Saxons - Knowledge

1643: 1614: 1672: 2157: 65: 1642: 5419: 1613: 455: 498: 2289:, an Englishman who between 745 and 770 preached to the Saxons, mainly in the eastern Netherlands, built a church and made many friends among the nobility. Some of them rallied to save him from an angry mob at the annual council at Marklo (near river Weser, Bremen). Social tensions arose between the Christianity-sympathetic noblemen and the pagan lower castes, who were staunchly faithful to their traditional religion. 1125: 1671: 912:, which henceforth became a kingdom under Frankish overlordship. Centuries later, medieval writers claimed that the early Saxons had assisted the Franks, and even that they had been brought from England for this purpose, but no contemporary sources mention this, and historians doubt that there was any conflict between the Saxons and the Thuringian kingdom. 1158:, took control of the neighbouring Austrasian kingdom of the Franks and sought to assert power over the peoples to the east including not only the Bavarians, Swabians and Thuringians, which were long under Frankish rule, but also the Saxons and Frisians. They also pressured the Saxons and Frisians to convert to Christianity. In 804 the emperor 865:. A "great war was waged between the Saxons and the Romans but the Saxons, turning their backs, with the Romans pursuing, lost many of their men to the sword. Their islands were captured and ravaged by the Franks, many people being killed." Though there is no consensus, many historians believe that this Adovacrius may be the same person as 2305:

If the light yoke and sweet burden of Christ were to be preached to the most obstinate people of the Saxons with as much determination as the payment of tithes has been exacted, or as the force of the legal decree has been applied for fault of the most trifling sort imaginable, perhaps they would not

2296:

had as their chief object the conversion and integration of the Saxons into the Frankish empire. Though much of the highest caste converted readily, forced baptisms and forced tithing made enemies of the lower orders. Even some contemporaries found the methods employed to win over the Saxons wanting,

1040:

by Mummolus and forced to pay compensation for what they had robbed. Upon arrival at their original home they were furious and refused to negotiate against the Suebi. Gregory of Tours, our main source for these events, claims that there was divine intervention, allowing the much smaller Suebian group

820:

which says that the "British provinces, which to this time had suffered various defeats and misfortunes, are reduced to Saxon rule". Some generations later Gildas is generally seen as reporting what happened, although he gave no date. According to him, a Saxon force based in the east of Britain (Bede

742:

In Gaul in 370 (Ammianus, books 28 and 30) the Saxons "overcoming the dangers of the Ocean advanced at rapid pace towards the Roman frontier" invading the maritime districts in Gaul. Valentinian's forces tricked and overwhelmed them, by a "device which was treacherous but expedient", "and stripped of

2360:

of Charlemagne's reign (written between 888 and 891), laid an emphasis on his conquest of Saxony. He celebrated the Frankish monarch as on par with the Roman emperors and as the bringer of Christian salvation to people. References are made to periodic outbreaks of pagan worship, especially of Freya,

1587:. In the land of the Saxons itself, the departure of a large part of this former elite caused the sociopolitical landscape to change, and the original population, after the departure of the majority of the elite's descendants, became so predominant that their dialects (presumably the language of the 1393:

The war that had lasted so many years was at length ended by their acceding to the terms offered by the king; which were renunciation of their national religious customs and the worship of devils, acceptance of the sacraments of the Christian faith and religion, and union with the Franks to form one

251:

Before the entry of Saxony into Frankish history, there is possibly a single classical reference to a smaller and still much earlier Saxon tribe, but the interpretation of this text ("Axones" in most surviving manuscripts) is disputed. According to this proposal, the original Saxon tribe lived north

1582:

grouping, over whom they then formed an elite, lending their name to the subsequent tribal federation and region as a whole. Later, during the 5th century, as the Angles started migrating to Britain, the descendants of this elite joined them, while the descendants of the native inhabitants did not,

936:

on the Rhine. (Springer argues against assuming that this was one incident, or involved one single group of Saxons, because Thuringia is quite far from Deutz.) Gregory of Tours (IV.14), pursuing an ethical topic which he is known for, reported that Chlothar was forced to fight by the Franks who did

763:

From 395 until 408 Stilicho was the most powerful military leader in the western Roman empire. Early in this period he is believed to have campaigned in Britain and northern Gaul, and to have reorganized the defences against the Saxons. Later in his career a series of crises in Italy, Gaul, Iberia

2029:

Saxon religious practices were closely related to their political practices. The annual councils of the entire tribe began with invocations of the gods. The procedure by which dukes were elected in wartime, by drawing lots, is presumed to have had religious significance, i.e. in giving trust to

887:

In comparison to mentions of the early Saxons raiders and settlers in Britain or Gaul, there are few mentions of the Saxons in Germany before the 8th century. Interpretation of the records is also complicated not only by the continuing references to the other Saxons, but also because the German

488:

began to refer to a largely inland nation of Saxons in what is now northern Germany. Although it became convenient to refer to the English Saxons as either English or as Anglo-Saxons after this point, the term Saxon was still used to refer to them for some time, and can be a source of potential

389:, who stretched from what is now the Netherlands to what is now Denmark, as well as coastal parts of the territory which came to be called Saxony. It has been proposed that these coastal Saxons should be seen as a distinct but related people with an etymologically equivalent name, such as the 927:

that Saxons "revolted", and the new ruler Clothar led an army in 556 to ravage Saxony and Thuringia. Thuringia, both authors mention, had supported the Saxons. In a possibly separate incident Gregory reports that Chlothar fought Saxons in 556 or 557 who had been stirred up by his own brother

1962:(Westphalia) where they "confirmed their laws, gave judgment on outstanding cases, and determined by common counsel whether they would go to war or be in peace that year." All three castes participated in the general council; twelve representatives from each caste were sent from each 409:

sometimes referred to the Saxons of Saxony in Germany as the "old Saxons", and their country as "old Saxony", and this differentiation is still often used by historians today when discussing this period. In contrast, the settlers once called Saxons in England became part of a new

2123:

The Saxon freemen and servile class remained faithful to their original beliefs long after their nominal conversion to Christianity. Nursing a hatred of the upper class, which, with Frankish assistance, had marginalised them from political power, the lower classes (the

483:

During the first centuries of its use the term Saxon was associated with raiders and not associated with any clearly defined homeland, apart from the settlements of Saxons in what are now England and Normandy. It is only much later that the medieval records of the

