1829:
592:
821:
1687:
142:
362:, strongly suggesting that the first alphabet had developed about that time. The script was based on letter appearances and names, believed to be based on Egyptian hieroglyphs. This script had no characters representing vowels. Originally, it probably was a syllabary—a script where syllables are represented with characters—with symbols that were not needed being removed. The best-attested Bronze Age alphabet is
2505:, there would be a consistent one-to-one correspondence between the letters and the phonemes so that a writer could predict the spelling of a word given its pronunciation, and a speaker would always know the pronunciation of a word given its spelling, and vice versa. However, this ideal is usually never achieved in practice. Languages can come close to it, such as Spanish and
588:. The Runic alphabets were used for Germanic languages from 100 CE to the late Middle Ages, being engraved on stone and jewelry, although inscriptions found on bone and wood occasionally appear. These alphabets have since been replaced with the Latin alphabet. The exception was for decorative use, where the runes remained in use until the 20th century.
745:, where the design of many of the letters comes from a sound's place of articulation, like P looking like the widened mouth and L looking like the tongue pulled in. The creation of Hangul was planned by the government of the day, and it places individual letters in syllable clusters with equal dimensions, in the same way as
2674:, is unknown to many Italians because spelling is usually trivial, as Italian spelling is highly phonemic. In standard Spanish, one can tell the pronunciation of a word from its spelling, but not vice versa, as phonemes sometimes can be represented in more than one way, but a given letter is consistently pronounced.
505:
changed itself. The letters used for non-existent phonemes were dropped. Afterwards, however, the alphabet went through many different changes. The final classical form of
Etruscan contained 20 letters. Four of them are vowels (a, e, i, and u) - six fewer letters than the earlier forms. The script in
451:. The Phoenician script was probably the first phonemic script, and it contained only about two dozen distinct letters, making it a script simple enough for traders to learn. Another advantage of the Phoenician alphabet was that it could write different languages since it recorded words phonemically.
2714:
changed from an Arabic script to a
Cyrillic script due to the Soviet Union's influence. In 2021, it made a transition to the Latin alphabet, similar to Turkish. The Cyrillic script used to be official in Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan before they switched to the Latin alphabet. Uzbekistan is reforming
2697:
occurred after the orthography got established and because
English has acquired a large number of loanwords at different times, retaining their original spelling at varying levels. However, even English has general, albeit complex, rules that predict pronunciation from spelling. Rules like this are
454:
The
Phoenician script was spread across the Mediterranean by the Phoenicians. The Greek Alphabet was the first alphabet in which vowels have independent letter forms separate from those of consonants. The Greeks chose letters representing sounds that did not exist in Phoenician to represent vowels.
4040:
For critics of the abjad-abugida-alphabet distinction, see
Reinhard G. Lehmann: "27-30-22-26. How Many Letters Needs an Alphabet? The Case of Semitic", in: The idea of writing: Writing across borders; edited by Alex de Voogt and Joachim Friedrich Quack, Leiden: Brill 2012, p. 11-52, esp p.
378:
1750:
are also an abugida, rather than a syllabary, as their name would imply, because each glyph stands for a consonant and is modified by rotation to represent the following vowel. In a true syllabary, each consonant-vowel combination gets represented by a separate glyph.
2512:
The pronunciation of a language often evolves independently of its writing system. Writing systems have been borrowed for languages the orthography was not initially made to use. The degree to which letters of an alphabet correspond to phonemes of a language varies.
784:, the use of Zhuyin today is limited. However, it is still widely used in Taiwan. Zhuyin developed from a form of Chinese shorthand based on Chinese characters in the early 1900s and has elements of both an alphabet and a syllabary. Like an alphabet, the phonemes of
305:, to write grammatical inflections, and, later, to transcribe loan words and foreign names. The script was used a fair amount in the 4th century CE. However, after pagan temples were closed down, it was forgotten in the 5th century until the discovery of the
2608:
A language may spell some words with unpronounced letters that exist for historical or other reasons. For example, the spelling of the Thai word for "beer" retains a letter for the final consonant "r" present in the
English word it borrows, but silences
443:. The omission of vowels was not always a satisfactory solution due to the need of preserving sacred texts. "Weak" consonants are used to indicate vowels. These letters have a dual function since they can also be used as pure consonants.
2474:
In
Cyrillic, originally, acrophony was present using Slavic words. The first three words going, azŭ, buky, vědě, with the Cyrillic collation order being, А, Б, В. However, this was later abandoned in favor of a system similar to Latin.
1854:, further classification can be based on their treatment of tone. Though names do not yet exist to distinguish the various types. Some alphabets disregard tone entirely, especially when it does not carry a heavy functional load, as in
2705:
to realign the writing with the contemporary spoken language. These can range from simple spelling changes and word forms to switching the entire writing system. For example, Turkey switched from the Arabic alphabet to a Latin-based
1793:, writing the vowels is mandatory, and whole letters are used, so the script is a true alphabet. Other languages may use a Semitic abjad with forced vowel diacritics, effectively making them abugidas. On the other hand, the
1634:
level—that is, it has separate glyphs for individual sounds and not for larger units such as syllables or words. In the narrower sense, some scholars distinguish "true" alphabets from two other types of segmental script,
4484:
Reinhard G. Lehmann: "27-30-22-26. How Many
Letters Needs an Alphabet? The Case of Semitic", in: The idea of writing: Writing across borders; edited by Alex de Voogt and Joachim Friedrich Quack, Leiden: Brill 2012, p.
1870:, an abugida, vowels are indicated by diacritics. The placing of the diacritic relative to the consonant is modified to indicate the tone. More rarely, a script may have separate letters for tones, as is the case for
2004:), which derives from the Northwest Semitic "Abgad" order, is already well established. Although, languages using this alphabet have different conventions for their treatment of modified letters (such as the
1821:, has assimilated into their consonant modifications. It is no longer systematic and must be learned as a syllabary rather than as a segmental script. Even more extreme, the Pahlavi abjad eventually became
446:
The Proto-Sinaitic script and the
Ugaritic script were the first scripts with a limited number of signs instead of using many different signs for words, in contrast to cuneiform, Egyptian hieroglyphs, and
102:. This system was used until the 5th century CE, and fundamentally differed by adding pronunciation hints to existing hieroglyphs that had previously carried no pronunciation information. Later on, these
606:
was the writing system of the
Hungarians. It was in use during the entire history of Hungary, albeit not as an official writing system. From the 19th century, it once again became more and more popular.
2690:, may seem to lack much correspondence between the spelling and pronunciation. However, its rules on pronunciation, though complex, are consistent and predictable with a fair degree of accuracy.
3240:
5269:
463:
from the 16th century BCE, had 87 symbols, including five vowels. In its early years, there were many variants of the Greek alphabet, causing many different alphabets to evolve from it.
2693:
At the other extreme are languages such as English, where pronunciations mostly have to be memorized as they do not correspond to the spelling consistently. For English, this is because the
3564:
The Local Scripts of Archaic Greece: A Study of the Origin of the Greek Alphabet and Its Development from the Eighth to the Fifth Centuries B.C. (Oxford Monographs on Classical Archaeology)
2467:. The French names (from which the English names got derived) preserve the qualities of the English vowels before the Great Vowel Shift. By contrast, the names of F, L, M, N, and S (
6128:
1643:. These three differ in how they treat vowels. Abjads have letters for consonants and leave most vowels unexpressed. Abugidas are also consonant-based but indicate vowels with
749:. This change allows for mixed-script writing, where one syllable always takes up one type space no matter how many letters get stacked into building that one sound-block.
6122:
1858:
and many other languages of Africa and the Americas. Most commonly, tones are indicated by diacritics, which is how vowels are treated in abugidas, which is the case for
4507:
2549:
also uses a tetragraph for one of its phonemes, namely "кхъу." Two letters representing one sound occur in several instances in Hungarian as well (where, for instance,
1878:. For many, regardless of whether letters or diacritics get used, the most common tone is not marked, just as the most common vowel is not marked in Indic abugidas. In
5415:
Reassessing the role of the syllable in Italian phonology: an experimental study of consonant cluster syllabification, definite article allomorphy and segment duration
622:. Cyrillic is one of the most widely used modern alphabetic scripts and is notable for its use in Slavic languages and also for other languages within the former
5611:
1828:
5245:
Advances in Social Science, Education, and Humanities Research: Proceedings of the 2022 6th international Seminar, on Education, Management, and Social Sciences
3745:
5218:
The Bua Luang What You See is what You Say Thai Phrase Handbook Contemporary Thai-language Phrases in Context, WYSIWYS Easier-to-read Transliteration System
700:
European alphabets, especially Latin and Cyrillic, have been adapted for many languages of Asia. Arabic is also widely used, sometimes as an abjad, as with
3921:
2630:
National languages sometimes elect to address the problem of dialects by associating the alphabet with the national standard. Some national languages like
2372:: The letters are arranged according to how and where the sounds get produced in the mouth. This organization is present in Southeast Asia, Tibet, Korean
5637:
6953:
6437:
6062:
374:
script with 30 signs, including three that indicate the following vowel. This script was not used after the destruction of Ugarit in 1178 BCE.
7383:
7373:
6948:
6054:
203:, which simply adds a vowel after the character representing each letter. Some systems also used to have acrophony but later abandoned it, such as
7363:
7353:
6943:
6938:
6933:
433:
was descended. Abugidas are writing systems with characters comprising consonant–vowel sequences. Alphabets without obligatory vowels are called
183:. This also means that letters may be used as a method of "numbering" ordered items. Letters also have names in some languages; this is known as
3370:(2005). "Two Early Alphabetic Inscriptions from the Wadi el-Ḥôl: New Evidence for the Origin of the Alphabet from the Western Desert of Egypt".
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4002:
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2622:
A language may use different sets of symbols or rules for distinct vocabulary items, typically for foreign words, such as in the Japanese
2039:
are considered distinct letters representing different vowel sounds from sounds represented by their unaccented counterparts. In Spanish,
6512:
2520:
A language may represent a given phoneme by combinations of letters rather than just a single letter. Two-letter combinations are called
6244:
5551:
2423:. It referred to the letters by adding a vowel (usually "e", sometimes "a", or "u") before or after the consonant. Two exceptions were
9111:
6170:
6094:
5796:
2068:
410:. This script is the parent script of all western alphabets. By the 10th century BCE, two other forms distinguish themselves,
490:. One of these became the Latin alphabet, which spread across Europe as the Romans expanded their republic. After the fall of the
5642:
160:, which only need letters for consonants. Abjads generally lack vowel indicators altogether, while abugidas represent them with
6113:
8301:
10181:
6430:
5353:
4398:
Thai-English Picture Book: Thai Consonants, Vowels, 4 Tone Marks, Numbers and Activity Book for Kids | Thai Language Learning
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114:. The Phoenician system is considered the first true alphabet and is the ultimate ancestor of many modern scripts, including
8750:
6133:
3487:
Documents in Mycenaean Greek: Three Hundred Selected Tablets from Knossos, Pylos and Mycenae with Commentary and Vocabulary
2612:
Pronunciation of individual words may change according to the presence of surrounding words in a sentence, for example, in
494:, the alphabet survived in intellectual and religious works. It came to be used for the descendant languages of Latin (the
8187:
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6259:
301:
that are called uniliterals, which are glyphs that provide one sound. These glyphs were used as pronunciation guides for
6723:
498:) and most of the other languages of western and central Europe. Today, it is the most widely used script in the world.
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5252:
5226:
5199:
5148:
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4745:
4613:
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4295:
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3658:
3571:
3520:
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3462:
Language History, Language Change, and Language Relationship: An Introduction to Historical and Comparative Linguistics
3277:
2666:
have a very regular spelling system with nearly one-to-one correspondence between letters and phonemes. Similarly, the
2568:
A language may represent the same phoneme with two or more different letters or combinations of letters. An example is
5615:
662:, their disciple. They feature many letters that appear to have been borrowed from or influenced by Greek and Hebrew.
9949:
9935:
9905:
9044:
6404:
5587:
3734:
3210:
5140:
Empty signs, historical imaginaries: the entangled nationalization of names and naming in a late Habsburg borderland
10167:
8884:
8281:
6423:
5552:"English spellings don't match the sounds they are supposed to represent. It's time to change | Mind your language"
4649:
4608:. Joel Corneal Kuipers, Ray McDermott. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Southeast Asia Studies. pp. 320–342.
2443:
for Z in all forms of English, other than American English. Over time names sometimes shifted or were added, as in
2113:
1866:(an abugida). In Thai, the tone is determined primarily by a consonant, with diacritics for disambiguation. In the
1459:
6728:
8607:
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2723:
2497:
words, following the principle on which alphabets get based. These rules will map letters of the alphabet to the
1323:
2715:
the alphabet to use diacritics on the letters that are marked by apostrophes and the letters that are digraphs.
10174:
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8379:
5717:
5304:
4979:
4869:
4685:
4113:
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3598:
1774:
is typically an abugida augmented with dedicated letters for initial vowels, though some traditions use अ as a
1465:
333:
has connected the illiterate turquoise miner graffiti theory to the origin of the alphabet. In 1999, American
8849:
8374:
7432:
6353:
6163:
5709:
Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: a guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet
4077:
2939:
Himelfarb, Elizabeth J. "First Alphabet Found in Egypt", Archaeology 53, Issue 1 (January/February 2000): 21.
2626:
syllabary is used for foreign words, and there are rules in English for using loanwords from other languages.
2516:
Languages may fail to achieve a one-to-one correspondence between letters and sounds in any of several ways:
1747:
1305:
1051:
522:
355:
and shows evidence of having been adapted from specific forms of Egyptian hieroglyphs that could be dated to
7711:
812:
system, for aiding pronunciation and as an input method for Chinese characters on computers and cellphones.
10160:
10139:
7427:
7202:
6718:
6494:
6254:
6075:
1805:, but vowel marks are written after the preceding consonant rather than as diacritic marks. Although short
1647:, a systematic graphic modification of the consonants. The earliest known alphabet using this sense is the
1143:
249:(β). The names for the Greek letters, in turn, came from the first two letters of the Phoenician alphabet:
6089:
4342:
2017 International Conference on Intelligent Computing, Instrumentation and Control Technologies (ICICICT)
2468:
2464:
2460:
1767:
1759:
317:. The last known use of the Cuneiform script was in 75 CE, after which the script fell out of use. In the
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1648:
53:
written to represent particular sounds in a spoken language. Specifically, letters largely correspond to
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It is unknown whether the earliest alphabets had a defined sequence. Some alphabets today, such as the
1882:, not only is one of the tones unmarked; but there is a diacritic to indicate a lack of tone, like the
655:
17:
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6755:
2698:
usually successful. However, rules to predict spelling from pronunciation have a higher failure rate.
