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390:(5 March 1795) Scharnhorst returned to Hanover. He had by now become so well known to the armies of the various allied states that he received invitations from several of them to transfer his services. In January 1797, he turned down an invitation to join the Prussian Army when Hanover offered a promotion to lieutenent colonel and a raise in pay. In 1801 the Prussian offer was made again, at twice his pay from Hanover, and this time Scharnhorst accepted, on the condition that he retain his seniority, was provided with a good pension, and received a
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by 1813 and no longer the juggernaut military it once was in before 1807, suffered significant casualties and, due in part to a severe shortage of cavalry, failed to follow up, rendering it an incomplete victory. In this battle, Scharnhorst received a wound in the foot, not in itself grave, but soon
515:
In 1809, the war between France and
Austria roused premature hopes in the patriots' party, which the conqueror did not fail to note. By direct application to Napoleon, Scharnhorst evaded the decree of 26 September 1810, which required all foreigners to leave the Prussian service forthwith, but when
450:, he had by degrees, as his experience widened, divested his mind of antiquated forms of war, and realised that only a "national" army and a policy of fighting decisive battles could give an adequate response to the political and strategic situation brought about by the
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in 1811–1812 France forced
Prussia into an alliance against Russia and Prussia despatched an auxiliary army to serve under Napoleon's orders, Scharnhorst left Berlin on unlimited leave of absence. In retirement he wrote and published a work on firearms,
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The income he derived from his writings provided
Scharnhorst's chief means of support, for he still held the rank of lieutenant, and though the farm of Bordenau produced a small sum annually, he had a wife, Clara Schmalz (a sister of
492:(1806), into a national army based on universal service. Universal service was not secured until his death, but he laid down the principles and prepared the way for its adoption. Enrollments of foreigners were abolished,
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Scharnhorst, recalled to the king's headquarters, refused a higher post but became chief of staff to Blücher, in whose vigour, energy, and influence with the young soldiers he had complete confidence. Russian Prince
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and received an appointment to the new artillery school in
Hanover. He had already founded a military journal which, under a series of names, endured until 1805, and in 1788 he designed, and in part published, a
413:. In the mobilizations and precautionary measures that marked the years 1804 and 1805, and in the war of 1806 that ensued, Scharnhorst served as chief of the general staff (lieutenant-quartermaster) of the
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283:, established promotion for merit, abolished the enrollment of foreigners, began the organization of a reserve army, and organized and simplified the military administration.
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or Gross-Görschen (2 May 1813), Prussia suffered defeat, but a very different defeat from those
Napoleon had inflicted before. The French army, largely made up of teenage
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were limited to flagrant cases of insubordination, promotion for merit was established, and the military administration organized and simplified. The organization of the
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compared von Seeckt to
Scharnhorst, saying "The old fire burnt still, and the Allied Control had not destroyed any of the lasting elements of German strength."
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also subscribed to this theory, believing von Seeckt was vital in the return of
Germany to its place in the military world as rapidly as it had.
383:) remains his best-known work. Shortly thereafter he received promotion to the rank of major and joined the staff of the Hanoverian contingent.
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himself became a member of the commission and secured
Scharnhorst free access to King Frederick William III by securing his appointment as
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was so impressed by
Scharnhorst that he asked to borrow him temporarily as his chief of staff, and Blücher agreed. In the first battle,
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421:(14 October 1806) and distinguished himself by his stern resolution during the retreat of the Prussian army. He attached himself to
303:, into a minor landowning family, Scharnhorst succeeded in educating himself and in securing admission to the military academy of
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service. He employed the intervals of regimental duty in further self-education and literary work. In 1783 he transferred to the
446:
It was apparent that
Scharnhorst's skills exceeded those of a merely brilliant staff officer. Educated in the traditions of the
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379:, Hanover, 1803), which, apart from his paper on "The Origins of the Good Fortune of the French in the Revolutionary War" (
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quickly became suspicious, and Frederick William repeatedly had to suspend or cancel the reforms recommended.
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By slow and labored steps, Scharnhorst converted the professional long-service army of Prussia, wrecked at
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in the last stages of the disastrous campaign, went into captivity with him at the capitulation of
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Many streets in German cities, including Berlin, Hamburg, Munich, and Cologne, among others.
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A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East
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524:(1812) at last sounded the call to arms for the new national army of Prussia.
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891:. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 313–314.