1555:, while Old Saxon originally didn't extend to the coast. Linguists have noted that Old Frisian and Old Saxon, although neighbouring and related, did not form part of the same dialect continuum. In contrast, the Saxon dialects became part of the much larger 637:

was posted there to defend against them. Because the terms Saxon and Frank were well-known as the raiders of his time it is not certain whether the 3rd century raiders were also referred to this way. Contemporary records mention only Franks in this

2314:, reportedly treated the Saxons more as Alcuin would have wished, and as a consequence they were faithful subjects. The lower classes, however, revolted against Frankish overlordship in favour of their old paganism as late as the 840s, when the 786:

In almost all of these cases the Saxons were associated with using boats for their raids, even within the Maas delta region. Special mentions of the fearful 4th-century Saxon surprise attacks were made not only by Ammianus, but also by the poet

835:

had recovered control of at least part of the country, but were now divided into corrupt "tyrannies". There are very few records of the period, but by the time of Bede in the 8th century most of England was ruled by Anglo-Saxon kingdoms.

404:

Significant numbers of these early Saxons settled in what later became northern France and England, and England, rather than Saxony, was sometimes seen as the Saxon homeland. To avoid confusion, already in the 8th century authors such as

446:, to distinguish the Germanic-speaking inhabitants of Britain from continental Saxons, but both the Saxons of Britain and those of Old Saxony in northern Germany long continued to be referred to as "Saxons" in an indiscriminate manner. 777:

was declared emperor in Britain and Gaul. He was killed in 411. The Romano-British citizens reportedly expelled their Roman officials during this period, and never again re-joined the Roman empire. Writing in the mid-sixth century,

1566:, this development can only be explained if continental Saxon society prior to the migration to Britain was effectively composed of two related, but different forms of West Germanic. In his view, the group of people who, in the 996:, who were attacking Thuringia. These Saxons negotiated, or attempted to negotiate, the end of a tribute of 500 cows per year which they had been paying, in return for a promise to defend against the Wends at their own expense. 696:, mentioned by Amminanus, who were however sometimes considered to be Franks. This implies that the term "Saxon" was probably not a clear ethnic distinction at this time, but perhaps rather designated those who attack by boat. 295:

which reproduces some of his reports uses the same term "Old Saxony" to refer to the apparent continental homeland of the British Saxons who the writer understood to have came from this Old Saxony with their leader named

1254:. It describes the lands of the Saxons as lying on the Ocean coast between Frisia and the Danes. It also borders on Thuringia and contains the rivers "Lamizon", "Ipada", "Lippa" and "Limac" (generally interpreted as the 622:. Roman military accessories are found in northern Germany in the 4th and 5th centuries apparently indicating the return of soldiers who had served the empire. Several records mentioning the early Saxons can be dated: 2068:, who are attested to in every Germanic tradition, were worshipped in Wessex, Sussex and Essex. They are the only ones directly attested to, though the names of the third and fourth months (March and April) of the 888:

Saxons possibly weren't originally unified within one Saxon political entity. It is therefore not clear whether some early continental "Saxons" could also sometimes have come under other designations such as

2839:

Unter dem alten Sachsen ist das Gebiet zu verstehen, das seit der Zeit Karls des Großen (reg. 768–814) bis zum Jahre 1180 also Saxonia '(das Land) Sachsen' bezeichnet wurde oder wenigstens so genannt werden

1178:, an Anglo-Saxon missionary bishop assigned to Frisia at that time, who was doing missionary work in the area. This was probably near Frisia, and the area is widely believed to correspond to the Roman-era 1249:

was written which uses the same term "Old Saxony" to refer to the apparent continental homeland of the British Saxons who the writer understood to have came from this Old Saxony with their leader named

831:

to Britain, in order to help defend against raids by Picts and Scots. They revolted over their pay and plundered the whole country, initiating a long war. By the time of Gildas in the 6th century the

1162:

conquered the Saxons, and incorporated the Saxons into the Frankish empire as a Stem Duchy, similar to the older ones although there is no evidence that it had previously been a single kingdom. The

1154:

The continental Saxons appear to have become consolidated by the end of the eighth century, partly as a result of interaction with the powerful Frankish kingdoms. The ancestors of Charlemagne, the

1583:

or at least not significantly. As the languages of the Angles and this particular Saxon group were closely related, a continuum between Anglian and Saxon could form in Britain, which later became

739:

Theodosius was described as the terror of Saxony. This is the earliest known reference to a country of the Saxons apart from the disputed mention by Ptolemy, but it may refer to a part of Britain.

937:

not want to negotiate, and that the Franks were subsequently beaten. However, later records indicate that a group of Saxons began paying tribute to the kings of Austrasia during Chlothar's reign.

260:. What is more certain is that long before any clear historical mention of Saxony as a country, a related but possibly distinct or overlapping group of "Saxons" became important during the late 1166:(804–1296) covered Westphalia, Eastphalia, Angria and Nordalbingia, which is roughly equivalent to Holstein, the southern part of modern-day Schleswig-Holstein state, now bordering on Denmark. 1036:. They were allowed to return to Italy, gather their families and belongings and return to pass through the region again to go north. After plundering the countryside, they were stopped at the 300:. It describes the lands of the Saxons as lying on the Ocean coast between Frisia and the Danes. It contained the rivers "Lamizon", "Ipada", "Lippa" and "Limac", generally interpreted as the 2785:(1129–1195, Duke of Saxony 1142–1180), and the subsequent splitting of the Saxon tribal duchy into several territories, the name of the Saxon duchy was transferred to the lands of the 3165: 594:'), was composed of nine forts stretching around the south-eastern corner of England. On the other side of the English channel two coastal military commands were created, over the 2870:

Im Latein des späten Altertums konnte Saxones als Sammelbezeichnung von Küstenräubern gebraucht werden. Es spielte dieselbe Rolle wie viele Jahrhunderte später das Wort Wikinger.

746:

In 373 Saxons were defeated at a place called Deuso which was in Frankish, but not Roman territory. This was therefore probably an early mention of an inland force of Saxons.