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6399:
2111:
1529:
631:
298:
175:
Alphabets usually have a standard ordering for their letters. This makes alphabets a useful tool in
39:
5447:
5112:(Digitized ed.). Indiana University, Department of Slavic Languages and Literature. p. 90.
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2098:
9857:
9843:
9148:
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7534:
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6156:
4336:
Alphonsa, Alice Celin; Bhanja, Chuya China; Laskar, Azharuddin; Laskar, Rabul Hussain (July 2017).
3735:"Contemporary Hungarian Rune-Writing Ideological Linguistic Nationalism within a Homogenous Nation"
2541:
2229:, in the dictionary. An exception is the German telephone directory, where umlauts are sorted like
2020:
1781:
The boundaries between the three types of segmental scripts are not always clear-cut. For example,
506:
its classical form was used until the 1st century CE. The Etruscan language itself was not used in
390:
389:
The Proto-Sinaitic script eventually developed into the Phoenician alphabet, conventionally called
95:
9462:
6878:
4710:"ترتيب المداخل والبطاقات في القوائم والفهارس الموضوعية – منتديات اليسير للمكتبات وتقنية المعلومات"
3309:
2388:
In Phoenician, each letter got associated with a word that begins with that sound. This is called
501:
The Etruscan alphabet remained nearly unchanged for several hundred years. Only evolving once the
10146:
9174:
8131:
7808:
7787:
7667:
7647:
7479:
7150:
7054:
6531:
6489:
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6292:
6269:
6238:
6212:
5773:
4520:
DIN 5007-1:2005-08 Filing of Character Strings – Part 1: General Rules for Processing (ABC Rules)
2806:
2647:
2471:) remain the same in both languages because "short" vowels were largely unaffected by the Shift.
1067:
278:
152:
distinguishes true alphabets—which use letters to represent both consonants and vowels—from both
1477:
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7803:
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7236:
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6117:
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808:. While Zhuyin is not a mainstream writing system, it is still often used in ways similar to a
591:
426:
5296:
Workbook/laboratory manual to accompany Yookoso! : an invitation to contemporary Japanese
2166:
which all represent phonemes and considered separate single letters, would follow the letters
106:
symbols also became used to transcribe foreign words. The first fully phonemic script was the
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5792:
3787:
2521:
2253:
1903:
Alphabets often come to be associated with a standard ordering of their letters; this is for
1602:
514:
382:
322:
107:
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8161:
5645:. 26 October 2017. Archived from the original on 27 October 2017. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
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7883:
7716:
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7454:
7293:
7276:
6592:
6249:
3355:
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2484:
2023:). In French, these are not considered to be additional letters for collation. However, in
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337:
294:
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8:
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4522:(in German). German Institute for Standardisation (Deutsches Institut für Normung). 2005.
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tablets from the fourteenth century BCE preserve the alphabet in two sequences. One, the
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611:
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The Alphabet Effect: A Media Ecology Understanding of the Making of Western Civilization
3922:"Alphabet's Epitome: The Invention of Hangul and its Contribution to the Korean Society"
30:
This article is about alphabets in general. For the English alphabet in particular, see
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Thackston, W.M. (2006), "—Sorani Kurdish— A Reference Grammar with Selected Readings",
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2439:(from Greek)—this discrepancy was inherited by many European languages, as in the term
2431:, which were borrowed from the Greek alphabet rather than Etruscan. They were known as
2393:
2292:
2249:
2203:
2024:
1909:
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is not written, as in the Indic abugidas, The source of the term "abugida", namely the
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4506:"La 'i griega' se llamará 'ye'". Cuba Debate. 2010-11-05. Retrieved 12 December 2010.
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400:. The oldest text in Phoenician script is an inscription on the sarcophagus of King
110:, also descending from Egyptian hieroglyphs, which was later modified to create the
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2207:
1814:
1735:
1680:
1542:
1453:
1427:
1415:
1385:
1357:
1343:
1232:
1224:
926:
899:
769:
734:
709:
705:
687:
659:
643:
562:
483:
472:
460:
430:
415:
149:
31:
10093:
9288:
8914:
8565:
7935:
5996:
5914:
4349:
3688:. Routledge Reference Grammars (2nd ed.). Routledge (published 25 May 2007).
2905:
Taylor, Insup (1980), Kolers, Paul A.; Wrolstad, Merald E.; Bouma, Herman (eds.),
10079:
9771:
9712:
9658:
9651:
9630:
9616:
9600:
9578:
9533:
9426:
9401:
9373:
9358:
9281:
9259:
9252:
9210:
9170:
9141:
8829:
8799:
8622:
8545:
8311:
8241:
8146:
8094:
8074:
8010:
8000:
7990:
7955:
7920:
7915:
7910:
7823:
7778:
7773:
7657:
7652:
7499:
7489:
7343:
7308:
7303:
7283:
7177:
7135:
7075:
6958:
6928:
6838:
6798:
6740:
6674:
6654:
6602:
6585:
6573:
6104:
6066:
6050:
6018:
5840:
5767:
5746:
5216:
5109:
The Effects of Historical German-Slovene Language Contact on the Slovene Language
5107:
4551:
4534:
3683:
3367:
2821:
2761:
2722:
to represent sounds in any language, independently of orthography, is called the
2702:
2675:
2529:
2413:
2405:
2401:
2354:
2350:
2320:
2308:
2295:, are learned one letter at a time, in no particular order, and are not used for
2005:
1875:
1855:
1832:
1763:
1755:
1699:
1676:
1656:
1517:
1511:
1505:
1379:
1363:
1334:
1317:
1115:
1033:
1024:
1015:
1004:
872:
793:
788:
are represented by individual symbols, but like a syllabary, the phonemes of the
713:
679:
675:
671:
619:
440:
419:
341:
330:
326:
204:
196:
192:
188:
135:
127:
119:
115:
8276:
7459:
6141:, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Eleanor Robson, Alan Millard and Rosalind Thomas (
4709:
3966:
3890:
Multilingualism in China: The Politics of Writing Reforms for Minority Languages
1592:
1149:
561:. Other alphabets only use a subset of the Latin alphabet, such as Hawaiian and
10216:
10100:
9984:
9964:
9873:
9741:
9672:
9571:
9519:
9512:
9344:
9337:
9316:
9295:
9196:
9189:
8996:
8951:
8879:
8874:
8725:
8709:
8684:
8627:
8617:
8612:
8452:
8326:
8286:
8256:
8202:
8197:
8192:
8166:
8141:
8089:
8029:
7995:
7945:
7893:
7858:
7813:
7783:
7736:
7696:
7595:
7549:
7504:
7422:
7358:
7313:
7298:
7261:
7241:
7209:
7197:
7145:
7140:
7130:
7120:
7115:
7032:
7017:
7007:
6973:
6963:
6908:
6893:
6858:
6708:
6612:
6560:
6450:
6322:
6307:
6179:
6108:
5508:
5233:
Note in the pronunciation guide next to "เบียร์" it has it being said as, "Bia"
5030:"Standardization of Finnish Orthography: From Reformists to National Awakeners"
4337:
3903:
2791:
2577:
2420:
2409:
2365:
2342:
2328:
2312:
2130:, as though it were a single letter, which contrasts several languages such as
1922:
1871:
1867:
1847:
1802:
1794:
1775:
1703:
1695:
1664:
1660:
1447:
1435:
1369:
1285:
1259:
1252:
1128:
881:
785:
765:
585:
550:
538:
239:
220:
200:
165:
131:
123:
64:
8426:
5476:
Easy French step-by-step: master high-frequency grammar for French proficiency
5433:
5398:
5158:
5042:
5029:
4338:"Spectral feature based automatic tonal and non-tonal language classification"
3530:
2969:
2619:
Different dialects of a language may use different phonemes for the same word.
10282:
10223:
10072:
10005:
9928:
9898:
9756:
9734:
9665:
9561:
9540:
9387:
9245:
9163:
9156:
9127:
9086:
9001:
8991:
8986:
8773:
8467:
8126:
8069:
7721:
7494:
7378:
7333:
7288:
7256:
7105:
7022:
6995:
6968:
6898:
6883:
6868:
6823:
6580:
6348:
5880:
McLuhan, Marshall; Logan, Robert K. (1977). "Alphabet, Mother of Invention".
5536:
5494:
5363:
5092:
4914:
4755:
4623:
4247:
4201:
4187:
3833:
3668:
3593:. Larissa Bonfante (2nd ed.). Manchester : Manchester University Press.
3333:
3080:
2977:
2879:
2766:
2756:
2679:
2346:
1798:
1786:
1743:
1719:
1715:
1580:
1471:
995:
789:
701:
694:
577:
306:
245:
99:
87:
35:
7042:
6138:
6071:
Inventing the Alphabet: The Origins of Letters from Antiquity to the Present
5727:
5597:
5314:
4989:
4958:
Note how it says short vowels are similar between Middle and Modern English.
4879:
4588:
3608:
2455:
for Z. Comparing them in English and French gives a clear reflection of the
2202:
respectively, as well as Hungarian and Welsh. Further, German words with an
2095:; those digraphs were still formally designated as letters, but in 2010 the
820:
9679:
9644:
9585:
9072:
8834:
8730:
8643:
8535:
8436:
8246:
8059:
8024:
8005:
7940:
7828:
7590:
7514:
7323:
7318:
7229:
7224:
7160:
7100:
7080:
7037:
7027:
6978:
6863:
6843:
6833:
6681:
6659:
6617:
6415:
6378:
5413:
5378:
5138:
4695:
4123:
3988:
3510:
3269:
Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs
3055:"The Miners Who Invented the Alphabet – A Response to Christopher Rollston"
2569:
2489:
When an alphabet is adopted or developed to represent a given language, an
2358:
1723:
1691:
1623:
1483:
1277:
1271:
1218:
1201:
917:
908:
863:
809:
623:
554:
507:
429:, a sister script to the Phoenician alphabet, is the script from which the
334:
261:
76:
7888:
5516:
5474:
5343:
4894:
4735:
4603:
4227:
4167:
3847:
3813:
3648:
3218:
2954:"Last Writing: Script Obsolescence in Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Mesoamerica"
1291:
10262:
10026:
9957:
9238:
8929:
8789:
8550:
8394:
8251:
8156:
7925:
7853:
7838:
7746:
7539:
7449:
7348:
7338:
7192:
7155:
7110:
7095:
7070:
6990:
6918:
6903:
6607:
6059:
The Greatest Invention: A History of the World in Nine Mysterious Scripts
5707:
5577:
5512:
5294:
4969:
4859:
4568:
3588:
3147:
2741:
2683:
2490:
2059:
were also formerly considered single letters and sorted separately after
1863:
1619:
1265:
530:
345:
5893:
4675:
4202:"КОПТСКОЕ ПИСЬМО • Большая российская энциклопедия – электронная версия"
4103:
3968:
3902:"上親制諺文二十八字...是謂訓民正音 (His majesty created 28 characters himself... It is
3325:
1686:
1626:
in both a wide and a narrow sense. In a broader sense, an alphabet is a
8919:
8894:
8462:
7905:
7395:
7390:
7246:
7187:
6828:
6363:
3626:
3383:
2533:
1771:
1570:
1553:
1299:
584:. Elder Futhark gave rise to other alphabets known collectively as the
224:
5922:
3721:
Deutschsprachigen Keltologensymposiums. Zürich, 7.–10. September 2009,
2280:
at the end. However, æ phonetically corresponds with ä, as does ø and
141:
10230:
10209:
10202:
8981:
8818:
8514:
8481:
8316:
8207:
7756:
7484:
7400:
7125:
6332:
6327:
6317:
5681:"Uzbekistan Aims For Full Transition To Latin-Based Alphabet By 2023"
5638:О переводе алфавита казахского языка с кириллицы на латинскую графику
2746:
2389:
2369:
2296:
1904:
1644:
1238:
840:
371:
310:
184:
176:
161:
68:
8924:
5857:
Chapter 3 traces and summarizes the invention of alphabetic writing.
3354:
2907:"The Korean writing system: An alphabet? A syllabary? A logography?"
2509:. Others, such as English, deviate from it to a much larger degree.
2451:, or "double V" in French, the English name for Y, and the American
2307:
order later used in Phoenician, has continued with minor changes in
2126:(all incidentally loanwords) instead of appearing after the initial
1758:, for example, is essentially an abjad but has syllabic letters for
618:
and became, together with the Greek uncial script, the basis of the
8946:
8909:
8904:
8784:
8745:
8586:
8345:
8230:
8121:
7863:
7751:
7701:
7085:
6888:
6848:
6629:
6622:
6473:
6302:
6297:
6217:
6202:
6095:"Language, Writing and Alphabet: An Interview with Christophe Rico"
5929:
4136:
Bernard Comrie, 2005, "Writing Systems", in Haspelmath et al. eds,
3095:
2801:
2719:
2623:
2494:
2357:
usually uses its sequence, although Arabic retains the traditional
2324:
2211:
1836:
1822:
1672:
1586:
1559:
1094:
835:
693:
Most alphabetic scripts of India and Eastern Asia descend from the
482:-600 BCE giving rise to many different alphabets used to write the
456:
448:
302:
179:, as words can be listed in a well-defined order—commonly known as
103:
80:
72:
8966:
6148:
5705:
5243:
Strielkowski, Wadim; Birkök, Mehmet; Khan, Intakhab, eds. (2022).
2339:. Both orders have therefore been stable for at least 3000 years.
199:. However, acrophony is not present in all languages, such as the
9053:
8560:
8431:
8321:
8296:
8182:
8019:
7873:
7848:
7617:
7524:
7172:
6786:
6597:
6282:
5998:
Letter Perfect: The Marvelous History of Our Alphabet from A to Z
5005:
Beyond Orthographic Depth in Reading: Equitable Division of Labor
2826:
2811:
2751:
2687:
2498:
1840:
1640:
1631:
851:
237:); it was made from the first two letters of the Greek alphabet,
168:
was the first true alphabet; it was originally derived from the
153:
55:
4896:
A simple approach to French pronunciation: a comprehensive guide
4381:
Galaal, Muuse Haaji Ismaaʻiil; Andrzejewski, Bogumił W. (1956).
10054:
7798:
7610:
7529:
7474:
7182:
6853:
6368:
5299:. Sachiko Fuji, Yasuhiko Tohsaku. New York: McGraw-Hill. 1994.
