1596:
2195:
958:
1188:
970:
1273:
21155:"Nach einer von W. F. Reineke in S. Grunert & L Hafemann (Hrsgg.), Textcorpus und Wörterbuch (Problemeder Ägyptologie 14), Leiden 1999, S.xiii veröffentlichten Schätzung W. Schenkels beträgt die Zahl der in allen heute bekannten ägyptischen (d.h. hieroglyphischen und hieratischen) Texten enthaltenen Wortformen annähernd 5 Millio nen und tendiert, wenn man die Fälle von Mehrfachüberlieferung u.a. des Toten buchs und der Sargtexte separat zählt, gegen 10 Millionen; das Berliner Zettelarchiv des Wörterbuchs der ägyptischen Sprache von A. Erman & H. Grapow (Wb), das sei nerzeit Vollständigkeit anstrebte, umfasst "nur" 1,7 Millionen (nach anderen Angaben: 1,5 Millionen) Zettel."
3367:
794:
982:
1728:(or complementaries). They can be placed in front of the sign (rarely), after the sign (as a general rule), or even framing it (appearing both before and after). Ancient Egyptian scribes consistently avoided leaving large areas of blank space in their writing and might add additional phonetic complements or sometimes even invert the order of signs if this would result in a more aesthetically pleasing appearance (good scribes attended to the artistic, and even religious, aspects of the hieroglyphs, and would not simply view them as a communication tool). Various examples of the use of phonetic complements can be seen below:
942:
2533:
1053:
1402:
150:
768:
998:
2861:
1583:
left to right in rare instances only and for particular reasons at that; ordinarily however, they read from right to left–the
Egyptians' preferred direction of writing (although, for convenience, modern texts are often normalized into left-to-right order). The direction toward which asymmetrical hieroglyphs face indicate their proper reading order. For example, when human and animal hieroglyphs face or look toward the left, they almost always must be read from left to right, and vice versa.
22685:
22637:
22674:
22705:
43:
22715:
1216:
20837:
22695:
1035:
3224:
3163:
1135:' from some of the foreign conquerors. Another reason may be the refusal to tackle a foreign culture on its own terms, which characterized Greco-Roman approaches to Egyptian culture generally. Having learned that hieroglyphs were sacred writing, Greco-Roman authors imagined the complex but rational system as an allegorical, even magical, system transmitting secret, mystical knowledge.
20973:, "Additions to the new hieroglyphic fount (1928)", in The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 15 (1929), p. 95; "Additions to the new hieroglyphic fount (1931)", in The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 17 (1931), pp. 245–247; A.H. Gardiner, "Supplement to the catalogue of the Egyptian hieroglyphic printing type, showing acquisitions to December 1953" (1953). Unicode
3130:. Furthermore, the Egyptians were perfectly content to include older orthography ("historical spelling") alongside newer practices, as though it were acceptable in English to use archaic spellings in modern texts. Most often, ancient "spelling errors" are simply misinterpretations of context. Today, hieroglyphicists use numerous cataloguing systems (notably the
935:
Egyptian scholar Gamal
Mokhtar argued further that the inventory of hieroglyphic symbols derived from "fauna and flora used in the signs are essentially African" and in "regards to writing, we have seen that a purely Nilotic, hence African origin not only is not excluded, but probably reflects the reality."
2226:
defines the object of which it is an image. Logograms are therefore the most frequently used common nouns; they are always accompanied by a mute vertical stroke indicating their status as a logogram (the usage of a vertical stroke is further explained below); in theory, all hieroglyphs would have the
1327:
1582:
Hieroglyphs are inscribed in rows of pictures arranged in horizontal lines or vertical columns. Both hieroglyph lines as well as signs contained in the lines are read with upper content having precedence over content below. The lines or columns, and the individual inscriptions within them, read from
934:
has argued that the debate is moot since "If Egypt did adopt the idea of writing from elsewhere, it was presumably only the concept which was taken over, since the forms of the hieroglyphs are entirely
Egyptian in origin and reflect the distinctive flora, fauna and images of Egypt's own landscape."
1612:
The
Egyptian hieroglyphic script contained 24 uniliterals (symbols that stood for single consonants, much like letters in English). It would have been possible to write all Egyptian words in the manner of these signs, but the Egyptians never did so and never simplified their complex writing into a
1206:
All medieval and early modern attempts were hampered by the fundamental assumption that hieroglyphs recorded ideas and not the sounds of the language. As no bilingual texts were available, any such symbolic 'translation' could be proposed without the possibility of verification. It was not until
1485: – the same character used only in order to signify, according to the context, "pintail duck" or, with the appropriate determinative, "son", two words having the same or similar consonants; the meaning of the little vertical stroke will be explained further on under Logograms:
21418:"The seal impressions, from various tombs, date even further back, to 3400 B.C. These dates challenge the commonly held belief that early logographs, pictographic symbols representing a specific place, object, or quantity, first evolved into more complex phonetic symbols in Mesopotamia."
1293:
Visually, hieroglyphs are all more or less figurative: they represent real or abstract elements, sometimes stylized and simplified, but all generally perfectly recognizable in form. However, the same sign can, according to context, be interpreted in diverse ways: as a phonogram
2101:
Finally, it sometimes happens that the pronunciation of words might be changed because of their connection to
Ancient Egyptian: in this case, it is not rare for writing to adopt a compromise in notation, the two readings being indicated jointly. For example, the adjective
1211:
in the mid 17th century that scholars began to think the hieroglyphs might also represent sounds. Kircher was familiar with Coptic, and thought that it might be the key to deciphering the hieroglyphs, but was held back by a belief in the mystical nature of the symbols.
1130:
periods. It appears that the misleading quality of comments from Greek and Roman writers about hieroglyphs came about, at least in part, as a response to the changed political situation. Some believed that hieroglyphs may have functioned as a way to distinguish 'true
3043:
Some signs are the contraction of several others. These signs have, however, a function and existence of their own: for example, a forearm where the hand holds a scepter is used as a determinative for words meaning "to direct, to drive" and their derivatives.
912:
However, more recent scholars have held that "the evidence for such direct influence remains flimsy" and that "a very credible argument can also be made for the independent development of writing in Egypt..." While there are many instances of early
1242:). As the stone presented a hieroglyphic and a demotic version of the same text in parallel with a Greek translation, plenty of material for falsifiable studies in translation was suddenly available. In the early 19th century, scholars such as
1138:
By the 4th century CE, few
Egyptians were capable of reading hieroglyphs, and the "myth of allegorical hieroglyphs" was ascendant. Monumental use of hieroglyphs ceased after the closing of all non-Christian temples in 391 by the Roman Emperor
2499:
glyphs are common. If a similar procedure existed in
English, words with the same spelling would be followed by an indicator that would not be read, but which would fine-tune the meaning: "retort " and "retort " would thus be distinguished.
20951:
In total, there were about 1,000 graphemes in use during the Old
Kingdom period; this number decreased to 750–850 during the Middle Kingdom, but rose instead to around 5,000 signs during the Ptolemaic period. Antonio Loprieno,
917:, the lack of direct evidence for the transfer of writing means that "no definitive determination has been made as to the origin of hieroglyphics in ancient Egypt". Since the 1990s, the above-mentioned discoveries of glyphs at
1586:
As in many ancient writing systems, words are not separated by blanks or punctuation marks. However, certain hieroglyphs appear particularly common only at the end of words, making it possible to readily distinguish words.
3388:
Here, the 'house' hieroglyph works as a logogram: it represents the word with a single sign. The vertical stroke below the hieroglyph is a common way of indicating that a glyph is working as a logogram.
997:
21696:
Ancient alphabets & hieroglyphic characters explained: with an account of the
Egyptian priests, their classes, initiation time, & sacrifices by the aztecs and their birds, in the Arabic language
2529:
is a shortcut to signal three occurrences of the word, that is to say, its plural (since the
Egyptian language had a dual, sometimes indicated by two strokes). This special character is explained below.
3118:
Errors of omission in the drawing of signs, which are much more problematic when the writing is cursive (hieratic) writing, but especially demotic, where the schematization of the signs is extreme.
1667:
Egyptian writing is often redundant: in fact, it happens very frequently that a word is followed by several characters writing the same sounds, in order to guide the reader. For example, the word
21904:
1162:(c. 5th century) appears to retain some genuine knowledge about the writing system. It offers an explanation of close to 200 signs. Some are identified correctly, such as the "goose" hieroglyph (
902:". Further, Egyptian writing appeared suddenly, while Mesopotamia had a long evolutionary history of the usage of signs—for agricultural and accounting purposes—in tokens dating as early back to
581:
across Roman Egypt ultimately resulted in the ability to read and write hieroglyphics being forgotten. Despite attempts at decipherment, the nature of the script remained unknown throughout the
898:, and, probably, invented under the influence of the latter", and that it is "probable that the general idea of expressing words of a language in writing was brought to Egypt from Sumerian
1056:
Artist's scaled drawing of hieroglyphs meaning "life, stability, and dominion." The grid lines allowed the artist to draw the hieroglyphs at whatever scale was needed. ca. 1479–1458 B.C.
21982:
1862:, according to the word in which it is found. The presence of phonetic complements—and of the suitable determinative—allows the reader to know which of the three readings to choose:
22107:
21003:
809:
3122:
However, many of these apparent spelling errors constitute an issue of chronology. Spelling and standards varied over time, so the writing of a word during the
928:
for the earliest Abydos glyphs challenges the hypothesis of diffusion from Mesopotamia to Egypt, pointing to an independent development of writing in Egypt.
921:, dated to between 3400 and 3200 BCE, have shed further doubt on the classical notion that the Mesopotamian symbol system predates the Egyptian one. A date of
941:
22148:
891:
Scholars have long debated whether hieroglyphs were "original", developed independently of any other script, or derivative. Original scripts are very rare.
981:
1531:
script, not all vowels were written in Egyptian hieroglyphs; it is debatable whether vowels were written at all. Possibly, as with Arabic, the semivowels
957:
501:
scripts that descended from Phoenician, the majority of the world's living writing systems are descendants of Egyptian hieroglyphs—most prominently the
21148:Über ägyptische Lexikographie. 1: Zum Ptolemaic Lexikon von Penelope Wilson; 2: Versuch eines quantitativen Vergleichs der Textkorpora antiker Sprachen
1268:
It is a complex system, writing figurative, symbolic, and phonetic all at once, in the same text, the same phrase, I would almost say in the same word.
368:
2495:
or semagrams (semantic symbols specifying meaning) are placed at the end of a word. These mute characters serve to clarify what the word is about, as
23267:
22751:
3053:
23697:
23687:
23262:
1318:
reading). The determinative was not read as a phonetic constituent, but facilitated understanding by differentiating the word from its homophones.
3101:—"correct" spelling—in Egyptian is much looser than in modern languages. In fact, one or several variants exist for almost every word. One finds:
1659:
signs, to represent a specific sequence of two or three consonants, consonants and vowels, and a few as vowel combinations only, in the language.
1378:
Twenty-four uniliteral signs make up the so-called hieroglyphic alphabet. Egyptian hieroglyphic writing does not normally indicate vowels, unlike
23677:
23667:
23257:
23252:
23247:
22016:
1106:. Hieroglyphic writing was not, however, eclipsed, but existed alongside the other forms, especially in monumental and other formal writing. The
969:
22331:
3503:, comes bundled with Windows 10 and also contains glyphs for the Egyptian Hieroglyphs block. Segoe UI Historic excludes three glyphs depicting
2587:
and the three strokes are the marks of the plural): "the beautiful young people", that is to say, the young military recruits. The word has a
25393:
23682:
2031:
1607:
22826:
22357:
21145:
21599:
2503:
A number of determinatives exist: divinities, humans, parts of the human body, animals, plants, etc. Certain determinatives possess a
26607:
25425:
22429:
22141:
22207:
2802:
1187:
1182:
590:
578:
107:
3013:
2960:
2940:
2897:
608:, including both hieroglyphic and hieratic texts, is approximately 5 million words in length; if counting duplicates (such as the
22658:
22486:
3194:
2797:
2743:
2688:
2685:
2682:
2623:
2560:
1689:
1595:
622:
79:
3411:
2977:
2925:
2826:
2800:
2776:
2751:
2602:
2566:
2461:
2424:
2348:
2305:
2137:
2077:
2034:
1974:
1794:
1741:
1506:
1503:
1497:
1475:
1472:
1448:
21196:
3408:
3203:
3200:
3197:
3192:
2990:
2988:
2980:
2975:
2917:
2748:
2629:
2563:
2391:
2134:
2131:
2126:
2068:
2025:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1747:
1744:
24615:
3406:
3354:
3189:
3115:
Substitutions of one grapheme for another, such that it is impossible to distinguish a "mistake" from an "alternate spelling";
2922:
2723:
2691:
2273:
2241:
2129:
1887:
1788:
1495:
1094:
As writing developed and became more widespread among the Egyptian people, simplified glyph forms developed, resulting in the
26495:
22744:
22030:
21971:
21949:
21914:
21893:
21874:
21787:
21609:
21575:
21519:
21485:
21291:
20914:
3356:
3186:
3184:
3080:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2986:
2983:
2920:
2914:
2912:
2746:
2662:
2634:
2631:
2627:
2569:
2516:
2464:
2427:
2394:
2350:
2310:
2308:
2275:
2243:
2074:
2071:
2028:
1971:
1969:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1885:
1882:
1841:
1783:
1500:
60:
25064:
86:
22604:
22288:
22134:
22112:
20974:
7160:
Unicode block is U+13460-U+143FF. It was added to the Unicode Standard in September 2024 with the release of version 16.0:
3521:
3472:
3454:
1060:
Hieroglyphs consist of three kinds of glyphs: phonetic glyphs, including single-consonant characters that function like an
554:
period; during this period, the system used about 900 distinct signs. The use of this writing system continued through the
21039:
2170:
not being pronounced but retained in order to keep a written connection with the ancient word (in the same fashion as the
1415:
It is also possible to use the hieroglyph of the pintail duck without a link to its meaning in order to represent the two
24501:
22813:
22718:
22476:
22471:
22352:
22219:
21680:
20515:
3462:
1195:
Knowledge of the hieroglyphs had been lost completely in the medieval period. Early attempts at decipherment are due to
17:
23037:
21230:
26617:
22324:
22074:
21458:
21400:
21254:
21082:
20508:
Unicode block is U+13430-U+1345F. It was added to the Unicode Standard in March 2019 with the release of version 12.0:
1239:
22101:
2194:
864:
The first full sentence written in mature hieroglyphs so far discovered was found on a seal impression in the tomb of
93:
26627:
26263:
26249:
26219:
25358:
22441:
22052:
22005:
21718:
21181:
1904:; the last character is the determinative of "the house" or that which is found there, meaning "seat, throne, place";
425:
126:
26481:
25198:
24595:
22737:
22594:
22362:
23042:
21450:
The Study of the Ancient Near East in the Twenty-first Century: The William Foxwell Albright Centennial Conference
24921:
24182:
22626:
22572:
22424:
7167:
3458:
2504:
563:
350:
75:
3396:
is the verb 'to go out, leave'. When this word is written, the 'house' hieroglyph is used as a phonetic symbol:
1272:
894:
Previously, scholars like Geoffrey Sampson argued that Egyptian hieroglyphs "came into existence a little after
26622:
26488:
25054:
24693:
22698:
22599:
22044:
21941:
21640:
2227:
ability to be used as logograms. Logograms can be accompanied by phonetic complements. Here are some examples:
1633:
1625:
1118:
Hieroglyphs continued to be used under Persian rule (intermittent in the 6th and 5th centuries BCE), and after
64:
21692:
26602:
25163:
24688:
23746:
22385:
22380:
22317:
22299:
20971:
Catalogue of the Egyptian hieroglyphic printing type, from matrices owned and controlled by Dr. Alan Gardiner
3511:
1559:. This does not reflect Egyptian vowels, which are obscure, but is merely a modern convention. Likewise, the
24025:
21993:
26474:
26453:
23741:
23516:
23032:
22808:
22532:
22407:
22375:
22283:
20850:
3366:
1719:. The two alphabetic characters are adding clarity to the spelling of the preceding triliteral hieroglyph.
1629:
793:
762:
559:
22060:
21735:
21168:
1645:
1641:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1255:
618:) as separate, this figure is closer to 10 million. The most complete compendium of Ancient Egyptian, the
594:
364:
360:
26612:
26354:
26333:
25013:
25008:
24703:
24605:
23127:
22818:
22616:
22579:
22527:
22446:
21342:
21213:
21099:
1824:
Notably, phonetic complements were also used to allow the reader to differentiate between signs that are
1399:, derived from the main consonants of the Egyptian word for this duck: 's', 'ꜣ' and 't'. (Note that ꜣ or
914:
466:
31:
1342:, whose meaning is determined by pronunciation, independent of visual characteristics. This follows the
779:
Hieroglyphs may have emerged from the preliterate artistic traditions of Egypt. For example, symbols on
26421:
25018:
24585:
23998:
23059:
22466:
21923:
21803:
21303:
21266:
21242:
21208:
20902:
3032:
2198:
Comparative evolution from pictograms to abstract shapes, in cuneiform, Egyptian and Chinese characters
1637:
23751:
23069:
3142:) to clarify the presence of determinatives, ideograms, and other ambiguous signs in transliteration.
546:). Egyptian hieroglyphs developed into a mature writing system used for monumental inscription in the
24671:
24393:
23946:
23533:
22589:
22557:
22542:
22537:
22436:
22390:
22186:
22176:
1656:
1426:, independently of any vowels that could accompany these consonants, and in this way write the word:
1371:
1359:
2202:
Besides a phonetic interpretation, characters can also be read for their meaning: in this instance,
26171:
26157:
25462:
24045:
23848:
23064:
22708:
22584:
22505:
22456:
22181:
20882:
2538:
1652:
1365:
1251:
1029:
547:
25776:
23192:
1828:, or which do not always have a unique reading. For example, the symbol of "the seat" (or chair):
100:
26460:
25488:
24445:
24122:
24101:
23981:
23961:
23793:
23464:
23368:
22845:
22803:
22760:
22235:
21817:
20966:
20855:
3508:
3138:
1808:
1148:
877:
869:
551:
53:
21833:
21375:
1247:
25178:
24117:
24107:
24040:
23550:
22983:
22688:
22621:
22461:
22267:
21928:
21541:
Iorwerth Eiddon Stephen Edwards, et al., The Cambridge Ancient History (3d ed. 1970) pp. 43–44.