2801:). Gradually, the latter region became known as Saxony, ultimately usurping the name's original geographical meaning. The area formerly known as Upper Saxony now lies in 2030:

divine providence – it seems – to guide the random decision-making. There were also sacred rituals and objects, such as the pillars called

236:, annexing Saxony into the Carolingian domain. Under the Carolingian Franks, Saxony became a single duchy, fitting it within the basic political structure of the later 2259:

The continental Saxons were evangelised largely by English missionaries in the late seventh and early eighth centuries. Around 695, two early English missionaries,

347:, but has faced a long and gradual decline since the Late Medieval period as a literary, administrative and, to a significant extent, cultural language in favor of 1285:, who was nominally a Frankish subject. Carloman then turned north towards Saxony, or a part of it, which had sent troops to support Bavaria. After conquering the 2200:, a West Saxon people, were especially resistant to Christianity; Birinus exercised more efforts against them and ultimately succeeded in conversion. In Wessex, 1212:, between Rhine and Maas, but the area involved in this takeover may have been on opposite side of the Rhine. It is named after a Roman era Frankish tribe, the 869:, the future king of Italy, who is mentioned in the same part of Gregory's text as a person who subsequently allied with Childeric to fight Alemanni in Italy. 782:

states that after the overthrow of Constantine "III" in 411, "the Romans never succeeded in recovering Britain, but it remained from that time under tyrants."

1193:

were killed somewhere in Saxony while trying to convert one of the "satraps" of Saxony. The Ewalds apparently had the support of this local ruler, and also

1900:

represented the descendants of the original inhabitants of the conquered territories, who were forced to make oaths of submission and pay tribute to the

562:

is correct. He notes that the loss of first letters occurs in numerous places in various copies of Ptolemy's work, and also that the manuscripts without

2092:'. It is presumed that these are the names of two goddesses who were worshipped around that season. The Saxons offered cakes to their gods in February ( 1933:, or about 700 head of cattle, the highest wergild on the continent; the price of a bride was also very high. This was six times as much as that of the 947:

for defeating the "Thuringian Saxons". (Springer suggests that this was his way of distinguishing the mainland Saxons from the Anglo-Saxons of Britain.)

518:, written in the second century, is sometimes considered to contain the first mention of the Saxons. Some copies of this text mention a tribe called 1578:. There, these migrants encountered an already present population whose language was significantly different from their own, i.e. belonging to the 2454:

from the late eighth or early ninth century; the vernacular was used extensively in an effort to Christianise the lowest castes of Saxon society.

3664: 2104:('holy month' or 'month of offerings', September). The Saxon calendar began on 25 December, and the months of December and January were called 900:. Nevertheless some records during Merovingian times are clearly about Saxons living within what is now Northern Germany, north of the Franks. 319:

Today the Saxons of Germany no longer form a distinctive ethnic group or country, but their name lives on in the names of several regions and

289:

One of the first writers to mention the country Saxony appears to have been a Ostrogothic geographer of Italy named Marcomir. The much later

3341:, p. 54) "In der Tat gewinnt seit zwanzig Jahren die Meinung an Boden, dass es sich um ein und deselbe Persönlichkeit gehandelt habe." 1236: 649:. Julian described the Saxons and Franks as kinsmen of Magnentius himself, living "beyond the Rhine and on the shores of the western sea". 3174: 1664: Migration of Weser Rhine Germanic speakers (1.), migration of West Slavic speakers (2.), migration of North Germanic speakers (2.). 1431: 4299: 5448: 4329: 1523:), a source of some misunderstanding about the original homeland of the Saxons, with a central part in the present-day German state of 228:. Later medieval sources referred to this eastern area as "North Swabia". Charlemagne conquered all the Saxons after winning the long 1727:

writing around the year 730, remarks that "the old (that is, the continental) Saxons have no king, but they are governed by several

5376: 4273: 1635: Migration of Weser Rhine Germanic speakers towards the Roman limes (1.), southward migration of Elbe Germanic speakers (2.). 672:. This Frankish settlement within the empire eventually gained the acceptance from Julian, but according to the near contemporary 5394: 774: 2273:, that is, villagers. Throughout the century that followed, villagers and other peasants proved to be the greatest opponents of 1949:. The gulf between noble and ignoble was very large, but the difference between a freeman and an indentured labourer was small. 629:, a contemporary and companion of Julian, claimed that Saxon and Frankish raiders had already attacked the North Sea coast near 2034:; these were believed to connect heaven and earth, as with other examples of trees or ladders to heaven in numerous religions. 264:, when the name was used to refer to coastal raiders who attacked from the north by, in a similar sense to the much later term 4208: 4187: 4047:"Popular Revolt, Dynastic Politics, and Aristocratic Factionalism in the Early Middle Ages: The Saxon Stellinga Reconsidered" 3613: 3234: 3006: 2196:. The West Saxons begin to emerge from obscurity only with their conversion to Christianity and keeping written records. The 1240:, which mentions, for example, that the land of the Angles was once between those of the Saxons and Jutes, but was now empty. 1440:, the Saxons were reduced to tributary status. There is evidence that the Saxons, as well as Slavic tributaries such as the 1361:

as well as the union of the Saxons with the rest of the Germanic, Frankish empire. Their sacred tree or pillar, a symbol of

1406:. In 776 the Saxons promised to convert to Christianity and vow loyalty to the king, but, during Charlemagne's campaign in 220:, fought numerous campaigns against Saxons, both in the west near the Lippe, Ems and Weser, and further east, neighbouring 4233: 1556: 244:

expanded their territories, and therefore those of the Holy Roman empire, to the east, at the expense of Slavic-speaking

4106: 4014:(in Finnish). Vol. 3. R-Ö. Suomalaisen kirjallisuuden seura, Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus. 2012. p. 146. 2438:, were commissioned in the early ninth century by Louis to disseminate scriptural knowledge to the masses. A council of 1495:. This region subsequently acquired the name Saxony through political circumstances, though it was initially called the 965:

Heroic stories set in the 620s were written centuries later about Sigbert's nephew and eventual successor in Austrasia,

2156: 2240:

were more pagan than the southern or western Saxons; their territory had a superabundance of pagan sites. Their king,

1681: Position of North Sea Germanic dialects (Old English & Old Frisian) directly following the migration period. 882: 4475: 3648: 3322: 3282: 3081: 2773:'s upper class comprised mostly Baltic Germans, persons of supposedly Saxon origin until well into the 20th century. 1456:) of Germany during the tenth century, but they lost this position in 1024. The duchy was divided in 1180 when Duke 1115:, died in 638. Both men are likely to have been Bayeux Saxons, although they may for example have come from Britain. 1000:

There were also Saxon populations in this period who were living in neither England, nor what would become Saxony.

