
3110:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3081:
3076:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3022:
3017:
3008:
3007:
3006:
2999:
2992:Annales school
2988:
2986:
2977:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2962:
2952:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2930:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2864:
2863:
2862:
2857:
2855:Constitutional
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2791:
2778:
2773:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2731:Postage stamps
2728:
2723:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2659:
2654:
2645:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2598:
2592:
2590:
2582:
2581:
2569:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2528:Oral tradition
2525:
2524:
2523:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2426:
2424:
2416:
2415:
2403:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2391:
2384:
2377:
2369:
2368:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2340:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2332:Historiography
2328:
2327:
2320:
2313:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2293:
2287:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2254:
2237:
2232:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2185:
2184:External links
2182:
2179:
2178:
2169:
2143:
2128:
2110:
2078:
2048:
2039:
2030:
2021:
2008:
2001:
1983:
1957:
1937:(2): 409–445.
1921:
1891:
1862:
1849:United Nations
1833:
1818:
1794:
1779:
1755:
1722:
1703:
1684:
1665:
1642:
1622:
1602:
1584:
1550:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1505:Ravenna papyri
1483:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1444:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1429:
1423:
1417:
1411:
1405:
1399:
1390:
1384:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1343:
1341:
1316:
1315:
1304:
1303:
1283:
1281:
1271:
1270:
1264:
1258:
1255:
1249:
1243:
1237:
1231:
1230:, Yale = 1,100
1225:
1214:
1211:
1194:
1191:
1180:
1177:
1166:Play (theatre)
1157:
1154:
1138:Main article:
1135:
1132:
1106:
1103:
1083:
1080:
1029:
1026:
1013:Main article:
1010:
1007:
1001:
998:
971:Insular script
948:Latin alphabet
914:
911:
883:Late Antiquity
876:Lectionary 183
848:
845:
816:Main article:
813:
810:
795:Main article:
792:
789:
701:Southeast Asia
600:Southeast Asia
569:printing press
549:Gospel of Mark
504:
501:
497:digital images
478:
475:
474:
473:
472:
471:
468:
465:
462:
456:
453:
448:
445:
444:(red ink text)
439:
434:
431:
426:
423:
422:
421:
415:
409:
403:
398:
392:
387:
380:
377:
376:
375:
374:
373:
370:
364:
359:
354:
349:
343:
342:
341:
338:
332:
329:
326:
323:interpolations
320:
317:
314:
305:
302:
296:
293:
290:
284:
278:
272:
265:
262:
149:First page of
115:
112:
108:music notation
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7015:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6998:Fiction forms
6996:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6975:
6973:
6958:
6955:
6953:
6950:
6948:
6945:
6941:
6936:
6933:
6929:
6924:
6921:
6917:
6912:
6909:
6905:
6900:
6897:
6893:
6888:
6885:
6881:
6876:
6873:
6869:
6864:
6863:Bahrain Quran
6861:
6859:
6858:Mushaf of Ali
6856:
6852:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6841:Algeria Quran
6839:
6835:
6830:
6827:
6826:
6824:
6822:
6818:
6811:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6757:
6755:
6753:
6749:
6745:
6741:
6734:
6729:
6727:
6722:
6720:
6715:
6714:
6711:
6698:
6690:
6688:
6680:
6679:
6675:
6665:
6662:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6649:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6629:
6626:
6619:
6615:
6603:
6600:
6599:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6587:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6574:
6571:
6564:
6560:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6535:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6523:Merton thesis
6521:
6520:
6518:
6513:
6509:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6475:Panbabylonism
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6462:
6460:
6456:
6455:
6451:
6450:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6423:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6406:
6401:
6398:
6397:
6396:
6393:
6392:
6391:
6388:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6365:
6364:
6361:
6357:
6354:
6350:
6347:
6346:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6331:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6321:
6319:
6317:
6313:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6296:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6278:
6276:
6272:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6255:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6243:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6220:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6206:
6203:
6196:
6192:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6151:
6150:
6146:
6145:
6144:
6141:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6121:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6106:
6105:
6102:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6084:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6054:
6052:
6048:
6038:
6037:United States
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6009:
6007:
6005:
5999:
5991:
5986:
5983:
5979:
5974:
5971:
5967:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5935:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5918:
5917:Bolivarianism
5915:
5911:
5906:
5903:
5902:
5901:
5900:Simon Bolivar
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5874:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5837:
5832:
5831:Joseph Stalin
5829:
5825:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5793:
5788:
5785:
5781:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5742:
5740:
5734:
5730:
5723:
5719:
5704:
5696:
5695:
5691:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5666:
5664:
5660:
5652:
5649:
5648:
5646:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5633:
5631:
5630:
5628:
5626:Post-Cold War
5624:
5616:
5613:
5612:
5610:
5606:
5603:
5602:
5601:
5600:Falklands War
5598:
5596:
5595:Iran–Iraq War
5593:
5589:
5586:
5585:
5583:
5579:
5576:
5575:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5564:
5561:
5560:
5558:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5543:Ongoing Nakba
5540:
5537:
5536:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5526:
5524:
5522:
5518:
5506:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5495:
5491:
5489:
5488:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5478:
5476:
5474:Western Front
5472:
5464:
5461:
5460:
5458:
5456:
5455:Bengal famine
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5442:
5440:
5436:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5408:
5405:
5404:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5394:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5374:
5372:
5370:
5369:The Holocaust
5366:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5349:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5324:
5322:
5320:Eastern Front
5318:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5288:
5286:
5284:
5280:
5272:
5269:
5268:
5266:
5262:
5259:
5258:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5248:
5246:
5244:
5240:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5219:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5209:
5207:
5205:
5199:
5192:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5156:
5151:
5148:
5145:
5141:
5138:
5135:
5131:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5120:
5116:
5106:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5092:
5090:
5086:
5083:
5082:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5069:
5066:
5065:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5052:
5051:Paris Commune
5049:
5047:
5044:
5043:
5041:
5037:
5036:Turning point
5034:
5032:
5029:
5028:
5027:
5024:
5023:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5003:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4988:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4971:
4966:
4963:
4962:
4961:
4958:
4957:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4944:
4940:18th and 19th
4938:
4932:
4929:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4916:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4898:
4895:
4894:
4893:
4890:
4886:
4885:Islamic views
4883:
4882:
4881:
4878:
4874:
4871:
4870:
4869:
4866:
4865:
4863:
4857:
4850:
4849:
4845:
4843:
4842:
4838:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4826:
4819:
4814:
4812:
4807:
4805:
4800:
4799:
4796:
4792:
4785:
4781:
4767:
4764:
4763:
4761:
4757:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4725:
4719:
4713:
4710:
4706:
4703:
4702:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4675:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4665:
4663:
4661:
4655:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4638:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4628:
4626:
4622:
4614:
4609:
4608:Ser de España
4606:
4602:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4578:
4573:
4570:
4569:
4568:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4543:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4517:
4513:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4491:
4490:
4487:
4483:
4480:
4479:
4478:
4475:
4469:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4457:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4437:
4429:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4394:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4370:
4366:
4364:
4363:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4351:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4335:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4318:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4304:
4300:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4276:
4272:
4266:
4265:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4246:
4242:
4240:
4239:
4235:
4233:
4232:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4220:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4211:
4207:
4199:
4194:
4191:
4187:
4182:
4179:
4175:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4145:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4134:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4084:
4081:
4080:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4067:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4044:
4040:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4026:Ottoman claim
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4006:Prosopography