21509:
20739:
20724:
2444:" (soul); the character is the traditional representation of a "bâ" (a bird with a human head);
1089:
655:
571:
346:
1346:
principle where, for example, the picture of an eye could stand not only for the English word
26562:
26467:
26256:
26205:
25665:
25587:
25351:
25290:
25275:
24844:
24723:
24465:
24425:
24157:
23833:
23017:
23005:
22978:
22963:
22653:
22262:
22022:
21565:
21475:
21448:
21421:
21390:
20987:
20872:
482:
256:
25270:
24475:
21072:
2532:
2477:, meaning "flamingo"; the corresponding phonogram means "red" and the bird is associated by
1260:
823:
systems developed in the second half of the 4th millennium BC, such as the clay labels of a
26326:
26077:
25754:
25250:
24869:
24274:
24197:
24030:
23778:
23768:
23607:
23590:
22678:
22636:
22402:
22395:
22066:
21938:
Hieroglyphic Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Literature of the Middle Kingdom
20842:
3127:
3123:
2877:
1724:
1405:, two half-rings opening to the left, sometimes replaced by the digit '3', is the Egyptian
1052:
881:
555:
3336:
Another way in which hieroglyphs work is illustrated by the two Egyptian words pronounced
8:
25153:
25049:
24771:
24294:
23000:
22498:
22419:
21959:
21656:
21316:
3371:
1119:
729:
586:
493:, the first widely adopted phonetic writing system. Moreover, owing in large part to the
490:
486:
462:
23316:
20929:
1401:
26312:
26289:
25923:
25812:
25802:
25694:
25637:
25623:
25580:
25285:
25168:
25003:
24895:
24854:
24808:
24803:
24698:
24680:
24348:
24279:
24244:
24192:
24005:
23993:
23404:
23326:
23227:
22782:
22552:
22515:
22414:
22062:
Egyptian Grammar: with table of signs, bibliography, exercises for reading and glossary
21779:
21761:
21567:
Groundbreaking scientific experiments, inventions, and discoveries of the ancient world
21127:
21031:
21023:
20754:
2588:
2441:
1943:; the "egg" determinative is used for female personal names in some periods), meaning "
1703:
However, it is considerably more common to add to that triliteral, the uniliterals for
1616:
Each uniliteral glyph once had a unique reading, but several of these fell together as
1208:
1169:
A half-dozen Demotic glyphs are still in use, added to the Greek alphabet when writing
758:
478:
25545:
25203:
149:
26435:
26428:
26164:
26150:
26062:
25951:
25861:
25840:
25819:
25747:
25679:
25538:
25496:
25448:
25183:
25173:
24818:
24813:
24718:
24713:
24620:
24575:
24398:
24378:
24368:
24358:
24353:
24289:
24284:
24212:
24147:
24132:
24082:
24077:
24020:
23956:
23914:
23756:
23642:
23565:
23081:
23076:
22953:
22510:
22451:
22191:
22070:
22048:
22026:
22001:
21967:
21945:
21910:
21889:
21870:
21863:
21783:
21739:
21636:
21605:
21571:
21515:
21481:
21454:
21396:
21177:
21131:
21119:
21078:
21035:
20910:
20867:
20860:
20769:
3499:
3263:
3247:
2051:, with the determinative of "Anubis" or "the jackal"), meaning a kind of wild animal;
1243:
1196:
1123:
824:
767:
697:) "the sacred engraved letters", the Greek counterpart to the Egyptian expression of
567:
539:
442:
210:
21984:
Egyptian Grammar: Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs, 3rd ed. revised
20729:
2652:
is here the suffix that forms the feminine): meaning "the nubile young woman", with
1671:, "beautiful, good, perfect", was written with a unique triliteral that was read as
1254:
studied the inscriptions on the stone, and were able to make some headway. Finally,
1102:(popular) scripts. These variants were also more suited than hieroglyphs for use on
26569:
26507:
26400:
26361:
26347:
26305:
26180:
26126:
26107:
26041:
26033:
26019:
26012:
25937:
25733:
25708:
25644:
25616:
25531:
25517:
25434:
25407:
25344:
25255:
25158:
24980:
24823:
24450:
24430:
24420:
24415:
24299:
24055:
23988:
23976:
23941:
23936:
23919:
23858:
23823:
23783:
23585:
23580:
23528:
23479:
23363:
23297:
23237:
23187:
23132:
23049:
23027:
23012:
22958:
22948:
22882:
22567:
22481:
22243:
21633:
Ancient Civilizations of Africa Vol 2 (Unesco General History of Africa (abridged))
21371:
21111:
21015:
20877:
20704:
3259:
3132:
2525: is used to define "books" but also abstract ideas. The determinative of the
2171:
1392:
1099:
610:
525:
498:
384:
26407:
25602:
25228:
24879:
24249:
21834:"Segoe UI Historic Phallus Microsoft Censorship – Fonts in the Spludlow Framework"
20764:
1003:
The oldest known full sentence written in mature hieroglyphs. Seal impression of
26393:
26085:
26026:
25972:
25965:
25944:
25930:
25914:
25892:
25847:
25740:
25715:
25687:
25672:
25595:
25573:
25566:
25524:
25484:
25455:
25143:
25113:
24936:
24859:
24625:
24555:
24460:
24408:
24388:
24324:
24314:
24304:
24269:
24234:
24229:
24224:
24137:
24092:
24087:
23971:
23966:
23813:
23803:
23657:
23622:
23617:
23597:
23491:
23449:
23389:
23272:
23242:
23152:
23112:
23054:
22988:
22968:
22916:
22899:
22887:
21694:
21218:
20934:
20734:
1621:
1528:
1281:
1170:
895:
847:
737:
684:
514:
506:
24590:
23773:
22098:– Resources for those interested in learning hieroglyphs, compiled by Aayko Eyma
22090:
21337:
20699:
20520:
7172:
3526:
3344:). One word is 'house', and its hieroglyphic representation is straightforward:
2839:
All these words have a meliorative connotation: "good, beautiful, perfect". The
2713:) : meaning "foundations (of a house)", with the house as a determinative,
2550:("I am reading hieroglyphs") by Jean Capart, which illustrate their importance:
2546:
Here, are several examples of the use of determinatives borrowed from the book,
872:(28th or 27th century BC). Around 800 hieroglyphs are known to date back to the
330:
322:
314:
26530:
26414:
26298:
26278:
26187:
26055:
25986:
25885:
25833:
25826:
25658:
25651:
25630:
25609:
25510:
25503:
25310:
25265:
25193:
25188:
25039:
25023:
24998:
24941:
24931:
24926:
24766:
24640:
24600:
24570:
24516:
24511:
24506:
24480:
24455:
24403:
24343:
24309:
24259:
24207:
24172:
24127:
24097:
24050:
24010:
23909:
23863:
23818:
23736:
23672:
23627:
23612:
23575:
23555:
23523:
23511:
23459:
23454:
23444:
23434:
23429:
23346:
23331:
23321:
23287:
23277:
23222:
23207:
23172:
23022:
22926:
22874:
22764:
22547:
21693:
Ahmed ibn 'Ali ibn al Mukhtar ibn 'Abd al Karim (called Ibn Wahshiyah) (1806).
21019:
2887:; the two last names of the sitting king are always placed within a cartouche:
1224:
1008:
851:
733:
543:
494:
434:
24740:
21115:
20714:
3471:
Standard in October 2009 with the release of version 5.2 which introduced the
3445:
for verbs of motion that gives the reader an idea of the meaning of the word.
26596:
26537:
26386:
26319:
26242:
26212:
26070:
26048:
25979:
25875:
25854:
25701:
25559:
25477:
25470:
25441:
25400:
25315:
25305:
25300:
25087:
24781:
24440:
24383:
24035:
23808:
23692:
23647:
23602:
23570:
23419:
23336:
23309:
23282:
23212:
23197:
23182:
23137:
22894:
22340:
22212:
22171:
22095:
21299:
21262:
21238:
21204:
21123:
20749:
3382:
2492:
1600:
1407:
1335:
1311:
1231:
1220:
1200:
1107:
1073:
1004:
988:
931:
918:
865:
843:
820:
798:
641:
598:
521:
510:
438:
305:
229:
23356:
20709:
25993:
25958:
25899:
25386:
25148:
25044:
24957:
24849:
24750:
24560:
24373:
24338:
24319:
24254:
24142:
23904:
23828:
23637:
23632:
23543:
23538:
23474:
23414:
23394:
23351:
23341:
23292:
23177:
23157:
23147:
22995:
22973:
22931:
22729:
22609:
21886:
Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs
21074:
Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs
2873:
2407:, meaning "god"; the character in fact represents a temple flag (standard);
1722:
Redundant characters accompanying biliteral or triliteral signs are called
1617:
1140:
1127:
615:
502:
24202:
21100:"Last Writing: Script Obsolescence in Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Mesoamerica"
20759:
20719:
3157:
26576:
26340:
26271:
25552:
25243:
25103:
24864:
24708:
24565:
24470:
24239:
24167:
24152:
24060:
23853:
23763:
23662:
23652:
23506:
23469:
23424:
23409:
23384:
23304:
23232:
23217:
22921:
20653:
20598:
3098:
2869:
1648:
sound was lost. A few uniliterals first appear in Middle Egyptian texts.
899:
885:
873:
832:
605:
582:
172:
21906:
How to Read Egyptian Hieroglyphs: a step-by-step guide to teach yourself
21027:
1551:
is added between consonants to aid in their pronunciation. For example,
25233:
25208:
24776:
24219:
23709:
23704:
23560:
23501:
23142:
22648:
22309:
22126:
20658:
20608:
3488:
3068:
Two strokes indicate the dual number, and the three strokes the plural.
2706:
1825:
828:
535:
21167:
Schenkel, W. (1995). "Die Lexikographie des Altägyptisch-Koptischen".
20668:
20593:
26544:
26523:
26516:
25295:
25132:
24828:
24795:
24630:
24521:
24070:
23798:
23714:
23439:
3284:
3109:
2884:
2865:
2496:
2370:
2094:, with the determinative of the flying bird), meaning "to disappear".
1379:
1326:
1315:
1295:
1230:
The breakthrough in decipherment came only with the discovery of the
1159:
1132:
1077:
1065:
772:
665:
450:
271:
25238:
20603:
20588:
1110:
contains three parallel scripts – hieroglyphic, demotic, and Greek.
570:
periods. Late survivals of hieroglyphic use are found well into the
481:
Egyptian scripts were derived from hieroglyphic writing, as was the
42:
25260:
25223:
25218:
25098:
25059:
24900:
24659:
24544:
24435:
24177:
24065:
24015:
23886:
23399:
23202:
23162:
22943:
22936:
22787:
22520:
21317:"Hieroglyphic | Definition of Hieroglyphic by Merriam-Webster"
20774:
20638:
20628:
3442:
2478:
2374:
2223:
2207:
2203:
1819:", with the final glyph being the determinative for 'ruler or god'.
1307:
1303:
1299:
1235:
1095:
1069:
1061:
474:
458:
454:
446:
356:
251:
25280:
20643:
20583:
714:
as a noun is recorded from 1590, originally short for nominalized
25367:
24874:
24745:
24635:
24610:
24496:
24333:
24187:
24162:
23931:
23838:
23486:
23100:
22911:
22562:
21865:
The Keys of Egypt: The Obsession to Decipher Egyptian Hieroglyphs
20696:
20693:
20690:
20613:
3504:
3468:
1416:
1350:, but also for its phonetic equivalent, the first person pronoun
1103:
780:
470:
287:
20648:
20633:
20618:
2860:
1215:
26368:
24112:
23924:
23843:
23788:
23496:
23167:
21902:
21802:
Antonio Loprieno, Ancient Egyptian, A Linguistic Introduction,
21635:(Abridged ed.). London : J. Currey. 1990. pp. 11–12.
21563:
21356:
The Discourse on the Eighth and Ninth, VI, 61,20; 61,30; 62,15
2526:
2000:
1816:
1191:
Ibn Wahshiyya's attempt at a translation of a hieroglyphic text
1144:
1039:
736:
call the hieroglyphs "writings of the magicians, soothsayers" (
155:
20623:
2843:
by Raymond A. Faulkner, gives some twenty words that are read
2705:(the tripling of the character serving to express the plural,
1034:
24735:
24730:
24580:
24363:
24264:
23951:
22862:
22120:
21292:
21255:
21231:
21197:
21098:
Houston, Stephen; Baines, John; Cooper, Jerrold (July 2003).
20905:(2003) , Roach, Peter; Hartmann, James; Setter, Jane (eds.),
20680:
20673:
2613:– which is the determinative indicating babies and children;
1384:
1343:
948:
702:
688:
676:
659:
645:
21552:
Egypt, Trunk of the Tree: A Modern Survey of an Ancient Land
20687:
3223:
3162:
2186:, which are no longer pronounced the way they are written.)
1430:, "son"; or when complemented by other signs detailed below
25213:
25108:
21657:"Artist's Scaled Drawing of Hieroglyphs ca. 1479–1458 B.C."
20977:
as of version 5.2 (2009) assigned 1,070 Unicode characters.
20965:
The standard inventory of characters used in Egyptology is
3168:
1995:, with, as a phonetic complement, "the eye", which is read
1944:
1807:(the four complementaries frame the triliteral sign of the
1608:
Transliteration of Ancient Egyptian § Uniliteral signs
813:
399:
393:
159:
21679:
The latest presently known hieroglyphic inscription date:
20988:
Transnationalism in Ancient and Medieval Societies. p. 23.
3065:
The vertical stroke indicates that the sign is a logogram.
20808:
20484:
7144:
7049:
7046:
5542:
5527:
5503:
5497:
5450:
5406:
411:
405:
22104:– Annotated directory of popular and scholarly resources
21447:
Conference, William Foxwell Albright Centennial (1996).
20462:
20459:
20456:
20453:
20450:
20447:
20444:
20441:
20438:
20435:
20432:
20424:
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6319:
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5315:
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5209:
5185:
5182:
5168:
5156:
5141:
5132:
5109:
5103:
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5079:
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5062:
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5026:
5012:
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4982:
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4926:
4920:
4900:
4876:
4823:
4814:
4788:
4782:
4744:
4723:
4688:
4673:
4670:
4664:
4632:
4629:
4626:
4611:
4605:
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4505:
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4429:
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4393:
4361:
4349:
4343:
4314:
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4281:
4278:
4270:
4267:
4264:
4261:
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4255:
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4184:
4181:
4178:
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4164:
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4152:
4143:
4099:
4087:
4072:
4002:
3928:
3896:
3893:
3890:
3869:
3766:
3757:
3751:
3737:
3710:
3657:
3645:
3613:
3610:
3604:
3112:, which are ignored whether or not they are intentional;
3031:
A filling stroke is a character indicating the end of a
489:. Egyptian hieroglyphs are the ultimate ancestor of the
6993:
6958:
6955:
6952:
6949:
6946:
6943:
6940:
6937:
6934:
6931:
6920:
6914:
6905:
6890:
6887:
6884:
6881:
6878:
6875:
6867:
6864:
6861:
6855:
6849:
6846:
6840:
6837:
6828:
6825:
6822:
6814:
6811:
6805:
6802:
6799:
6796:
6793:
6790:
6784:
6778:
6775:
6772:
6761:
6758:
6755:
6752:
6746:
6740:
6737:
6734:
6731:
6728:
6725:
6719:
6716:
6708:
6702:
6699:
6696:
6690:
6687:
6684:
6681:
6675:
6672:
6666:
6655:
6649:
6643:
6640:
6637:
6634:
6631:
6625:
6622:
6619:
6575:
6572:
6569:
6566:
6563:
6560:
6557:
6549:
6540:
6528:
6525:
6522:
6519:
6510:
6507:
6504:
6496:
6493:
6487:
6457:
6454:
6451:
6443:
6440:
6437:
6434:
6431:
6428:
6425:
6422:
6416:
6413:
6410:
6404:
6401:
6398:
6390:
6387:
6384:
6378:
6375:
6372:
6369:
6366:
6363:
6360:
6357:
6354:
6351:
6348:
6345:
6337:
6334:
6331:
6328:
6325:
6316:
6313:
6310:
6307:
6304:
6301:
6298:
6295:
6292:
6281:
6275:
6272:
6269:
6266:
6263:
6260:
6257:
6254:
6251:
6248:
6245:
6242:
6239:
6231:
6228:
6225:
6219:
6216:
6213:
6210:
6207:
6201:
6198:
6192:
6186:
6175:
6172:
6169:
6166:
6160:
6157:
6154:
6151:
6148:
6145:
6142:
6139:
6136:
6133:
6125:
6122:
6119:
6116:
6110:
6107:
6104:
6101:
6098:
6095:
6092:
6089:
6086:
6072:
6069:
6066:
6063:
6060:
6057:
6054:
6051:
6048:
6042:
6039:
6036:
6027:
6019:
6016:
6013:
6010:
6007:
6004:
6001:
5995:
5992:
5989:
5986:
5980:
5977:
5974:
5966:
5963:
5960:
5957:
5954:
5951:
5948:
5945:
5942:
5939:
5936:
5933:
5927:
5924:
5921:
5913:
5910:
5907:
5901:
5898:
5895:
5892:
5889:
5886:
5883:
5874:
5868:
5860:
5857:
5854:
5851:
5848:
5845:
5842:
5839:
5836:
5833:
5830:
5827:
5824:
5821:
5818:
5815:
5804:
5801:
5795:
5792:
5783:
5780:
5777:
5774:
5771:
5768:
5765:
5762:
5754:
5751:
5748:
5745:
5742:
5739:
5724:
5721:
5718:
5712:
5709:
5701:
5695:
5689:
5686:
5683:
5680:
5674:
5668:
5665:
5662:
5659:
5648:
5642:
5639:
5636:
5633:
5630:
5627:
5624:
5621:
5618:
5606:
5603:
5595:
5592:
5571:
5565:
5562:
5559:
5556:
5550:
5383:
5380:
5377:
5374:
5371:
5365:
5362:
5356:
5350:
5344:
5341:
5338:
5330:
5327:
5324:
5321:
5318:
5312:
5309:
5306:
5303:
5300:
5297:
5294:
5285:
5277:
5274:
5271:
5268:
5265:
5262:
5259:
5256:
5253:
5250:
5247:
5244:
5241:
5238:
5235:
5232:
5224:
5221:
5218:
5215:
5212:
5206:
5203:
5200:
5197:
5194:
5191:
5188:
5179:
5171:
5165:
5162:
5159:
5153:
5150:
5147:
5144:
5138:
5135:
5129:
5126:
5118:
5115:
5112:
5106:
5100:
5094:
5091:
5088:
5056:
5053:
5047:
5044:
5041:
5038:
5035:
5032:
5029:
5023:
5020:
5006:
5003:
5000:
4994:
4991:
4988:
4985:
4979:
4976:
4973:
4970:
4967:
4959:
4956:
4953:
4950:
4947:
4944:
4941:
4938:
4935:
4929:
4923:
4917:
4914:
4906:
4903:
4897:
4894:
4891:
4888:
4885:
4882:
4879:
4873:
4870:
4867:
4864:
4861:
4853:
4850:
4847:
4844:
4841:
4838:
4835:
4832:
4829:
4826:
4820:
4817:
4811:
4808:
4800:
4797:
4794:
4791:
4785:
4779:
4776:
4773:
4770:
4767:
4764:
4761:
4758:
4755:
4747:
4741:
4738:
4735:
4732:
4729:
4726:
4720:
4717:
4714:
4711:
4708:
4705:
4702:
4694:
4691:
4685:
4682:
4679:
4676:
4667:
4661:
4658:
4655:
4652:
4649:
4641:
4638:
4635:
4623:
4620:
4617:
4614:
4608:
4602:
4596:
4588:
4585:
4582:
4579:
4576:
4573:
4567:
4561:
4558:
4555:
4552:
4549:
4546:
4535:
4532:
4529:
4526:
4523:
4520:
4517:
4514:
4511:
4508:
4502:
4499:
4496:
4493:
4490:
4482:
4479:
4476:
4470:
4467:
4464:
4461:
4458:
4455:
4452:
4449:
4446:
4443:
4440:
4437:
4426:
4423:
4420:
4417:
4411:
4408:
4405:
4402:
4399:
4396:
4390:
4387:
4384:
4376:
4373:
4370:
4367:
4364:
4358:
4355:
4352:
4346:
4340:
4337:
4334:
4331:
4323:
4320:
4317:
4311:
4305:
4302:
4299:
4296:
4293:
4290:
4287:
4284:
4252:
4249:
4246:
4243:
4240:
4237:
4234:
4231:
4228:
4225:
4217:
4214:
4211:
4205:
4202:
4196:
4193:
4158:
4155:
4149:
4146:
4140:
4137:
4134:
4131:
4128:
4125:
4122:
4119:
4111:
4108:
4105:
4102:
4096:
4093:
4090:
4084:
4081:
4078:
4075:
4069:
4066:
4058:
4055:
4052:
4049:
4046:
4043:
4040:
4037:
4034:
4031:
4028:
4025:
4022:
4019:
4016:
4013:
4005:
3999:
3996:
3993:
3990:
3987:
3984:
3981:
3978:
3975:
3972:
3969:
3966:
3963:
3960:
3952:
3949:
3946:
3943:
3940:
3937:
3934:
3931:
3925:
3922:
3919:
3916:
3913:
3910:
3907:
3899:
3887:
3884:
3881:
3878:
3875:
3872:
3866:
3863:
3860:
3857:
3854:
3846:
3843:
3840:
3837:
3834:
3831:
3828:
3825:
3822:
3819:
3816:
3813:
3810:
3807:
3804:
3801:
3793:
3790:
3787:
3784:
3781:
3778:
3775:
3772:
3769:
3763:
3760:
3754:
3748:
3740:
3734:
3731:
3728:
3725:
3722:
3719:
3716:
3713:
3707:
3704:
3701:
3698:
3695:
3687:
3684:
3681:
3678:
3675:
3672:
3669:
3666:
3663:
3660:
3654:
3651:
3648:
3642:
3634:
3631:
3628:
3625:
3622:
3619:
3616:
3607:
3601:
3598:
3595:
3592:
3589:
3071:
The direct notation of flexional endings, for example:
1572:
538:), with the first decipherable sentence written in the
21170:
The lexicography of the Ancient Near Eastern languages
1382:, and for that reason has been labelled by some as an
21980:
21773:
426:
417:
414:
402:
21958:
21507:
20832:
2369:
In some cases, the semantic connection is indirect (
1258:
made the complete decipherment by the 1820s. In his
408:
396:
355:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
21097:
1539:(as in English W and Y) could double as the vowels
790:have been argued to resemble hieroglyphic writing.
390:
387:
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
21862:
21004:"The oldest writings, and inventory tags of Egypt"
21001:
3514:, D52A D53, Unicode code points U+130B8–U+130BA).