773:, which was probably written in southern France, Britain was ravaged by Saxon invaders in 409 or 410. By this time, 4437: 757:, he was attacked by Franks and Saxons as divine retribution for his rebuilding of a synagogue burned down in Rome. 608: 462:

The name of the Saxons has traditionally been said to derive from a kind of knife used in this period and called a

1418:

and plundered along the river. This was an oft-repeated pattern when Charlemagne was distracted by other matters.

442:, combining the names of the Angles and the Saxons, came into use by the eighth century, initially in the work of 5453: 5399: 4607: 2802: 2511:(OED) gives 1771 as the date of the earliest written use of the word in English. The Gaelic name for England is 1461: 1917:

regulated the Saxons' different society. Intermarriage between the castes was forbidden by the Lex Saxonum, and

1776:

first described the social structure of the Saxons beneath their leaders. The caste structure was rigid; in the

1270:). This work names its source as a Gothic geographer named Marcomir, who had written an earlier study of Saxony. 5389: 4657: 4462: 4322: 4128: 2024: 1334:

In 758 Pepin attacked Saxony once more and agreed to a tribute of 330 horses per year from the defeated Saxons.

1316:

as "North Swabia" and many of the Saxons there converted to Christianity at this time. The continuation of the

1312:

was attempting seize power in Bavaria. The part of Saxony beyond Thuringia where he went is referred to in the

584:

shows that the Romans had created several military commands specifically to defend against Saxon raiders. The

4037: 3993: 1278: 373:. These early raiders and settlers were believed by contemporaries to come from coastal regions north of the 363:

The first Saxons clearly mentioned in ancient records were the "Saxons" who became important during the late

923:(also spelled Lothar) inherited rule over the Rhine regions. It is reported by Gregory of Tours (IV.10) and 743:

their booty the robbers thus forcibly crushed had almost returned enriched with the spoils which they took".

4538: 2545:) means 'English' in reference to people and things, though not when naming the English language, which is 984:, son of Clothar II, and the most powerful king of the Franks at that time, was met by Saxon messengers in 652:

In 357/8 Julian clearly had contact with the Saxons himself when he campaigned in the Rhine region against

574:

The first undisputed mentions of the Saxon name come from the late 4th century, around the time of emperor

35: 17: 1323:

In 751 Pepin was crowned as king, and in 753 he attacked the Saxons northeast of the Rhine in the area of

1200:

In 715, not long after the death of Pepin of Herstal, Frankish annals report that Saxons took control of "

5404: 4417: 4114: 4060: 2806: 2389:, the notable ones being a result of the literary output and wide influence of Saxon monasteries such as 840: 680:

who had also entered the area were ejected. Writing about this period more than a century later, it was

550:

was the result of later scribes trying to correct a name that meant nothing to them. On the other hand,

208:. They do not appear to have been politically united until about that time. Previous Frankish rulers of 4570: 4565: 4089: 1858:. According to very early traditions that are presumed to contain a good deal of historical truth, the 1658: Migration of North Germanic speakers (including the Saxon elite) to England (A.) and Frisia (B.) 505:

AD, showing the location of the Saxons in Northern Germany, according to some copies of Ptolemy's work

367:

as coastal raiders who attacked from the north using boats, in a similar sense to the much later term

5422: 4602: 4509: 4502: 4480: 4315: 3959: 3933: 2943: 2615:

to feign ignorance of the English language. The Cornish words for the English people and England are

2507: 1761: 1292: 970: 4642: 4627: 4442: 4427: 2505:

term for an English person and, traditionally, to the English-speaking lowlanders of Scotland. The

1579: 1504: 1175: 1093:

In southwestern France, in the late 6th century Chulderic the Saxon was became a Duke north of the

2995:

The Continental Saxons from the Migration Period to the Tenth Century: An Ethnographic Perspective

1308:

In 748 Pepin the Short marched through Thuringia to Saxony, during a period when his half brother

4757: 4647: 4637: 4632: 4452: 4432: 4389: 4255: 4225: 3938: 2948: 2897:

im Latein des Hoch- und Spät-MAs meinte die Franzosen und nicht die Franken usw. So war das lat.

2451: 2406: 2205: 2161: 1575: 816: 769: 31: 3271: 1737:) who, during war, cast lots for leadership but who, in time of peace, are equal in power." The 1511:

to the whole of their kingdom. Since then, this part of eastern Germany has been referred to as

5458: 5159: 4592: 4587: 4514: 4409: 2450:

ought to be preached in the vernacular. The earliest preserved text in the Saxon language is a

612:) in the Roman military, which was stationed in what is now Lebanon and northern Israel. This 4457: 4347: 4239: 4198: 3946: 3603: 3224: 3071: 2978: 2956: 2421: 2347: 1805: 1701: 10th/11th century migration of (Ems) Frisian speakers to the North German mainland (A.) 1623: Position of North Sea Germanic dialects prior to the migration period (3rd century CE). 1539:

Old English, associated with the Saxons in England, was closer to later recorded dialects of

1317: 626: 3982:) is more commonly used in Cornwall as of 2015 as slang to designate non-Cornish Englishmen. 2901:

während der Völkerwanderungszeit und des Früh-MAs keineswegs auf "die" Sachsen festgelegt."

1547:

language. Old Frisian apparently once stretched along the North Sea coast from the northern

684:

who mentioned the involvement of the Saxons and even mentioned a specific tribe, called the

4548: 4519: 4422: 2670: 2213: 2201: 2176:

occurred in the early to late seventh century under the influence of the already converted

1358: 1217: 944: 792: 673: 125: 4282: 2252:, was expelled by Saeberht's heirs. The conversion of the East Saxons was completed under 1868:

and during the migrations of the sixth century. They were a conquering warrior elite. The

1448:, often provided troops to their Carolingian overlords. The dukes of Saxony became kings ( 8: 5463: 5384: 4597: 4158: 2398: 1437: 1245: 924: 796: 681: 575: 291: 88: 1769:

had its own satrap with enough military power to level whole villages that opposed him.