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3972:
3968:
3960:
3959:Trưng sisters
3957:
3955:
3954:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3908:
3905:
3901:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3891:
3888:
3887:
3884:
3879:
3876:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3823:
3820:
3819:
3818:
3815:
3811:
3810:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3797:
3792:
3789:
3785:
3780:
3777:
3773:
3768:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3751:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3739:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3707:
3706:Habsburg myth
3704:
3703:
3701:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3682:
3672:
3669:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3624:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3615:
3614:United States
3611:
3603:
3602:
3598:
3597:
3596:
3593:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3584:
3581:
3575:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3547:Latin America
3544:
3538:
3535:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3506:
3500:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3464:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3428:
3424:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3357:
3351:
3350:
3346:
3344:
3343:
3338:
3337:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3314:
3313:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3249:
3243:
3240:
3234:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3222:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3171:
3167:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3140:Transnational
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3111:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3094:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3073:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3031:
3030:Decoloniality
3028:
3027:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3011:Historiometry
3009:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2981:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2955:Periodization
2953:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2944:
2940:
2935:
2931:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2865:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2829:
2828:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2819:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2741:Sigillography
2739:
2737:
2736:Prosopography
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2613:Local history
2611:
2607:
2606:Human history
2604:
2603:
2602:
2601:World history
2599:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2574:
2570:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2408:
2404:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2376:
2375:
2371:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2326:
2321:
2319:
2314:
2312:
2307:
2306:
2303:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2251:
2250:
2244:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2173:
2157:
2153:
2147:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2129:9789004259942
2125:
2121:
2114:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2088:
2082:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2052:
2043:
2034:
2025:
2018:
2012:
2004:
2002:9780802077288
1998:
1994:
1987:
1980:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1925:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1895:
1879:
1875:
1869:
1867:
1850:
1846:
1840:
1838:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1806:
1798:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1759:
1740:
1733:
1726:
1719:
1715:
1712:
1707:
1700:
1696:
1693:
1688:
1681:
1677:
1674:
1669:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1651:
1646:
1639:
1635:
1632:
1626:
1619:
1615:
1612:
1606:
1598:
1594:
1588:
1580:
1572:
1568:
1567:
1561:
1554:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1524:
1520:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1488:
1484:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1414:Codex Arundel
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1360:
1357:November 2022
1351:
1347:
1344:This list is
1342:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1300:
1297:November 2019
1291:
1287:
1284:This list is
1282:
1275:
1274:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1190:
1186:
1176:
1173:
1167:
1163:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1141:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1056:book of hours
1043:
1039:
1034:
1028:Book of hours
1025:
1022:
1016:
1006:
996:
993:
986:
984:
980:
976:
972:
967:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
927:
923:
922:Luxeuil Abbey
919:
910:
907:
902:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
877:
873:
866:
862:
858:
853:
847:Western world
844:
842:
838:
834:
829:
825:
819:
809:
807:
803:
798:
791:Islamic world
788:
786:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
740:Christian era
737:
732:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
697:
695:
690:
689:Diamond Sutra
686:
681:
678:
673:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
630:
628:
623:
619:
617:
614:. In Russia,
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
592:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
554:
550:
546:
545:Sargis Pitsak
542:
537:
530:
526:
521:
514:
509:
500:
498:
494:
490:
484:
469:
466:
463:
460:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
446:
443:
440:
438:
435:
432:
429:
428:
419:
416:
413:
410:
407:
404:
402:
399:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
382:
371:
368:
367:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
347:
344:
339:
337:
333:
330:
327:
324:
321:
318:
315:
312:
311:
309:
308:codicological
306:
303:
300:
297:
294:
291:
288:
285:
282:
279:
277:(blank sheet)
276:
273:
271:
268:
267:
261:
259:
255:
251:
247:
242:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
191:
185:
180:
175:
170:
166:
158:
157:
152:
147:
141:
137:
132:
125:
124:Codex Manesse
120:
111:
109:
104:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
83:(abbreviated
82:
72:
63:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
6952:Uthman Quran
6923:Medina Quran
6751:
6743:
6452:
6254:The Simpsons
6252:
6199:Other topics
6147:
6124:Christianity
6114:Resurrection
5745:Adolf Hitler
5574:Six-Day War
5570:Algerian War
5541: /
5500:Vichy France
5492:
5485:
5395: /
5283:World War II
5179: /
4846:
4839:
4641:Ghaza thesis
4564:
4540:
4526:White legend
4524: /
4522:Black legend
4477:Soviet Union
4367:
4360:
4348:
4311:Great Famine
4288:Indocentrism
4262:
4243:
4236:
4229:
4217:
4163:Grand Siècle
4161:
4142:
4110:Sinocentrism
3971:Ancient Rome
3951:
3809:Aryan Kartli
3807:
3599:
3562: /
3496:
3393:19th century
3391: /
3382: /
3347:
3340:
3339: /
3334:
3310:
3284: /
3258:Black legend
3216:Historiology
3013: /
3001:
2964:
2902:Quantitative
2825:
2821:Intellectual
2787: /
2783: /
2769: /
2767:Anthropology
2721:Phaleristics
2714:preservation
2709:Oral history
2650: /
2636: /
2618:Microhistory
2515:
2393:
2386:
2379:
2372:
2363:
2354: /
2350:
2343:
2247:
2172:
2160:. Retrieved
2146:
2119:
2113:
2101:, retrieved
2091:
2081:
2069:. Retrieved
2060:
2051:
2042:
2033:
2024:
2016:
2011:
1992:
1986:
1934:
1930:
1924:
1914:25 September
1912:. Retrieved
1908:the original
1903:
1894:
1884:25 September
1882:. Retrieved
1877:
1855:25 September
1853:. Retrieved
1848:
1804:
1797:
1765:
1758:
1746:. Retrieved
1725:
1706:
1687:
1668:
1645:
1625:
1605:
1596:
1593:"Manuscript"
1587:
1564:
1560:"manuscript"
1553:
1541:. Retrieved
1532:
1523:
1487:
1354:
1317:
1307:
1294:
1248:, Penn = 650
1216:
1213:Repositories
1196:
1193:Preservation
1188:
1171:
1169:
1143:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1108:
1099:
1095:
1053:
1044:manuscript,
1018:
1003:
991:
988:
968:
959:
946:so that the
916:
903:
880:
821:
800:
733:
698:
682:
674:
631:
620:
593:
580:
576:
572:
565:movable type
558:
527:, dated 319
486:
477:Reproduction
437:line fillers
243:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
199:palaeography
169:manūscriptum
162:
154:
122:Manuscript,
105:
100:
88:
84:
80:
78:
36:
6978:Manuscripts
6938: [
6935:Qatar Quran
6926: [
6914: [
6902: [
6899:Libya Quran
6890: [
6878: [
6875:Egypt Quran
6866: [
6849: [
6846:Amiri Quran
6832: [
6829:Aisha Quran
6770:Blue Qur'an
6752:Manuscripts
6744:manuscripts
6642:Hagiography
6403: [
6363:Early Islam
6217: [
6109:Historicity
6087:Historicity
6077:Jane Austen
6057:The Beatles
6027:Netherlands
5988: [
5985:Zhuge Liang
5976: [
5964: [
5961:Yuan Shikai
5932: [
5929:Sun Yat Tse
5908: [
5871: [
5834: [
5822: [
5819:Jiang Zemin
5790: [
5778: [
5770:Che Guevara
5503: [
5438:Pacific War
5222:Article 231
5212:Reparations
5189: [
5153: [
5130:Color books
5119:World War I
5103: [
5080:War of 1812
4985: [
4968: [
4953:(1792–1815)
4924:Sea Peoples
4909:Gallic Wars
4611: [
4599: [
4586:Revisionist
4575: [
4566:Reconquista
4556: [
4548:Inquisition
4542:Convivencia
4466: [
4454: [
4426: [
4323:Revisionism
4248: [
4196: [
4184: [
4172: [
4153: [
4095:Golden ages
4064: [
4061:Wunu School
4056:Archaeology
3929:Switzerland
3912:Kosovo Myth
3900:Great Union
3881: [
3866:Philippines
3849:Nationalist
3822:Ages of Man
3794: [
3782: [
3770: [
3748: [
3736: [
3572: [
3569:Revisionist
3461: [
3398:Renaissance
3263:Coloniality
3231: [
3219: [
3211:Historicity
3135:Revisionist
3125:Pop history
3096:Nationalist
3070: [
3015:Cliometrics
2983:Approaches,
2939:Methodology
2835:Linguistics
2785:Environment
2751:Vexillology
2674:Diplomatics
2657:Chorography
2596:Big History
2548:War diaries
2521:Illuminated
2516:Manuscripts
2501:Hieroglyphs
2381:historicity
2103:22 February
1441:Calligraphy
709:Philippines
705:copperplate
670:Tarim Basin
662:Herculaneum
646:Oxyrhynchus
627:scriptorium
553:Matenadaran
458:condition:
447:ruled lines
442:rubrication
336:inscription
334:dedication/
114:Terminology
93:typewritten
55: 1220
18:Manuscripts
6972:Categories
6887:Iraq Quran
6697:Multimedia
6516:Technology
6480:Urreligion
6383:Kharijites
6334:Background
6002:Historical
5973:Zhou Enlai
5868:Mao Zedong
5863:Louis Riel
5636:Background
5487:Guilty Men
5429:Uniqueness
5352:Background
5347:Winter War
5271:Background
5204:Versailles
5058:Great Game
4705:Ricardians
4700:Tudor myth
4418:Partitions
4011:Succession
3301:Narratives
3286:Presentism
3242:Philosophy
3062:Humanistic
2950:Case study
2882:Indigenous
2860:Diplomatic
2804:Capitalism
2704:Onomastics
2662:Chronology
2491:Facsimiles
2476:Chronicles
2374:historians
2345:Historians
2228:, has the
1819:0300089554
1780:0300089554
1611:Manuscript
1581:required.)