3421:Here, the 'house' glyph stands for the consonants
2787: as the determinative for lengths of cloth;
1999:, following the determinative of "god"), meaning "
1651:Besides the uniliteral glyphs, there are also the
461:elements, with more than 100 distinct characters.
21935:
21860:
21066:
21064:
21062:
21060:
21058:
21056:
3329:is considered a single letter and transliterated
30:"Hieroglyph" redirects here. For other uses, see
26594:
21996:Gifts for the gods: images from Egyptian temples
21473:
21370:. Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press.
1357:Phonograms formed with one consonant are called
947:Labels with early inscriptions from the tomb of
369:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
22018:Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphs: A Practical Guide
21883:
21414:
21412:
3052:The doubling of a sign indicates its dual; the
27:Formal writing system used by ancient Egyptians
22014:
21514:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 1150–.
21366:Joly, Marcel (2003). "Sayles, George(, Sr.)".
21053:
2883:Rarely, the names of gods are placed within a
1330:Hieroglyphs typical of the Graeco-Roman period
25352:
22745:
22325:
22142:
21932:, vol. 45, no.3 (2 February 2023), pp. 26–27.
21511:The international standard Bible encyclopedia
2816: : meaning "wine" or "beer"; with a jug
2214:(the latter are also called determinatives).
22759:
22058:
22000:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
21991:
21570:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 91–.
21409:
21153:
21152:", in Lingua Aegyptia 7, 2000: p. 246:
21146:
20997:
20995:
20947:
20945:
20820:Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points
20496:Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points
3448:
1640:sound, but these both came to be pronounced
620:
21752:
21750:
21748:
21480:. Stanford University Press. pp. 78–.
21388:
21280:Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction
21176:(in German). Verona: Essedue. p. 197.
20954:Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction
3126:might be considerably different during the
1599:Hieroglyphs at Amada, at temple founded by
520:The use of hieroglyphic writing arose from
25359:
25345:
22752:
22738:
22332:
22318:
22149:
22135:
21796:
21719:"Tabula Aegyptiaca hieroglyphics exornata"
21564:Robert E. Krebs; Carolyn A. Krebs (2003).
21477:Writing Systems: A Linguistic Introduction
21446:
21272:
21104:Comparative Studies in Society and History
1391:Thus, hieroglyphic writing representing a
574:, extending into the 4th century AD.
148:
22091:Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphics – Aldokkan
21725:(in Latin). Leipzig: 127–128. March 1714.
21376:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.j397600
21077:. Cambridge University Press. p. 8.
20992:
20942:
2672:as the determinative indicating a woman;
1278:Tabula Aegyptiaca hieroglyphicis exornata
1122:'s conquest of Egypt, during the ensuing
593:was finally accomplished in the 1820s by
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
22339:
22156:
21903:Collier, Mark & Bill Manley (1998).
21745:
21166:
20816:
20492:
3365:
2859:
2531:
2193:
1594:
1325:
1271:
1214:
1186:
1183:Decipherment of ancient Egyptian scripts
1051:
1033:
1023:
792:
766:
747:
21389:Scarre, Chris; Fagan, Brian M. (2016).
21282:(Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1995), p. 11.
20956:(Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1995), p. 12.
20888:
3467:Egyptian hieroglyphs were added to the
1662:
14:
26595:
20521:Official Unicode Consortium code chart
7173:Official Unicode Consortium code chart
3527:Official Unicode Consortium code chart
3433:, reinforcing the phonetic reading of
1628:(𓋴) seems to have been originally an
1203:(9th and 10th century, respectively).
868:at Umm el-Qa'ab, which dates from the
579:the permanent closing of pagan temples
26496:American Printing House for the Blind
26272:International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
25924:Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)
25340:
25130:
25085:
24978:
24657:
24542:
23884:
23098:
22860:
22843:
22733:
22313:
22130:
22123:– Ancient scripts free software fonts
21964:Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian
21815:
21597:
21591:
21554:, Algora Publishing, 2004, pp. 55–56.
21428:. Archaeological Institute of America
21070:
20901:
2841:Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian
2110:. In Middle Egyptian, one can write:
1764:is placed after the sign) → it reads
1143:; the last known inscription is from
963:Ivory plaque of Menes (3200–3000 BCE)
24979:
22694:
22289:Egyptian Hieroglyphs (Unicode block)
21861:Adkins, Lesley; Adkins, Roy (2000).
21683:, year 110 , dated to August 24, 394
21419:
21365:
3455:Egyptian Hieroglyphs (Unicode block)
3059:
3035:that would otherwise be incomplete.
2847:or which are formed from this word.
1388:, i.e., an alphabet without vowels.
888:period, there were more than 5,000.
591:decipherment of hieroglyphic writing
542:dating to the 28th century BC (
359:. For the distinction between ,
65:adding citations to reliable sources
36:
25366:
22714:
22041:Write Your Own Egyptian Hieroglyphs
20969:(1928–1953). A.H. Gardiner (1928),
20516:Egyptian Hieroglyph Format Controls
20506:Egyptian Hieroglyph Format Controls
3463:Egyptian Hieroglyph Format Controls
2850:
2189:
1715:, but one still reads it as merely
1590:
1321:
1166:) representing the word for "son".
808:–3200 BC. They are similar to
334:Egyptian Hieroglyph Format Controls
282:, Egyptian hieroglyphs
24:
25086:
21854:
21467:
21382:
21335:
3497:support this range. Another font,
3478:As of July 2013, four fonts,
3425:. The 'mouth' glyph below it is a
3145:
2507:. For example, a roll of papyrus,
1711:. The word can thus be written as
1080:of logographic or phonetic words.
628:, contains 1.5–1.7 million words.
623:Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache
25:
26639:
22442:Ancient Egyptian race controversy
22121:Unicode Fonts for Ancient Scripts
22084:
3026:
2487:
1458: – the characters
1288:
707:meant "a carver of hieroglyphs".
683:The glyphs themselves, since the
26608:4th-millennium BC establishments
22713:
22703:
22693:
22684:
22683:
22672:
22635:
20835:
3222:
3161:
2765: : meaning "clothing" with
2505:literal and a figurative meaning
1516: – the character
1400:
1113:
996:
980:
968:
956:
940:
383:
41:
25131:
22704:
21826:
21809:
21767:
21729:
21711:
21686:
21673:
21649:
21625:
21601:The Experience of Ancient Egypt
21557:
21544:
21535:
21501:
21453:. Eisenbrauns. pp. 24–25.
21440:
21359:
21350:
21329:
21309:
21285:
21248:
21224:
21190:
21160:
7168:Egyptian Hieroglyphs Extended-A
7158:Egyptian Hieroglyphs Extended-A
3459:Egyptian Hieroglyphs Extended-A
3038:
1567:are commonly transliterated as
1547:. In modern transcriptions, an
1176:
975:Ivory plaque of Menes (drawing)
532: the 33rd century BC
351:International Phonetic Alphabet
326:Egyptian Hieroglyphs Extended-A
52:needs additional citations for
22825:Languages by writing system /
22045:University of California Press
21981:Gardiner, Sir Alan H. (1957).
21942:University of California Press
21888:. Cambridge University Press.
21774:Gardiner, Sir Alan H. (1973).
21138:
21091:
20980:
20959:
20935:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
20922:
20909:, Cambridge University Press,
20907:English Pronouncing Dictionary
20895:
20797:
20795:
20793:
20791:
20789:
20787:
20785:
20783:
20781:
20779:
20473:
20471:
20469:
20467:
20465:
1438:, "hard ground". For example:
1083:
13:
1:
26264:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
26220:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
24658:
24543:
23885:
22300:Category:Egyptian hieroglyphs
22108:Egyptian Language and Writing
21508:Geoffrey W. Bromiley (1995).
21008:Accounting Historians Journal
3375:
2836: as the determinative.
1043:
1012:
922:
903:
855:
836:
802:
784:
528:
185:
154:Hieroglyphs from the tomb of
26475:National Braille Association
26454:Braille Institute of America
26172:Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)
23099:
22284:List of Egyptian hieroglyphs
21869:. HarperCollins Publishers.
20851:List of Egyptian hieroglyphs
3437:. The third hieroglyph is a
2855:
2217:
1555:"good" is typically written
1363:signs; with two consonants,
1240:Napoleon's Egyptian invasion
763:List of Egyptian hieroglyphs
666:
631:
604:The entire Ancient Egyptian
485:that later evolved into the
344: This article contains
202:Right-to-left, left-to-right
7:
26355:Refreshable braille display
26334:Optical braille recognition
25931:Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)
25463:Chinese (mainland Mandarin)
24606:New Epoch Notation Painting
22627:Egypt–Mesopotamia relations
22447:Population history of Egypt
21926:, "At the British Museum",
21343:Online Etymology Dictionary
21002:Richard Mattessich (2002).
20986:Howard, Michael C. (2012).
20828:
3092:
3047:
915:Egypt-Mesopotamia relations
32:Hieroglyph (disambiguation)
10:
26644:
26422:Thakur Vishva Narain Singh
22861:
21936:Selden, Daniel L. (2013).
21804:Cambridge University Press
21422:"Earliest Egyptian Glyphs"
21395:. Routledge. p. 106.
21293:
21256:
21232:
21198:
21020:10.2308/0148-4184.29.1.195
20812:As of Unicode version 16.0
20801:
20513:
20488:As of Unicode version 16.0
20477:
7165:
7148:As of Unicode version 16.0
7137:
3519:
3452:
3398:
3346:
3215:
3176:
3171:
3072:
3023:qljwꜣpdrꜣ.t, "Cleopatra";
2952:
2889:
2864:Egyptian hieroglyphs with
2818:
2789:
2768:
2735:
2715:
2674:
2654:
2615:
2594:
2589:young-person determinative
2552:
2508:
2453:
2416:
2383:
2340:
2297:
2265:
2233:
2118:
2060:
2017:
1961:
1913:
1874:
1833:
1773:
1733:
1681:
1605:
1487:
1464:
1440:
1238:'s troops in 1799 (during
1180:
1087:
1027:
771:Paintings with symbols on
756:
741:
703:
689:
680:) meaning sacred carving.
674:'(Ι) carve, engrave'; see
660:
646:
29:
26618:Writing systems of Africa
26554:
26505:
26445:
26378:
26288:
26234:
26197:
26158:Mainland Chinese Mandarin
26137:
26118:
26099:
26004:
25910:
25871:
25798:
25725:
25424:
25417:
25378:
25336:
25139:
25126:
25094:
25081:
25032:
24991:
24987:
24974:
24950:
24914:
24888:
24837:
24794:
24759:
24679:
24672:Chinese family of scripts
24670:
24666:
24653:
24551:
24538:
24489:
23897:
23893:
23880:
23742:Boyd's syllabic shorthand
23729:
23377:
23120:
23111:
23107:
23094:
22869:
22856:
22852:
22844:
22839:
22827:by first written accounts
22796:
22775:
22771:
22667:
22644:
22633:
22371:
22348:
22297:
22276:
22255:
22228:
22200:
22164:
22115:The stela of Menthu-weser
21987:. The Griffith Institute.
21760:, Third Edition Revised,
21736:Jean-François Champollion
21474:Geoffrey Sampson (1990).
21116:10.1017/s0010417503000227
3491:Sans Egyptian Hieroglyphs
3475:block (U+13000–U+1342F).
3449:Encoding and font support
3175:
1256:Jean-François Champollion
752:
595:Jean-François Champollion
342:
303:
293:
286:
270:
265:
242:
221:
216:
206:
198:
179:
167:
147:
141:
26628:Ancient Egyptian culture
26145:Chinese semi-syllabaries
25408:Unicode braille patterns
25394:International uniformity
23849:Thomas Natural Shorthand
22679:Ancient Egypt portal
21909:. British Museum Press.
21884:Allen, James P. (1999).
21071:Allen, James P. (2010).
2539:Tale of the Two Brothers
1076:, which narrow down the
1038:Hieroglyphs on stela in
1030:Middle Egyptian language
722:), from adjectival use (
577:During the 5th century,
26482:Blindness organizations
26461:Braille Without Borders
26250:Canadian currency marks
25872:Egyptian lineage family
25055:Southwest Paleohispanic
22015:Kamrin, Janice (2004).
21598:David, Rosalie (2002).
21214:A Greek–English Lexicon
3287:are transliterated as:
2548:Je lis les hiéroglyphes
2222:A hieroglyph used as a
2162:which is fully read as
1395:is read in Egyptian as
1338:hieroglyphic signs are
1149:Graffito of Esmet-Akhom
991:name on it ca. 2985 BCE
797:Designs on tokens from
775:pottery (3500–3200 BCE)
597:, with the help of the
509:through Greek, and the
445:. Hieroglyphs combined
347:phonetic transcriptions
162:), 13th century BC
25799:Russian lineage family
25199:Great Lakes Algonquian
24108:Greco-Iberian alphabet
24041:Gabelsberger shorthand
22984:Inscriptional Parthian
22268:Category:Egyptologists
21966:. Griffith Institute.
21929:London Review of Books
21816:Budge, Wallis (1889).
21756:Sir Alan H. Gardiner,
21154:
21147:
3385:
3340:(usually vocalised as
3056:indicates its plural.
2880:
2543:
2199:
2099:
1822:
1603:
1331:
1285:
1270:
1227:
1192:
1090:Late Egyptian language
1057:
1049:
859: 31st century BC
840: 33rd century BC
817:
776:
742:ϩⲉⲛⲥϩⲁⲓ̈ ⲛ̄ⲥⲁϩ ⲡⲣⲁⲛ︦ϣ︦
724:hieroglyphic character
718:(1580s, with a plural
621:
524:symbol systems in the
76:"Egyptian hieroglyphs"
26623:Abjad writing systems
26563:Accessible publishing
26489:Schools for the blind
26468:Japan Braille Library
26257:Computer Braille Code
25911:Indian lineage family
25291:Old Persian cuneiform
24158:Carolingian minuscule
22964:Ancient North Arabian
22353:Glossary of artifacts
22263:List of Egyptologists
22059:Erman, Adolf (1894).
21992:Hill, Marsha (2007).
21392:Ancient Civilizations
21205:Liddell, Henry George
20873:Proto-Sinaitic script
20776: 𓑕
20771: 𓑔
20766: 𓑓
20761: 𓑒
20756: 𓑑
20751: 𓑐
20741: 𓑏
20736: 𓑎
20731: 𓑍
20726: 𓑌
20721: 𓑋
20716: 𓑊
20711: 𓑉
20706: 𓑈
20701: 𓑇
20670: 𓑀
20660:
20655:
20650:
20645:
20640:
20635:
20630:
20625:
20620:
20615:
20610:
20605:
20600:
20595:
20590:
20585:
3369:
2863:
2535:
2363:, meaning "mountain".
2206:are being spoken (or
2197:
2154:, with determinative)
1830:
1730:
1598:
1434:, "keep, watch"; and
1329:
1275:
1266:
1218:
1190:
1088:Further information:
1055:
1037:
1028:Further information:
1024:Mature writing system
796:
770:
748:History and evolution
730:The Nag Hammadi texts
701:"god's words". Greek
670:'sacred') and γλύφω (
483:Proto-Sinaitic script
26603:Egyptian hieroglyphs
26327:Mountbatten Brailler
25682:(largely reassigned)
25465:(largely reassigned)
25014:Southeastern Iberian
25009:Northeastern Iberian
22907:Egyptian hieroglyphs
22236:Gardiner's sign list
22158:Egyptian hieroglyphs
22067:Williams and Norgate
22023:Harry N. Abrams, Inc
21960:Faulkner, Raymond O.
21742:, September 27, 1822
21699:. W. Bulmer & co
20975:Egyptian Hieroglyphs
20967:Gardiner's sign list
20889:Notes and references
20856:Gardiner's sign list
20843:Ancient Egypt portal
3522:Egyptian Hieroglyphs
3473:Egyptian Hieroglyphs
3427:phonetic complement:
3139:Gardiner's Sign List
1815:, meaning the name "
1725:phonetic complements
1663:Phonetic complements
1520:as used in the word
1248:Johan David Åkerblad
987:An ivory label with
473:and wood. The later
467:religious literature
379:Egyptian hieroglyphs
318:Egyptian Hieroglyphs
299:Egyptian Hieroglyphs
235:Egyptian hieroglyphs
142:Egyptian hieroglyphs
61:improve this article
26279:Nemeth braille code
26065:(reassigned vowels)
25590:(extended to 8-dot)
25164:Canadian Aboriginal
25050:Khitan small script
24772:Khitan large script
23962:Coorgi–Cox alphabet
22499:Cursive hieroglyphs
22096:Glyphs and Grammars
22047:, 2007 (paperback,
3372:Alexander the Great
3283:The glyphs in this
2950:jmn-rꜥ, "Amon-Ra";
1850:– This can be read
1811:beetle) → it reads
1768:, meaning "tongue".
1760:(the complementary
1624:. For example, the
1369:signs; with three,
1120:Alexander the Great
1018:–27th century BCE)
587:early modern period
491:Phoenician alphabet
487:Phoenician alphabet
463:Cursive hieroglyphs
189: 3250 BC
18:Egyptian hieroglyph
26613:History of writing
26313:Braille translator
26290:Braille technology
26266:(science; GS8/GS6)
26235:Symbols in braille
26165:Taiwanese Mandarin
25680:Taiwanese Mandarin
25286:Nwagu Aneke script
24838:Other logosyllabic
24760:Chinese-influenced
24699:Oracle bone script
24681:Chinese characters
24616:Ojibwe Hieroglyphs
24006:Eclectic shorthand
23994:Duployan shorthand
23947:Caucasian Albanian
23747:Canadian syllabics
22783:History of writing
22472:Funerary practices
22039:McDonald, Angela.
21838:www.spludlow.co.uk
21780:Griffith Institute
21762:Griffith Institute
21681:Birthday of Osiris
21420:Mitchell, Larkin.
21368:Grove Music Online
21278:Antonio Loprieno,
20938:. Merriam-Webster.
20883:Champollion Museum
3386:
3379: 332 BC
3054:tripling of a sign
2881:
2544:
2331:), meaning "reed";
2288:, meaning "house";
2200:
2106:, "sweet", became
1626:folded-cloth glyph
1604:
1332:
1286:
1276:Illustration from
1264:(1822), he wrote:
1261:Lettre à M. Dacier
1228:
1209:Athanasius Kircher
1193:
1058:
1050:
818:
801:, carbon dated to
777:
759:History of writing
562:, and on into the
548:classical language
433:) were the formal
193: 400 AD
26590:
26589:
26586:
26585:
26508:tactile alphabets
26436:William Bell Wait
26429:Sabriye Tenberken
26230:
26229:
26095:
26094:
26080:(Japanese vowels)
25878:-mediated scripts
25805:-mediated scripts
25332:
25331:
25328:
25327:
25324:
25323:
25184:Ditema tsa Dinoko
25122:
25121:
25077:
25076:
25073:
25072:
24970:
24969:
24966:
24965:
24790:
24789:
24649:
24648:
24534:
24533:
24530:
24529:
23876:
23875:
23872:
23871:
23725:
23724:
23090:
23089:
23077:Teeline Shorthand
22835:
22834:
22727:
22726:
22482:Great Royal Wives
22452:Prehistoric Egypt
22307:
22306:
22032:978-0-8109-4961-4
21973:978-0-900416-32-3
21951:978-0-520-27546-1
21916:978-0-7141-1910-6
21895:978-0-521-77483-3
21876:978-0-06-019439-0
21822:. pp. 38–42.
21819:Egyptian Language
21789:978-0-900416-35-4
21611:978-1-134-96799-5
21577:978-0-313-31342-4
21550:Simson Najovits,
21521:978-0-8028-3784-4
21487:978-0-8047-1756-4
21336:Harper, Douglas.
21144:Peust, Carsten, "
20916:978-3-12-539683-8
20868:Egyptian language
20861:Egyptian numerals
20826:
20825:
20502:
20501:
7154:
7153:
3500:Segoe UI Historic
3419:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3364:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3323:
3322:
3281:
3280:
3269:
3264:Ptolemaic dynasty
3242:
3241:
3230:
3229:
3219:
3218:
3211:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3088:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3060:Grammatical signs
3021:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3010:
3009:
3002:
3001:
2948:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2929:
2928:
2834:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2810:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2759:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2731:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2699:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2670:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2642:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2577:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2536:Extract from the
2524:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2472:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2435:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2402:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2358:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2318:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2283:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2251:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2145:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2085:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2042:
2041:
2038:
2037:
1982:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1934:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1849:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1802:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1755:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1697:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1514:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1244:Silvestre de Sacy
1197:Dhul-Nun al-Misri
850:) in 1998 or the
810:contemporary tags
695:tà hieroglyphikà
540:Egyptian language
517:through Aramaic.