731:

led a successful campaign to recover control in Britain. In an inscription preserved in

4767: 4619: 4558: 4447: 4379: 4355: 4145: 4072: 4051: 3886: 3658: 2402: 2229: 2217: 1595:, and possibly other ancient tribes) prevailed and ultimately formed the basis for the 580: 4293: 1349:

The Saxons were conquered by Charlemagne after a long series of annual campaigns, the

861:

in France, but his force was subsequently retaken by Roman and Frankish forces led by

551: 200:, is unclear until the 8th century and the conflict between their semi-legendary hero 4543: 4394: 4369: 4204: 4183: 4179: 3927: 3644: 3609: 3318: 3278: 3230: 3077: 3002: 2911: 2766: 2756: 2662: 2245: 2169: 2046: 1453: 1020:

group to replace them in Austrasia. In 572, they raided south-eastern Gaul as far as

320: 237: 121: 30:

This article is about the historical Saxons of northern Germany. For other uses, see

1958:, an important source for early Saxon history, the Saxons held an annual council at 4966: 4338: 4137: 4086:

Politics and Power in Early Medieval Europe: Alsace and the Frankish Realm 600–1000

4064: 4029: 3310: 2786: 2734: 2600: 2468: 2335: 2274: 2264: 2260: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2045:

Early Saxon religious practices in Britain can be gleaned from place names and the

1584: 1496: 1480: 1472: 1449: 1403: 1282: 1194: 1073: 846: 724: 665: 630: 344: 174: 2069: 422:

populations, Saxons, and other migrants from the same North Sea region, including

5443: 4575: 4553: 4497: 4467: 4351: 4247: 4243: 4173: 3890: 2972: 2798: 2628: 2609:, from the same derivation. In the 16th century Cornish-speakers used the phrase 2482: 2435: 2417: 2394: 2378: 2374: 2311: 2232:, to evangelise his people beginning in 681. The chief South Saxon bishopric was 2181: 1516: 1507:(only a remnant of the previous Duchy) in 1423; they eventually applied the name 1427: 1274: 1163: 1111: 736: 619: 599: 536: 485: 477: 443: 352: 328: 241: 2322:

rose up against the Saxon leadership, who were allied with the Frankish emperor

791:. Some generations later a dramatic description of Saxon raiding was written by 5249: 5033: 4697: 4384: 3586: 3073:

Dark Age Naval Power: A Re-Assessment of Frankish and Anglo-Saxon Seafaring ...

2937: 2782: 2570: 2560: 2498: 2410: 2390: 2298: 2221: 1692: 1559:

which stretched to the Alps, and can all be considered to be types of German.

1476: 1457: 1328: 1320:

claims that they accepted to return to go back to paying a tribute of 500 cows.

1313: 1231:. He campaigned there again in 720, 724, 738, and possibly also in 722 and 728. 1224: 1048:. In 589, the Saxons from the Bessin region near Bayeux wore their hair in the 962:, with a force of Saxons, Thuringians, and other people from east of the Rhine. 933: 853:" who led a group of Saxons based upon islands somewhere near the mouth of the 832: 822: 750: 431: 419: 382: 348: 279: 257: 178: 145: 943:, the son of Clothar I who ruled Austrasia until 575, was praised by the poet 764:

and North Africa meant that military resources were not available for Britain.

660:

river area in what is now the Netherlands, and displaced the recently settled

5437: 5008: 4971: 4931: 4797: 4526: 4485: 4288: 4217: 4118: 3636: 3167:

Procopius: History of the Wars Books VII and VIII with an English Translation

2998: 2814: 2524: 1652: Position of North Sea Germanic dialects during the 5th and 6th century. 1563: 1492: 1411: 1309: 1259: 1144: 1139:), which was based in the Saxons' traditional homeland bounded by the rivers 955: 700: 661: 305: 286:, as well as people from the coastal part of what came to be called Saxony. 5110: 64: 4702: 4692: 4675: 4492: 3619: 3240: 3087: 2794: 2790: 2674: 2286: 2173: 1688: 1571: 1524: 1399: 1366: 1251: 1098: 951: 929: 728: 390: 364: 324: 297: 261: 233: 141: 129: 4141: 2120:

or 'night of the mothers', another religious festival of unknown content.

270:. These early raiders and settlers came from coastal regions north of the 5184: 5142: 5065: 4978: 4846: 4836: 4747: 4531: 4164: 4126:

Reynolds, Robert L.; Lopez, Robert S. (1946). "Odoacer: German or Hun?".

3979: 3266: 2502: 2370: 2035: 1913: 1724: 1592: 1567: 1548: 1540: 1255: 1159: 1029: 1005: 966: 905: 897: 862: 716: 712: 591: 415: 411: 335:) which includes most of the original duchy. Their language evolved into 301: 217: 213: 205: 196:

The political history of these inland Saxons, who were neighbours of the

186: 108: 3585:

said, "and they are hostile to our religion," as when they martyred the

1389:, Charlemagne's biographer, says on the closing of this grand conflict: 1189:

From the same report of Bede about English missionaries in the 690s the

5361: 5149: 5132: 5080: 5070: 5055: 5023: 5013: 4891: 4841: 4717: 4712: 4680: 4399: 4149: 4076: 4046: 3837: 2471:, the words designating English nationality derive from the Latin word 2385:

to the north. Much Christian literature was produced in the vernacular

2369:

In the ninth century, the Saxon nobility became vigorous supporters of

2351: 2293: 1748: 1744: 1570:, first migrated southwards to what is now the northwestern portion of 1350: 1344: 1302: 1213: 1204:". In later centuries this name was given to the Frankish country near 1190: 1129: 1065: 981: 940: 916: 878: 850: 703:, Ammianus (books 26 and 27) reported that Britain was troubled by the 668:, whereupon some of the Salians began to move south into the region of 642: 514: 336: 229: 190: 80: 959: 5356: 5351: 5341: 5274: 5179: 5075: 5038: 5028: 4988: 4941: 4936: 4886: 4826: 4752: 4742: 4722: 4685: 4670: 4160:

Ptolemy's maps of northern Europe, a reconstruction of the prototypes

2698: 2386: 2323: 2317: 2007: 1788: 1777: 1728: 1596: 1544: 1441: 1432:

List of rulers of Saxony § Saxony as part of Frankish kingdom(s)

1382: 1324: 1155: 1140: 1053: 1025: 920: 909: 827: 779: 720: 669: 634: 221: 209: 104: 4068: 2089: 1629: Migration of the Saxons from the territory of the Angles (A.). 1016:

and settled there for some time. Sigebert in the meantime allowed a

849:, gives a confusing report about a number of battles involving one " 795:

writing to a friend who was assigned to a coastal defensive post in

471: 454: 5329: 5314: 5294: 5279: 5259: 5234: 5219: 5214: 5194: 5164: 5154: 5105: 5095: 5090: 4921: 4906: 4881: 4861: 4831: 4821: 4816: 4787: 4782: 4772: 4707: 4665: 4374: 4307: 4235:

The Fourth Book of the Chronicle of Fredegar with its Continuations

2744: 2678: 2677:. From Transylvania, some of these Saxons migrated to neighbouring 2569:

meaning England), has the same derivation, as do the words used in

2478: 2249: 2193: 2039: 2031: 1865: 1465: 1407: 1370: 1362: 1297: 1179: 1033: 1009: 893: 808: 804: 803:. A rough description of the homeland of these Saxons was given by 800: 788: 653: 641:

Julian himself mentioned the Saxons in a speech as close allies of

618:

already existed by 363 when Julian used them in Arabia against the

497: 423: 378: 275: 201: 92: 2501:-, Scottish English- and Gaelic-speakers in the 21st century as a 1604:

Evolution of Saxon within North Sea Germanic according to Seebold:

1037: 872: 839:

In the 460s, an apparent fragment of a chronicle preserved in the

5346: 5334: 5324: 5299: 5289: 5284: 5264: 5254: 5229: 5169: 5127: 5100: 5018: 4951: 4946: 4926: 4916: 4871: 4866: 4856: 4851: 4792: 4777: 4727: 3582: 2770: 2718: 2705:

over the centuries to apply now to the whole country of Germany (

2426: 2382: 2225: 2209: 2197: 2185: 1981: 1918: 1823: 1773: 1552: 1500: 1386: 1354: 1220:

reported them to be living north of the Rhine in the 4th century.

1124: 1106: 1102: 1094: 1069: 1057: 1049: 866: 754: 693: 677: 542: 531: 509: 501:

Map of the Roman Empire and contemporary indigenous Europe in 125

398: 225: 2430:, a verse epic of the life of Christ in a Germanic setting, and 2115: 2109: 2099: 2093: 2079: 2073: 1378: 463: 5366: 5319: 5304: 5269: 5244: 5204: 5137: 5122: 5060: 4998: 4983: 4961: 4911: 4901: 4896: 4809: 4804: 4762: 4732: 2912:"Saxon | Definition of Saxon in English by Oxford Dictionaries" 2810: 2682: 2447: 2339: 2189: 2136:) were a problem for Christian authorities as late as 836. The 2098:). There was a religious festival associated with the harvest, 2085: 2065: 2010:

based on service and labour, personal relationships and oaths.

1977: 1959: 1930: 1752: 1733: 1588: 1512: 1374: 1287: 1209: 1205: 1197:

who was the effective ruler of Frankish Austrasia at this time.

1061: 1045: 1013: 1004:

In 568/9, some Saxons were living in the Austrasian kingdom of

889: 692:

who had lived in this general region centuries earlier, or the

689: 492: 369: 266: 197: 157: 149: 84: 2424:

works in order to evangelise the Saxons more efficiently. The

2061: 2006:, lordship based on dues and taxes, was replaced by a form of 1452:, the Fowler, 919) and later the first emperors (Henry's son, 438:

which became the more commonly-used collective term. The term

5239: 5224: 5199: 5189: 5174: 5117: 5085: 5050: 5045: 5003: 4993: 4876: 4737: 4580: 4292: 2971: 2694: 2443: 2439: 2177: 2057: 2053: 1984:. By prohibiting the Marklo councils, Charlemagne pushed the 1488: 1484: 1445: 1415: 1267: 1263: 1228: 1183: 1078: 1017: 1008:, possibly in the Champagne region, and they accompanied the 989: 985: 974: 858: 854: 732: 708: 704: 657: 427: 386: 374: 313: 309: 283: 271: 245: 153: 3966:, 1602. N.B. in revived Cornish, this would be transcribed, 3361: 3359: 3173:. Harvard University Press. pp. 252–255. Archived from 2208:. The South Saxons were first evangelised extensively under 2168:

The conversion of the Saxons in England from their original

1864:

were the descendants of the Saxons who led the tribe out of

1599:

known today, while their speakers retained the tribal name.

1216:, who had once been the eastern neighbours of the Bructeri. 904:

In about 531 the Franks, led by the eldest son of Clovis I,

5309: 4956: 3757: 3755: 3605:

Remaking Identities: God, Nation, and Race in World History

3551: 3539: 3482: 3446: 3422: 3410: 3291: 2765:

means colloquially, 'a wealthy person'. As a result of the

2748: 2343: 2253: 2105: 2050: 1720: 1148: 993: 688:, which has been interpreted as a misunderstanding for the 646: 523: 465: 458:

The remains of a seax together with a reconstructed replica

406: 253: 3742: 3740: 3691: 3689: 3676: 3674: 3400: 3398: 2747:) reflects the name of the old Saxon single-edged sword – 2373:

and formed a bulwark of Christianity against the existing

1174:

were invaded by the pagan Saxons during a period when the

807:

who says the Frankish homeland lay between the Saxons and

4107:"The Annals of Fulda: Ninth-Century Histories, Volume II" 3867: 3639:(2003). "Die Herkunft der Franken, Friesen und Sachsen". 3371: 3356: 3344: 3135: 3133: 3118: 3094: 569: 27:

Medieval cultural group from what is now Northern Germany

3752: 2846: 3855: 3815: 3779: 3737: 3725: 3713: 3701: 3686: 3671: 3563: 3506: 3494: 3395: 3383: 3273:

Worlds of Arthur: Facts & Fictions of the Dark Ages

3015: 2361:

among the Saxon peasantry as late as the 12th century.

2277:, while missionaries often received the support of the 2244:, was converted early and a diocese was established at 598:

in what is now Brittany and Normandy, and the coast of

418:, or simply "the English". This brought together local 358: 4113:. Manchester Medieval. Translated by Reuter, Timothy. 3791: 3470: 3458: 3434: 3247: 3204: 3192: 3130: 3106: 3051: 3039: 3027: 2188:

became the "apostle to the West Saxons" and converted

1170:

In the 690s, Bede reported that a people known as the

606:

also lists the existence of a Saxon military unit (an

3843: 3145: 2546: 2540: 2534: 2528: 2518: 2512: 2486: 2038:

had one such pillar chopped down in 772 close to the

1574:

spoke North Sea Germanic dialects closely related to

1305:

again the next year (744) and Theoderic was captured.