4052:"Sinaitic inscriptions | Alphabet, Meaning, & Decipherment"
3910:))", 《세종실록 (The Annals of the Choson Dynasty: Sejong)》 25년 12월.
3907:
2613:
2373:
1883:
1879:
1782:
1727:
1244:
1190:
1184:
1042:
935:
781:
773:
757:
738:
475:, was carried over by Greek colonists to the Italian peninsula
401:
367:
313:, primarily used to write several ancient languages, including
4424:, Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications, vol. 29, pp. 46–61
3489:(Reprinted ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 60.
826:
Predominant national and selected regional or minority scripts
654:. The Glagolitic alphabet is believed to have been created by
8421:
8416:
8266:
8049:
7950:
7637:
6548:
6277:
5978:
Writing: Theory and History of the Technology of Civilization
3967:
Paul A. Kolers; Merald Ernest Wrolstad; Herman Bouma (1980).
2952:
Houston, Stephen; Baines, John; Cooper, Jerrold (July 2003).
2816:
2103:
changed it, so they are no longer considered letters at all.
2043:
is considered a separate letter, but accented vowels such as
1739:
1636:
1497:
1491:
981:
960:
946:
846:
777:
730:
683:
435:
251:
157:
5798:
Semitic Writing (Schweich Lectures on Biblical Archaeology S
5448:"Spanish Pronunciation: The Ultimate Guide | The Mimic Meth"
4461:"From A to Z — the surprising history of alphabetical order"
3815:
Phonology and morphology of Biblical Hebrew: an introduction
3314:
Zeitschrift für Assyrologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie
377:
344:
discovered an earlier version of this first alphabet at the
329:
around 1840 BCE, apparently left by Canaanite workers.
8899:
8794:
6373:
5124:
Dictionaries, An International Encyclopedia of Lexicography
5003:
Seidenberg, Mark (1992). Frost, Ram; Katz, Leonard (eds.).
4740:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 177–178.
4288:
Sorani Kurdish — A Reference Grammar with Selected Readings
4142:
The solid form of language: an essay on writing and meaning
2377:
956:
145:
Corresponding letters in the Phoenician and Latin alphabets
60:
4335:
4225:
741:
alphabet in 1443 CE. Hangul is a unique alphabet: it is a
518:
5188:
The Routledge Concise Compendium of the World's Languages
4400:. Amazon Digital Services LLC (published 20 March 2021).
2701:
Sometimes, countries have the written language undergo a
370:
before the 15th century BCE. This was an alphabetic
5842:
In the Beginning: A Short History of the Hebrew Language
4315:(in German). Harrassowitz (published 31 December 1974).
4017:"The Definition of the Bopomofo Chinese Phonetic System"
2463:
in today's English, but in contemporary French they are
2368:
of alphabets used in India uses a unique order based on
1789:, which, when used for other languages, is an abjad. In
59:
as the smallest sound segments that can distinguish one
5824:] (in German) (2nd ed.). München: C. H. Beck.
5612:"Нұрсұлтан Назарбаев. Болашаққа бағдар: рухани жаңғыру"
5582:(3rd ed.). London: I.B. Tauris. pp. 188–189.
4169:
A primer on Ugaritic: language, culture, and literature
3682:
Robustelli, Cecilia; Maiden, Martin (4 February 2014).
3372:
The Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research
1754:
All three types may be augmented with syllabic glyphs.
5901:
Millard, A. R. (1986). "The Infancy of the Alphabet".
5242:
4172:. Joel H. Hunt. New York: Cambridge University Press.
3788:"Aramaic Alphabet | PDF | Languages Of Asia | Writing"
2335:
was used in southern Arabia and is preserved today in
5077:"Sociolinguistic factors in borrowed writing systems"
4262:"A Practical Sanskrit Introductory by Charles Wikner"
2448:
2428:
2424:
2299:
where a definite order is required. However, a dozen
2001:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1926:
804:). The last symbol ㄢ takes place as the entire final
34:. For the international technology conglomerate, see
5788:
Overview of modern and some ancient writing systems.
4605:
Fine description: ethnographic and linguistic essays
4573:. Ian Hinchliffe (2nd ed.). London: Routledge.
3272:(2nd revised ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1762:
These are the only times that vowels are indicated.
557:ð of Old English and Icelandic, which is a modified
233:, which in turn originated in the Greek, ἀλφάβητος (
4974:(7th Revised ed.). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
3716:im Lepontischen", in Stüber, Karin; et al. (eds.),
2951:
6079:, vol. LXX, no. 1 (19 January 2023), pp. 6, 8, 10.
6017:
5931:
4680:. Manchester: Manchester Univ. Press. p. 14.
4380:
2245:and are not distinguished in the spoken language.
614:was the initial script of the liturgical language
553:runes; and modified existing letters, such as the
283:
5934:Mysteries of the Alphabet: The Origins of Writing
5345:Borrowed words: a history of loanwords in English
4435:"Devanagari – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
3048:
3046:
1850:of alphabets reflects how they treat vowels. For
1655:, is the ancestor of modern alphabets, including
517:, a combination of two letters make one, such as
288:
10280:
6065:, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2022, 289 pp.; and
5860:
5838:
4422:Diexis and anaphora and prelinguistic universals
3681:
2493:generally comes into being, providing rules for
2478:
2206:get collated ignoring the umlaut as—contrary to
1706:(right) alphabets, which share many of the same
708:, and sometimes as a complete alphabet, as with
187:, and it is present in scripts including Greek,
6073:, University of Chicago Press, 2022, 380 pp.),
6015:
4864:. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.
3561:
3484:
3464:(3rd ed.). Mouton De Gruyter. p. 85.
3209:Gnomon (8 April 2004). Lynn, Bernadette (ed.).
2392:and is continuously used to varying degrees in
537:; borrowings from other alphabets, such as the
510:, but the script was used for religious texts.
321:, an apparently alphabetic system known as the
5930:Ouaknin, Marc-Alain; Bacon, Josephine (1999).
5801:(3rd rev. ed.). Oxford University Press.
4105:Studies in Aramaic inscriptions and onomastics
3043:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3027:
2947:
2945:
1907:—namely, for listing words and other items in
164:added to letters. In this narrower sense, the
9038:
6431:
6164:
5952:
5791:
5765:
5214:
3943:"Hangul | Alphabet Chart & Pronunciation"
3708:Stifter, David (2010), "Lepontische Studien:
3185:"Alphabet | Definition, History, & Facts"
3153:
3119:The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Writing Systems
3037:
3014:
3012:
3010:
3001:
2892:
2096:
1710:, although they have different pronunciations
658:, while the Cyrillic alphabet was created by
580:, believed to have evolved out of one of the
27:Set of letters used to write a given language
6445:
5994:
5879:
5507:
5185:
4165:
3883:
3881:
3875:, Harvard University, retrieved 10 June 2021
3096:"How the Alphabet was Born from Hieroglyphs"
3059:Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections
792:are not; each possible final (excluding the
513:Some adaptations of the Latin alphabet have
325:appeared in Egyptian turquoise mines in the
6116:, animation by Prof. Robert Fradkin at the
5766:Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William (1996).
5706:International Phonetic Association (1999).
5411:
5383:. P.G. Aaron. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis.
3024:
2942:
2545:and (in a few borrowed words) "dsch" for .
686:of the Middle East are developments of the
228:
9045:
9031:
6438:
6424:
6171:
6157:
6123:How the Alphabet Was Born from Hieroglyphs
5955:Homer and the Origin of the Greek Alphabet
5186:Campbell, George L.; King, Gareth (2018).
5171:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5002:
4927:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4861:Writing systems: a linguistic introduction
4811:Notice the "Names of the Letters" Section.
4733:
4219:
4140:(p 568 ff). Also Robert Bringhurst, 2004,
4001:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3543:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3459:
3307:
3093:
3052:
3007:
2958:Comparative Studies in Society and History
2118:) are inserted between words with initial
1651:, believed to be an abjad. Its successor,
796:) has its own character, an example being
697:, believed to be a descendant of Aramaic.
439:, with examples being Arabic, Hebrew, and
63:from another in a given language. Not all
6040:Chapter 4 traces the invention of writing
5712:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5518:Linguistics for everyone: an introduction
5472:
5126:. Vol. 3rd. Walter De Gruyter. 1991.
5041:
4285:
3878:
3485:Ventris, Micheal; Chadwick, John (2015).
3211:"The Development of the Western Alphabet"
3110:
3070:
2997:
2995:
2869:
2268:, whereas the Swedish conventionally put
2069:Association of Spanish Language Academies
2067:, but in 1994, the tenth congress of the
670:Many phonetic scripts exist in Asia. The
5815:
5549:
5027:
4892:
4837:"Arabic alphabet, ABC – Names in Arabic"
4496:Exclusión de «ch» y «ll» del abecedario.
4101:
4078:"The Phoenician Alphabet & Language"
3586:
3562:Jeffery, L. H.; Johnston, A. W. (1990).
2913:, Boston, MA: Springer, pp. 67–82,
1827:
1685:
819:
590:
376:
140:
6243:Languages by writing system /
5900:
5744:
5643:President of the Republic of Kazakhstan
5575:
5521:. Boston: Wadsworth/ Cengage Learning.
4857:
4820:
4673:
4636:
4601:
3919:
3732:
3422:
3410:
3141:
3116:
3018:
2886:
2851:
2718:The standard system of symbols used by
2501:of the spoken language. In a perfectly
2019:) and certain combinations of letters (
1714:Examples of present-day abjads are the
776:. After the later establishment of the
14:
10281:
5975:
5550:Linstead, Stephen (11 December 2014).
5341:
5267:
5215:Allyn, Eric; Chaiyana, Samorn (1995).
5136:
5105:
5074:
4566:
4553:Learn Norwegian (Alphabet and Numbers)
4549:
4532:
4458:
4310:
4138:The World Atlas of Language Structures
3873:Harvard Faculty of Arts & Sciences
3751:from the original on 16 December 2023.
3646:
3590:The Etruscan language: an introduction
3208:
3053:Goldwasser, Orly (12 September 2012).
2992:
2904:
2536:(four letters) "tsch" for the phoneme
1171:
385:, one of the earliest phonemic scripts
10182:American Printing House for the Blind
9958:International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
9610:Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)
9026:
8816:
8771:
8664:
8343:
8228:
7570:
6784:
6546:
6529:
6419:
6152:
5412:Kambourakis, Kristie McCrary (2007).
5376:
5081:Toronto Working Papers in Linguistics
4674:Elliott, Ralph Warren Victor (1980).
4226:Dhanesh Jain; George Cardona (2007).
3685:A Reference Grammar of Modern Italian
3566:(Revised ed.). Clarendon Press.
3265:
2670:verb corresponding to 'spell (out),'
2576:
2540:
2524:, and three-letter groups are called
1892:
1778:as the graphic base for such vowels.
466:
8665:
5380:Handbook of Orthography and Literacy
4967:
3887:
3811:
3308:Westenholz, Aage (19 January 2007).
3292:
2071:changed the collating order so that
9052:
6178:
6020:Civilization Before Greece and Rome
4536:Learn Danish (Alphabet and Numbers)
4108:. Leuven: Leuven University Press.
3310:"The Graeco-Babyloniaca Once Again"
86:The first letters were invented in
24:
8772:
6250:Ancient languages corpuses by size
6044:
5882:ETC: A Review of General Semantics
4737:A history of the Japanese language
4395:
4075:
3920:Hitkari, Cherry (6 October 2021).
3888:Zhou, Minglang (24 October 2012).
3818:. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns.
3460:Hock, Hans; Joseph, Brian (2019).
3378:: 63, 65, 67–71, 73–113, 115–124.
3297:. Universiteit Leiden. p. 15.
2854:"Phoneme and Grapheme: A Parallel"
2286:
1916:
719:
665:
67:represent language in this way: a
25:
10305:
6083:
6061:, translated from the Italian by
6053:, "Alphabet Politics" (review of
5268:Gasser, Micheal (10 April 2021).
4650:"ScriptSource – Ethiopic (Geʻez)"
4166:Schniedewind, William M. (2007).
3515:. Alessandro Naso. Boston. 2017.
3295:A Descriptive Grammar of Sumerian
3072:10.2458/azu_jaei_v04i3_goldwasser
2110:(which spells the German phoneme
5748:The Writing Systems of the World
5699:
5673:
5648:
5630:
5604:
5569:
5543:
5501:
5466:
5440:
5221:. Bua Luang Publishing Company.
5075:Rogers, Henry (1 January 1999).
4570:Swedish: a comprehensive grammar
4155:The writing systems of the world
3970:Processing of visible language 2
2459:: A, B, C, and D are pronounced
8817:
5738:
5685:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
5405:
5370:
5335:
5287:
5261:
5247:. Atlantis Press. p. 644.
5236:
5208:
5179:
5130:
5116:
5099:
5068:
5021:
4996:
4961:
4935:
4886:
4851:
4829:
4814:
4787:
4762:
4727:
4702:
4667:
4642:
4630:
4595:
4560:
4543:
4526:
4512:
4500:
4488:
4478:
4452:
4427:
4414:
4389:
4374:
4329:
4304:
4279:
4254:
4194:
4159:
4147:
4130:
4095:
4069:
4044:
4034:
4009:
3960:
3935:
3913:
3896:
3865:
3840:
3805:
3780:
3755:
3726:
3702:
3675:
3640:
3615:
3580:
3555:
3503:
3478:
3453:
3428:
3416:
3404:
3390:
3348:
3301:
3286:
3259:
3233:
3202:
3177:
3159:
3135:
3087:
2724:International Phonetic Alphabet
2106:In German, words starting with
2027:, the accented letters such as
1618:The term "alphabet" is used by
1085:
418:. The Aramaic gave rise to the
295:Ancient Egyptian writing system
284:Alphabets related to Phoenician
6511:Languages by writing system /
5614:. 28 June 2017. Archived from
5473:Rochester, Myrna Bell (2009).
4459:Street, Julie (10 June 2020).
2933:
2911:Processing of Visible Language
2898:
2871:10.1080/00437956.1951.11659389
2845:
2241:also appear with the spelling
1730:; and abugidas, used to write
1675:(via the Greek alphabet), and
289:Ancient Near Eastern alphabets
90:to serve as an aid in writing
13:
1:
9950:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
9906:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
8344:
8229:
7571:
5915:10.1080/00438243.1986.9979978
5348:. Oxford Scholarship Online.