443:Egyptian language
376:
375:
211:Egyptian language
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
26635:
26579:
26572:
26570:Braille literacy
26565:
26547:
26540:
26533:
26526:
26519:
26498:
26491:
26484:
26477:
26470:
26463:
26456:
26438:
26431:
26424:
26417:
26410:
26403:
26396:
26389:
26371:
26364:
26362:Slate and stylus
26357:
26350:
26348:Perkins Brailler
26343:
26336:
26329:
26322:
26315:
26308:
26306:Braille embosser
26301:
26281:
26274:
26267:
26259:
26252:
26245:
26223:
26215:
26208:
26190:
26183:
26174:
26167:
26160:
26153:
26146:
26130:
26127:American Braille
26111:
26108:Algerian Braille
26088:
26081:
26073:
26066:
26058:
26051:
26044:
26037:
26029:
26022:
26015:
25997:
25989:
25982:
25975:
25968:
25961:
25954:
25947:
25940:
25933:
25926:
25903:
25895:
25888:
25864:
25857:
25850:
25843:
25836:
25829:
25822:
25815:
25789:
25784:
25779:
25772:
25767:
25762:
25757:
25750:
25743:
25736:
25723:
25722:
25718:
25711:
25704:
25697:
25690:
25683:
25675:
25668:
25661:
25654:
25647:
25640:
25633:
25626:
25619:
25612:
25605:
25598:
25591:
25583:
25576:
25569:
25562:
25555:
25548:
25541:
25534:
25527:
25520:
25513:
25506:
25499:
25492:
25480:
25473:
25466:
25458:
25451:
25444:
25437:
25422:
25421:
25410:
25403:
25396:
25389:
25372:
25361:
25354:
25347:
25338:
25337:
25128:
25127:
25083:
25082:
24989:
24988:
24981:Semi-syllabaries
24976:
24975:
24677:
24676:
24668:
24667:
24655:
24654:
24540:
24539:
23895:
23894:
23882:
23881:
23784:Japanese Braille
23369:Zanabazar square
23238:Nepalese scripts
23128:Bengali–Assamese
23118:
23117:
23109:
23108:
23096:
23095:
23013:Pitman shorthand
22858:
22857:
22854:
22853:
22841:
22840:
22773:
22772:
22754:
22747:
22740:
22731:
22730:
22717:
22716:
22707:
22706:
22697:
22696:
22687:
22686:
22677:
22676:
22675:
22639:
22334:
22327:
22320:
22311:
22310:
22248:
22244:Manuel de Codage
22240:
22151:
22144:
22137:
22128:
22127:
22080:
22036:
22011:
21988:
21977:
21955:
21920:
21899:
21880:
21868:
21848:
21847:
21845:
21844:
21830:
21824:
21823:
21813:
21807:
21800:
21794:
21793:
21776:Egyptian Grammar
21771:
21765:
21758:Egyptian Grammar
21754:
21743:
21733:
21727:
21726:
21715:
21709:
21708:
21706:
21704:
21690:
21684:
21677:
21671:
21670:
21668:
21666:
21653:
21647:
21646:
21629:
21623:
21622:
21620:
21618:
21595:
21589:
21588:
21586:
21584:
21561:
21555:
21548:
21542:
21539:
21533:
21532:
21530:
21528:
21505:
21499:
21498:
21496:
21494:
21471:
21465:
21464:
21444:
21438:
21437:
21435:
21433:
21416:
21407:
21406:
21386:
21380:
21379:
21363:
21357:
21354:
21348:
21347:
21333:
21327:
21326:
21324:
21323:
21313:
21307:
21296:
21295:
21289:
21283:
21276:
21270:
21259:
21258:
21252:
21246:
21235:
21234:
21228:
21222:
21201:
21200:
21194:
21188:
21187:
21175:
21164:
21158:
21157:
21150:
21142:
21136:
21135:
21095:
21089:
21088:
21068:
21051:
21050:
21048:
21047:
21038:. Archived from
20999:
20990:
20984:
20978:
20963:
20957:
20949:
20940:
20939:
20926:
20920:
20919:
20899:
20878:Manuel de Codage
20845:
20840:
20839:
20838:
20819:
20811:
20777:
20772:
20767:
20762:
20757:
20752:
20742:
20737:
20732:
20727:
20722:
20717:
20712:
20707:
20702:
20685:
20684:
20678:
20677:
20671:
20661:
20656:
20651:
20646:
20641:
20636:
20631:
20626:
20621:
20616:
20611:
20606:
20601:
20596:
20591:
20586:
20511:
20510:
20495:
20487:
7163:
7162:
7147:
3517:
3516:
3403:
3402:
3399:
3380:
3377:
3374:in hieroglyphs,
3351:
3350:
3347:
3290:
3289:
3268:(305–30 BC)
3267:
3226:
3181:
3180:
3177:
3169:
3165:
3158:
3154:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3133:Manuel de Codage
3077:
3076:
3073:
2972:
2971:
2964:
2963:
2957:
2956:
2953:
2909:
2908:
2901:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2890:
2851:Additional signs
2823:
2822:
2819:
2794:
2793:
2790:
2773:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2740:
2739:
2736:
2720:
2719:
2716:
2679:
2678:
2675:
2659:
2658:
2655:
2620:
2619:
2616:
2599:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2557:
2556:
2553:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2481:with this color.
2458:
2457:
2454:
2421:
2420:
2417:
2388:
2387:
2384:
2345:
2344:
2341:
2302:
2301:
2298:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2256:, meaning "sun";
2238:
2237:
2234:
2190:Semantic reading
2172:English language
2123:
2122:
2119:
2065:
2064:
2061:
2022:
2021:
2018:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1918:
1917:
1914:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1838:
1837:
1834:
1778:
1777:
1774:
1738:
1737:
1734:
1686:
1685:
1682:
1647:
1643:
1591:Uniliteral signs
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1524:, "keep, watch"
1492:
1491:
1488:
1469:
1468:
1465:
1445:
1444:
1441:
1404:
1322:Phonetic reading
1048:
1045:
1017:
1014:
1000:
984:
972:
960:
944:
927:
924:
908:
905:
860:
857:
841:
838:
807:
804:
789:
786:
743:
706:
705:
692:
691:
685:Ptolemaic period
669:
663:
662:
649:
648:
626:
611:Book of the Dead
533:
530:
526:Early Bronze Age
507:Cyrillic scripts
441:for writing the
429:
424:
423:
420:
419:
416:
413:
410:
407:
404:
401:
398:
395:
392:
389:
372:
366:
362:
335:
327:
319:
281:
278:
194:
190:
187:
152:
139:
138:
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
45:
37:
21:
26643:
26642:
26638:
26637:
26636:
26634:
26633:
26632:
26593:
26592:
26591:
26582:
26575:
26568:
26561:
26550:
26543:
26536:
26529:
26522:
26515:
26501:
26494:
26487:
26480:
26473:
26466:
26459:
26452:
26441:
26434:
26427:
26420:
26413:
26406:
26399:
26394:Charles Barbier
26392:
26385:
26374:
26367:
26360:
26353:
26346:
26339:
26332:
26325:
26318:
26311:
26304:
26297:
26284:
26277:
26270:
26262:
26255:
26248:
26241:
26226:
26218:
26211:
26204:
26193:
26186:
26179:
26170:
26163:
26156:
26149:
26144:
26133:
26125:
26119:Frequency-based
26114:
26106:
26091:
26084:
26076:
26069:
26061:
26054:
26047:
26040:
26032:
26025:
26018:
26011:
26000:
25992:
25985:
25978:
25971:
25964:
25957:
25950:
25943:
25936:
25929:
25922:
25915:Bharati Braille
25912:
25906:
25898:
25891:
25884:
25873:
25867:
25860:
25853:
25846:
25839:
25832:
25825:
25818:
25811:
25800:
25794:
25787:
25782:
25775:
25770:
25765:
25760:
25753:
25746:
25739:
25732:
25721:
25714:
25707:
25700:
25693:
25686:
25678:
25671:
25664:
25657:
25650:
25643:
25636:
25629:
25622:
25615:
25608:
25601:
25594:
25586:
25579:
25572:
25565:
25558:
25551:
25544:
25537:
25530:
25523:
25516:
25509:
25502:
25495:
25489:Unified English
25483:
25476:
25469:
25461:
25454:
25447:
25440:
25433:
25418:Braille scripts
25413:
25406:
25399:
25392:
25385:
25374:
25370:
25365:
25320:
25135:
25118:
25114:Stokoe notation
25090:
25069:
25028:
24983:
24962:
24946:
24910:
24889:Logoconsonantal
24884:
24833:
24786:
24755:
24662:
24645:
24626:Siglas poveiras
24547:
24526:
24485:
24389:Younger Futhark
24093:Gregg shorthand
23889:
23868:
23721:
23373:
23103:
23086:
22865:
22848:
22831:
22804:Writing systems
22792:
22767:
22765:writing systems
22758:
22728:
22723:
22673:
22671:
22663:
22640:
22631:
22367:
22344:
22338:
22308:
22303:
22293:
22272:
22251:
22246:
22238:
22224:
22220:Transliteration
22196:
22165:Characteristics
22160:
22155:
22087:
22077:
22033:
22008:
21974:
21952:
21924:Davidson, James
21917:
21896:
21877:
21857:
21855:Further reading
21852:
21851:
21842:
21840:
21832:
21831:
21827:
21814:
21810:
21801:
21797:
21790:
21772:
21768:
21755:
21746:
21734:
21730:
21723:Acta Eruditorum
21717:
21716:
21712:
21702:
21700:
21691:
21687:
21678:
21674:
21664:
21662:
21655:
21654:
21650:
21643:
21631:
21630:
21626:
21616:
21614:
21612:
21596:
21592:
21582:
21580:
21578:
21562:
21558:
21549:
21545:
21540:
21536:
21526:
21524:
21522:
21506:
21502:
21492:
21490:
21488:
21472:
21468:
21461:
21445:
21441:
21431:
21429:
21417:
21410:
21403:
21387:
21383:
21364:
21360:
21355:
21351:
21334:
21330:
21321:
21319:
21315:
21314:
21310:
21290:
21286:
21277:
21273:
21253:
21249:
21229:
21225:
21219:Perseus Project
21195:
21191:
21184:
21173:
21165:
21161:
21143:
21139:
21096:
21092:
21085:
21069:
21054:
21045:
21043:
21000:
20993:
20985:
20981:
20964:
20960:
20950:
20943:
20928:
20927:
20923:
20917:
20900:
20896:
20891:
20841:
20836:
20834:
20831:
20775:
20770:
20765:
20760:
20755:
20750:
20740:
20735:
20730:
20725:
20720:
20715:
20710:
20705:
20700:
20682:
20681:
20675:
20674:
20669:
20659:
20654:
20649:
20644:
20639:
20634:
20629:
20624:
20619:
20614:
20609:
20604:
20599:
20594:
20589:
20584:
20519:
7171:
3525:
3465:
3453:Main articles:
3451:
3407:
3378:
3355:
3314:
3311:
3302:
3294:
3266:
3250:
3193:
3185:
3148:
3146:Simple examples
3095:
3062:
3050:
3041:
3029:
2997:
2989:
2987:
2976:
2921:
2913:
2858:
2853:
2801:
2747:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2530:
2490:
2349:
2309:
2274:
2242:
2220:
2192:
2130:
1970:
1925:
1886:
1805:ḫ +p +ḫpr +r +j
1787:
1782:
1665:
1634:door-bolt glyph
1622:Middle Egyptian
1620:developed into
1613:true alphabet.
1610:
1593:
1496:
1324:
1298:reading), as a
1291:
1282:Acta Eruditorum
1185:
1179:
1147:, known as the
1116:
1098:(priestly) and
1092:
1086:
1068:, representing
1047: 1321 BCE
1046:
1032:
1026:
1019:
1015:
1001:
992:
985:
976:
973:
964:
961:
952:
951:(3200–3000 BCE)
945:
926: 3400 BCE
925:
906:
896:Sumerian script
858:
842:) recovered at
839:
805:
787:
765:
755:
750:
690:τὰ ἱερογλυφικὰ
640:comes from the
634:
531:
515:Brahmic scripts
427:
386:
382:
343:
338:
333:
331:U+13430–U+1345F
325:
323:U+13460–U+143FF
317:
315:U+13000–U+1342F
308:
296:
279:
276:
261:
245:
238:
224:
217:Related scripts
192:
188:
182:
175:
163:
143:
133:
122:
116:
113:
70:
68:
58:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
26641:
26631:
26630:
26625:
26620:
26615:
26610:
26605:
26588:
26587:
26584:
26583:
26581:
26580:
26573:
26566:
26558:
26556:
26555:Related topics
26552:
26551:
26549:
26548:
26541:
26534:
26531:New York Point
26527:
26520:
26512:
26510:
26503:
26502:
26500:
26499:
26492:
26485:
26478:
26471:
26464:
26457:
26449:
26447:
26443:
26442:
26440:
26439:
26432:
26425:
26418:
26415:Harris Mowbray
26411:
26404:
26397:
26390:
26382:
26380:
26376:
26375:
26373:
26372:
26365:
26358:
26351:
26344:
26337:
26330:
26323:
26316:
26309:
26302:
26299:Braille e-book
26294:
26292:
26286:
26285:
26283:
26282:
26275:
26268:
26260:
26253:
26246:
26238:
26236:
26232:
26231:
26228:
26227:
26225:
26224:
26216:
26209:
26201:
26199:
26195:
26194:
26192:
26191:
26184:
26177:
26176:
26175:
26168:
26161:
26154:
26141:
26139:
26135:
26134:
26132:
26131:
26122:
26120:
26116:
26115:
26113:
26112:
26103:
26101:
26097:
26096:
26093:
26092:
26090:
26089:
26082:
26074:
26067:
26059:
26052:
26045:
26038:
26030:
26023:
26016:
26008:
26006:
26002:
26001:
25999:
25998:
25990:
25983:
25976:
25969:
25962:
25955:
25948:
25941:
25934:
25927:
25919:
25917:
25908:
25907:
25905:
25904:
25896:
25889:
25881:
25879:
25869:
25868:
25866:
25865:
25858:
25851:
25844:
25837:
25830:
25823:
25816:
25808:
25806:
25796:
25795:
25793:
25792:
25791:
25790:
25785:
25780:
25773:
25768:
25763:
25751:
25744:
25737:
25729:
25727:
25720:
25719:
25712:
25705:
25698:
25691:
25684:
25676:
25669:
25662:
25655:
25648:
25641:
25634:
25627:
25620:
25613:
25606:
25599:
25592:
25584:
25577:
25570:
25563:
25556:
25549:
25542:
25535:
25528:
25521:
25514:
25507:
25500:
25493:
25481:
25474:
25467:
25459:
25452:
25445:
25438:
25430:
25428:
25426:French-ordered
25419:
25415:
25414:
25412:
25411:
25404:
25397:
25390:
25382:
25380:
25376:
25375:
25364:
25363:
25356:
25349:
25341:
25334:
25333:
25330:
25329:
25326:
25325:
25322:
25321:
25319:
25318:
25313:
25308:
25303:
25298:
25293:
25288:
25283:
25278:
25273:
25268:
25266:Linear Elamite
25263:
25258:
25253:
25248:
25247:
25246:
25241:
25236:
25231:
25226:
25221:
25211:
25206:
25201:
25196:
25191:
25186:
25181:
25176:
25171:
25166:
25161:
25156:
25151:
25146:
25140:
25137:
25136:
25124:
25123:
25120:
25119:
25117:
25116:
25111:
25106:
25101:
25095:
25092:
25091:
25088:Sign languages
25079:
25078:
25075:
25074:
25071:
25070:
25068:
25067:
25065:Quốc Âm Tân Tự
25062:
25057:
25052:
25047:
25042:
25040:Espanca script
25036:
25034:
25030:
25029:
25027:
25026:
25021:
25016:
25011:
25006:
25001:
24999:Linear Elamite
24995:
24993:
24985:
24984:
24972:
24971:
24968:
24967:
24964:
24963:
24961:
24960:
24954:
24952:
24948:
24947:
24945:
24944:
24939:
24934:
24929:
24924:
24918:
24916:
24912:
24911:
24909:
24908:
24903:
24898:
24892:
24890:
24886:
24885:
24883:
24882:
24880:Yi (Classical)
24877:
24872:
24867:
24862:
24857:
24852:
24847:
24841:
24839:
24835:
24834:
24832:
24831:
24826:
24821:
24816:
24811:
24806:
24800:
24798:
24792:
24791:
24788:
24787:
24785:
24784:
24779:
24774:
24769:
24763:
24761:
24757:
24756:
24754:
24753:
24748:
24743:
24738:
24733:
24728:
24727:
24726:
24721:
24716:
24706:
24704:Bronze scripts
24701:
24696:
24691:
24685:
24683:
24674:
24664:
24663:
24651:
24650:
24647:
24646:
24644:
24643:
24638:
24633:
24628:
24623:
24618:
24613:
24608:
24603:
24598:
24593:
24588:
24583:
24578:
24573:
24568:
24563:
24558:
24552:
24549:
24548:
24536:
24535:
24532:
24531:
24528:
24527:
24525:
24524:
24519:
24517:Flag semaphore
24514:
24512:New York Point
24509:
24507:Telegraph code
24504:
24502:Maritime flags
24499:
24493:
24491:
24487:
24486:
24484:
24483:
24478:
24473:
24468:
24463:
24458:
24456:Visible Speech
24453:
24448:
24443:
24438:
24433:
24428:
24426:Sorang Sompeng
24423:
24418:
24413:
24412:
24411:
24406:
24401:
24396:
24391:
24386:
24381:
24376:
24371:
24361:
24356:
24351:
24346:
24341:
24336:
24331:
24330:
24329:
24328:
24327:
24322:
24317:
24312:
24310:Galik alphabet
24307:
24292:
24287:
24282:
24277:
24272:
24267:
24262:
24257:
24252:
24247:
24242:
24237:
24232:
24227:
24222:
24217:
24216:
24215:
24210:
24208:Tironian notes
24205:
24200:
24195:
24190:
24185:
24180:
24175:
24170:
24165:
24160:
24155:
24150:
24140:
24135:
24130:
24125:
24120:
24115:
24110:
24105:
24095:
24090:
24085:
24080:
24075:
24074:
24073:
24068:
24063:
24053:
24051:Garay alphabet
24048:
24043:
24038:
24033:
24028:
24023:
24018:
24013:
24008:
24003:
24002:
24001:
23991:
23986:
23985:
23984:
23979:
23969:
23964:
23959:
23954:
23949:
23944:
23939:
23934:
23929:
23928:
23927:
23917:
23912:
23907:
23901:
23899:
23891:
23890:
23878:
23877:
23874:
23873:
23870:
23869:
23867:
23866:
23861:
23856:
23851:
23846:
23841:
23836:
23834:Sorang Sompeng
23831:
23826:
23821:
23816:
23811:
23806:
23801:
23796:
23791:
23786:
23781:
23776:
23771:
23766:
23761:
23760:
23759:
23757:Déné syllabics
23754:
23744:
23739:
23733:
23731:
23727:
23726:
23723:
23722:
23720:
23719:
23718:
23717:
23712:
23702:
23701:
23700:
23695:
23690:
23685:
23680:
23675:
23670:
23660:
23655:
23650:
23645:
23640:
23635:
23630:
23625:
23620:
23615:
23610:
23605:
23600:
23595:
23594:
23593:
23583:
23578:
23573:
23568:
23563:
23558:
23553:
23548:
23547:
23546:
23541:
23531:
23526:
23521:
23520:
23519:
23509:
23504:
23499:
23494:
23489:
23484:
23483:
23482:
23472:
23467:
23462:
23457:
23452:
23447:
23442:
23437:
23432:
23427:
23422:
23417:
23412:
23407:
23402:
23397:
23392:
23387:
23381:
23379:
23375:
23374:
23372:
23371:
23366:
23361:
23360:
23359:
23354:
23344:
23339:
23334:
23329:
23324:
23319:
23314:
23313:
23312:
23302:
23301:
23300:
23295:
23290:
23285:
23280:
23275:
23270:
23265:
23260:
23255:
23250:
23245:
23235:
23230:
23225:
23220:
23215:
23210:
23205:
23200:
23195:
23190:
23185:
23180:
23175:
23170:
23165:
23160:
23155:
23150:
23145:
23140:
23135:
23130:
23124:
23122:
23115:
23105:
23104:
23092:
23091:
23088:
23087:
23085:
23084:
23079:
23074:
23073:
23072:
23067:
23062:
23052:
23047:
23046:
23045:
23040:
23030:
23025:
23020:
23018:Proto-Sinaitic
23015:
23010:
23009:
23008:
22998:
22993:
22992:
22991:
22986:
22981:
22976:
22966:
22961:
22956:
22951:
22946:
22941:
22940:
22939:
22934:
22929:
22924:
22914:
22909:
22904:
22903:
22902:
22892:
22891:
22890:
22879:
22878:
22870:
22867:
22866:
22850:
22849:
22837:
22836:
22833:
22832:
22830:
22829:
22823:
22822:
22821:
22816:
22811:
22800:
22798:
22794:
22793:
22791:
22790:
22785:
22779:
22777:
22769:
22768:
22757:
22756:
22749:
22742:
22734:
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22102:Hieroglyphics!