526:. However, other versions refer to the same tribe as 3925: 3803: 2673:

who settled during the 12th century in southeastern

1780:

the three castes, excluding slaves, were called the

1381:

and Ostholstein districts) to the loyal king of the

1044:

One notable group lived on the Normandy coast, near

3767: 3608:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 53. 656:, Franks and Saxons. Franks and Saxons entered the 3926: 3270: 2936: 2585:) and the language and things English in general: 883:List of rulers of Saxony § Independent Saxony 489:confusion when interpreting contemporary records. 414:-speaking nation, now commonly referred to as the 1227:, the son of Pepin, invaded Saxony as far as the 1101:, after having previously been a subject of King 5435: 3597: 3595: 3309: 2789:family. This led to the differentiation between 2301:to his friend Meginfrid, written in 796, shows: 2000:out of political power. The old Saxon system of 1119: 915:In 555, after the death of Theuderic's grandson 4012:Suomen sanojen alkuperä. Etymologinen sanakirja 3991: 2328: 2315: 2279: 1994: 1986: 1943: 1935: 1923: 1902: 1895: 1870: 1859: 1799: 1793: 1781: 873:Saxons in Germany during the Merovingian period 602:in what later became Flanders and Picardy. The 53: 2935: 2760: 2728: 2712: 2688: 2401:; and the theological controversy between the 1966:. In 782, Charlemagne abolished the system of 530:. This may be a misspelling of the tribe that 4323: 4125: 3973: 3967: 3592: 3297: 2992: 2738: 2722: 2706: 2622: 2616: 2610: 2604: 1487:into the area of a western Slavic tribe, the 1402:and being incorporated into the orbit of the 1365:, was destroyed. Charlemagne deported 10,000 4303:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 2868: 2837: 2776: 2644: 2638: 2632: 2001: 1971: 1237:Ecclesiastical History of the English People 1041:to utterly defeat the Saxons in two battles. 633:almost a century earlier in about 285, when 493:Possible mention in Ptolemy (2nd century AD) 193:" in 804, in what is now northern Germany. 4354:origin primarily identified as speakers of 4200:Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde 3978:meaning 'ant' (and perversely derived from 3317:. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books. 2592: 2586: 2580: 2574: 2564: 2554: 2492: 2472: 2355: 2268: 2143: 2137: 2131: 2125: 1953: 1889: 1883: 1877: 1853: 1847: 1841: 1835: 1829: 1821: 1815: 1809: 1738: 1338: 908:conquered the still independent kingdom of 814:In 441–442 AD, Saxons are mentioned in the 645:in 350 when he declared himself emperor in 613: 585: 4330: 4316: 4262:. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co. 4034:Merovingian Military Organisation, 481–751 3663:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3631: 3629: 2969: 2809:: note the names of the federal states of 2434:, another epic retelling of the events of 1921:were set based upon caste membership. The 1755: – which comprised about one hundred 63: 4196: 4099:Germany in the Early Middle Ages 800–1056 3601: 3226:Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia 2882: 2805:– in the eastern part of the present-day 1086:in the Bessin region, but the meaning of 932:to attack his territory, going as far as 760:In 393 Saxons died as gladiators in Rome. 232:(772-804), and forced them to convert to 4287: 4254: 4232: 4171: 4044: 4028: 3861: 3821: 3809: 3785: 3746: 3731: 3719: 3707: 3695: 3680: 3581:"They are much given to devil worship," 3569: 3557: 3545: 3512: 3500: 3488: 3476: 3464: 3452: 3440: 3428: 3416: 3404: 3389: 3377: 3365: 3350: 3338: 3253: 3216: 3210: 3198: 3139: 3124: 3112: 3100: 3057: 3045: 3033: 2864: 2852: 2833: 2155: 1743:was divided into three provinces – 1123: 496: 453: 434:. The Angles are the source of the term 256:, close to the probable homeland of the 5395:Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England 4216: 4197:Springer, Matthias (2004b), "Sachsen", 4156: 3797: 3773: 3761: 3635: 3626: 3265: 3151: 3069: 3021: 2889:heißt nicht "die Deutschen"; und engl. 2793:(lands settled by the Saxon tribe) and 2539:(formed with a common adjective suffix 2364: 1373:and gave their largely vacant lands in 1291:of Ho(o)hseoburg forced the Saxon duke 1056:and fought with them as allies against 14: 5436: 4096: 4083: 3873: 3849: 3833: 3163: 2631:, spoken in north-western France, has 2346:to Saxony to foster a devotion to the 1460:refused to follow his cousin, Emperor 1421: 1301:held at that same place. The brothers 1060:. Beginning in 626, the Saxons of the 570:Late Roman period (3rd-6th century AD) 554:, in his analysis of such problems in 522:in the area to the north of the lower 4311: 4163:. Copenhagen: H. Hagerup – via 3910: 3602:Lieberman, Benjamin (22 March 2013). 2701:have changed their usage of the root 2457: 1562:According to the historical linguist 1353:(772–804). With defeat came enforced 1076:, other official documents mention a 4337: 3992:Magazin Istoric (5 September 2013). 3947:participating institution membership 3222: 2982:. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 2957:participating institution membership 2652: 2416:From an early date, Charlemagne and 2142:remarks on their obstinacy in pagan 2018: 1483:, German settlers moved east of the 1182:, who lived had once lived near the 749:Not long before the usurper emperor 359:Relationship with early Anglo-Saxons 75:Regions with significant populations 4203:, vol. 26, Walter de Gruyter, 2993:Green, D. H.; Siegmund, F. (2003). 2462: 2306:be averse to their baptismal vows. 1876:represented the descendants of the 1715: 1557:Continental West Germanic continuum 1273:In 743 two of the sons of Charles, 1012:into Italy under the leadership of 919:, Theuderic's younger half-brother 727:, the father of the future emperor 24: 2049:in use at that time. The Germanic 1398:The Saxons long resisted becoming 25: 5475: 5449:History of North Rhine-Westphalia 4278:, part of the Encyclopædia Romana 4267: 2970:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). 