1515:References
1503:) and the
1346:incomplete
1286:incomplete
1183:See also:
1162:Screenplay
1160:See also:
1134:Publishing
1127:typescript
1076:miniatures
1042:liturgical
979:Aethelwold
932: 590
756:upper case
634:sarcophagi
515:manuscript
481:See also:
451:catchwords
310:elements:
295:dimensions
136:Thucydides
81:manuscript
6485:Perennial
6274:Economics
6226:Feudalism
6012:Australia
5760:Aurangzeb
5736:Political
5726:By person
5407:Pius Wars
5202:Treaty of
4861:conflicts
4668:Poor Laws
4531:Hispanism
4408:Sarmatism
4238:Sonderweg
3996:Expansion
3721:Litvinism
3555:Argentina
3389:Long 18th
3272:Dark Ages
3052:Historism
2850:Political
2789:Geography
2726:Philology
2689:Genealogy
2684:Epigraphy
2627:By source
2466:Artifacts
2138:872222210
1951:154362112
1828:830505350
1789:830505350
1179:Insurance
1150:fair copy
1146:autograph
1038:Pentecost
1021:The Bible
887:Parchment
822:4,203 of
806:Parchment
776:minuscule
772:majuscule
694:filiation
677:antiquity
579:, plural
561:woodblock
513:Upanishad
511:The Isha
489:facsimile
483:Facsimile
461:smokiness
418:pastedown
390:parchment
379:Materials
352:foliation
346:collation
299:Shelfmark
6687:Category
6602:template
6316:Religion
6167:Socrates
6082:Muhammed
6004:rankings
5885:Napoleon
5703:Category
5521:Cold War
5424:Slovakia
5011:Waterloo
4880:Crusades
4825:Military
4673:Scotland
4631:Kemalist
3953:Nam tiến
3948:Vietnam
3938:Ukraine
3896:Romania
3878:Portugal
3804:Georgia
3779:Medieval
3728:Bulgaria
3717:Belarus
3702:Austria
3508:Americas
3476:Morocco
3472:Ethiopia
3251:Specific
3174:Concepts
3079:Leninist
3037:Feminist
3025:Critical
2872:Feminism
2845:Military
2799:Business
2794:Economic
2776:Cultural
2760:By topic
2746:Toponymy
2694:Heraldry
2642:template
2589:By scale
2511:Logbooks
2496:Features
2461:Archives
2260:Archived
2162:14 March
2156:Archived
2097:archived
2065:Archived
1739:Archived
1714:Archived
1695:Archived
1676:Archived
1653:Archived
1634:Archived
1614:Archived
1543:15 April
1537:Archived
1374:Examples
1369:See also
1072:initials
1009:Biblical
729:Bulgaria
725:Etruscan
531:(931 AD)
281:Colophon
190:scribere
184:scriptum
7003:Copying
6821:Mushafs
6622:Related
6512:Science
6157:Madonna
6129:Judaism
6092:Judaism
5924:Saladin
5814:Hypatia
5738:leaders
5662:Related
5615:Origins
5578:Origins
5529:Origins
5085:Origins
5031:Origins
4897:Origins
4759:Oceania
4722:British
4660:Kingdom
4303:Ireland
4210:Germany
3918:Sweden
3791:New Age
3767:Ancient
3763:Europe
3759:Croatia
3691:Albania
3684:Eurasia
3486:Rwanda
3184:General
3084:Marxist
2985:schools
2814:Thought
2781:Ecology
2543:Scrolls
2481:Codices
2449:Sources
2388:history
2365:History
1981:, 2008.
1904:Culture
1748:23 June
1434:General
1236:= 1,000
1119:ISAD(G)
1064:prayers
992:bastard
975:Dunstan
926:Columba
913:Scripts
895:papyrus
785:cursive
758:or all
642:middens
589:papyrus
581:codices
573:volumen
503:History
395:papyrus
362:binding
287:incipit
275:Flyleaf
97:printed
6248:Salons
6050:Others
6017:Canada
5651:Causes
5588:Causes
5563:Causes
5357:Spirit
5291:Causes
5261:Causes
5126:Causes
5095:Causes
5068:Causes
5046:Causes
4977:Causes
4724:Empire
4658:United
4624:Turkey
4439:Russia
4413:Deluge
4396:Poland
4136:France
3934:Taiwan
3907:Serbia
3713:Balhae
3564:Causes
3515:Canada
3449:Egypt
3442:Africa
2966:Tarikh
2887:Labour
2877:Gender
2867:Social
2667:dating
2533:Papyri
2456:Annals
2136:
2126:
2071:28 May
1999:
1949:
1826:
1816:
1787:
1777:
1172:script
1068:psalms
1066:, and
1000:Genres
983:Oswald
981:, and
944:Europe
891:vellum
859:, the
841:UNESCO
833:Bamako
812:Africa
780:uncial
764:Hebrew
585:vellum
470:wormed
433:dating
412:pencil
254:scroll
248:(i.e.