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employed him, almost as a matter of course, in important instructional work (
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Handbuch für Offiziere in den anwendbaren Teilen der Kriegswissenschaften
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Scharnhorst became the namesake for several objects, places and groups:
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has been compared to Scharnhorst, mainly for his part in preparing the
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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Handbook for Officers in the Applied Sections of Military Science
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437:(February 1807) he received the highest Prussian military order
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A Genius for War: The German Army and General Staff, 1807-1945
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German military personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars
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Die Ursachen des Glücks der Franzosen im Revolutionskrieg
454:. He was promoted to major-general a few days after the
259:(12 November 1755 – 28 June 1813) was a Hanoverian-born
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His first military campaign took place in 1793 in the
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Churchill, Winston S. 'The Gathering Storm' pg. 44-46
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Scharnhorst's grave at the Invalidenfriedhof, Berlin
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fortress. In 1778 he received a commission into the
371:and commemorated the escape of the garrison in his
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Militärisches Taschenbuch für den Gebrauch im Felde
30:"Scharnhorst" redirects here. For other uses, see
1212:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (military class)
793:p.18. Falls Church, Virginia: Nova Publications.
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363:, in which he served with distinction under the
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541:made mortal by the fatigues of the retreat to
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851:"Scharnhorst, Gerhard Johann David von"
267:service from 1801. As the first Chief of the
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409:was one of his students) and he founded the
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549:, where he had travelled to negotiate with
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367:. In 1794 he took part in the defence of
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330:Military Handbook for Use in the Field
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1192:People from the Electorate of Hanover
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883:Scharnhorst, Gerhard Johann David von
860:(1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.
1222:Military personnel from Lower Saxony
903:Gerhard Johann David von Scharnhorst
692:, which was severely limited by the
257:Gerhard Johann David von Scharnhorst
67:Gerhard Johann David von Scharnhorst
930:Chief of the Prussian General Staff
565:erected a statue in his memory, by
394:. He thus engaged himself to King
27:Hanoverian-born general (1755–1813)
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1182:People from Neustadt am Rübenberge
305:William, Count of Schaumburg-Lippe
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1217:Burials at the Invalids' Cemetery
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518:Über die Wirkung des Feuergewehrs
328:). He also published in 1792 his
279:. Scharnhorst limited the use of
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396:Frederick William III of Prussia
291:Born at Bordenau (now a part of
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1197:Lieutenant generals of Prussia
857:New International Encyclopedia
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557:for the armed intervention of
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630:Infantry Division Scharnhorst
520:(1813). But the retreat from
507:Statue of Scharnhorst on the
417:, received a slight wound at
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377:Verteidigung der Stadt Menin
373:Defence of the Town of Menen
32:Scharnhorst (disambiguation)
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500:(army reserves) was begun.
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200:War of the Fourth Coalition
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708:in Germany, Field Marshal
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219:War of the Sixth Coalition
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704:. After the rise of the
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206:Battle of Jena–Auerstedt
908:Encyclopædia Britannica
888:Encyclopædia Britannica
682:General Hans von Seeckt
411:Berlin Military Society
49:Gerhard von Scharnhorst
651:National People's Army
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293:Neustadt am Rübenberge
269:Prussian General Staff
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563:Frederick William III
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172:Years of service
89:Electorate of Hanover
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726:German General Staff
710:August von Mackensen
694:Treaty of Versailles
494:corporal punishments
281:corporal punishments
917:Political offices
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830:. ABC-CLIO.
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104:(1813-06-28)
102:28 June 1813
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1177:1813 deaths
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994:Scharnhorst
750:Tucker 2010
686:German Army
658:Scharnhorst
648:East German
618:Scharnhorst
604:Scharnhorst
597:World War I
588:Scharnhorst
573:in Berlin.
361:Netherlands
275:during the
18:Scharnhorst
1161:Categories
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1099:Kaltenborn
938:1808–1810
732:References
609:battleship
538:conscripts
407:Clausewitz
386:After the
313:Hanoverian
273:leadership
135:Allegiance
78:1755-11-12
64:Birth name
1144:Reinhardt
1129:Hohenborn
1119:Heeringen
1069:Waldersee
1014:Witzleben
702:1939-1940
638:Wehrmacht
624:Gneisenau
460:Gneisenau
419:Auerstedt
317:artillery
307:, at the
175:1778–1813
720:See also
674:in 1959.
555:Radetzky
511:, Berlin
498:Landwehr
483:Napoleon
479:-general
431:L'Estocq
265:Prussian
152:Service/
85:Bordenau
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876::
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688:of the
668:Mermaid
660:(F 213)
611:during
595:during
559:Austria
543:Dresden
464:Grolman
427:Ratekau
423:Blücher
301:Hanover
299:) near
261:general
227: (
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1039:Kanitz
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653:(NVA).
577:Legacy
547:Prague
534:Lützen
522:Moscow
481:. But
466:, and
243:Awards
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154:branch
123:Buried
109:Prague
1134:Stein
1114:Einem
1074:Bonin
1064:Bonin
1049:Pfuel
1024:Boyen
1019:Rauch
1004:Boyen
737:Notes
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620:class
472:Stein
468:Boyen
435:Eylau
369:Menen
1079:Roon
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999:Hake
832:ISBN
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586:SMS
553:and
490:Jena
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