4770:"World Wide Words: Acrophony"
4350:10.1109/ICICICT1.2017.8342752
4313:A Manual of Pahlavi: Glossary
2838:
2479:Orthography and pronunciation
2361:, which is used for numbers.
1748:Canadian Aboriginal syllabics
1562:
1545:
1532:
1400:
1193:
1152:
476:
404:
394:
356:
349:
10161:National Braille Association
10140:Braille Institute of America
9858:Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)
6785:
6255:Undeciphered writing systems
6125:—Biblical Archaeology Review
6076:The New York Review of Books
5751:. Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
5377:Joshi, R. Malatesha (2013).
3156:, pp. 3–5, 91, 261–281.
2572:which may write the phoneme
2383:
2380:, which is not an alphabet.
348:valley. The script dated to
210:
7:
10041:Refreshable braille display
10020:Optical braille recognition
9617:Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)
9149:Chinese (mainland Mandarin)
8292:New Epoch Notation Painting
6260:Creators of writing systems
5769:The World's Writing Systems
4971:Old Church Slavonic grammar
4893:Pedersen, Loren E. (2016).
4734:Frellesvig, Bjarke (2010).
4602:Conklin, Harold C. (2007).
4533:WAGmob (25 December 2013).
4290:. Independently Published.
3733:Maxwell, Alexander (2004).
3587:Bonfante, Giuliano (2002).
3100:Biblical Archaeology Review
2729:
2419:Acrophony got abandoned in
1169:
760:, sometimes referred to as
94:; these are referred to as
83:, or other semantic units.
10:
10310:
10108:Thakur Vishva Narain Singh
6547:
6189:Index of language articles
6129:An Early Hellenic Alphabet
5959:Cambridge University Press
5576:Zürcher, Erik Jan (2004).
5007:. Advances in Psychology.
4858:Sampson, Geoffrey (1985).
4823:Learn The Aramiac Alphabet
4385:. Oxford University Press.
4082:World History Encyclopedia
2482:
2087:came to be sorted between
2075:came to be sorted between
1921:The basic ordering of the
1896:
1785:Kurdish is written in the
778:People's Republic of China
656:Saints Cyril and Methodius
576:Another notable script is
276:
272:
71:assigns symbols to spoken
29:
10240:
10191:
10131:
10064:
9974:
9920:
9883:
9844:Mainland Chinese Mandarin
9823:
9804:
9785:
9690:
9596:
9557:
9484:
9411:
9110:
9103:
9064:
9022:
8825:
8812:
8780:
8767:
8718:
8677:
8673:
8660:
8636:
8600:
8574:
8523:
8480:
8445:
8365:
8358:Chinese family of scripts
8356:
8352:
8339:
8237:
8224:
8175:
7583:
7579:
7566:
7428:Boyd's syllabic shorthand
7415:
7063:
6806:
6797:
6793:
6780:
6555:
6542:
6538:
6530:
6525:
6513:by first written accounts
6482:
6461:
6457:
6392:
6341:
6268:
6231:
6195:
6186:
5976:Powell, Barry B. (2009).
5861:Logan, Robert K. (2004).
5839:Hoffman, Joel M. (2004).
5816:Haarmann, Harald (2004).
5745:Coulmas, Florian (1989).
5479:. New York: McGraw Hill.
5143:. New York. p. 211.
5043:10.1515/9783110288179.351
4550:WAGmob (2 January 2014).
4286:Thackston, W. M. (2022).
4102:Lipiński, Edward (1975).
3848:"Brāhmī | writing system"
3247:. Bibliotheca Alexandrina
3154:Daniels & Bright 1996
3117:Coulmas, Florian (1996).
3038:Daniels & Bright 1996
3002:Daniels & Bright 1996
2970:10.1017/S0010417503000227
2893:Daniels & Bright 1996
1801:was based closely on the
1722:; true alphabets include
850:
845:
833:
830:
752:
724:
565:, which uses the letters
96:Egyptian uniliteral signs
79:assign symbols to words,
40:Alphabet (disambiguation)
9831:Chinese semi-syllabaries
9094:Unicode braille patterns
9080:International uniformity
7535:Thomas Natural Shorthand
6245:by first written account
6016:Saggs, H. W. F. (1991).
5579:Turkey: a modern history
5137:Berecz, Ágoston (2020).
4968:Lunt, Horace G. (2001).
4494:Real Academia Española.
4420:Clark, Marybeth (2000),
4229:The Indo-Aryan languages
3362:; Lundberg, Marilyn J.;
3266:Allen, James P. (2010).
2221:, and where a word like
815:
10168:Blindness organizations
10147:Braille Without Borders
9936:Canadian currency marks
9558:Egyptian lineage family
8741:Southwest Paleohispanic
6213:History of the alphabet
5774:Oxford University Press
5418:. New York: Routledge.
5342:Durkin, Philip (2014).
5106:Reindl, Donald (2005).
5028:Nordlund, Taru (2012).
4947:chaucer.fas.harvard.edu
4943:"The Great Vowel Shift"
4567:Holmes, Philip (2003).
4311:Nyberg, Henrik (1964).
4153:Florian Coulmas, 1991,
3647:Knight, Sirona (2008).
3293:Bram, Jagersma (2010).
3094:Goldwasser, O. (2010).
2852:Pulgram, Ernst (1951).
2807:List of writing systems
2581:in six different ways:
1726:, Cyrillic, and Korean
1068:History of the alphabet
573:only in foreign words.
471:The Greek alphabet, in
279:History of the alphabet
9485:Russian lineage family
8885:Great Lakes Algonquian
7794:Greco-Iberian alphabet
7727:Gabelsberger shorthand
6670:Inscriptional Parthian
6134:Museum of the Alphabet
6118:University of Maryland
6114:Evolution of alphabets
5953:Powell, Barry (1991).
5818:Geschichte der Schrift
5327:: CS1 maint: others (
5270:"4.5: English Accents"
4821:MacLeod, Ewan (2015).
4795:"The Samaritan Script"
4677:Runes, an introduction
4344:. pp. 1271–1276.
3653:. New York: Sterling.
2797:NATO phonetic alphabet
2099:Real Academia Española
2097:
2083:in the dictionary and
1862:(a true alphabet) and
1843:
1711:
1460:Great Lakes Algonquian
1059:
599:
549:, which came from the
427:South Arabian alphabet
386:
229:
172:, which was an abjad.
146:
49:is a standard set of
10249:Accessible publishing
10175:Schools for the blind
10154:Japan Braille Library
9943:Computer Braille Code
9597:Indian lineage family
8977:Old Persian cuneiform
7844:Carolingian minuscule
6650:Ancient North Arabian
6026:Yale University Press
5995:Sacks, David (2004).
5980:. Oxford: Blackwell.
5274:Social Sci LibreTexts
4439:www.sciencedirect.com
4396:B., Alisscia (2021).
4266:sanskritdocuments.org
4232:. London: Routledge.
3812:Blau, Joshua (2010).
3763:"Glagolitic alphabet"
3712:und die Funktion von
3547:) CS1 maint: others (
3217:. BBC. Archived from
3121:. Oxford: Blackwell.
2538:German pronunciation:
1831:
1689:
1144:Ancient South Arabian
823:
594:
383:Proto-Sinaitic script
380:
323:Proto-Sinaitic script
144:
108:Proto-Sinaitic script
10013:Mountbatten Brailler
9368:(largely reassigned)
9151:(largely reassigned)
8700:Southeastern Iberian
8695:Northeastern Iberian
6593:Egyptian hieroglyphs
3892:. Mouton de Gruyter.
3366:; Zuckerman, Bruce;
3360:Dobbs-Allsopp, F. W.
2574:Greek pronunciation:
2503:phonemic orthography
2485:Phonemic orthography
2376:, and even Japanese
2349:sequence, which got
2237:since names such as
2210:, which adopted the
1079:Egyptian hieroglyphs
780:and its adoption of
772:phonetically in the
604:Old Hungarian script
597:Old Hungarian script
582:Old Italic alphabets
492:Western Roman Empire
408: 1000 BCE
398: 1050 BCE
360: 2000 BCE
353: 1800 BCE
92:Egyptian hieroglyphs
38:For other uses, see
9965:Nemeth braille code
9751:(reassigned vowels)
9276:(extended to 8-dot)
8850:Canadian Aboriginal
8736:Khitan small script
8458:Khitan large script
7648:Coorgi–Cox alphabet
6145:, 18 December 2003)
6109:Alphabets of Europe
5938:. Abbeville Press.
4899:. Minneapolis, MN.
3906:(original name for
3623:"Etruscan alphabet"
3326:10.1515/ZA.2007.014
3171:Merriam-Webster.com
2256:alphabets end with
1669:Old Italic alphabet
1306:Canadian Aboriginal
827:
616:Old Church Slavonic
612:Glagolitic alphabet
459:syllabary, used by
170:Phoenician alphabet
112:Phoenician alphabet
9999:Braille translator
9976:Braille technology
9952:(science; GS8/GS6)
9921:Symbols in braille
9851:Taiwanese Mandarin
9366:Taiwanese Mandarin
8972:Nwagu Aneke script
8524:Other logosyllabic
8446:Chinese-influenced
8385:Oracle bone script
8367:Chinese characters
8302:Ojibwe Hieroglyphs
7692:Eclectic shorthand
7680:Duployan shorthand
7633:Caucasian Albanian
7433:Canadian syllabics
6469:History of writing
6354:Canadian syllabics
6223:Scripts in Unicode
6208:History of writing
6090:The Origins of abc
6001:. Broadway Books.
5822:History of Writing
5687:. 12 February 2021
5509:Denham, Kristin E.
5192:Taylor and Francis
4801:. 16 November 2022
3710:Lexicon Leponticum
3436:"Matres lectionis"
3241:"Uniliteral Signs"
3221:on 9 December 2008
3021:, pp. 140–141
2787:Constructed script
2782:Character encoding
2777:Butterfly Alphabet
2772:Alphabetical order
2603:⟨υι⟩
2599:⟨οι⟩
2595:⟨ει⟩
2345:used an unrelated
1910:alphabetical order
1899:Alphabetical order
1893:Alphabetical order
1844:
1712:
1649:Wadi el-Hol script
1530:Caucasian Albanian
1060:
1052:Canadian syllabics
825:
747:Chinese characters
628:Cyrillic alphabets
600:
467:European alphabets
387:
381:A specimen of the
297:had a set of some
181:alphabetical order
147:
10276:
10275:
10272:
10271:
10194:tactile alphabets
10122:William Bell Wait
10115:Sabriye Tenberken
9916:
9915:
9781:
9780:
9766:(Japanese vowels)
9564:-mediated scripts
9491:-mediated scripts
9018:
9017:
9014:
9013:
9010:
9009:
8870:Ditema tsa Dinoko
8808:
8807:
8763:
8762:
8759:
8758:
8656:
8655:
8652:
8651:
8476:
8475:
8335:
8334:
8220:
8219:
8216:
8215:
7562:
7561:
7558:
7557:
7411:
7410:
6776:
6775:
6763:Teeline Shorthand
6521:
6520:
6413:
6412:
6405:In Southeast Asia
5903:World Archaeology
5865:. Hampton Press.
5454:. 17 January 2017
5355:978-0-19-166706-0
5034:Walter de Gruyter
4839:. 3 February 2013
4179:978-0-511-34933-1
3364:McCarter, P. Kyle
3245:Learn Hieroglyphs
3128:978-0-631-21481-6
2920:978-1-468-41070-9
2737:Ugaritic alphabet
2695:Great Vowel Shift
2591:⟨υ⟩
2587:⟨η⟩
2583:⟨ι⟩
2457:Great Vowel Shift
2225:would come after
1846:Thus the primary
1766:has a letter for
1616:
1615:
1156: 5th c. BCE
1058:
1057:
786:syllable initials
774:Republic of China
768:. It transcribes
743:featural alphabet
503:Etruscan language
496:Romance languages
488:Etruscan alphabet
319:Middle Bronze Age
309:. There was also
215:The English word
16:(Redirected from
10301:
10265:
10258:
10256:Braille literacy
10251:
10233:
10226:
10219:
10212:
10205:
10184:
10177:
10170:
10163:
10156:
10149:
10142:
10124:
10117:
10110:
10103:
10096:
10089:
10082:
10075:
10057:
10050:
10048:Slate and stylus
10043:
10036:
10034:Perkins Brailler
10029:
10022:
10015:
10008:
10001:
9994:
9992:Braille embosser
9987:
9967:
9960:
9953:
9945:
9938:
9931:
9909:
9901:
9894:
9876:
9869:
9860:
9853:
9846:
9839:
9832:
9816:
9813:American Braille
9797:
9794:Algerian Braille
9774:
9767:
9759:
9752:
9744:
9737:
9730:
9723:
9715:
9708:
9701:
9683:
9675:
9668:
9661:
9654:
9647:
9640:
9633:
9626:
9619:
9612:
9589:
9581:
9574:
9550:
9543:
9536:
9529:
9522:
9515:
9508:
9501:
9475:
9470:
9465:
9458:
9453:
9448:
9443:
9436:
9429:
9422:
9409:
9408:
9404:
9397:
9390:
9383:
9376:
9369:
9361:
9354:
9347:
9340:
9333:
9326:
9319:
9312:
9305:
9298:
9291:
9284:
9277:
9269:
9262:
9255:
9248:
9241:
9234:
9227:
9220:
9213:
9206:
9199:
9192:
9185:
9178:
9166:
9159:
9152:
9144:
9137:
9130:
9123:
9108:
9107:
9096:
9089:
9082:
9075:
9058:
9047:
9040:
9033:
9024:
9023:
8814:
8813:
8769:
8768:
8675:
8674:
8667:Semi-syllabaries
8662:
8661:
8363:
8362:
8354:
8353:
8341:
8340:
8226:
8225:
7581:
7580:
7568:
7567:
7470:Japanese Braille
7055:Zanabazar square
6924:Nepalese scripts
6814:Bengali–Assamese
6804:
6803:
6795:
6794:
6782:
6781:
6699:Pitman shorthand
6544:
6543:
6540:
6539:
6527:
6526:
6459:
6458:
6440:
6433:
6426:
6417:
6416:
6342:Current examples
6323:Semi-syllabaries
6173:
6166:
6159:
6150:
6149:
6039:
6023:
6012:
5991:
5972:
5949:
5937:
5926:
5897:
5876:
5856:
5835:
5812:
5787:
5762:
5732:
5731:
5703:
5697:
5696:
5694:
5692:
5677:
5671:
5670:
5668:
5666:
5660:www.evertype.com
5656:"ÖZBEK ALIFBOSI"
5652:
5646:
5634:
5628:
5627:
5625:
5623:
5608:
5602:
5601:
5573:
5567:
5566:
5564:
5562:
5547:
5541:
5540:
5505:
5499:
5498:
5470:
5464:
5463:
5461:
5459:
5452:The Mimic Method
5444:
5438:
5437:
5409:
5403:
5402:
5374:
5368:
5367:
5339:
5333:
5332:
5326:
5318:
5291:
5285:
5284:
5282:
5280:
5265:
5259:
5258:
5240:
5234:
5232:
5212:
5206:
5205:
5190:(2nd ed.).