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22076:978-3862882045
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7025:
7022:
7019:
7016:
7013:
7010:
7007:
7004:
7001:
6998:
6995:
6992:
6989:
6986:
6983:
6980:
6976:
6975:
6972:
6969:
6966:
6963:
6960:
6957:
6954:
6951:
6948:
6945:
6942:
6939:
6936:
6933:
6930:
6927:
6923:
6922:
6919:
6916:
6913:
6910:
6907:
6904:
6901:
6898:
6895:
6892:
6889:
6886:
6883:
6880:
6877:
6874:
6870:
6869:
6866:
6863:
6860:
6857:
6854:
6851:
6848:
6845:
6842:
6839:
6836:
6833:
6830:
6827:
6824:
6821:
6817:
6816:
6813:
6810:
6807:
6804:
6801:
6798:
6795:
6792:
6789:
6786:
6783:
6780:
6777:
6774:
6771:
6768:
6764:
6763:
6760:
6757:
6754:
6751:
6748:
6745:
6742:
6739:
6736:
6733:
6730:
6727:
6724:
6721:
6718:
6715:
6711:
6710:
6707:
6704:
6701:
6698:
6695:
6692:
6689:
6686:
6683:
6680:
6677:
6674:
6671:
6668:
6665:
6662:
6658:
6657:
6654:
6651:
6648:
6645:
6642:
6639:
6636:
6633:
6630:
6627:
6624:
6621:
6618:
6615:
6612:
6609:
6605:
6604:
6601:
6598:
6595:
6592:
6589:
6586:
6583:
6580:
6577:
6574:
6571:
6568:
6565:
6562:
6559:
6556:
6552:
6551:
6548:
6545:
6542:
6539:
6536:
6533:
6530:
6527:
6524:
6521:
6518:
6515:
6512:
6509:
6506:
6503:
6499:
6498:
6495:
6492:
6489:
6486:
6483:
6480:
6477:
6474:
6471:
6468:
6465:
6462:
6459:
6456:
6453:
6450:
6446:
6445:
6442:
6439:
6436:
6433:
6430:
6427:
6424:
6421:
6418:
6415:
6412:
6409:
6406:
6403:
6400:
6397:
6393:
6392:
6389:
6386:
6383:
6380:
6377:
6374:
6371:
6368:
6365:
6362:
6359:
6356:
6353:
6350:
6347:
6344:
6340:
6339:
6336:
6333:
6330:
6327:
6324:
6321:
6318:
6315:
6312:
6309:
6306:
6303:
6300:
6297:
6294:
6291:
6287:
6286:
6283:
6280:
6277:
6274:
6271:
6268:
6265:
6262:
6259:
6256:
6253:
6250:
6247:
6244:
6241:
6238:
6234:
6233:
6230:
6227:
6224:
6221:
6218:
6215:
6212:
6209:
6206:
6203:
6200:
6197:
6194:
6191:
6188:
6185:
6181:
6180:
6177:
6174:
6171:
6168:
6165:
6162:
6159:
6156:
6153:
6150:
6147:
6144:
6141:
6138:
6135:
6132:
6128:
6127:
6124:
6121:
6118:
6115:
6112:
6109:
6106:
6103:
6100:
6097:
6094:
6091:
6088:
6085:
6082:
6079:
6075:
6074:
6071:
6068:
6065:
6062:
6059:
6056:
6053:
6050:
6047:
6044:
6041:
6038:
6035:
6032:
6029:
6026:
6022:
6021:
6018:
6015:
6012:
6009:
6006:
6003:
6000:
5997:
5994:
5991:
5988:
5985:
5982:
5979:
5976:
5973:
5969:
5968:
5965:
5962:
5959:
5956:
5953:
5950:
5947:
5944:
5941:
5938:
5935:
5932:
5929:
5926:
5923:
5920:
5916:
5915:
5912:
5909:
5906:
5903:
5900:
5897:
5894:
5891:
5888:
5885:
5882:
5879:
5876:
5873:
5870:
5867:
5863:
5862:
5859:
5856:
5853:
5850:
5847:
5844:
5841:
5838:
5835:
5832:
5829:
5826:
5823:
5820:
5817:
5814:
5810:
5809:
5806:
5803:
5800:
5797:
5794:
5791:
5788:
5785:
5782:
5779:
5776:
5773:
5770:
5767:
5764:
5761:
5757:
5756:
5753:
5750:
5747:
5744:
5741:
5738:
5735:
5732:
5729:
5726:
5723:
5720:
5717:
5714:
5711:
5708:
5704:
5703:
5700:
5697:
5694:
5691:
5688:
5685:
5682:
5679:
5676:
5673:
5670:
5667:
5664:
5661:
5658:
5655:
5651:
5650:
5647:
5644:
5641:
5638:
5635:
5632:
5629:
5626:
5623:
5620:
5617:
5614:
5611:
5608:
5605:
5602:
5598:
5597:
5594:
5591:
5588:
5585:
5582:
5579:
5576:
5573:
5570:
5567:
5564:
5561:
5558:
5555:
5552:
5549:
5545:
5544:
5541:
5538:
5535:
5532:
5529:
5526:
5523:
5520:
5517:
5514:
5511:
5508:
5505:
5502:
5499:
5496:
5492:
5491:
5488:
5485:
5482:
5479:
5476:
5473:
5470:
5467:
5464:
5461:
5458:
5455:
5452:
5449:
5446:
5443:
5439:
5438:
5435:
5432:
5429:
5426:
5423:
5420:
5417:
5414:
5411:
5408:
5405:
5402:
5399:
5396:
5393:
5390:
5386:
5385:
5382:
5379:
5376:
5373:
5370:
5367:
5364:
5361:
5358:
5355:
5352:
5349:
5346:
5343:
5340:
5337:
5333:
5332:
5329:
5326:
5323:
5320:
5317:
5314:
5311:
5308:
5305:
5302:
5299:
5296:
5293:
5290:
5287:
5284:
5280:
5279:
5276:
5273:
5270:
5267:
5264:
5261:
5258:
5255:
5252:
5249:
5246:
5243:
5240:
5237:
5234:
5231:
5227:
5226:
5223:
5220:
5217:
5214:
5211:
5208:
5205:
5202:
5199:
5196:
5193:
5190:
5187:
5184:
5181:
5178:
5174:
5173:
5170:
5167:
5164:
5161:
5158:
5155:
5152:
5149:
5146:
5143:
5140:
5137:
5134:
5131:
5128:
5125:
5121:
5120:
5117:
5114:
5111:
5108:
5105:
5102:
5099:
5096:
5093:
5090:
5087:
5084:
5081:
5078:
5075:
5072:
5068:
5067:
5064:
5061:
5058:
5055:
5052:
5049:
5046:
5043:
5040:
5037:
5034:
5031:
5028:
5025:
5022:
5019:
5015:
5014:
5011:
5008:
5005:
5002:
4999:
4996:
4993:
4990:
4987:
4984:
4981:
4978:
4975:
4972:
4969:
4966:
4962:
4961:
4958:
4955:
4952:
4949:
4946:
4943:
4940:
4937:
4934:
4931:
4928:
4925:
4922:
4919:
4916:
4913:
4909:
4908:
4905:
4902:
4899:
4896:
4893:
4890:
4887:
4884:
4881:
4878:
4875:
4872:
4869:
4866:
4863:
4860:
4856:
4855:
4852:
4849:
4846:
4843:
4840:
4837:
4834:
4831:
4828:
4825:
4822:
4819:
4816:
4813:
4810:
4807:
4803:
4802:
4799:
4796:
4793:
4790:
4787:
4784:
4781:
4778:
4775:
4772:
4769:
4766:
4763:
4760:
4757:
4754:
4750:
4749:
4746:
4743:
4740:
4737:
4734:
4731:
4728:
4725:
4722:
4719:
4716:
4713:
4710:
4707:
4704:
4701:
4697:
4696:
4693:
4690:
4687:
4684:
4681:
4678:
4675:
4672:
4669:
4666:
4663:
4660:
4657:
4654:
4651:
4648:
4644:
4643:
4640:
4637:
4634:
4631:
4628:
4625:
4622:
4619:
4616:
4613:
4610:
4607:
4604:
4601:
4598:
4595:
4591:
4590:
4587:
4584:
4581:
4578:
4575:
4572:
4569:
4566:
4563:
4560:
4557:
4554:
4551:
4548:
4545:
4542:
4538:
4537:
4534:
4531:
4528:
4525:
4522:
4519:
4516:
4513:
4510:
4507:
4504:
4501:
4498:
4495:
4492:
4489:
4485:
4484:
4481:
4478:
4475:
4472:
4469:
4466:
4463:
4460:
4457:
4454:
4451:
4448:
4445:
4442:
4439:
4436:
4432:
4431:
4428:
4425:
4422:
4419:
4416:
4413:
4410:
4407:
4404:
4401:
4398:
4395:
4392:
4389:
4386:
4383:
4379:
4378:
4375:
4372:
4369:
4366:
4363:
4360:
4357:
4354:
4351:
4348:
4345:
4342:
4339:
4336:
4333:
4330:
4326:
4325:
4322:
4319:
4316:
4313:
4310:
4307:
4304:
4301:
4298:
4295:
4292:
4289:
4286:
4283:
4280:
4277:
4273:
4272:
4269:
4266:
4263:
4260:
4257:
4254:
4251:
4248:
4245:
4242:
4239:
4236:
4233:
4230:
4227:
4224:
4220:
4219:
4216:
4213:
4210:
4207:
4204:
4201:
4198:
4195:
4192:
4189:
4186:
4183:
4180:
4177:
4174:
4171:
4167:
4166:
4163:
4160:
4157:
4154:
4151:
4148:
4145:
4142:
4139:
4136:
4133:
4130:
4127:
4124:
4121:
4118:
4114:
4113:
4110:
4107:
4104:
4101:
4098:
4095:
4092:
4089:
4086:
4083:
4080:
4077:
4074:
4071:
4068:
4065:
4061:
4060:
4057:
4054:
4051:
4048:
4045:
4042:
4039:
4036:
4033:
4030:
4027:
4024:
4021:
4018:
4015:
4012:
4008:
4007:
4004:
4001:
3998:
3995:
3992:
3989:
3986:
3983:
3980:
3977:
3974:
3971:
3968:
3965:
3962:
3959:
3955:
3954:
3951:
3948:
3945:
3942:
3939:
3936:
3933:
3930:
3927:
3924:
3921:
3918:
3915:
3912:
3909:
3906:
3902:
3901:
3898:
3895:
3892:
3889:
3886:
3883:
3880:
3877:
3874:
3871:
3868:
3865:
3862:
3859:
3856:
3853:
3849:
3848:
3845:
3842:
3839:
3836:
3833:
3830:
3827:
3824:
3821:
3818:
3815:
3812:
3809:
3806:
3803:
3800:
3796:
3795:
3792:
3789:
3786:
3783:
3780:
3777:
3774:
3771:
3768:
3765:
3762:
3759:
3756:
3753:
3750:
3747:
3743:
3742:
3739:
3736:
3733:
3730:
3727:
3724:
3721:
3718:
3715:
3712:
3709:
3706:
3703:
3700:
3697:
3694:
3690:
3689:
3686:
3683:
3680:
3677:
3674:
3671:
3668:
3665:
3662:
3659:
3656:
3653:
3650:
3647:
3644:
3641:
3637:
3636:
3633:
3630:
3627:
3624:
3621:
3618:
3615:
3612:
3609:
3606:
3603:
3600:
3597:
3594:
3591:
3588:
3584:
3583:
3580:
3577:
3574:
3571:
3568:
3565:
3562:
3559:
3556:
3553:
3550:
3547:
3544:
3541:
3538:
3535:
3531:
3530:
3450:
3447:
3429:it is read as
3417:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3409:
3362:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3321:
3320:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3299:
3296:
3279:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3256:
3255:
3244:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3232:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3201:
3198:
3195:
3190:
3187:
3173:
3172:
3166:
3147:
3144:
3120:
3119:
3116:
3113:
3106:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3069:
3066:
3061:
3058:
3049:
3046:
3040:
3037:
3028:
3027:Filling stroke
3025:
3019:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2994:
2991:
2984:
2981:
2978:
2968:
2967:
2961:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2923:
2918:
2915:
2905:
2904:
2898:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2832:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2808:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2782:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2757:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2749:
2744:
2729:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2697:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2668:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2640:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2632:
2624:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2575:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2522:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2502:
2493:Determinatives
2489:
2488:Determinatives
2486:
2485:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2470:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2462:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2433:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2425:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2400:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2392:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2356:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2335:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2316:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2281:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2260:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2249:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2219:
2216:
2191:
2188:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2143:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2127:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2083:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2040:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2007:
2006:
2005:
2004:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1932:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1883:
1864:
1863:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1821:
1820:
1800:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1784:
1770:
1769:
1753:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1701:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1664:
1661:
1606:Main article:
1592:
1589:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1323:
1320:
1290:
1289:Writing system
1287:
1225:British Museum
1181:Main article:
1178:
1175:
1115:
1112:
1085:
1082:
1074:determinatives
1025:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1009:Second Dynasty
1002:
995:
993:
986:
979:
977:
974:
967:
965:
962:
955:
953:
946:
939:
907: 8000 BC
878:Middle Kingdom
870:Second Dynasty
852:Narmer Palette
827:ruler called "
788: 4000 BC
754:
751:
749:
746:
734:Sahidic Coptic
687:, were called
652:hieroglyphikos
633:
630:
552:Middle Kingdom
544:Second Dynasty
522:proto-literate
465:were used for
435:writing system
374:
373:
367:⟩, see
340:
339:
337:
336:
328:
320:
311:
309:
304:
301:
300:
297:
294:
291:
290:
284:
283:
274:
268:
267:
263:
262:
260:
259:
257:Proto-Sinaitic
254:
248:
246:
243:
240:
239:
237:
236:
227:
225:
223:Parent systems
222:
219:
218:
214:
213:
208:
204:
203:
200:
196:
195:
183:
180:
177:
176:
171:
169:
165:
164:
153:
145:
144:
135:
134:
49:
47:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
26640:
26629:
26626:
26624:
26621:
26619:
26616:
26614:
26611:
26609:
26606:
26604:
26601:
26600:
26598:
26578:
26574:
26571:
26567:
26564:
26560:
26559:
26557:
26553:
26546:
26542:
26539:
26538:Night writing
26535:
26532:
26528:
26525:
26521:
26518:
26514:
26513:
26511:
26509:
26504:
26497:
26493:
26490:
26486:
26483:
26479:
26476:
26472:
26469:
26465:
26462:
26458:
26455:
26451:
26450:
26448:
26446:Organisations
26444:
26437:
26433:
26430:
26426:
26423:
26419:
26416:
26412:
26409:
26408:Valentin Haüy
26405:
26402:
26398:
26395:
26391:
26388:
26387:Louis Braille
26384:
26383:
26381:
26377:
26370:
26366:
26363:
26359:
26356:
26352:
26349:
26345:
26342:
26338:
26335:
26331:
26328:
26324:
26321:
26320:Braille watch
26317:
26314:
26310:
26307:
26303:
26300:
26296:
26295:
26293:
26291:
26287:
26280:
26276:
26273:
26269:
26265:
26261:
26258:
26254:
26251:
26247:
26244:
26243:Braille music
26240:
26239:
26237:
26233:
26221:
26217:
26214:
26210:
26207:
26206:Luxembourgish
26203:
26202:
26200:
26196:
26189:
26185:
26182:
26178:
26173:
26169:
26166:
26162:
26159:
26155:
26152:
26148:
26147:
26143:
26142:
26140:
26136:
26128:
26124:
26123:
26121:
26117:
26109:
26105:
26104:
26102:
26098:
26087:
26083:
26079:
26075:
26072:
26068:
26064:
26060:
26057:
26053:
26050:
26046:
26043:
26039:
26035:
26031:
26028:
26024:
26021:
26017:
26014:
26010:
26009:
26007:
26005:Other scripts
26003:
25995:
25991:
25988:
25984:
25981:
25977:
25974:
25970:
25967:
25963:
25960:
25956:
25953:
25949:
25946:
25942:
25939:
25935:
25932:
25928:
25925:
25921:
25920:
25918:
25916:
25909:
25901:
25897:
25894:
25890:
25887:
25883:
25882:
25880:
25877:
25870:
25863:
25859:
25856:
25852:
25849:
25845:
25842:
25838:
25835:
25831:
25828:
25824:
25821:
25817:
25814:
25810:
25809:
25807:
25804:
25797:
25786:
25781:
25778:
25777:Northern Sámi
25774:
25769:
25764:
25759:
25758:
25756:
25752:
25749:
25745:
25742:
25738:
25735:
25731:
25730:
25728:
25726:Nordic family
25724:
25717:
25713:
25710:
25706:
25703:
25699:
25696:
25692:
25689:
25685:
25681:
25677:
25674:
25670:
25667:
25666:South African
25663:
25660:
25656:
25653:
25649:
25646:
25642:
25639:
25635:
25632:
25628:
25625:
25621:
25618:
25614:
25611:
25607:
25604:
25600:
25597:
25593:
25589:
25588:Luxembourgish
25585:
25582:
25578:
25575:
25571:
25568:
25564:
25561:
25557:
25554:
25550:
25547:
25543:
25540:
25536:
25533:
25529:
25526:
25522:
25519:
25515:
25512:
25508:
25505:
25501:
25498:
25494:
25490:
25486:
25482:
25479:
25475:
25472:
25468:
25464:
25460:
25457:
25453:
25450:
25446:
25443:
25439:
25436:
25432:
25431:
25429:
25427:
25423:
25420:
25416:
25409:
25405:
25402:
25401:ASCII braille
25398:
25395:
25391:
25388:
25384:
25383:
25381:
25377:
25369:
25362:
25357:
25355:
25350:
25348:
25343:
25342:
25339:
25335:
25317:
25314:
25312:
25309:
25307:
25304:
25302:
25299:
25297:
25294:
25292:
25289:
25287:
25284:
25282:
25279:
25277:
25274:
25272:
25269:
25267:
25264:
25262:
25259:
25257:
25254:
25252:
25249:
25245:
25242:
25240:
25237:
25235:
25232:
25230:
25227:
25225:
25222:
25220:
25217:
25216:
25215:
25212:
25210:
25207:
25205:
25202:
25200:
25197:
25195:
25192:
25190:
25187:
25185:
25182:
25180:
25177:
25175:
25172:
25170:
25167:
25165:
25162:
25160:
25157:
25155:
25152:
25150:
25147:
25145:
25142:
25141:
25138:
25134:
25129:
25125:
25115:
25112:
25110:
25107:
25105:
25102:
25100:
25097:
25096:
25093:
25089:
25084:
25080:
25066:
25063:
25061:
25058:
25056:
25053:
25051:
25048:
25046:
25043:
25041:
25038:
25037:
25035:
25031:
25025:
25022:
25020:
25017:
25015:
25012:
25010:
25007:
25005:
25002:
25000:
24997:
24996:
24994:
24990:
24986:
24982:
24977:
24973:
24959:
24956:
24955:
24953:
24949:
24943:
24940:
24938:
24935:
24933:
24932:Attic (Greek)
24930:
24928:
24925:
24923:
24920:
24919:
24917:
24913:
24907:
24904:
24902:
24899:
24897:
24894:
24893:
24891:
24887:
24881:
24878:
24876:
24873:
24871:
24870:Proto-Elamite
24868:
24866:
24863:
24861:
24858:
24856:
24853:
24851:
24848:
24846:
24843:
24842:
24840:
24836:
24830:
24827:
24825:
24822:
24820:
24817:
24815:
24812:
24810:
24807:
24805:
24802:
24801:
24799:
24797:
24793:
24783:
24780:
24778:
24775:
24773:
24770:
24768:
24765:
24764:
24762:
24758:
24752:
24749:
24747:
24744:
24742:
24739:
24737:
24734:
24732:
24729:
24725:
24722:
24720:
24717:
24715:
24712:
24711:
24710:
24707:
24705:
24702:
24700:
24697:
24695:
24692:
24690:
24687:
24686:
24684:
24682:
24678:
24675:
24673:
24669:
24665:
24661:
24656:
24652:
24642:
24639:
24637:
24634:
24632:
24629:
24627:
24624:
24622:
24619:
24617:
24614:
24612:
24609:
24607:
24604:
24602:
24599:
24597:
24594:
24592:
24589:
24587:
24584:
24582:
24579:
24577:
24574:
24572:
24569:
24567:
24564:
24562:
24559:
24557:
24554:
24553:
24550:
24546:
24541:
24537:
24523:
24520:
24518:
24515:
24513:
24510:
24508:
24505:
24503:
24500:
24498:
24495:
24494:
24492:
24488:
24482:
24479:
24477:
24474:
24472:
24469:
24467:
24464:
24462:
24459:
24457:
24454:
24452:
24449:
24447:
24444:
24442:
24439:
24437:
24434:
24432:
24429:
24427:
24424:
24422:
24419:
24417:
24414:
24410:
24407:
24405:
24402:
24400:
24397:
24395:
24392:
24390:
24387:
24385:
24384:Elder Futhark
24382:
24380:
24377:
24375:
24372:
24370:
24367:
24366:
24365:
24362:
24360:
24357:
24355:
24352:
24350:
24347:
24345:
24342:
24340:
24337:
24335:
24332:
24326:
24323:
24321:
24318:
24316:
24313:
24311:
24308:
24306:
24303:
24302:
24301:
24298:
24297:
24296:
24293:
24291:
24288:
24286:
24283:
24281:
24278:
24276:
24275:Old Hungarian
24273:
24271:
24268:
24266:
24263:
24261:
24258:
24256:
24253:
24251:
24248:
24246:
24243:
24241:
24238:
24236:
24233:
24231:
24228:
24226:
24223:
24221:
24218:
24214:
24211:
24209:
24206:
24204:
24201:
24199:
24196:
24194:
24191:
24189:
24186:
24184:
24181:
24179:
24176:
24174:
24171:
24169:
24166:
24164:
24161:
24159:
24156:
24154:
24151:
24149:
24146:
24145:
24144:
24141:
24139:
24136:
24134:
24131:
24129:
24126:
24124:
24121:
24119:
24116:
24114:
24111:
24109:
24106:
24103:
24099:
24096:
24094:
24091:
24089:
24086:
24084:
24081:
24079:
24076:
24072:
24069:
24067:
24064:
24062:
24059:
24058:
24057:
24054:
24052:
24049:
24047:
24044:
24042:
24039:
24037:
24034:
24032:
24029:
24027:
24024:
24022:
24019:
24017:
24014:
24012:
24009:
24007:
24004:
24000:
23997:
23996:
23995:
23992:
23990:
23987:
23983:
23980:
23978:
23975:
23974:
23973:
23970:
23968:
23965:
23963:
23960:
23958:
23955:
23953:
23950:
23948:
23945:
23943:
23940:
23938:
23935:
23933:
23930:
23926:
23923:
23922:
23921:
23918:
23916:
23913:
23911:
23908:
23906:
23903:
23902:
23900:
23896:
23892:
23888:
23883:
23879:
23865:
23862:
23860:
23857:
23855:
23852:
23850:
23847:
23845:
23842:
23840:
23837:
23835:
23832:
23830:
23827:
23825:
23822:
23820:
23817:
23815:
23812:
23810:
23809:Masaram Gondi
23807:
23805:
23802:
23800:
23797:
23795:
23792:
23790:
23787:
23785:
23782:
23780:
23779:Gunjala Gondi
23777:
23775:
23772:
23770:
23767:
23765:
23762:
23758:
23755:
23753:
23750:
23749:
23748:
23745:
23743:
23740:
23738:
23735:
23734:
23732:
23728:
23716:
23713:
23711:
23708:
23707:
23706:
23703:
23699:
23696:
23694:
23691:
23689:
23686:
23684:
23681:
23679:
23676:
23674:
23671:
23669:
23666:
23665:
23664:
23661:
23659:
23656:
23654:
23651:
23649:
23646:
23644:
23641:
23639:
23636:
23634:
23631:
23629:
23626:
23624:
23621:
23619:
23616:
23614:
23611:
23609:
23606:
23604:
23601:
23599:
23596:
23592:
23591:Old Sundanese
23589:
23588:
23587:
23584:
23582:
23579:
23577:
23574:
23572:
23569:
23567:
23564:
23562:
23559:
23557:
23554:
23552:
23549:
23545:
23542:
23540:
23537:
23536:
23535:
23534:Old Maldivian
23532:
23530:
23527:
23525:
23522:
23518:
23517:Bilang-bilang
23515:
23514:
23513:
23510:
23508:
23505:
23503:
23500:
23498:
23495:
23493:
23490:
23488:
23485:
23481:
23478:
23477:
23476:
23473:
23471:
23468:
23466:
23463:
23461:
23458:
23456:
23453:
23451:
23448:
23446:
23443:
23441:
23438:
23436:
23433:
23431:
23428:
23426:
23423:
23421:
23418:
23416:
23413:
23411:
23408:
23406:
23403:
23401:
23398:
23396:
23393:
23391:
23388:
23386:
23383:
23382:
23380:
23376:
23370:
23367:
23365:
23362:
23358:
23355:
23353:
23350:
23349:
23348:
23345:
23343:
23340:
23338:
23337:Sylheti Nagri
23335:
23333:
23330:
23328:
23325:
23323:
23320:
23318:
23315:
23311:
23308:
23307:
23306:
23303:
23299:
23296:
23294:
23291:
23289:
23286:
23284:
23281:
23279:
23276:
23274:
23271:
23269:
23266:
23264:
23261:
23259:
23256:
23254:
23251:
23249:
23246:
23244:
23241:
23240:
23239:
23236:
23234:
23231:
23229:
23226:
23224:
23221:
23219:
23216:
23214:
23211:
23209:
23206:
23204:
23201:
23199:
23196:
23194:
23191:
23189:
23186:
23184:
23181:
23179:
23176:
23174:
23171:
23169:
23166:
23164:
23161:
23159:
23156:
23154:
23151:
23149:
23146:
23144:
23141:
23139:
23138:Brahmi script
23136:
23134:
23131:
23129:
23126:
23125:
23123:
23119:
23116:
23114:
23110:
23106:
23102:
23097:
23093:
23083:
23080:
23078:
23075:
23071:
23068:
23066:
23063:
23061:
23058:
23057:
23056:
23053:
23051:
23048:
23044:
23041:
23039:
23036:
23035:
23034:
23033:South Arabian
23031:
23029:
23026:
23024:
23021:
23019:
23016:
23014:
23011:
23007:
23004:
23003:
23002:
22999:
22997:
22994:
22990:
22987:
22985:
22982:
22980:
22979:Inscriptional
22977:
22975:
22972:
22971:
22970:
22967:
22965:
22962:
22960:
22957:
22955:
22952:
22950:
22947:
22945:
22942:
22938:
22935:
22933:
22930:
22928:
22925:
22923:
22920:
22919:
22918:
22915:
22913:
22910:
22908:
22905:
22901:
22898:
22897:
22896:
22893:
22889:
22886:
22885:
22884:
22881:
22880:
22877:
22876:
22872:
22871:
22868:
22864:
22859:
22855:
22851:
22847:
22842:
22838:
22828:
22824:
22820:
22817:
22815:
22812:
22810:
22807:
22806:
22805:
22802:
22801:
22799:
22795:
22789:
22786:
22784:
22781:
22780:
22778:
22774:
22770:
22766:
22762:
22755:
22750:
22748:
22743:
22741:
22736:
22735:
22732:
22720:
22712:
22710:
22702:
22700:
22692:
22690:
22682:
22680:
22670:
22669:
22666:
22660:
22657:
22655:
22654:Egyptologists
22652:
22650:
22647:
22646:
22643:
22638:
22628:
22625:
22623:
22620:
22618:
22615:
22611:
22608:
22606:
22603:
22602:
22601:
22598:
22596:
22593:
22591:
22588:
22586:
22583:
22581:
22578:
22574:
22571:
22569:
22566:
22565:
22564:
22561:
22559:
22556:
22554:
22551:
22549:
22546:
22544:
22541:
22539:
22536:
22534:
22531:
22529:
22526:
22522:
22519:
22517:
22514:
22513:
22512:
22509:
22507:
22504:
22500:
22497:
22496:
22495:
22492:
22488:
22485:
22484:
22483:
22480:
22478:
22475:
22473:
22470:
22468:
22465:
22463:
22460:
22458:
22455:
22453:
22450:
22448:
22445:
22443:
22440:
22438:
22435:
22431:
22428:
22427:
22426:
22423:
22421:
22418:
22416:
22413:
22409:
22406:
22405:
22404:
22401:
22397:
22394:
22392:
22389:
22387:
22384:
22383:
22382:
22379:
22377:
22374:
22373:
22370:
22364:
22361:
22359:
22356:
22354:
22351:
22350:
22347:
22342:
22341:Ancient Egypt
22335:
22330:
22328:
22323:
22321:
22316:
22315:
22312:
22301:
22296:
22290:
22287:
22285:
22282:
22281:
22279:
22275:
22269:
22266:
22264:
22261:
22260:
22258:
22254:
22245:
22242:
22237:
22234:
22233:
22231:
22227:
22221:
22218:
22214:
22213:Rosetta Stone
22211:
22210:
22209:
22206:
22205:
22203:
22199:
22193:
22190:
22188:
22185:
22183:
22180:
22178:
22175:
22173:
22172:Determinative
22170:
22169:
22167:
22163:
22159:
22152:
22147:
22145:
22140:
22138:
22133:
22132:
22129:
22122:
22119:
22117:
22116:
22113:Full-text of
22111:
22109:
22106:
22103:
22100:
22097:
22094:
22092:
22089:
22088:
22078:
22072:
22068:
22064:
22063:
22057:
22054:
22053:0-520-25235-7
22050:
22046:
22042:
22038:
22034:
22028:
22024:
22020:
22019:
22013:
22009:
22007:9781588392312
22003:
21999:
21998:
21995:
21990:
21986:
21985:
21979:
21975:
21969:
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21812:
21806:(1995), p. 13
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21759:
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21661:
21660:metmuseum.org
21658:
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21613:
21607:
21604:. Routledge.
21603:
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21523:
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21305:
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21264:
21260:
21251:
21244:
21240:
21236:
21227:
21220:
21216:
21215:
21210:
21209:Scott, Robert
21206:
21202:
21193:
21185:
21183:88-85697-43-7
21179:
21172:
21171:
21163:
21156:
21151:
21149:
21141:
21133:
21129:
21125:
21121:
21117:
21113:
21109:
21105:
21101:
21094:
21086:
21080:
21076:
21075:
21067:
21065:
21063:
21061:
21059:
21057:
21042:on 2018-11-19
21041:
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21021:
21017:
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21005:
20998:
20996:
20989:
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20968:
20962:
20955:
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20937:
20936:
20931:
20925:
20918:
20912:
20908:
20904:
20903:Jones, Daniel
20898:
20894:
20884:
20881:
20879:
20876:
20874:
20871:
20869:
20866:
20862:
20859:
20857:
20854:
20853:
20852:
20849:
20848:
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20833:
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20814:
20810:
20806:
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20804:
20800:
20746:
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20664:
20580:
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20572:
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20563:
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20557:
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20551:
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20545:
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20536:
20533:
20530:
20527:
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20518:
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20512:
20509:
20507:
20494:
20490:
20486:
20482:
20481:
20480:
20476:
20429:
20428:
20376:
20375:
20323:
20322:
20270:
20269:
20217:
20216:
20164:
20163:
20111:
20110:
20058:
20057:
20005:
20004:
19952:
19951:
19899:
19898:
19846:
19845:
19793:
19792:
19740:
19739:
19687:
19686:
19634:
19633:
19581:
19580:
19528:
19527:
19475:
19474:
19422:
19421:
19369:
19368:
19316:
19315:
19263:
19262:
19210:
19209:
19157:
19156:
19104:
19103:
19051:
19050:
18998:
18997:
18945:
18944:
18892:
18891:
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18786:
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18627:
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18574:
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18468:
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18309:
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18202:
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17778:
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17673:
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17620:
17619:
17567:
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17461:
17460:
17408:
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17302:
17301:
17249:
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17196:
17195:
17143:
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17090:
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16984:
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16878:
16877:
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14281:
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13009:
13008:
12956:
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9564:
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9511:
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9458:
9457:
9405:
9404:
9352:
9351:
9299:
9298:
9246:
9245:
9193:
9192:
9140:
9139:
9087:
9086:
9034:
9033:
8981:
8980:
8928:
8927:
8875:
8874:
8822:
8821:
8769:
8768:
8716:
8715:
8663:
8662:
8610:
8609:
8557:
8556:
8504:
8503:
8451:
8450:
8398:
8397:
8345:
8344:
8292:
8291:
8239:
8238:
8186:
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8080:
8079:
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7602:
7550:
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7496:
7444:
7443:
7391:
7390:
7338:
7337:
7285:
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7232:
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7224:
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7209:
7206:
7203:
7200:
7197:
7194:
7191:
7188:
7185:
7182:
7179:
7178:
7174:
7170:
7169:
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7161:
7159:
7146:
7142:
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7140:
7136:
7084:
7083:
7031:
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6978:
6977:
6925:
6924:
6872:
6871:
6819:
6818:
6766:
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6713:
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6660:
6659:
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6554:
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6501:
6500:
6448:
6447:
6395:
6394:
6342:
6341:
6289:
6288:
6236:
6235:
6183:
6182:
6130:
6129:
6077:
6076:
6024:
6023:
5971:
5970:
5918:
5917:
5865:
5864:
5812:
5811:
5759:
5758:
5706:
5705:
5653:
5652:
5600:
5599:
5547:
5546:
5494:
5493:
5441:
5440:
5388:
5387:
5335:
5334:
5282:
5281:
5229:
5228:
5176:
5175:
5123:
5122:
5070:
5069:
5017:
5016:
4964:
4963:
4911:
4910:
4858:
4857:
4805:
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4752:
4751:
4699:
4698:
4646:
4645:
4593:
4592:
4540:
4539:
4487:
4486:
4434:
4433:
4381:
4380:
4328:
4327:
4275:
4274:
4222:
4221:
4169:
4168:
4116:
4115:
4063:
4062:
4010:
4009:
3957:
3956:
3904:
3903:
3851:
3850:
3798:
3797:
3745:
3744:
3692:
3691:
3639:
3638:
3586:
3585:
3581:
3578:
3575:
3572:
3569:
3566:
3563:
3560:
3557:
3554:
3551:
3548:
3545:
3542:
3539:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3523:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3501:
3496:
3492:
3490:
3485:
3481:
3476:
3474:
3470:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3446:
3444:
3440:
3439:determinative
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3410:
3405:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:Another word
3390:
3384:
3383:Louvre Museum
3373:
3368:
3353:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3339:
3334:
3332:
3328:
3319:
3318:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3300:
3297:
3292:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3277:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3265:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3254:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3238:or birth name
3237:
3234:
3233:
3225:
3221:
3214:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3191:
3188:
3183:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3125:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3107:
3105:Redundancies;
3104:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3079:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3070:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3057:
3055:
3045:
3036:
3034:
3024:
3012:
3006:
3005:
2995:
2992:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2974:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2951:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2924:
2919:
2916:
2911:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2868:for the name
2867:
2862:
2848:
2846:
2842:
2837:
2825:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2788:
2775:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2766:
2764:
2750:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2734:
2722:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2673:
2661:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2633:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2614:
2601:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2592:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2541:
2540:
2534:
2528:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2501:
2498:
2494:
2480:
2476:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2443:
2439:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2406:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2362:
2347:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2287:
2272:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2255:
2240:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2196:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2153:
2149:
2136:
2133:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2093:
2089:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2050:
2046:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2012:3rd Reading:
2011:
2010:
2009:
2008:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1973:
1968:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1956:2nd Reading:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1903:
1899:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1869:1st Reading:
1868:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1840:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1793:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1726:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1688:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1602:
1601:Tuthmosis III
1597:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1530:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1486:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1447:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1418:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1403:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1387:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1367:
1362:
1361:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1336:determinative
1328:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1312:determinative
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1283:
1280:published in
1279:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1263:
1262:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1232:Rosetta Stone
1226:
1222:
1221:Rosetta Stone
1217:
1213:
1210:
1204:
1202:
1201:Ibn Wahshiyya
1198:
1189:
1184:
1174:
1172:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1156:Hieroglyphica
1152:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1136:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1114:Late survival
1111:
1109:
1108:Rosetta Stone
1105:
1101:
1097:
1091:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1054:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1010:
1006:
1005:Seth-Peribsen
999:
994:
990:
983:
978:
971:
966:
959:
954:
950:
943:
938:
937:
936:
933:
932:Rosalie David
929:
920:
916:
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884:Eras. By the
883:
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871:
867:
866:Seth-Peribsen
862:
853:
849:
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834:
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821:Proto-writing
815:
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800:
795:
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783:pottery from
782:
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769:
764:
760:
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739:
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731:
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721:
720:hieroglyphics
717:
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599:Rosetta Stone
596:
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439:Ancient Egypt
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78: –
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73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
26078:Thai and Lao
25755:Scandinavian
25387:1829 braille
25379:Braille cell
25179:Cypro-Minoan
25045:Pahawh Hmong
24958:Sitelen Pona
24922:Hindu-Arabic
24905:
24255:Mundari Bani
23829:Pahawh Hmong
23638:Tamil-Brahmi
23544:Eveyla Akuru
23539:Dhives Akuru
23006:Paleo-Hebrew
22906:
22873:
22809:undeciphered
22493:
22381:Architecture
22208:Decipherment
22157:
22114:
22061:
22043:. Berkeley:
22040:
22017:
21997:
21994:
21983:
21963:
21937:
21927:
21905:
21885:
21864:
21841:. Retrieved
21837:
21828:
21818:
21811:
21798:
21775:
21769:
21757:
21738:, Letter to
21731:
21722:
21713:
21701:. Retrieved
21695:
21688:
21675:
21663:. Retrieved
21659:
21651:
21632:
21627:
21615:. Retrieved
21600:
21593:
21581:. Retrieved
21566:
21559:
21551:
21546:
21537:
21525:. Retrieved
21510:
21503:
21491:. Retrieved
21476:
21469:
21449:
21442:
21430:. Retrieved
21425:
21391:
21384:
21367:
21361:
21352:
21341:
21331:
21320:. Retrieved
21311:
21287:
21279:
21274:
21250:
21226:
21212:
21199:ἱερογλυφικός
21192:
21169:
21162:
21140:
21107:
21103:
21093:
21073:
21044:. Retrieved
21040:the original
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21007:
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20970:
20961:
20953:
20933:
20930:"hieroglyph"
20924:
20906:
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3108:Omission of
3096:
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3039:Signs joined
3030:
3022:
2949:
2882:
2874:Luxor Temple
2844:
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2404:
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2013:
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1672:
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1618:Old Egyptian
1615:
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1484:
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1393:pintail duck
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1339:
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1259:
1252:Thomas Young
1229:
1205:
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1177:Decipherment
1168:
1163:
1155:
1153:
1151:, from 394.