171:(from
6942:]
6930:]
6918:]
6906:]
6894:]
6882:]
6870:]
6853:]
6836:]
6495:Roman
6407:]
6221:]
6134:Islam
6104:Jesus
5992:]
5980:]
5968:]
5936:]
5912:]
5875:]
5838:]
5826:]
5794:]
5782:]
5507:]
5397:Nakba
5193:]
5157:]
5107:]
4989:]
4972:]
4615:]
4603:]
4579:]
4560:]
4515:Spain
4470:]
4458:]
4430:]
4337:Italy
4275:India
4252:]
4200:]
4188:]
4176:]
4157:]
4068:]
4043:China
3885:]
3844:Korea
3839:Japan
3828:Iran
3817:Greek
3798:]
3786:]
3774:]
3752:]
3745:Early
3740:]
3601:Casta
3576:]
3498:Maafa
3465:]
3235:]
3223:]
3074:]
2914:Women
2909:Urban
2897:Rural
2892:LGBTQ
2648:Books
2486:Deeds
2423:Types
1947:S2CID
1742:(PDF)
1735:(PDF)
1711:"MSS"
1575:
1479:Notes
1269:= 150
1263:= 260
1254:= 400
964:Tours
938:is a
906:Latin
899:Egypt
837:Sahel
752:Latin
748:Greek
721:Italy
717:Burma
638:mummy
622:Paper
577:codex
567:in a
493:scans
385:paper
270:Cover
264:Parts
252:), a
246:codex
195:write
193:, to
187:from
174:manus
165:Latin
151:Satie
6742:and
6586:list
5181:1917
4193:Lyon
3664:Eras
3583:Peru
3318:list
3265:and
3145:Whig
2352:list
2224:The
2164:2021
2134:OCLC
2124:ISBN
2105:2015
2073:2019
1997:ISBN
1916:2023
1886:2023
1857:2023
1824:OCLC
1814:ISBN
1785:OCLC
1775:ISBN
1750:2009
1545:2018
1207:Mali
1164:and
1117:and
1115:DACS
1090:and
1036:The
863:and
861:high
598:and
467:mold
408:used
231:mss.
223:MSS.
181:and
179:hand
3312:Pax
1939:doi
1352:.
1292:.
1205:in
889:or
750:or
699:In
660:in
644:of
594:In
495:or
401:ink
239:pp.
229:or
227:mss
219:ms.
217:or
211:MS.
207:MSS
153:'s
138:'s
101:any
89:MSS
75:78.
6974::
6940:ar
6928:ar
6916:ar
6904:ar
6892:ar
6880:ar
6868:ar
6851:ar
6834:ar
6405:it
6219:pt
5990:zh
5978:zh
5966:zh
5934:zh
5910:es
5873:zh
5836:ru
5824:zh
5792:zh
5780:zh
5505:fr
5191:ru
5155:fr
5132:/
5105:es
4987:ru
4970:fr
4613:es
4601:es
4577:es
4558:es
4468:ru
4456:ru
4428:pl
4250:de
4198:fr
4186:fr
4174:fr
4155:fr
4066:zh
3883:pt
3796:ru
3784:ru
3772:ru
3750:ru
3738:de
3574:es
3463:es
3233:de
3221:es
3072:pt
2246:.
2132:.
2089:,
2063:.
2059:.
1960:^
1945:.
1935:69
1933:.
1902:.
1876:.
1865:^
1847:.
1836:^
1822:.
1812:.
1810:47
1783:.
1773:.
1771:12
1659:,
1595:.
1563:.
1535:.
1531:.
1330:.
1209:.
1121:.
1054:A
1046:c.
977:,
966:.
934:.
929:c.
885:.
762:.
602:,
529:AH
499:.
225:,
215:ms
213:,
203:MS
177:,
167::
85:MS
79:A
57:).
52:c.
6732:e
6725:t
6718:v
6588:)
6584:(
6514:/
5146:)
5142:(
5136:)
5128:(
4817:e
4810:t
4803:v
4319:"
4315:"
2644:)
2640:(
2324:e
2317:t
2310:v
2166:.
2140:.
2107:.
2075:.
2005:.
1953:.
1941::
1918:.
1888:.
1859:.
1830:.
1791:.
1752:.
1629:"
1573:.
1547:.
1359:)
1355:(
1299:)
1295:(
1019:"
555:)
235:s
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