5183:
5177:
5176:
5170:
5162:
5134:
5128:
5127:
5120:
5114:
5113:
5103:
5097:
5096:
5072:
5066:
5065:
5045:
5025:
5019:
5018:
5000:
4994:
4993:
4965:
4959:
4957:
4955:
4953:
4939:
4933:
4932:
4926:
4918:
4890:
4884:
4883:
4855:
4849:
4848:
4846:
4844:
4833:
4827:
4826:
4818:
4812:
4810:
4808:
4806:
4791:
4785:
4784:
4782:
4780:
4774:World Wide Words
4766:
4760:
4759:
4731:
4725:
4724:
4722:
4720:
4706:
4700:
4699:
4671:
4665:
4664:
4662:
4660:
4654:scriptsource.org
4646:
4640:
4634:
4628:
4627:
4599:
4593:
4592:
4564:
4558:
4557:
4547:
4541:
4540:
4530:
4524:
4523:
4516:
4510:
4504:
4498:
4492:
4486:
4482:
4476:
4475:
4473:
4471:
4456:
4450:
4449:
4447:
4445:
4431:
4425:
4418:
4412:
4411:
4393:
4387:
4386:
4383:Hikmaad Soomaali
4378:
4372:
4371:
4333:
4327:
4326:
4308:
4302:
4301:
4283:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4272:
4258:
4252:
4251:
4223:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4212:
4198:
4192:
4191:
4163:
4157:
4151:
4145:
4134:
4128:
4127:
4099:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4088:
4073:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4062:
4048:
4042:
4038:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4013:
4007:
4006:
4000:
3992:
3964:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3953:
3939:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3928:
3917:
3911:
3900:
3894:
3893:
3885:
3876:
3869:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3858:
3844:
3838:
3837:
3809:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3798:
3784:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3773:
3759:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3739:
3730:
3724:
3706:
3700:
3699:
3679:
3673:
3672:
3644:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3633:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3584:
3578:
3577:
3559:
3553:
3552:
3542:
3534:
3507:
3501:
3500:
3482:
3476:
3475:
3457:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3432:
3426:
3420:
3414:
3408:
3402:
3397:Ugaritic Writing
3394:
3388:
3387:
3368:Manassa, Colleen
3352:
3346:
3345:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3163:
3157:
3151:
3145:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3074:
3050:
3041:
3040:, pp. 92–96
3035:
3022:
3016:
3005:
3004:, pp. 74–75
2999:
2990:
2989:
2949:
2940:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2902:
2896:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2873:
2849:
2832:Letter symbolism
2708:Turkish alphabet
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2575:
2544:
2539:
2470:
2469:/ɛf,ɛl,ɛm,ɛn,ɛs/
2466:
2462:
2461:/eɪ,biː,siː,diː/
2117:
2102:
1769:
1761:
1567:
1564:
1550:
1547:
1537:
1534:
1405:
1402:
1339:
1338:
1198:
1195:
1174:
1157:
1154:
1133:
1132:
1111:
1110:
1099:
1098:
1087:
1083:
1082:
1062:
1061:
1049:
1040:
1031:
1022:
1013:
1002:
993:
987:
979:
970:
965:
954:
944:
933:
924:
915:
906:
897:
888:
879:
870:
861:
828:
824:
800:written as ㄌㄨㄢ (
735:Sejong the Great
688:Aramaic alphabet
660:Clement of Ohrid
484:Italic languages
481:
478:
461:Mycenaean Greeks
409:
406:
399:
396:
361:
358:
354:
351:
232:
150:Peter T. Daniels
32:English alphabet
21:
10309:
10308:
10304:
10303:
10302:
10300:
10299:
10298:
10279:
10278:
10277:
10268:
10261:
10254:
10247:
10236:
10229:
10222:
10215:
10208:
10201:
10187:
10180:
10173:
10166:
10159:
10152:
10145:
10138:
10127:
10120:
10113:
10106:
10099:
10092:
10085:
10080:Charles Barbier
10078:
10071:
10060:
10053:
10046:
10039:
10032:
10025:
10018:
10011:
10004:
9997:
9990:
9983:
9970:
9963:
9956:
9948:
9941:
9934:
9927:
9912:
9904:
9897:
9890:
9879:
9872:
9865:
9856:
9849:
9842:
9835:
9830:
9819:
9811:
9805:Frequency-based
9800:
9792:
9777:
9770:
9762:
9755:
9747:
9740:
9733:
9726:
9718:
9711:
9704:
9697:
9686:
9678:
9671:
9664:
9657:
9650:
9643:
9636:
9629:
9622:
9615:
9608:
9601:Bharati Braille
9598:
9592:
9584:
9577:
9570:
9559:
9553:
9546:
9539:
9532:
9525:
9518:
9511:
9504:
9497:
9486:
9480:
9473:
9468:
9461:
9456:
9451:
9446:
9439:
9432:
9425:
9418:
9407:
9400:
9393:
9386:
9379:
9372:
9364:
9357:
9350:
9343:
9336:
9329:
9322:
9315:
9308:
9301:
9294:
9287:
9280:
9272:
9265:
9258:
9251:
9244:
9237:
9230:
9223:
9216:
9209:
9202:
9195:
9188:
9181:
9175:Unified English
9169:
9162:
9155:
9147:
9140:
9133:
9126:
9119:
9104:Braille scripts
9099:
9092:
9085:
9078:
9071:
9060:
9056:
9051:
9006:
8821:
8804:
8800:Stokoe notation
8776:
8755:
8714:
8669:
8648:
8632:
8596:
8575:Logoconsonantal
8570:
8519:
8472:
8441:
8348:
8331:
8312:Siglas poveiras
8233:
8212:
8171:
8075:Younger Futhark
7779:Gregg shorthand
7575:
7554:
7407:
7059:
6789:
6772:
6551:
6534:
6517:
6490:Writing systems
6478:
6453:
6451:writing systems
6444:
6414:
6409:
6388:
6337:
6264:
6239:Writing systems
6227:
6191:
6182:
6180:Writing systems
6177:
6105:Michael Everson
6086:
6067:Johanna Drucker
6063:Todd Portnowitz
6051:Josephine Quinn
6047:
6045:Further reading
6036:
6009:
5988:
5969:
5946:
5873:
5853:
5832:
5809:
5784:
5759:
5741:
5736:
5735:
5720:
5704:
5700:
5690:
5688:
5679:
5678:
5674:
5664:
5662:
5654:
5653:
5649:
5640:
5635:
5631:
5621:
5619:
5618:on 28 June 2017
5610:
5609:
5605:
5590:
5574:
5570:
5560:
5558:
5548:
5544:
5529:
5513:Lobeck, Anne C.
5506:
5502:
5487:
5471:
5467:
5457:
5455:
5446:
5445:
5441:
5426:
5410:
5406:
5391:
5375:
5371:
5356:
5340:
5336:
5320:
5319:
5307:
5293:
5292:
5288:
5278:
5276:
5266:
5262:
5255:
5241:
5237:
5229:
5213:
5209:
5202:
5194:. p. 253.
5184:
5180:
5164:
5163:
5151:
5135:
5131:
5122:
5121:
5117:
5104:
5100:
5073:
5069:
5054:
5026:
5022:
5015:
5001:
4997:
4982:
4966:
4962:
4951:
4949:
4941:
4940:
4936:
4920:
4919:
4907:
4891:
4887:
4872:
4856:
4852:
4842:
4840:
4835:
4834:
4830:
4825:. pp. 3–4.
4819:
4815:
4804:
4802:
4793:
4792:
4788:
4778:
4776:
4768:
4767:
4763:
4748:
4732:
4728:
4718:
4716:
4708:
4707:
4703:
4688:
4672:
4668:
4658:
4656:
4648:
4647:
4643:
4635:
4631:
4616:
4600:
4596:
4581:
4565:
4561:
4548:
4544:
4531:
4527:
4518:
4517:
4513:
4505:
4501:
4493:
4489:
4483:
4479:
4469:
4467:
4457:
4453:
4443:
4441:
4433:
4432:
4428:
4419:
4415:
4408:
4394:
4390:
4379:
4375:
4360:
4334:
4330:
4323:
4309:
4305:
4298:
4284:
4280:
4270:
4268:
4260:
4259:
4255:
4240:
4224:
4220:
4210:
4208:
4200:
4199:
4195:
4180:
4164:
4160:
4152:
4148:
4135:
4131:
4116:
4100:
4096:
4086:
4084:
4074:
4070:
4060:
4058:
4050:
4049:
4045:
4039:
4035:
4025:
4023:
4015:
4014:
4010:
3994:
3993:
3981:
3965:
3961:
3951:
3949:
3941:
3940:
3936:
3926:
3924:
3918:
3914:
3901:
3897:
3886:
3879:
3870:
3866:
3856:
3854:
3846:
3845:
3841:
3826:
3810:
3806:
3796:
3794:
3786:
3785:
3781:
3771:
3769:
3761:
3760:
3756:
3748:
3737:
3731:
3727:
3707:
3703:
3696:
3680:
3676:
3661:
3645:
3641:
3631:
3629:
3621:
3620:
3616:
3601:
3585:
3581:
3574:
3560:
3556:
3536:
3535:
3523:
3509:
3508:
3504:
3497:
3483:
3479:
3472:
3458:
3454:
3444:
3442:
3434:
3433:
3429:
3421:
3417:
3409:
3405:
3395:
3391:
3353:
3349:
3306:
3302:
3291:
3287:
3280:
3264:
3260:
3250:
3248:
3239:
3238:
3234:
3224:
3222:
3207:
3203:
3193:
3191:
3183:
3182:
3178:
3173:. October 2023.
3165:
3164:
3160:
3152:
3148:
3140:
3136:
3129:
3115:
3111:
3092:
3088:
3051:
3044:
3036:
3025:
3017:
3008:
3000:
2993:
2950:
2943:
2938:
2934:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2903:
2899:
2891:
2887:
2850:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2822:Transliteration
2762:Alphabet effect
2732:
2703:spelling reform
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2573:
2537:
2487:
2481:
2386:
2293:Hanuno'o script
2289:
2287:Early alphabets
1919:
1917:Latin alphabets
1901:
1895:
1889:
1852:tonal languages
1803:Tibetan abugida
1612:
1611:
1610:
1565:
1548:
1535:
1403:
1332:
1331:
1208:
1207:
1196:
1155:
1126:
1125:
1104:
1103:
1092:
1091:
1076:
1075:
1070:
1054:
1047:
1045:
1038:
1036:
1029:
1027:
1020:
1018:
1011:
1007:
1000:
998:
991:
985:
984:
977:
975:
968:
966:
963:
952:
950:
942:
938:
931:
929:
922:
920:
913:
911:
904:
902:
895:
893:
886:
884:
877:
875:
868:
866:
859:
843:
838:
818:
790:syllable finals
755:
727:
722:
720:Other alphabets
680:Syriac alphabet
676:Hebrew alphabet
672:Arabic alphabet
668:
666:Asian alphabets
620:Cyrillic script
595:A photo of the
586:Runic alphabets
479:
469:
420:Hebrew alphabet
407:
397:
391:Proto-Canaanite
359:
352:
342:Deborah Darnell
331:Orly Goldwasser
327:Sinai peninsula
291:
286:
281:
275:
265:, the word for
255:, the word for
213:
134:, and possibly
65:writing systems
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10307:
10297:
10296:
10291:
10274:
10273:
10270:
10269:
10267:
10266:
10259:
10252:
10244:
10242:
10241:Related topics
10238:
10237:
10235:
10234:
10227:
10220:
10217:New York Point
10213:
10206:
10198:
10196:
10189:
10188:
10186:
10185:
10178:
10171:
10164:
10157:
10150:
10143:
10135:
10133:
10129:
10128:
10126:
10125:
10118:
10111:
10104:
10101:Harris Mowbray
10097:
10090:
10083:
10076:
10068:
10066:
10062:
10061:
10059:
10058:
10051:
10044:
10037:
10030:
10023:
10016:
10009:
10002:
9995:
9988:
9985:Braille e-book
9980:
9978:
9972:
9971:
9969:
9968:
9961:
9954:
9946:
9939:
9932:
9924:
9922:
9918:
9917:
9914:
9913:
9911:
9910:
9902:
9895:
9887:
9885:
9881:
9880:
9878:
9877:
9870:
9863:
9862:
9861:
9854:
9847:
9840:
9827:
9825:
9821:
9820:
9818:
9817:
9808:
9806:
9802:
9801:
9799:
9798:
9789:
9787:
9783:
9782:
9779:
9778:
9776:
9775:
9768:
9760:
9753:
9745:
9738:
9731:
9724:
9716:
9709:
9702:
9694:
9692:
9688:
9687:
9685:
9684:
9676:
9669:
9662:
9655:
9648:
9641:
9634:
9627:
9620:
9613:
9605:
9603:
9594:
9593:
9591:
9590:
9582:
9575:
9567:
9565:
9555:
9554:
9552:
9551:
9544:
9537:
9530:
9523:
9516:
9509:
9502:
9494:
9492:
9482:
9481:
9479:
9478:
9477:
9476:
9471:
9466:
9459:
9454:
9449:
9437:
9430:
9423:
9415:
9413:
9406:
9405:
9398:
9391:
9384:
9377:
9370:
9362:
9355:
9348:
9341:
9334:
9327:
9320:
9313:
9306:
9299:
9292:
9285:
9278:
9270:
9263:
9256:
9249:
9242:
9235:
9228:
9221:
9214:
9207:
9200:
9193:
9186:
9179:
9167:
9160:
9153:
9145:
9138:
9131:
9124:
9116:
9114:
9112:French-ordered
9105:
9101:
9100:
9098:
9097:
9090:
9083:
9076:
9068:
9066:
9062:
9061:
9050:
9049:
9042:
9035:
9027:
9020:
9019:
9016:
9015:
9012:
9011:
9008:
9007:
9005:
9004:
8999:
8994:
8989:
8984:
8979:
8974:
8969:
8964:
8959:
8954:
8952:Linear Elamite
8949:
8944:
8939:
8934:
8933:
8932:
8927:
8922:
8917:
8912:
8907:
8897:
8892:
8887:
8882:
8877:
8872:
8867:
8862:
8857:
8852:
8847:
8842:
8837:
8832:
8826:
8823:
8822:
8810:
8809:
8806:
8805:
8803:
8802:
8797:
8792:
8787:
8781:
8778:
8777:
8774:Sign languages
8765:
8764:
8761:
8760:
8757:
8756:
8754:
8753:
8751:Quốc Âm Tân Tự
8748:
8743:
8738:
8733:
8728:
8726:Espanca script
8722:
8720:
8716:
8715:
8713:
8712:
8707:
8702:
8697:
8692:
8687:
8685:Linear Elamite
8681:
8679:
8671:
8670:
8658:
8657:
8654:
8653:
8650:
8649:
8647:
8646:
8640:
8638:
8634:
8633:
8631:
8630:
8625:
8620:
8615:
8610:
8604:
8602:
8598:
8597:
8595:
8594:
8589:
8584:
8578:
8576:
8572:
8571:
8569:
8568:
8566:Yi (Classical)
8563:
8558:
8553:
8548:
8543:
8538:
8533:
8527:
8525:
8521:
8520:
8518:
8517:
8512:
8507:
8502:
8497:
8492:
8486:
8484:
8478:
8477:
8474:
8473:
8471:
8470:
8465:
8460:
8455:
8449:
8447:
8443:
8442:
8440:
8439:
8434:
8429:
8424:
8419:
8414:
8413:
8412:
8407:
8402:
8392:
8390:Bronze scripts
8387:
8382:
8377:
8371:
8369:
8360:
8350:
8349:
8337:
8336:
8333:
8332:
8330:
8329:
8324:
8319:
8314:
8309:
8304:
8299:
8294:
8289:
8284:
8279:
8274:
8269:
8264:
8259:
8254:
8249:
8244:
8238:
8235:
8234:
8222:
8221:
8218:
8217:
8214:
8213:
8211:
8210:
8205:
8203:Flag semaphore
8200:
8198:New York Point
8195:
8193:Telegraph code
8190:
8188:Maritime flags
8185:
8179:
8177:
8173:
8172:
8170:
8169:
8164:
8159:
8154:
8149:
8144:
8142:Visible Speech
8139:
8134:
8129:
8124:
8119:
8114:
8112:Sorang Sompeng
8109:
8104:
8099:
8098:
8097:
8092:
8087:
8082:
8077:
8072:
8067:
8062:
8057:
8047:
8042:
8037:
8032:
8027:
8022:
8017:
8016:
8015:
8014:
8013:
8008:
8003:
7998:
7996:Galik alphabet
7993:
7978:
7973:
7968:
7963:
7958:
7953:
7948:
7943:
7938:
7933:
7928:
7923:
7918:
7913:
7908:
7903:
7902:
7901:
7896:
7894:Tironian notes
7891:
7886:
7881:
7876:
7871:
7866:
7861:
7856:
7851:
7846:
7841:
7836:
7826:
7821:
7816:
7811:
7806:
7801:
7796:
7791:
7781:
7776:
7771:
7766:
7761:
7760:
7759:
7754:
7749:
7739:
7737:Garay alphabet
7734:
7729:
7724:
7719:
7714:
7709:
7704:
7699:
7694:
7689:
7688:
7687:
7677:
7672:
7671:
7670:
7665:
7655:
7650:
7645:
7640:
7635:
7630:
7625:
7620:
7615:
7614:
7613:
7603:
7598:
7593:
7587:
7585:
7577:
7576:
7564:
7563:
7560:
7559:
7556:
7555:
7553:
7552:
7547:
7542:
7537:
7532:
7527:
7522:
7520:Sorang Sompeng
7517:
7512:
7507:
7502:
7497:
7492:
7487:
7482:
7477:
7472:
7467:
7462:
7457:
7452:
7447:
7446:
7445:
7443:Déné syllabics
7440:
7430:
7425:
7419:
7417:
7413:
7412:
7409:
7408:
7406:
7405:
7404:
7403:
7398:
7388:
7387:
7386:
7381:
7376:
7371:
7366:
7361:
7356:
7346:
7341:
7336:
7331:
7326:
7321:
7316:
7311:
7306:
7301:
7296:
7291:
7286:
7281:
7280:
7279:
7269:
7264:
7259:
7254:
7249:
7244:
7239:
7234:
7233:
7232:
7227:
7217:
7212:
7207:
7206:
7205:
7195:
7190:
7185:
7180:
7175:
7170:
7169:
7168:
7158:
7153:
7148:
7143:
7138:
7133:
7128:
7123:
7118:
7113:
7108:
7103:
7098:
7093:
7088:
7083:
7078:
7073:
7067:
7065:
7061:
7060:
7058:
7057:
7052:
7047:
7046:
7045:
7040:
7030:
7025:
7020:
7015:
7010:
7005:
7000:
6999:
6998:
6988:
6987:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6921:
6916:
6911:
6906:
6901:
6896:
6891:
6886:
6881:
6876:
6871:
6866:
6861:
6856:
6851:
6846:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6826:
6821:
6816:
6810:
6808:
6801:
6791:
6790:
6778:
6777:
6774:
6773:
6771:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6759:
6758:
6753:
6748:
6738:
6733:
6732:
6731:
6726:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6704:Proto-Sinaitic
6701:
6696:
6695:
6694:
6684:
6679:
6678:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6652:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6626:
6625:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6589:
6588:
6578:
6577:
6576:
6565:
6564:
6556:
6553:
6552:
6536:
6535:
6523:
6522:
6519:
6518:
6516:
6515:
6509:
6508:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6486:
6484:
6480:
6479:
6477:
6476:
6471:
6465:
6463:
6455:
6454:
6443:
6442:
6435:
6428:
6420:
6411:
6410:
6408:
6407:
6402:
6396:
6394:
6393:Related topics
6390:
6389:
6387:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6345:
6343:
6339:
6338:
6336:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6274:
6272:
6266:
6265:
6263:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6241:
6235:
6233:
6229:
6228:
6226:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6199:
6197:
6193:
6192:
6187:
6184:
6183:
6176:
6175:
6168:
6161:
6153:
6147:
6146:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6120:
6111:
6102:
6092:
6085:
6084:External links
6082:
6081:
6080:
6055:Silvia Ferrara
6046:
6043:
6042:
6041:
6035:978-0300050318
6034:
6013:
6008:978-0767911733
6007:
5992:
5987:978-1405162562
5986:
5973:
5968:978-0521589079
5967:
5950:
5945:978-0789205216
5944:
5927:
5909:(3): 390–398.
5898:
5888:(4): 373–383.
5877:
5872:978-1572735231
5871:
5858:
5852:978-0814736548
5851:
5836:
5831:978-3406479984
5830:
5813:
5808:978-0197259177
5807:
5789:
5783:978-0195079937
5782:
5763:
5758:978-0631180289
5757:
5740:
5737:
5734:
5733:
5718:
5698:
5672:
5647:
5641:(in Russian).
5636:
5629:
5603:
5588:
5568:
5542:
5528:978-1413015898
5527:
5500:
5486:978-0071642217
5485:
5465:
5439:
5425:978-1003061977
5424:
5404:
5390:978-1136781346
5389:
5369:
5354:
5334:
5305:
5286:
5260:
5254:978-2494069305
5253:
5235:
5228:978-0942777048
5227:
5207:
5201:978-0367581251
5200:
5178:
5150:978-1789206357
5149:
5129:
5115:
5098:
5067:
5053:978-3110288179
5052:
5020:
5014:978-0444891402
5013:
4995:
4980:
4960:
4934:
4906:978-1635052596
4905:
4885:
4870:
4850:
4828:
4813:
4799:The Samaritans
4786:
4761:
4747:978-0511932427
4746:
4726:
4701:
4686:
4666:
4641:
4629:
4615:978-0938692850
4614:
4594:
4580:978-0415278836
4579:
4559:
4542:
4525:
4511:
4499:
4487:
4477:
4451:
4426:
4413:
4407:979-8725525847
4406:
4388:
4373:
4359:978-1509061068
4358:
4328:
4322:978-3447015806
4321:
4303:
4297:979-8837159206
4296:
4278:
4253:
4239:978-1135797119
4238:
4218:
4193:
4178:
4158:
4146:
4129:
4114:
4094:
4068:
4043:
4033:
4008:
3979:
3959:
3934:
3912:
3904:Hunminjeongeum
3895:
3877:
3864:
3839:
3825:978-1575066011
3824:
3804:
3779:
3754:
3725:
3701:
3695:978-0340913390
3694:
3674:
3660:978-1402760068
3659:
3639:
3614:
3599:
3579:
3573:978-0198140610
3572:
3554:
3522:978-1934078495
3521:
3502:
3496:978-1107503410
3495:
3477:
3471:978-3110609691
3470:
3452:
3427:
3415:
3403:
3389:
3356:Darnell, J. C.
3347:
3300:
3285:
3279:978-1139486354
3278:
3258:
3232:
3201:
3176:
3158:
3146:
3134:
3127:
3109:
3086:
3042:
3023:
3006:
2991:
2941:
2932:
2919:
2897:
2885:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2792:Fingerspelling
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2680:silent letters
2648:Serbo-Croatian
2628:
2627:
2620:
2617:
2610:
2606:
2566:
2483:Main article:
2480:
2477:
2435:"Greek Y" and
2385:
2382:
2366:Brahmic family
2288:
2285:
1923:Latin alphabet
1918:
1915:
1897:Main article:
1894:
1891:
1868:Pollard script
1848:categorisation
1795:Phagspa script
1776:zero consonant
1720:Hebrew scripts
1630:script at the
1614:
1613:
1609:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1596:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1557:
1551:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1521:
1515:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1324:Square Aramaic
1315:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1275:
1269:
1242:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1199:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1141:
1129:Proto-Sinaitic
1123:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1065:
1056:
1055:
1046:
1037:
1028:
1019:
1010:
1008:
999:
990:
988:
976:
967:
951:
941:
939:
930:
921:
912:
903:
894:
885:
876:
867:
858:
855:
854:
849:
844:
834:
832:
817:
814:
766:semi-syllabary
754:
751:
726:
723:
721:
718:
667:
664:
468:
465:
366:, invented in
299:24 hieroglyphs
290:
287:
285:
282:
277:Main article:
274:
271:
221:Middle English
212:
209:
201:Latin alphabet
166:Greek alphabet
100:lexicographers
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10306:
10295:
10292:
10290:
10287:
10286:
10284:
10264:
10260:
10257:
10253:
10250:
10246:
10245:
10243:
10239:
10232:
10228:
10225:
10224:Night writing
10221:
10218:
10214:
10211:
10207:
10204:
10200:
10199:
10197:
10195:
10190:
10183:
10179:
10176:
10172:
10169:
10165:
10162:
10158:
10155:
10151:
10148:
10144:
10141:
10137:
10136:
10134:
10132:Organisations
10130:
10123:
10119:
10116:
10112:
10109:
10105:
10102:
10098:
10095:
10094:Valentin Haüy
10091:
10088:
10084:
10081:
10077:
10074:
10073:Louis Braille
10070:
10069:
10067:
10063:
10056:
10052:
10049:
10045:
10042:
10038:
10035:
10031:
10028:
10024:
10021:
10017:
10014:
10010:
10007:
10006:Braille watch
10003:
10000:
9996:
9993:
9989:
9986:
9982:
9981:
9979:
9977:
9973:
9966:
9962:
9959:
9955:
9951:
9947:
9944:
9940:
9937:
9933:
9930:
9929:Braille music
9926:
9925:
9923:
9919:
9907:
9903:
9900:
9896:
9893:
9892:Luxembourgish
9889:
9888:
9886:
9882:
9875:
9871:
9868:
9864:
9859:
9855:
9852:
9848:
9845:
9841:
9838:
9834:
9833:
9829:
9828:
9826:
9822:
9814:
9810:
9809:
9807:
9803:
9795:
9791:
9790:
9788:
9784:
9773:
9769:
9765:
9761:
9758:
9754:
9750:
9746:
9743:
9739:
9736:
9732:
9729:
9725:
9721:
9717:
9714:
9710:
9707:
9703:
9700:
9696:
9695:
9693:
9691:Other scripts
9689:
9681:
9677:
9674:
9670:
9667:
9663:
9660:
9656:
9653:
9649:
9646:
9642:
9639:
9635:
9632:
9628:
9625:
9621:
9618:
9614:
9611:
9607:
9606:
9604:
9602:
9595:
9587:
9583:
9580:
9576:
9573:
9569:
9568:
9566:
9563:
9556:
9549:
9545:
9542:
9538:
9535:
9531:
9528:
9524:
9521:
9517:
9514:
9510:
9507:
9503:
9500:
9496:
9495:
9493:
9490:
9483:
9472:
9467:
9464:
9463:Northern Sámi
9460:
9455:
9450:
9445:
9444:
9442:
9438:
9435:
9431:
9428:
9424:
9421:
9417:
9416:
9414:
9412:Nordic family
9410:
9403:
9399:
9396:
9392:
9389:
9385:
9382:
9378:
9375:
9371:
9367:
9363:
9360:
9356:
9353:
9352:South African
9349:
9346:
9342:
9339:
9335:
9332:
9328:
9325:
9321:
9318:
9314:
9311:
9307:
9304:
9300:
9297:
9293:
9290:
9286:
9283:
9279:
9275:
9274:Luxembourgish
9271:
9268:
9264:
9261:
9257:
9254:
9250:
9247:
9243:
9240:
9236:
9233:
9229:
9226:
9222:
9219:
9215:
9212:
9208:
9205:
9201:
9198:
9194:
9191:
9187:
9184:
9180:
9176:
9172:
9168:
9165:
9161:
9158:
9154:
9150:
9146:
9143:
9139:
9136:
9132:
9129:
9125:
9122:
9118:
9117:
9115:
9113:
9109:
9106:
9102:
9095:
9091:
9088:
9087:ASCII braille
9084:
9081:
9077:
9074:
9070:
9069:
9067:
9063:
9055:
9048:
9043:
9041:
9036:
9034:
9029:
9028:
9025:
9021:
9003:
9000:
8998:
8995:
8993:
8990:
8988:
8985:
8983:
8980:
8978:
8975:
8973:
8970:
8968:
8965:
8963:
8960:
8958:
8955:
8953:
8950:
8948:
8945:
8943:
8940:
8938:
8935:
8931:
8928:
8926:
8923:
8921:
8918:
8916:
8913:
8911:
8908:
8906:
8903:
8902:
8901:
8898:
8896:
8893:
8891:
8888:
8886:
8883:
8881:
8878:
8876:
8873:
8871:
8868:
8866:
8863:
8861:
8858:
8856:
8853:
8851:
8848:
8846:
8843:
8841:
8838:
8836:
8833:
8831:
8828:
8827:
8824:
8820:
8815:
8811:
8801:
8798:
8796:
8793:
8791:
8788:
8786:
8783:
8782:
8779:
8775:
8770:
8766:
8752:
8749:
8747:
8744:
8742:
8739:
8737:
8734:
8732:
8729:
8727:
8724:
8723:
8721:
8717:
8711:
8708:
8706:
8703:
8701:
8698:
8696:
8693:
8691:
8688:
8686:
8683:
8682:
8680:
8676:
8672:
8668:
8663:
8659:
8645:
8642:
8641:
8639:
8635:
8629:
8626:
8624:
8621:
8619:
8618:Attic (Greek)
8616:
8614:
8611:
8609:
8606:
8605:
8603:
8599:
8593:
8590:
8588:
8585:
8583:
8580:
8579:
8577:
8573:
8567:
8564:
8562:
8559:
8557:
8556:Proto-Elamite
8554:
8552:
8549:
8547:
8544:
8542:
8539:
8537:
8534:
8532:
8529:
8528:
8526:
8522:
8516:
8513:
8511:
8508:
8506:
8503:
8501:
8498:
8496:
8493:
8491:
8488:
8487:
8485:
8483:
8479:
8469:
8466:
8464:
8461:
8459:
8456:
8454:
8451:
8450:
8448:
8444:
8438:
8435:
8433:
8430:
8428:
8425:
8423:
8420:
8418:
8415:
8411:
8408:
8406:
8403:
8401:
8398:
8397:
8396:
8393:
8391:
8388:
8386:
8383:
8381:
8378:
8376:
8373:
8372:
8370:
8368:
8364:
8361:
8359:
8355:
8351:
8347:
8342:
8338:
8328:
8325:
8323:
8320:
8318:
8315:
8313:
8310:
8308:
8305:
8303:
8300:
8298:
8295:
8293:
8290:
8288:
8285:
8283:
8280:
8278:
8275:
8273:
8270:
8268:
8265:
8263:
8260:
8258:
8255:
8253:
8250:
8248:
8245:
8243:
8240:
8239:
8236:
8232:
8227:
8223:
8209:
8206:
8204:
8201:
8199:
8196:
8194:
8191:
8189:
8186:
8184:
8181:
8180:
8178:
8174:
8168:
8165:
8163:
8160:
8158:
8155:
8153:
8150:
8148:
8145:
8143:
8140:
8138:
8135:
8133:
8130:
8128:
8125:
8123:
8120:
8118:
8115:
8113:
8110:
8108:
8105:
8103:
8100:
8096:
8093:
8091:
8088:
8086:
8083:
8081:
8078:
8076:
8073:
8071:
8070:Elder Futhark
8068:
8066:
8063:
8061:
8058:
8056:
8053:
8052:
8051:
8048:
8046:
8043:
8041:
8038:
8036:
8033:
8031:
8028:
8026:
8023:
8021:
8018:
8012:
8009:
8007:
8004:
8002:
7999:
7997:
7994:
7992:
7989:
7988:
7987:
7984:
7983:
7982:
7979:
7977:
7974:
7972:
7969:
7967:
7964:
7962:
7961:Old Hungarian
7959:
7957:
7954:
7952:
7949:
7947:
7944:
7942:
7939:
7937:
7934:
7932:
7929:
7927:
7924:
7922:
7919:
7917:
7914:
7912:
7909:
7907:
7904:
7900:
7897:
7895:
7892:
7890:
7887:
7885:
7882:
7880:
7877:
7875:
7872:
7870:
7867:
7865:
7862:
7860:
7857:
7855:
7852:
7850:
7847:
7845:
7842:
7840:
7837:
7835:
7832:
7831:
7830:
7827:
7825:
7822:
7820:
7817:
7815:
7812:
7810:
7807:
7805:
7802:
7800:
7797:
7795:
7792:
7789:
7785:
7782:
7780:
7777:
7775:
7772:
7770:
7767:
7765:
7762:
7758:
7755:
7753:
7750:
7748:
7745:
7744:
7743:
7740:
7738:
7735:
7733:
7730:
7728:
7725:
7723:
7720:
7718:
7715:
7713:
7710:
7708:
7705:
7703:
7700:
7698:
7695:
7693:
7690:
7686:
7683:
7682:
7681:
7678:
7676:
7673:
7669:
7666:
7664:
7661:
7660:
7659:
7656:
7654:
7651:
7649:
7646:
7644:
7641:
7639:
7636:
7634:
7631:
7629:
7626:
7624:
7621:
7619:
7616:
7612:
7609:
7608:
7607:
7604:
7602:
7599:
7597:
7594:
7592:
7589:
7588:
7586:
7582:
7578:
7574:
7569:
7565:
7551:
7548:
7546:
7543:
7541:
7538:
7536:
7533:
7531:
7528:
7526:
7523:
7521:
7518:
7516:
7513:
7511:
7508:
7506:
7503:
7501:
7498:
7496:
7495:Masaram Gondi
7493:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7483:
7481:
7478:
7476:
7473:
7471:
7468:
7466:
7465:Gunjala Gondi
7463:
7461:
7458:
7456:
7453:
7451:
7448:
7444:
7441:
7439:
7436:
7435:
7434:
7431:
7429:
7426:
7424:
7421:
7420:
7418:
7414:
7402:
7399:
7397:
7394:
7393:
7392:
7389:
7385:
7382:
7380:
7377:
7375:
7372:
7370:
7367:
7365:
7362:
7360:
7357:
7355:
7352:
7351:
7350:
7347:
7345:
7342:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7310:
7307:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7282:
7278:
7277:Old Sundanese
7275:
7274:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7260:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7250:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7235:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7223:
7222:
7221:
7220:Old Maldivian
7218:
7216:
7213:
7211:
7208:
7204:
7203:Bilang-bilang
7201:
7200:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7191:
7189:
7186:
7184:
7181:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7171:
7167:
7164:
7163:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7154:
7152:
7149:
7147:
7144:
7142:
7139:
7137:
7134:
7132:
7129:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7119:
7117:
7114:
7112:
7109:
7107:
7104:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7089:
7087:
7084:
7082:
7079:
7077:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7068:
7066:
7062:
7056:
7053:
7051:
7048:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7035:
7034:
7031:
7029:
7026:
7024:
7023:Sylheti Nagri
7021:
7019:
7016:
7014:
7011:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7001:
6997:
6994:
6993:
6992:
6989:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6926:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6892:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6872:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6824:Brahmi script
6822:
6820:
6817:
6815:
6812:
6811:
6809:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6796:
6792:
6788:
6783:
6779:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6743:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6721:
6720:
6719:South Arabian
6717:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6693:
6690:
6689:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6665:Inscriptional
6663:
6661:
6658:
6657:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6605:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6587:
6584:
6583:
6582:
6579:
6575:
6572:
6571:
6570:
6567:
6566:
6563:
6562:
6558:
6557:
6554:
6550:
6545:
6541:
6537:
6533:
6528:
6524:
6514:
6510:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6492:
6491:
6488:
6487:
6485:
6481:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6466:
6464:
6460:
6456:
6452:
6448:
6441:
6436:
6434:
6429:
6427:
6422:
6421:
6418:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6397:
6395:
6391:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6346:
6344:
6340:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6275:
6273:
6271:
6267:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6236:
6234:
6230:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6200:
6198:
6194:
6190:
6185:
6181:
6174:
6169:
6167:
6162:
6160:
6155:
6154:
6151:
6144:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6106:
6103:
6100:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6087:
6078:
6077:
6072:
6068:
6064:
6060:
6056:
6052:
6049:
6048:
6037:
6031:
6027:
6022:
6021:
6014:
6010:
6004:
6000:
5999:
5993:
5989:
5983:
5979:
5974:
5970:
5964:
5960:
5956:
5951:
5947:
5941:
5936:
5935:
5928:
5924:
5920:
5916:
5912:
5908:
5904:
5899:
5895:
5891:
5887:
5883:
5878:
5874:
5868:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5848:
5845:. NYU Press.
5844:
5843:
5837:
5833:
5827:
5823:
5819:
5814:
5810:
5804:
5800:
5799:
5794:
5793:Driver, G. R.
5790:
5785:
5779:
5775:
5771:
5770:
5764:
5760:
5754:
5750:
5749:
5743:
5742:
5729:
5725:
5721:
5715:
5711:
5710:
5702:
5686:
5682:
5676:
5661:
5657:
5651:
5644:
5639:
5633:
5617:
5613:
5607:
5599:
5595:
5591:
5589:1-4175-5697-8
5585:
5581:
5580:
5572:
5557:
5553:
5546:
5538:
5534:
5530:
5524:
5520:
5519:
5514:
5510:
5504:
5496:
5492:
5488:
5482:
5478:
5477:
5469:
5453:
5449:
5443:
5435:
5431:
5427:
5421:
5417:
5416:
5408:
5400:
5396:
5392:
5386:
5382:
5381:
5373:
5365:
5361:
5357:
5351:
5347:
5346:
5338:
5330:
5324:
5316:
5312:
5308:
5302:
5298:
5297:
5290:
5275:
5271:
5264:
5256:
5250:
5246:
5239:
5230:
5224:
5220:
5219:
5211:
5203:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5182:
5174:
5168:
5160:
5156:
5152:
5146:
5142:
5141:
5133:
5125:
5119:
5111:
5110:
5102:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5082:
5078:
5071:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5035:
5031:
5024:
5016:
5010:
5006:
4999:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4977:
4973:
4972:
4964:
4948:
4944:
4938:
4930:
4924:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4902:
4898:
4897:
4889:
4881:
4877:
4873:
4867:
4863:
4862:
4854:
4838:
4832:
4824:
4817:
4800:
4796:
4790:
4775:
4771:
4765:
4757:
4753:
4749:
4743:
4739:
4738:
4730:
4715:
4711:
4705:
4697:
4693:
4689:
4683:
4679:
4678:
4670:
4655:
4651:
4645:
4639:, p. 395
4638:
4633:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4611:
4607:
4606:
4598:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4576:
4572:
4571:
4563:
4555:
4554:
4546:
4538:
4537:
4529:
4521:
4515:
4509:
4508:Cubadebate.cu
4503:
4497:
4491:
4481:
4466:
4462:
4455:
4440:
4436:
4430:
4423:
4417:
4409:
4403:
4399:
4392:
4384:
4377:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4332:
4324:
4318:
4314:
4307:
4299:
4293:
4289:
4282:
4267:
4263:
4257:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4235:
4231:
4230:
4222:
4207:
4203:
4197:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4175:
4171:
4170:
4162:
4156:
4150:
4143:
4139:
4133:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4111:
4107:
4106:
4098:
4083:
4079:
4072:
4057:
4053:
4047:
4037:
4022:
4018:
4012:
4004:
3998:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3976:
3972:
3971:
3963:
3948:
3944:
3938:
3923:
3916:
3909:
3905:
3899:
3891:
3884:
3882:
3874:
3868:
3853:
3849:
3843:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3821:
3817:
3816:
3808:
3793:
3789:
3783:
3768:
3764:
3758:
3747:
3743:
3736:
3729:
3722:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3705:
3697:
3691:
3687:
3686:
3678:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3656:
3652:
3651:
3643:
3628:
3624:
3618:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3596:
3592:
3591:
3583:
3575:
3569:
3565:
3558:
3550:
3546:
3540:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3518:
3514:
3513:
3506:
3498:
3492:
3488:
3481:
3473:
3467:
3463:
3456:
3441:
3437:
3431:
3425:, p. 147
3424:
3419:
3413:, p. 142
3412:
3407:
3401:
3398:
3393:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3351:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3316:(in German).
3315:
3311:
3304:
3296:
3289:
3281:
3275:
3271:
3270:
3262:
3246:
3242:
3236:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3205:
3190:
3186:
3180:
3172:
3168:
3162:
3155:
3150:
3144:, p. 396
3143:
3138:
3130:
3124:
3120:
3113:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3090:
3082:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3049:
3047:
3039:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3020:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3003:
2998:
2996:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2948:
2946:
2936:
2922:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2901:
2894:
2889:
2881:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2848:
2844:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2767:Alphabet song
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2757:Alphabet book
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2716:
2713:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2696:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2625:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2579:
2571:
2567:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2553:stands for ,
2552:
2548:
2543:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2514:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2486:
2476:
2472:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2381:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2362:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2338:
2334:
2331:; the other,
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2284:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2115:
2109:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2051:are not. The
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1900:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1813:now used for
1812:
1811:Ge'ez abugida
1808:
1804:
1800:
1799:Mongol Empire
1796:
1792:
1788:
1787:Arabic script
1784:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1765:
1757:
1752:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1709:
1705:
1702:(bottom) and
1701:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1624:paleographers
1621:
1604:
1603:Paleohispanic
1601:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1581:Libyco-Berber
1579:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1544:
1541:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1429:
1426:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1399:
1398:Old Hungarian
1396:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1336:
1330:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1302:10th century
1301:
1298:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1254:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1203:
1200:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1130:
1124:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1081:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1063:
1053:
1044:
1035:
1026:
1017:
1009:
1006:
997:
989:
983:
974:
962:
959: /
958:
948:
940:
937:
928:
919:
910:
901:
892:
883:
874:
865:
857:
856:
853:
848:
842:
837:
829:
822:
813:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
750:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
717:
715:
711:
707:
703:
698:
696:
695:Brahmi script
691:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
663:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
608:
605:
598:
593:
589:
587:
583:
579:
578:Elder Futhark
574:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
511:
509:
508:imperial Rome
504:
499:
497:
493:
489:
485:
474:
464:
462:
458:
452:
450:
444:
442:
438:
437:
432:
431:Ge'ez abugida
428:
423:
421:
417:
413:
403:
392:
384:
379:
375:
373:
369:
365:
347:
343:
339:
336:
335:Egyptologists
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
307:Rosetta Stone
304:
300:
296:
280:
270:
268:
264:
263:
258:
254:
253:
248:
247:
242:
241:
236:
231:
226:
222:
218:
208:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
173:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
143:
139:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
88:Ancient Egypt
84:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
57:
52:
48:
41:
37:
36:Alphabet Inc.