1141:Theodosius I
1137:
1117:
1093:
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930:
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863:
848:Umm el-Qa'ab
819:
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716:hieroglyphic
715:
711:
710:In English,
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682:
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651:
647:ἱερογλυφικός
637:
635:
619:
616:Coffin Texts
609:
603:
576:
572:Roman period
519:
378:
377:
363:and ⟨
345:
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
26577:RoboBraille
26401:Róża Czacka
26341:Perforation
26138:Independent
26036:(Bhutanese)
25771:Greenlandic
25442:Azerbaijani
25244:Jindai moji
25133:Syllabaries
25104:SignWriting
25004:Celtiberian
24906:Hieroglyphs
24709:Seal script
24694:Traditional
24566:Blissymbols
24471:Warang Citi
24446:Tolong Siki
24399:Marcomannic
24379:Dalecarlian
24369:Anglo-Saxon
24349:Pau Cin Hau
24240:Medefaidrin
24193:Merovingian
24153:Blackletter
24061:Asomtavruli
23854:Warang Citi
23663:Ulu scripts
23608:New Tai Lue
23551:Mon–Burmese
23405:Bhattiprolu
23233:Nandinagari
23060:ʾEsṭrangēlā
22819:constructed
22719:WikiProject
22533:Mathematics
22494:Hieroglyphs
22408:Portraiture
22376:Agriculture
22363:Main topics
21432:29 February
21426:Archaeology
3484:NewGardiner
3441:: it is an
3253:hieroglyphs
3128:New Kingdom
3124:Old Kingdom
3099:orthography
2878:New Kingdom
2872:, from the
2870:Ramesses II
2440:, meaning "
1302:, or as an
1084:Late Period
900:Mesopotamia
886:Greco-Roman
882:New Kingdom
874:Old Kingdom
833:Naqada IIIA
825:Predynastic
806: 3400
732:written in
583:Middle Ages
560:Late Period
556:New Kingdom
451:logographic
447:ideographic
181:Time period
173:Logographic
168:Script type
26597:Categories
26129:(obsolete)
26110:(obsolete)
25902:(Pakistan)
25813:Belarusian
25695:Vietnamese
25638:Portuguese
25624:Philippine
25581:Lithuanian
25234:Hentaigana
25229:Man'yōgana
24689:Simplified
24576:Ersu Shaba
24490:Non-linear
24295:Old Uyghur
24285:Old Permic
24280:Old Italic
24213:Visigothic
24148:Beneventan
24083:Glagolitic
24046:Gadabuursi
23710:Kolezhuthu
23705:Vatteluttu
23643:Tanchangya
23566:Saurashtra
23143:Devanagari
23001:Phoenician
22954:Manichaean
22649:Egyptology
22617:Technology
22580:Philosophy
22528:Literature
22420:Chronology
22302: (40)
22187:Triliteral
22177:Uniliteral
21843:2019-05-13
21703:31 October
21665:4 November
21642:0852550928
21583:31 October
21527:31 October
21493:31 October
21322:2016-08-27
21294:ἱερόγλυφος
21046:2016-08-27
20697:𓑆
20694:𓑅
20691:𓑄
20688:𓑃
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7260:
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7239:
7236:
7133:𓐯
7130:𓐮
7127:𓐭
7124:𓐬
7121:𓐫
7118:𓐪
7115:𓐩
7112:𓐨
7109:𓐧
7106:𓐦
7103:𓐥
7100:𓐤
7097:𓐣
7094:𓐢
7091:𓐡
7088:𓐠
7080:𓐟
7077:𓐞
7074:𓐝
7071:𓐜
7068:𓐛
7065:𓐚
7062:𓐙
7059:𓐘
7056:𓐗
7053:𓐖
7050:𓐕
7047:𓐔
7044:𓐓
7041:𓐒
7038:𓐑
7035:𓐐
7027:𓐏
7024:𓐎
7021:𓐍
7018:𓐌
7015:𓐋
7012:𓐊
7009:𓐉
7006:𓐈
7003:𓐇
7000:𓐆
6997:𓐅
6994:𓐄
6991:𓐃
6988:𓐂
6985:𓐁
6982:𓐀
6974:𓏿
6971:𓏾
6968:𓏽
6965:𓏼
6962:𓏻
6959:𓏺
6956:𓏹
6953:𓏸
6950:𓏷
6947:𓏶
6944:𓏵
6941:𓏴
6938:𓏳
6935:𓏲
6932:𓏱
6929:𓏰
6921:𓏯
6918:𓏮
6915:𓏭
6912:𓏬
6909:𓏫
6906:𓏪
6903:𓏩
6900:𓏨
6897:𓏧
6894:𓏦
6891:𓏥
6888:𓏤
6885:𓏣
6882:𓏢
6879:𓏡
6876:𓏠
6868:𓏟
6865:𓏞
6862:𓏝
6859:𓏜
6856:𓏛
6853:𓏚
6850:𓏙
6847:𓏘
6844:𓏗
6841:𓏖
6838:𓏕
6835:𓏔
6832:𓏓
6829:𓏒
6826:𓏑
6823:𓏐
6815:𓏏
6812:𓏎
6809:𓏍
6806:𓏌
6803:𓏋
6800:𓏊
6797:𓏉
6794:𓏈
6791:𓏇
6788:𓏆
6785:𓏅
6782:𓏄
6779:𓏃
6776:𓏂
6773:𓏁
6770:𓏀
6762:𓎿
6759:𓎾
6756:𓎽
6753:𓎼
6750:𓎻
6747:𓎺
6744:𓎹
6741:𓎸
6738:𓎷
6735:𓎶
6732:𓎵
6729:𓎴
6726:𓎳
6723:𓎲
6720:𓎱
6717:𓎰
6709:𓎯
6706:𓎮
6703:𓎭
6700:𓎬
6697:𓎫
6694:𓎪
6691:𓎩
6688:𓎨
6685:𓎧
6682:𓎦
6679:𓎥
6676:𓎤
6673:𓎣
6670:𓎢
6667:𓎡
6664:𓎠
6656:𓎟
6653:𓎞
6650:𓎝
6647:𓎜
6644:𓎛
6641:𓎚
6638:𓎙
6635:𓎘
6632:𓎗
6629:𓎖
6626:𓎕
6623:𓎔
6620:𓎓
6617:𓎒
6614:𓎑
6611:𓎐
6603:𓎏
6600:𓎎
6597:𓎍
6594:𓎌
6591:𓎋
6588:𓎊
6585:𓎉
6582:𓎈
6579:𓎇
6576:𓎆
6573:𓎅
6570:𓎄
6567:𓎃
6564:𓎂
6561:𓎁
6558:𓎀
6550:𓍿
6547:𓍾
6544:𓍽
6541:𓍼
6538:𓍻
6535:𓍺
6532:𓍹
6529:𓍸
6526:𓍷
6523:𓍶
6520:𓍵
6517:𓍴
6514:𓍳
6511:𓍲
6508:𓍱
6505:𓍰
6497:𓍯
6494:𓍮
6491:𓍭
6488:𓍬
6485:𓍫
6482:𓍪
6479:𓍩
6476:𓍨
6473:𓍧
6470:𓍦
6467:𓍥
6464:𓍤
6461:𓍣
6458:𓍢
6455:𓍡
6452:𓍠
6444:𓍟
6441:𓍞
6438:𓍝
6435:𓍜
6432:𓍛
6429:𓍚
6426:𓍙
6423:𓍘
6420:𓍗
6417:𓍖
6414:𓍕
6411:𓍔
6408:𓍓
6405:𓍒
6402:𓍑
6399:𓍐
6391:𓍏
6388:𓍎
6385:𓍍
6382:𓍌
6379:𓍋
6376:𓍊
6373:𓍉
6370:𓍈
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6364:𓍆
6361:𓍅
6358:𓍄
6355:𓍃
6352:𓍂
6349:𓍁
6346:𓍀
6338:𓌿
6335:𓌾
6332:𓌽
6329:𓌼
6326:𓌻
6323:𓌺
6320:𓌹
6317:𓌸
6314:𓌷
6311:𓌶
6308:𓌵
6305:𓌴
6302:𓌳
6299:𓌲
6296:𓌱
6293:𓌰
6285:𓌯
6282:𓌮
6279:𓌭
6276:𓌬
6273:𓌫
6270:𓌪
6267:𓌩
6264:𓌨
6261:𓌧
6258:𓌦
6255:𓌥
6252:𓌤
6249:𓌣
6246:𓌢
6243:𓌡
6240:𓌠
6232:𓌟
6229:𓌞
6226:𓌝
6223:𓌜
6220:𓌛
6217:𓌚
6214:𓌙
6211:𓌘
6208:𓌗
6205:𓌖
6202:𓌕
6199:𓌔
6196:𓌓
6193:𓌒
6190:𓌑
6187:𓌐
6179:𓌏
6176:𓌎
6173:𓌍
6170:𓌌
6167:𓌋
6164:𓌊
6161:𓌉
6158:𓌈
6155:𓌇
6152:𓌆
6149:𓌅
6146:𓌄
6143:𓌃
6140:𓌂
6137:𓌁
6134:𓌀
6126:𓋿
6123:𓋾
6120:𓋽
6117:𓋼
6114:𓋻
6111:𓋺
6108:𓋹
6105:𓋸
6102:𓋷
6099:𓋶
6096:𓋵
6093:𓋴
6090:𓋳
6087:𓋲
6084:𓋱
6081:𓋰
6073:𓋯
6070:𓋮
6067:𓋭
6064:𓋬
6061:𓋫
6058:𓋪
6055:𓋩
6052:𓋨
6049:𓋧
6046:𓋦
6043:𓋥
6040:𓋤
6037:𓋣
6034:𓋢
6031:𓋡
6028:𓋠
6020:𓋟
6017:𓋞
6014:𓋝
6011:𓋜
6008:𓋛
6005:𓋚
6002:𓋙
5999:𓋘
5996:𓋗
5993:𓋖
5990:𓋕
5987:𓋔
5984:𓋓
5981:𓋒
5978:𓋑
5975:𓋐
5967:𓋏
5964:𓋎
5961:𓋍
5958:𓋌
5955:𓋋
5952:𓋊
5949:𓋉
5946:𓋈
5943:𓋇
5940:𓋆
5937:𓋅
5934:𓋄
5931:𓋃
5928:𓋂
5925:𓋁
5922:𓋀
5914:𓊿
5911:𓊾
5908:𓊽
5905:𓊼
5902:𓊻
5899:𓊺
5896:𓊹
5893:𓊸
5890:𓊷
5887:𓊶
5884:𓊵
5881:𓊴
5878:𓊳
5875:𓊲
5872:𓊱
5869:𓊰
5861:𓊯
5858:𓊮
5855:𓊭
5852:𓊬
5849:𓊫
5846:𓊪
5843:𓊩
5840:𓊨
5837:𓊧
5834:𓊦
5831:𓊥
5828:𓊤
5825:𓊣
5822:𓊢
5819:𓊡
5816:𓊠
5808:𓊟
5805:𓊞
5802:𓊝
5799:𓊜
5796:𓊛
5793:𓊚
5790:𓊙
5787:𓊘
5784:𓊗
5781:𓊖
5778:𓊕
5775:𓊔
5772:𓊓
5769:𓊒
5766:𓊑
5763:𓊐
5755:𓊏
5752:𓊎
5749:𓊍
5746:𓊌
5743:𓊋
5740:𓊊
5737:𓊉
5734:𓊈
5731:𓊇
5728:𓊆
5725:𓊅
5722:𓊄
5719:𓊃
5716:𓊂
5713:𓊁
5710:𓊀
5702:𓉿
5699:𓉾
5696:𓉽
5693:𓉼
5690:𓉻
5687:𓉺
5684:𓉹
5681:𓉸
5678:𓉷
5675:𓉶
5672:𓉵
5669:𓉴
5666:𓉳
5663:𓉲
5660:𓉱
5657:𓉰
5649:𓉯
5646:𓉮
5643:𓉭
5640:𓉬
5637:𓉫
5634:𓉪
5631:𓉩
5628:𓉨
5625:𓉧
5622:𓉦
5619:𓉥
5616:𓉤
5613:𓉣
5610:𓉢
5607:𓉡
5604:𓉠
5596:𓉟
5593:𓉞
5590:𓉝
5587:𓉜
5584:𓉛
5581:𓉚
5578:𓉙
5575:𓉘
5572:𓉗
5569:𓉖
5566:𓉕
5563:𓉔
5560:𓉓
5557:𓉒
5554:𓉑
5551:𓉐
5543:𓉏
5540:𓉎
5537:𓉍
5534:𓉌
5531:𓉋
5528:𓉊
5525:𓉉
5522:𓉈
5519:𓉇
5516:𓉆
5513:𓉅
5510:𓉄
5507:𓉃
5504:𓉂
5501:𓉁
5498:𓉀
5490:𓈿
5487:𓈾
5484:𓈽
5481:𓈼
5478:𓈻
5475:𓈺
5472:𓈹
5469:𓈸
5466:𓈷
5463:𓈶
5460:𓈵
5457:𓈴
5454:𓈳
5451:𓈲
5448:𓈱
5445:𓈰
5437:𓈯
5434:𓈮
5431:𓈭
5428:𓈬
5425:𓈫
5422:𓈪
5419:𓈩
5416:𓈨
5413:𓈧
5410:𓈦
5407:𓈥
5404:𓈤
5401:𓈣
5398:𓈢
5395:𓈡
5392:𓈠
5384:𓈟
5381:𓈞
5378:𓈝
5375:𓈜
5372:𓈛
5369:𓈚
5366:𓈙
5363:𓈘
5360:𓈗
5357:𓈖
5354:𓈕
5351:𓈔
5348:𓈓
5345:𓈒
5342:𓈑
5339:𓈐
5331:𓈏
5328:𓈎
5325:𓈍
5322:𓈌
5319:𓈋
5316:𓈊
5313:𓈉
5310:𓈈
5307:𓈇
5304:𓈆
5301:𓈅
5298:𓈄
5295:𓈃
5292:𓈂
5289:𓈁
5286:𓈀
5278:𓇿
5275:𓇾
5272:𓇽
5269:𓇼
5266:𓇻
5263:𓇺
5260:𓇹
5257:𓇸
5254:𓇷
5251:𓇶
5248:𓇵
5245:𓇴
5242:𓇳
5239:𓇲
5236:𓇱
5233:𓇰
5225:𓇯
5222:𓇮
5219:𓇭
5216:𓇬
5213:𓇫
5210:𓇪
5207:𓇩
5204:𓇨
5201:𓇧
5198:𓇦
5195:𓇥
5192:𓇤
5189:𓇣
5186:𓇢
5183:𓇡
5180:𓇠
5172:𓇟
5169:𓇞
5166:𓇝
5163:𓇜
5160:𓇛
5157:𓇚
5154:𓇙
5151:𓇘
5148:𓇗
5145:𓇖
5142:𓇕
5139:𓇔
5136:𓇓
5133:𓇒
5130:𓇑
5127:𓇐
5119:𓇏
5116:𓇎
5113:𓇍
5110:𓇌
5107:𓇋
5104:𓇊
5101:𓇉
5098:𓇈
5095:𓇇
5092:𓇆
5089:𓇅
5086:𓇄
5083:𓇃
5080:𓇂
5077:𓇁
5074:𓇀
5066:𓆿
5063:𓆾
5060:𓆽
5057:𓆼
5054:𓆻
5051:𓆺
5048:𓆹
5045:𓆸
5042:𓆷
5039:𓆶
5036:𓆵
5033:𓆴
5030:𓆳
5027:𓆲
5024:𓆱
5021:𓆰
5013:𓆯
5010:𓆮
5007:𓆭
5004:𓆬
5001:𓆫
4998:𓆪
4995:𓆩
4992:𓆨
4989:𓆧
4986:𓆦
4983:𓆥
4980:𓆤
4977:𓆣
4974:𓆢
4971:𓆡
4968:𓆠
4960:𓆟
4957:𓆞
4954:𓆝
4951:𓆜
4948:𓆛
4945:𓆚
4942:𓆙
4939:𓆘
4936:𓆗
4933:𓆖
4930:𓆕
4927:𓆔
4924:𓆓
4921:𓆒
4918:𓆑
4915:𓆐
4907:𓆏
4904:𓆎
4901:𓆍
4898:𓆌
4895:𓆋
4892:𓆊
4889:𓆉
4886:𓆈
4883:𓆇
4880:𓆆
4877:𓆅
4874:𓆄
4871:𓆃
4868:𓆂
4865:𓆁
4862:𓆀
4854:𓅿
4851:𓅾
4848:𓅽
4845:𓅼
4842:𓅻
4839:𓅺
4836:𓅹
4833:𓅸
4830:𓅷
4827:𓅶
4824:𓅵
4821:𓅴
4818:𓅳
4815:𓅲
4812:𓅱
4809:𓅰
4801:𓅯
4798:𓅮
4795:𓅭
4792:𓅬
4789:𓅫
4786:𓅪
4783:𓅩
4780:𓅨
4777:𓅧
4774:𓅦
4771:𓅥
4768:𓅤
4765:𓅣
4762:𓅢
4759:𓅡
4756:𓅠
4748:𓅟
4745:𓅞
4742:𓅝
4739:𓅜
4736:𓅛
4733:𓅚
4730:𓅙
4727:𓅘
4724:𓅗
4721:𓅖
4718:𓅕
4715:𓅔
4712:𓅓
4709:𓅒
4706:𓅑
4703:𓅐
4695:𓅏
4692:𓅎
4689:𓅍
4686:𓅌
4683:𓅋
4680:𓅊
4677:𓅉
4674:𓅈
4671:𓅇
4668:𓅆
4665:𓅅
4662:𓅄
4659:𓅃
4656:𓅂
4653:𓅁
4650:𓅀
4642:𓄿
4639:𓄾
4636:𓄽
4633:𓄼
4630:𓄻
4627:𓄺
4624:𓄹
4621:𓄸
4618:𓄷
4615:𓄶
4612:𓄵
4609:𓄴
4606:𓄳
4603:𓄲
4600:𓄱
4597:𓄰
4589:𓄯
4586:𓄮
4583:𓄭
4580:𓄬
4577:𓄫
4574:𓄪
4571:𓄩
4568:𓄨
4565:𓄧
4562:𓄦
4559:𓄥
4556:𓄤
4553:𓄣
4550:𓄢
4547:𓄡
4544:𓄠
4536:𓄟
4533:𓄞
4530:𓄝
4527:𓄜
4524:𓄛
4521:𓄚
4518:𓄙
4515:𓄘
4512:𓄗
4509:𓄖
4506:𓄕
4503:𓄔
4500:𓄓
4497:𓄒
4494:𓄑
4491:𓄐
4483:𓄏
4480:𓄎
4477:𓄍
4474:𓄌
4471:𓄋
4468:𓄊
4465:𓄉
4462:𓄈
4459:𓄇
4456:𓄆
4453:𓄅
4450:𓄄
4447:𓄃
4444:𓄂
4441:𓄁
4438:𓄀
4430:𓃿
4427:𓃾
4424:𓃽
4421:𓃼
4418:𓃻
4415:𓃺
4412:𓃹
4409:𓃸
4406:𓃷
4403:𓃶
4400:𓃵
4397:𓃴
4394:𓃳
4391:𓃲
4388:𓃱
4385:𓃰
4377:𓃯
4374:𓃮
4371:𓃭
4368:𓃬
4365:𓃫
4362:𓃪
4359:𓃩
4356:𓃨
4353:𓃧
4350:𓃦
4347:𓃥
4344:𓃤
4341:𓃣
4338:𓃢
4335:𓃡
4332:𓃠
4324:𓃟
4321:𓃞
4318:𓃝
4315:𓃜
4312:𓃛
4309:𓃚
4306:𓃙
4303:𓃘
4300:𓃗
4297:𓃖
4294:𓃕
4291:𓃔
4288:𓃓
4285:𓃒
4282:𓃑
4279:𓃐
4271:𓃏
4268:𓃎
4265:𓃍
4262:𓃌
4259:𓃋
4256:𓃊
4253:𓃉
4250:𓃈
4247:𓃇
4244:𓃆
4241:𓃅
4238:𓃄
4235:𓃃
4232:𓃂
4229:𓃁
4226:𓃀
4218:𓂿
4215:𓂾
4212:𓂽
4209:𓂼
4206:𓂻
4203:𓂺
4200:𓂹
4197:𓂸
4194:𓂷
4191:𓂶
4188:𓂵
4185:𓂴
4182:𓂳
4179:𓂲
4176:𓂱
4173:𓂰
4165:𓂯
4162:𓂮
4159:𓂭
4156:𓂬
4153:𓂫
4150:𓂪
4147:𓂩
4144:𓂨
4141:𓂧
4138:𓂦
4135:𓂥
4132:𓂤
4129:𓂣
4126:𓂢
4123:𓂡
4120:𓂠
4112:𓂟
4109:𓂞
4106:𓂝
4103:𓂜
4100:𓂛
4097:𓂚
4094:𓂙
4091:𓂘
4088:𓂗
4085:𓂖
4082:𓂕
4079:𓂔
4076:𓂓
4073:𓂒
4070:𓂑
4067:𓂐
4059:𓂏
4056:𓂎
4053:𓂍
4050:𓂌
4047:𓂋
4044:𓂊
4041:𓂉
4038:𓂈
4035:𓂇
4032:𓂆
4029:𓂅
4026:𓂄
4023:𓂃
4020:𓂂
4017:𓂁
4014:𓂀
4006:𓁿
4003:𓁾
4000:𓁽
3997:𓁼
3994:𓁻
3991:𓁺
3988:𓁹
3985:𓁸
3982:𓁷
3979:𓁶
3976:𓁵
3973:𓁴
3970:𓁳
3967:𓁲
3964:𓁱
3961:𓁰
3953:𓁯
3950:𓁮
3947:𓁭
3944:𓁬
3941:𓁫
3938:𓁪
3935:𓁩
3932:𓁨
3929:𓁧
3926:𓁦
3923:𓁥
3920:𓁤
3917:𓁣
3914:𓁢
3911:𓁡
3908:𓁠
3900:𓁟
3897:𓁞
3894:𓁝
3891:𓁜
3888:𓁛
3885:𓁚
3882:𓁙
3879:𓁘
3876:𓁗
3873:𓁖
3870:𓁕
3867:𓁔
3864:𓁓
3861:𓁒
3858:𓁑
3855:𓁐
3847:𓁏
3844:𓁎
3841:𓁍
3838:𓁌
3835:𓁋
3832:𓁊
3829:𓁉
3826:𓁈
3823:𓁇
3820:𓁆
3817:𓁅
3814:𓁄
3811:𓁃
3808:𓁂
3805:𓁁
3802:𓁀
3794:𓀿
3791:𓀾
3788:𓀽
3785:𓀼
3782:𓀻
3779:𓀺
3776:𓀹
3773:𓀸
3770:𓀷
3767:𓀶
3764:𓀵
3761:𓀴
3758:𓀳
3755:𓀲
3752:𓀱
3749:𓀰
3741:𓀯
3738:𓀮
3735:𓀭
3732:𓀬
3729:𓀫
3726:𓀪
3723:𓀩
3720:𓀨
3717:𓀧
3714:𓀦
3711:𓀥
3708:𓀤
3705:𓀣
3702:𓀢
3699:𓀡
3696:𓀠
3688:𓀟
3685:𓀞
3682:𓀝
3679:𓀜
3676:𓀛
3673:𓀚
3670:𓀙
3667:𓀘
3664:𓀗
3661:𓀖
3658:𓀕
3655:𓀔
3652:𓀓
3649:𓀒
3646:𓀑
3643:𓀐
3635:𓀏
3632:𓀎
3629:𓀍
3626:𓀌
3623:𓀋
3620:𓀊
3617:𓀉
3614:𓀈
3611:𓀇
3608:𓀆
3605:𓀅
3602:𓀄
3599:𓀃
3596:𓀂
3593:𓀁
3590:𓀀
3509:Gardiner's
2866:cartouches
2497:homophonic
2375:metaphoric
1900:, written
1826:homophones
1657:triliteral
1527:As in the
1372:triliteral
1360:uniliteral
1340:phonograms
1066:logographs
989:King Den’s
829:Scorpion I
757:See also:
712:hieroglyph
704:ἱερόγλυφος
644:adjective
638:hieroglyph
536:Naqada III
459:alphabetic
430:-roh-glifs
191: – c.