33:
19:
9764:Thai and Lao
9441:Scandinavian
9073:1829 braille
9065:Braille cell
8865:Cypro-Minoan
8731:Pahawh Hmong
8644:Sitelen Pona
8608:Hindu-Arabic
7941:Mundari Bani
7572:
7515:Pahawh Hmong
7324:Tamil-Brahmi
7230:Eveyla Akuru
7225:Dhives Akuru
6692:Paleo-Hebrew
6559:
6495:undeciphered
6318:Pictographic
6313:Phonogrammic
6287:
6142:
6139:The Alphabet
6098:
6074:
6070:
6058:
6019:
5997:
5977:
5954:
5933:
5906:
5902:
5885:
5881:
5862:
5841:
5821:
5817:
5797:
5768:
5747:
5739:Bibliography
5708:
5701:
5689:. Retrieved
5684:
5675:
5663:. Retrieved
5659:
5650:
5632:
5620:. Retrieved
5616:the original
5606:
5578:
5571:
5559:. Retrieved
5556:the Guardian
5555:
5545:
5517:
5503:
5475:
5468:
5456:. Retrieved
5451:
5442:
5414:
5407:
5379:
5372:
5344:
5337:
5295:
5289:
5277:. Retrieved
5273:
5263:
5244:
5238:
5217:
5210:
5187:
5181:
5139:
5132:
5123:
5118:
5108:
5101:
5084:
5080:
5070:
5033:
5023:
5004:
4998:
4970:
4963:
4950:. Retrieved
4946:
4937:
4895:
4888:
4860:
4853:
4841:. Retrieved
4831:
4822:
4816:
4803:. Retrieved
4798:
4789:
4777:. Retrieved
4773:
4764:
4736:
4729:
4717:. Retrieved
4714:alyaseer.net
4713:
4704:
4676:
4669:
4657:. Retrieved
4653:
4644:
4637:Millard 1986
4632:
4604:
4597:
4569:
4562:
4552:
4545:
4535:
4528:
4519:
4514:
4502:
4490:
4480:
4468:. Retrieved
4464:
4454:
4442:. Retrieved
4438:
4429:
4421:
4416:
4397:
4391:
4382:
4376:
4341:
4331:
4312:
4306:
4287:
4281:
4269:. Retrieved
4265:
4256:
4228:
4221:
4209:. Retrieved
4205:
4196:
4168:
4161:
4154:
4149:
4141:
4137:
4132:
4104:
4097:
4085:. Retrieved
4081:
4071:
4059:. Retrieved
4055:
4046:
4036:
4024:. Retrieved
4020:
4011:
3973:. New York.
3969:
3962:
3950:. Retrieved
3946:
3937:
3925:. Retrieved
3915:
3898:
3889:
3872:
3867:
3855:. Retrieved
3851:
3842:
3814:
3807:
3795:. Retrieved
3791:
3782:
3770:. Retrieved
3766:
3757:
3741:
3728:
3720:
3718:Akten des 5.
3717:
3713:
3709:
3704:
3684:
3677:
3649:
3642:
3630:. Retrieved
3617:
3589:
3582:
3563:
3557:
3511:
3505:
3486:
3480:
3461:
3455:
3443:. Retrieved
3439:
3430:
3423:Coulmas 1989
3418:
3411:Coulmas 1989
3406:
3396:
3392:
3375:
3371:
3350:
3317:
3313:
3303:
3294:
3288:
3268:
3261:
3249:. Retrieved
3244:
3235:
3223:. Retrieved
3219:the original
3214:
3204:
3192:. Retrieved
3188:
3179:
3161:
3149:
3142:Millard 1986
3137:
3118:
3112:
3103:
3099:
3089:
3062:
3058:
3019:Coulmas 1989
2961:
2957:
2935:
2924:, retrieved
2910:
2900:
2888:
2864:(1): 15–20.
2861:
2857:
2847:
2717:
2700:
2692:
2684:nasal vowels
2671:
2629:
2570:modern Greek
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2542:[tʃ]
2515:
2511:
2488:
2473:
2465:/a,be,se,de/
2452:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2418:
2387:
2363:
2359:abjadi order
2341:
2332:
2304:
2290:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2247:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2107:
2105:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2016:
2012:
2008:
1920:
1908:
1902:
1888:
1845:
1833:Ge'ez Script
1806:
1780:
1753:
1713:
1694:showing the
1692:Venn diagram
1627:
1617:
1593:Neo-Tifinagh
1589:4th century
1583:10th c. BCE
1462:19th century
1394:6th century
1366:4th century
1333:
1288:7th century
1272:Dhives Akuru
1262:4th century
1251:
1221:10th c. BCE
1219:Paleo-Hebrew
1215:12th c. BCE
1165:12th c. BCE
1134:19th c. BCE
1127:
1105:
1100:32nd c. BCE
1093:
1077:
964:
909:Neo-Tifinagh
810:romanization
805:
801:
797:
794:medial glide
782:Hanyu Pinyin
761:
756:
737:created the
728:
699:
692:
682:, and other
669:
624:Soviet Union
609:
601:
575:
570:
566:
558:
512:
500:
473:Euboean form
470:
453:
445:
434:
424:
388:
292:
266:
260:
256:
250:
244:
238:
234:
216:
214:
174:
148:
85:
77:logographies
54:
46:
44:
10294:Orthography
10263:RoboBraille
10087:Róża Czacka
10027:Perforation
9824:Independent
9722:(Bhutanese)
9457:Greenlandic
9128:Azerbaijani
8930:Jindai moji
8819:Syllabaries
8790:SignWriting
8690:Celtiberian
8592:Hieroglyphs
8395:Seal script
8380:Traditional
8252:Blissymbols
8157:Warang Citi
8132:Tolong Siki
8085:Marcomannic
8065:Dalecarlian
8055:Anglo-Saxon
8035:Pau Cin Hau
7926:Medefaidrin
7879:Merovingian
7839:Blackletter
7747:Asomtavruli
7540:Warang Citi
7349:Ulu scripts
7294:New Tai Lue
7237:Mon–Burmese
7091:Bhattiprolu
6919:Nandinagari
6746:ʾEsṭrangēlā
6505:constructed
6333:Syllabaries
6303:Logographic
6298:Ideogrammic
6143:In Our Time
5691:13 December
5665:13 December
5622:13 December
5561:13 December
5458:13 December
5279:15 December
5036:: 351–372.
4952:13 December
4843:13 December
4805:13 December
4779:13 December
4659:14 December
4444:30 November
4271:30 November
4211:30 November
4087:30 November
4061:30 November
4026:30 November
3952:30 November
3927:30 November
3772:30 November
3512:Etruscology
3106:(2): 40–53.
2895:, p. 4
2742:Abecedarium
2578:[i]
2534:tetragraphs
2491:orthography
2134:, in which
2021:multigraphs
1823:logographic
1520:3rd century
1514:3rd century
1500:4th century
1494:2nd century
1450:7th c. BCE
1444:8th c. BCE
1438:8th c. BCE
1430:2nd century
1388:2nd c. BCE
1382:2nd c. BCE
1360:2nd c. BCE
1346:4th century
1340:3rd c. BCE
1320:3rd c. BCE
1274:6th century
1268:4th century
1247:3rd c. BCE
1235:8th c. BCE
1197: 1601
1146:9th c. BCE
1140:15th c. BCE
1112:7th c. BCE
1025:South Indic
1016:North Indic
567:j, k, x, y,
543:Old English
486:, like the
346:Wadi el-Hol
10283:Categories
9815:(obsolete)
9796:(obsolete)
9588:(Pakistan)
9499:Belarusian
9381:Vietnamese
9324:Portuguese
9310:Philippine
9267:Lithuanian
8920:Hentaigana
8915:Man'yōgana
8375:Simplified
8262:Ersu Shaba
8176:Non-linear
7981:Old Uyghur
7971:Old Permic
7966:Old Italic
7899:Visigothic
7834:Beneventan
7769:Glagolitic
7732:Gadabuursi
7396:Kolezhuthu
7391:Vatteluttu
7329:Tanchangya
7252:Saurashtra
6829:Devanagari
6687:Phoenician
6640:Manichaean
6364:Devanagari
6099:Damqātum 3
5719:0521652367
5434:1226326275
5399:1164868444
5306:0070722935
5159:1135915948
4981:3110162849
4871:0804712549
4719:2 December
4687:0719007879
4470:8 February
4115:9061860199
4056:Britannica
3980:0306405768
3947:Britannica
3852:Britannica
3767:Britannica
3632:8 February
3627:Britannica
3600:0719055393
3531:1012851705
3445:20 January
3440:Britannica
3251:24 January
3189:Britannica
3167:"alphabet"
2839:References
2353:later on.
2351:simplified
1886:of Indic.
1860:Vietnamese
1772:Devanagari
1760:/ʔa,ʔi,ʔu/
1653:Phoenician
1645:diacritics
1605:7th c. BCE
1571:Old Permic
1566: 940
1554:Glagolitic
1549: 430
1536: 420
1508:5th c. BCE
1411:Old Uyghur
1404: 650
1392:Old Turkic
1354:2nd c. BCE
1300:Devanagari
1241:3rd c. BCE
1227:6th c. BCE
1213:Phoenician
1163:Phoenician
1118:3rd c. BCE
986:, limited.
836:ogographic
831:Alphabetic
648:Belarusian
636:Macedonian
535:Algonquian
480: 800
235:alphábētos
230:alphabetum
225:Late Latin
219:came into
162:diacritics
18:Segmentary
10289:Alphabets
10231:Vibratese
10210:Moon type
10203:Decapoint
9884:Eight-dot
9837:Cantonese
9786:Reordered
9749:Inuktitut
9638:Malayalam
9548:Ukrainian
9527:Mongolian
9506:Bulgarian
9469:Norwegian
9434:Icelandic
9225:Hungarian
9183:Esperanto
9135:Cantonese
8719:Redundant
8531:Anatolian
8482:Cuneiform
8410:bird-worm
8346:Logograms
8317:Testerian
8231:Ideograms
8208:Moon type
8095:Staveless
7986:Mongolian
7931:Molodtsov
7889:Sütterlin
7757:Mkhedruli
7623:Bassa Vah
7573:Alphabets
7545:Mwangwego
7510:Mwangwego
7485:Kharosthi
7438:Blackfoot
7401:Malayanma
7272:Sundanese
7267:Sukhothai
7215:Malayalam
7166:Khom Thai
7126:Goykanadi
7050:Tocharian
7003:ʼPhags-pa
6874:Khudabadi
6819:Bhaiksuki
6714:Samaritan
6645:Nabataean
6500:inventors
6400:In Africa
6384:Mongolian
6328:Shorthand
6288:Alphabets
6218:Graphemes
5537:432689138
5495:303676798
5364:868265392
5323:cite book
5167:cite book
5093:1718-3510
5062:156286003
4923:cite book
4915:962924935
4756:695989981
4624:131239101
4556:. WAGmob.
4539:. WAGmob.
4248:648298147
4206:bigenc.ru
4188:647687091
4021:ThoughtCo
3997:cite book
3857:4 January
3834:759160098
3797:4 January
3742:Anthropos
3669:213301655
3539:cite book
3342:161908528
3334:0084-5299
3194:4 January
3081:1944-2815
2986:145542213
2978:0010-4175
2880:0043-7956
2747:Acrophony
2720:linguists
2672:compitare
2664:Bulgarian
2547:Kabardian
2532:uses the
2526:trigraphs
2394:Samaritan
2390:acrophony
2384:Acrophony
2370:phonology
2297:collation
2254:Norwegian
2212:graphemes
2025:Icelandic
1905:collation
1667:(via the
1628:segmental
1620:linguists
1466:Blackfoot
1416:Mongolian
1358:Nabataean
1352:Palmyrene
1292:ʼPhags-pa
1239:Kharosthi
1225:Samaritan
927:Mongolian
762:Bopomofo,
652:Ukrainian
640:Bulgarian
547:Icelandic
527:Icelandic
515:ligatures
412:Canaanite
393:, before
372:cuneiform
311:cuneiform
303:logograms
223:from the
211:Etymology
185:acrophony
177:collation
81:morphemes
73:syllables
69:syllabary
9867:Japanese
9728:Georgian
9720:Dzongkha
9706:Armenian
9624:Gujarati
9489:Cyrillic
9420:Estonian
9395:Yugoslav
9331:Romanian
9303:Nigerian
9218:Hawaiian
9204:Ghanaian
9121:Albanian
8982:Sumerian
8947:Linear B
8910:Katakana
8905:Hiragana
8855:Cherokee
8785:ASLwrite
8746:Bopomofo
8601:Numerals
8587:Hieratic
8546:Isthmian
8515:Sumerian
8495:Assyrian
8490:Akkadian
8147:Vithkuqi
8122:Tifinagh
8090:Medieval
8045:Pisidian
8040:Phrygian
8011:Vagindra
7956:Ol Chiki
7864:Interlac
7819:Kayah Li
7809:Jenticha
7764:Veso Bey
7752:Nuskhuri
7742:Georgian
7712:Formosan
7707:Etruscan
7702:Enochian
7658:Cyrillic
7643:Coelbren
7601:Armenian
7500:Meroitic
7490:Mandombe
7480:Jenticha
7344:Tigalari
7309:Tai Viet
7304:Tai Tham
7284:Tagbanwa
7136:Javanese
7086:Baybayin
7076:Balinese
7064:Southern
6959:Pracalit
6954:Pachumol
6929:Bhujimol
6889:Mahajani
6849:Gurmukhi
6839:Gujarati
6807:Northern
6787:Abugidas
6768:Ugaritic
6756:Maḏnḥāyā
6630:Tifinagh
6623:Solitreo
6561:Numerals
6474:Grapheme
6462:Overview
6293:Featural
6283:Abugidas
6203:Language
6196:Overview
5894:42575278
5795:(1976).
5728:40305532
5598:56987767
5515:(2010).
5315:36107173
4990:46421814
4880:12745931
4589:52269425
4465:ABC News
4076:Thamis.
3746:Archived
3609:50072597
3225:4 August
2802:Lipogram
2730:See also
2656:Croatian
2636:Armenian
2624:katakana
2522:digraphs
2499:phonemes
2495:spelling
2445:double U
2433:Y Graeca
2337:Ethiopic
2325:Cyrillic
2317:Armenian
2301:Ugaritic
2132:Albanian
1837:Ethiopia
1819:Tigrinya
1756:Ugaritic
1732:Tigrinya
1700:Cyrillic
1698:(left),
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