87:newspapers
26545:Vibratese
26524:Moon type
26517:Decapoint
26198:Eight-dot
26151:Cantonese
26100:Reordered
26063:Inuktitut
25952:Malayalam
25862:Ukrainian
25841:Mongolian
25820:Bulgarian
25783:Norwegian
25748:Icelandic
25539:Hungarian
25497:Esperanto
25449:Cantonese
25033:Redundant
24845:Anatolian
24796:Cuneiform
24724:bird-worm
24660:Logograms
24631:Testerian
24545:Ideograms
24522:Moon type
24409:Staveless
24300:Mongolian
24245:Molodtsov
24203:Sütterlin
24071:Mkhedruli
23937:Bassa Vah
23887:Alphabets
23859:Mwangwego
23824:Mwangwego
23799:Kharosthi
23752:Blackfoot
23715:Malayanma
23586:Sundanese
23581:Sukhothai
23529:Malayalam
23480:Khom Thai
23440:Goykanadi
23364:Tocharian
23317:ʼPhags-pa
23188:Khudabadi
23133:Bhaiksuki
23028:Samaritan
22959:Nabataean
22814:inventors
22553:Mythology
22477:Geography
22467:Dynasties
22415:Astronomy
22182:Biliteral
21740:M. Dacier
21298: in
21261: in
21237: in
21132:145542213
21124:0010-4175
21036:160704269
3495:JSeshFont
3381:, Egypt.
3306:y (ii) s
3285:cartouche
3110:graphemes
3097:Standard
2885:cartouche
2856:Cartouche
2707:flexional
2371:metonymic
2218:Logograms
2212:semagrams
2208:ideograms
2204:logograms
2150:(written
2092:ḥ +ḥtm +t
2090:(written
2049:ḥ+ḥtm+m+t
2047:(written
1987:(written
1939:(written
1653:biliteral
1644:, as the
1380:cuneiform
1366:biliteral
1334:Most non-
1160:Horapollo
1133:Egyptians
1124:Ptolemaic
1070:morphemes
1016: 28
773:Naqada II
699:mdw.w-nṯr
636:The word
632:Etymology
568:Ptolemaic
272:ISO 15924
266:ISO 15924
207:Languages
199:Direction
117:July 2024
26181:Japanese
26042:Georgian
26034:Dzongkha
26020:Armenian
25938:Gujarati
25803:Cyrillic
25734:Estonian
25709:Yugoslav
25645:Romanian
25617:Nigerian
25532:Hawaiian
25518:Ghanaian
25435:Albanian
25296:Sumerian
25261:Linear B
25224:Katakana
25219:Hiragana
25169:Cherokee
25099:ASLwrite
25060:Bopomofo
24915:Numerals
24901:Hieratic
24860:Isthmian
24829:Sumerian
24809:Assyrian
24804:Akkadian
24461:Vithkuqi
24436:Tifinagh
24404:Medieval
24359:Pisidian
24354:Phrygian
24325:Vagindra
24270:Ol Chiki
24178:Interlac
24133:Kayah Li
24123:Jenticha
24078:Veso Bey
24066:Nuskhuri
24056:Georgian
24026:Formosan
24021:Etruscan
24016:Enochian
23972:Cyrillic
23957:Coelbren
23915:Armenian
23814:Meroitic
23804:Mandombe
23794:Jenticha
23658:Tigalari
23623:Tai Viet
23618:Tai Tham
23598:Tagbanwa
23450:Javanese
23400:Baybayin
23390:Balinese
23378:Southern
23273:Pracalit
23268:Pachumol
23243:Bhujimol
23203:Mahajani
23163:Gurmukhi
23153:Gujarati
23121:Northern
23101:Abugidas
23082:Ugaritic
23070:Maḏnḥāyā
22944:Tifinagh
22937:Solitreo
22875:Numerals
22788:Grapheme
22776:Overview
22689:Category
22610:District
22605:Capitals
22590:Religion
22573:Titulary
22563:Pharaohs
22543:Military
22538:Medicine
22521:Hieratic
22511:Language
22437:Clothing
22391:Obelisks
22229:Research
22192:Numerals
21962:(1962).
21617:18 April
21028:40698264
20829:See also
20747:U+1345x
20666:U+1344x
20581:U+1343x
20430:U+143Fx
20377:U+143Ex
20324:U+143Dx
20271:U+143Cx
20218:U+143Bx
20165:U+143Ax
20112:U+1439x
20059:U+1438x
20006:U+1437x
19953:U+1436x
19900:U+1435x
19847:U+1434x
19794:U+1433x
19741:U+1432x
19688:U+1431x
19635:U+1430x
19582:U+142Fx
19529:U+142Ex
19476:U+142Dx
19423:U+142Cx
19370:U+142Bx
19317:U+142Ax
19264:U+1429x
19211:U+1428x
19158:U+1427x
19105:U+1426x
19052:U+1425x
18999:U+1424x
18946:U+1423x
18893:U+1422x
18840:U+1421x
18787:U+1420x
18734:U+141Fx
18681:U+141Ex
18628:U+141Dx
18575:U+141Cx
18522:U+141Bx
18469:U+141Ax
18416:U+1419x
18363:U+1418x
18310:U+1417x
18257:U+1416x
18204:U+1415x
18151:U+1414x
18098:U+1413x
18045:U+1412x
17992:U+1411x
17939:U+1410x
17886:U+140Fx
17833:U+140Ex
17780:U+140Dx
17727:U+140Cx
17674:U+140Bx
17621:U+140Ax
17568:U+1409x
17515:U+1408x
17462:U+1407x
17409:U+1406x
17356:U+1405x
17303:U+1404x
17250:U+1403x
17197:U+1402x
17144:U+1401x
17091:U+1400x
17038:U+13FFx
16985:U+13FEx
16932:U+13FDx
16879:U+13FCx
16826:U+13FBx
16773:U+13FAx
16720:U+13F9x
16667:U+13F8x
16614:U+13F7x
16561:U+13F6x
16508:U+13F5x
16455:U+13F4x
16402:U+13F3x
16349:U+13F2x
16296:U+13F1x
16243:U+13F0x
16190:U+13EFx
16137:U+13EEx
16084:U+13EDx
16031:U+13ECx
15978:U+13EBx
15925:U+13EAx
15872:U+13E9x
15819:U+13E8x
15766:U+13E7x
15713:U+13E6x
15660:U+13E5x
15607:U+13E4x
15554:U+13E3x
15501:U+13E2x
15448:U+13E1x
15395:U+13E0x
15342:U+13DFx
15289:U+13DEx
15236:U+13DDx
15183:U+13DCx
15130:U+13DBx
15077:U+13DAx
15024:U+13D9x
14971:U+13D8x
14918:U+13D7x
14865:U+13D6x
14812:U+13D5x
14759:U+13D4x
14706:U+13D3x
14653:U+13D2x
14600:U+13D1x
14547:U+13D0x
14494:U+13CFx
14441:U+13CEx
14388:U+13CDx
14335:U+13CCx
14282:U+13CBx
14229:U+13CAx
14176:U+13C9x
14123:U+13C8x
14070:U+13C7x
14017:U+13C6x
13964:U+13C5x
13911:U+13C4x
13858:U+13C3x
13805:U+13C2x
13752:U+13C1x
13699:U+13C0x
13646:U+13BFx
13593:U+13BEx
13540:U+13BDx
13487:U+13BCx
13434:U+13BBx
13381:U+13BAx
13328:U+13B9x
13275:U+13B8x
13222:U+13B7x
13169:U+13B6x
13116:U+13B5x
13063:U+13B4x
13010:U+13B3x
12957:U+13B2x
12904:U+13B1x
12851:U+13B0x
12798:U+13AFx
12745:U+13AEx
12692:U+13ADx
12639:U+13ACx
12586:U+13ABx
12533:U+13AAx
12480:U+13A9x
12427:U+13A8x
12374:U+13A7x
12321:U+13A6x
12268:U+13A5x
12215:U+13A4x
12162:U+13A3x
12109:U+13A2x
12056:U+13A1x
12003:U+13A0x
11950:U+139Fx
11897:U+139Ex
11844:U+139Dx
11791:U+139Cx
11738:U+139Bx
11685:U+139Ax
11632:U+1399x
11579:U+1398x
11526:U+1397x
11473:U+1396x
11420:U+1395x
11367:U+1394x
11314:U+1393x
11261:U+1392x
11208:U+1391x
11155:U+1390x
11102:U+138Fx
11049:U+138Ex
10996:U+138Dx
10943:U+138Cx
10890:U+138Bx
10837:U+138Ax
10784:U+1389x
10731:U+1388x
10678:U+1387x
10625:U+1386x
10572:U+1385x
10519:U+1384x
10466:U+1383x
10413:U+1382x
10360:U+1381x
10307:U+1380x
10254:U+137Fx
10201:U+137Ex
10148:U+137Dx
10095:U+137Cx
10042:U+137Bx
9989:U+137Ax
9936:U+1379x
9883:U+1378x
9830:U+1377x
9777:U+1376x
9724:U+1375x
9671:U+1374x
9618:U+1373x
9565:U+1372x
9512:U+1371x
9459:U+1370x
9406:U+136Fx
9353:U+136Ex
9300:U+136Dx
9247:U+136Cx
9194:U+136Bx
9141:U+136Ax
9088:U+1369x
9035:U+1368x
8982:U+1367x
8929:U+1366x
8876:U+1365x
8823:U+1364x
8770:U+1363x
8717:U+1362x
8664:U+1361x
8611:U+1360x
8558:U+135Fx
8505:U+135Ex
8452:U+135Dx
8399:U+135Cx
8346:U+135Bx
8293:U+135Ax
8240:U+1359x
8187:U+1358x
8134:U+1357x
8081:U+1356x
8028:U+1355x
7975:U+1354x
7922:U+1353x
7869:U+1352x
7816:U+1351x
7763:U+1350x
7710:U+134Fx
7657:U+134Ex
7604:U+134Dx
7551:U+134Cx
7498:U+134Bx
7445:U+134Ax
7392:U+1349x
7339:U+1348x
7286:U+1347x
7233:U+1346x
7085:U+1342x
7032:U+1341x
6979:U+1340x
6926:U+133Fx
6873:U+133Ex
6820:U+133Dx
6767:U+133Cx
6714:U+133Bx
6661:U+133Ax
6608:U+1339x
6555:U+1338x
6502:U+1337x
6449:U+1336x
6396:U+1335x
6343:U+1334x
6290:U+1333x
6237:U+1332x
6184:U+1331x
6131:U+1330x
6078:U+132Fx
6025:U+132Ex
5972:U+132Dx
5919:U+132Cx
5866:U+132Bx
5813:U+132Ax
5760:U+1329x
5707:U+1328x
5654:U+1327x
5601:U+1326x
5548:U+1325x
5495:U+1324x
5442:U+1323x
5389:U+1322x
5336:U+1321x
5283:U+1320x
5230:U+131Fx
5177:U+131Ex
5124:U+131Dx
5071:U+131Cx
5018:U+131Bx
4965:U+131Ax
4912:U+1319x
4859:U+1318x
4806:U+1317x
4753:U+1316x
4700:U+1315x
4647:U+1314x
4594:U+1313x
4541:U+1312x
4488:U+1311x
4435:U+1310x
4382:U+130Fx
4329:U+130Ex
4276:U+130Dx
4223:U+130Cx
4170:U+130Bx
4117:U+130Ax
4064:U+1309x
4011:U+1308x
3958:U+1307x
3905:U+1306x
3852:U+1305x
3799:U+1304x
3746:U+1303x
3693:U+1302x
3640:U+1301x
3587:U+1300x
3480:Aegyptus
3443:ideogram
3370:Name of
3093:Spelling
3048:Doubling
2591:symbol:
2479:metonymy
2224:logogram
2184:victuals
1758:md +d +w
1632:and the
1571:, as in
1417:phonemes
1316:semantic
1308:semagram
1304:ideogram
1300:logogram
1296:phonetic
1236:Napoleon
1096:hieratic
1062:alphabet
846:(modern
835:period,
656:compound
614:and the
585:and the
475:hieratic
455:syllabic
437:used in
361:/ /
357:Help:IPA
252:Hieratic
26086:Tibetan
26027:Burmese
26013:Amharic
25996:(India)
25973:Sinhala
25966:Punjabi
25945:Kannada
25893:Persian
25848:Russian
25788:Swedish
25766:Finnish
25741:Faroese
25716:Zambian
25688:Turkish
25673:Spanish
25596:Maltese
25574:Latvian
25567:Italian
25546:Iñupiaq
25525:Guarani
25485:English
25456:Catalan
25373:⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑
25368:Braille
25251:Kikakui
25189:Eskayan
25174:Cypriot
25024:Dunging
24896:Demotic
24875:Tenevil
24819:Hittite
24814:Elamite
24767:Jurchen
24746:Sawndip
24741:Chữ Nôm
24641:Zapotec
24636:Yerkish
24611:Nsibidi
24596:Miꞌkmaw
24586:Isotype
24556:Adinkra
24497:Braille
24481:Zaghawa
24451:Vellara
24431:Sunuwar
24421:Sidetic
24416:Shavian
24344:Osmanya
24334:Ol Onal
24188:Kurrent
24173:Insular
24163:Fraktur
24138:Klingon
24128:Kaddare
24102:Archaic
24011:Elbasan
23999:Chinook
23989:Deseret
23977:Bosnian
23932:Avoiuli
23920:Avestan
23910:Ariyaka
23839:Tengwar
23737:Bharati
23698:Serawai
23688:Pasemah
23673:Lampung
23628:Lai Tay
23613:Tai Noi
23576:Sinhala
23556:Pallava
23524:Makasar
23512:Lontara
23487:Kulitan
23460:Kannada
23455:Kadamba
23445:Hanunoo
23435:Grantha
23430:Fakkham
23347:Tibetan
23332:Soyombo
23327:Siddhaṃ
23322:Sharada
23298:Litumol
23288:Tirhuta
23278:Ranjana
23263:Kvemmol
23223:Multani
23208:Marchen
23173:Kalinga
23113:Brahmic
23050:Sogdian
22989:Psalter
22969:Pahlavi
22949:Mandaic
22927:Cursive
22912:Elymaic
22883:Aramaic
22709:Outline
22699:Commons
22659:Museums
22595:Scribes
22585:Pottery
22516:Demotic
22506:History
22457:Cuisine
22386:Revival
21300:Liddell
21263:Liddell
21239:Liddell
21217:at the
3505:phallus
3469:Unicode
3325:though
3317:Ptolmys
3248:Ptolemy
3033:quadrat
2709:ending
2176:through
2152:b+n+r+i
1713:nfr+f+r
1636:(𓊃) a
1375:signs.
1223:in the
1104:papyrus
1100:demotic
1078:meaning
781:Gerzean
564:Persian
550:of the
499:Aramaic
479:demotic
471:papyrus
349:in the
288:Unicode
101:scholar
26506:Other
26379:People
26369:Braigo
26188:Korean
26056:Hebrew
25987:Telugu
25886:Arabic
25876:Arabic
25834:Kyrgyz
25827:Kazakh
25761:Danish
25659:Slovak
25652:Samoan
25631:Polish
25610:Navajo
25511:German
25504:French
25371:
25316:Yugtun
25306:Woleai
25256:Kpelle
25239:Sōgana
25159:Byblos
24937:Muisca
24855:Cretan
24824:Luwian
24782:Tangut
24601:Mixtec
24571:Dongba
24476:Yezidi
24466:Wancho
24441:Todhri
24394:Gothic
24374:Cipher
24315:Manchu
24305:Evenki
24290:Orkhon
24235:Manchu
24230:Lydian
24225:Lycian
24168:Gaelic
24118:Hanifi
24113:Hangul
24088:Gothic
24036:Fraser
24031:Fox II
23967:Coptic
23942:Carian
23925:Pazend
23898:Linear
23844:Thaana
23789:Sarati
23730:Others
23693:Rejang
23678:Lembak
23668:Incung
23648:Telugu
23603:Tai Le
23497:Langdi
23420:Chakma
23310:Karani
23283:Tamyig
23258:Kummol
23253:Himmol
23248:Golmol
23228:Nagari
23213:Meitei
23198:Lepcha
23183:Khojki
23168:Kaithi
23055:Syriac
23043:Musnad
22922:Ashuri
22917:Hebrew
22900:Elifba
22895:Arabic
22888:Hatran
22863:Abjads
22558:People
22425:Cities
22343:topics
22256:People
22247:(1988)
22239:(1927)
22201:Topics
22073:
22051:
22029:
22004:
21970:
21948:
21913:
21892:
21873:
21786:
21639:
21608:
21574:
21518:
21484:
21457:
21399:
21180:
21130:
21122:
21081:
21034:
21026:
20913:
20528:
20523:(PDF)
7180:
7175:(PDF)
3534:
3529:(PDF)
3461:, and
2527:plural
2210:) and
2174:words
2166:, the
2001:Osiris
1817:Khepri
1809:scarab
1529:Arabic
1284:, 1714
1250:, and
1171:Coptic
1145:Philae
1072:; and
1040:Louvre
919:Abydos
844:Abydos
799:Abydos
753:Origin
738:Coptic
672:glýphō
667:hierós
606:corpus
589:. The
511:Arabic
365:
156:Seti I
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
26222:(GS8)
26213:Kanji
26071:Khmer
26049:Greek
25980:Tamil
25913:i.e.
25874:i.e.
25855:Tatar
25801:i.e.
25702:Welsh
25603:Māori
25560:Irish
25478:Dutch
25471:Czech
25281:Nüshu
25149:Bamum
25144:Afaka
24951:Other
24942:Roman
24927:Abjad
24850:Bagam
24751:Bowen
24736:Kanji
24731:Hanja
24719:small
24714:large
24621:Olmec
24591:Kaidā
24581:Emoji
24561:Aztec
24364:Runic
24339:Osage
24320:Oirat
24265:Ogham
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