2685:, in present-day Romania, shows. 2297:as this excerpt from a letter of 2192:, whose first Christian king was 556:Ptolemy's Maps of Northern Europe 5418: 5417: 2573:to describe the English people ( 2477:. The most prominent example, a 1804:. These terms were subsequently 1670: 1641: 1612: 969:and his defeat of Saxons led by 566:are generally inferior overall. 5400:Christianization of Scandinavia 4045:Goldberg, Eric J. (July 1995). 4004: 3994:"Saşii – Saxonii Transilvaniei" 3985: 3953: 3919: 3904: 3879: 3827: 3575: 3530: 3518: 3331: 3303: 3259: 3157: 3063: 2627:('Land of Saxons'). Similarly 2326:. After the suppression of the 2151: 1941:and eight times as much as the 1479:emperors and, later, under the 977:, together with son Dagobert I. 5390:Christianization of the Franks 4463:Continental Germanic mythology 4129:The American Historical Review 3070:Haywood, John (January 1991). 2986: 2963: 2929: 2904: 2876: 2858: 2827: 2643:('the English language'), and 2025:Continental Germanic mythology 1687: Linguistic expansion of 1410:(778), the Saxons advanced to 1243:Also in about this period the 1068:for his campaigns against the 13: 1: 4240:Wallace-Hadrill, John Michael 4038:University of Minnesota Press 4022: 2916:Oxford Dictionaries | English 2563:word for an Englishman (with 1133: 1120:The Saxons and the Arnulfings 3643:. Barkhuis. pp. 24–29. 2893:heißt nicht "die Germanen". 2797:(the lands belonging to the 2148:('usage and superstition'). 1234:In the 730s, Bede wrote his 1072:. In 843 and 846 under king 988:in a period of war with the 950:In 612, Sigebert's grandson 699:In 368, during the reign of 546:. According to this theory, 449: 36:Anglo-Saxon (disambiguation) 7: 5405:Christianization of Iceland 4172:Springer, Matthias (2004). 4115:Manchester University Press 4061:University of Chicago Press 3277:. Oxford University Press. 2807:Federal Republic of Germany 2689:Non-Indo-European languages 2612:Meea navidna cowza sawzneck 2442:in 813 and then a synod of 2436:the first book of the Bible 2013: 1576:Old Frisian and Old English 1534: 1491:. The Sorbs were gradually 240:. The early rulers of this 10: 5480: 4090:Cambridge University Press 3641:Essays on the Early Franks 2781:Following the downfall of 2681:, as the name of the town 2669:) also became attached to 2446:in 848 both declared that 2022: 1710: 1425: 1342: 876: 753:died in 388, according to 29: 5413: 5375: 4656: 4618: 4408: 4362: 4345: 4157:Schütte, Gudmund (1917). 3969:My ny vynnaf cows sowsnek 3934:Oxford English Dictionary 3887:"Definition of SASSENACH" 3298:Reynolds & Lopez 1946 2944:Oxford English Dictionary 2777:Saxony as a later toponym 2508:Oxford English Dictionary 2310:Charlemagne's successor, 1970:and replaced it with the 1052:fashion at the orders of 1028:and were defeated by the 954:attacked his own brother 204:and the Frankish emperor 140: 135: 119: 114: 103: 98: 79: 74: 62: 51: 4643:North Germanic languages 4628:Germanic parent language 4256:Thompson, James Westfall 4097:Reuter, Timothy (1991). 4084:Hummer, Hans J. (2005). 3836:, p. 141, based on 3536:RFA, 743 and 744, p. 38. 3229:. ABC-CLIO. p. 59. 2820: 1772:In the mid-9th century, 1505:Duchy of Saxe-Wittenberg 1503:acquired control of the 1339:Charlemagne's Saxon Wars 69:The Stem Duchy of Saxony 4648:West Germanic languages 4638:East Germanic languages 4633:Proto-Germanic language 4453:Proto-Germanic folklore 4390:Romano-Germanic culture 4300:Encyclopædia Britannica 4226:Oxford University Press 3939:Oxford University Press 3076:Routledge. p. 42. 2949:Oxford University Press 2755:supposedly derives. In 2493: 2329: 2316: 2292:Under Charlemagne, the 2280: 2267:, were martyred by the 2116: 2110: 2100: 2094: 2080: 2074: 1995: 1987: 1944: 1936: 1924: 1903: 1896: 1871: 1860: 1800: 1794: 1782: 817:Chronica Gallica of 452 770:Chronica Gallica of 452 755:Bishop Ambrose of Milan 627:Eutropius the historian 472: 464: 169:, sometimes called the 54: 32:Saxons (disambiguation) 5454:Early Germanic peoples 4246:. 1960. Archived from 4117:. 1992. Archived from 4111:Medieval Sourcesonline 3974: 3968: 3911:Scott, Walter (1871). 3527:743, MGH SS I, p. 135. 3223:Koch, John T. (2006). 2869: 2838: 2761: 2751:– from which the name 2739: 2729: 2723: 2717:respectively) and the 2713: 2707: 2666: 2645: 2639: 2633: 2623: 2617: 2611: 2605: 2593: 2587: 2581: 2575: 2565: 2555: 2547: 2541: 2535: 2529: 2519: 2513: 2487: 2473: 2356: 2308: 2269: 2256:in the 650s and 660s. 2165: 2144: 2138: 2132: 2126: 2003:Abgabengrundherrschaft 2002: 1972: 1954: 1890: 1884: 1878: 1854: 1848: 1842: 1836: 1830: 1822: 1816: 1810: 1739: 1591:, the language of the 1528: 1520: 1396: 1377:(approximately modern 1151: 857:. He took hostages at 821:later believed in the 614: 586: 506: 459: 332: 182: 4458:Anglo-Saxon mythology 4348:Ethnolinguistic group 4218:Stenton, Sir Frank M. 3915:. T. Nelson and Sons. 3891:Merriam-Webster, Inc. 3315:History of the Franks 2979:Catholic Encyclopedia 2885:, p. 33: "Engl. 2733:, respectively). The 2348:Roman Catholic Church 2303: 2164:addressing the Saxons 2160:1868 illustration of 2159: 2139:Translatio S. Liborii 1973:Grafschaftsverfassung 1786:(related to the term 1391: 1318:Chronicle of Fredegar 1127: 842:History of the Franks 500: 457: 136:Related ethnic groups 4101:. New York: Longman. 4030:Bachrach, Bernard S. 3913:The Lady of the Lake 3164:Dewing, H B (1962). 2420:supported Christian 2377:to the east and the 2365:Christian literature 2285:and other noblemen. 2248:. Its first bishop, 2214:Aethelwalh of Sussex 2145:ritus et superstitio 2114:). They contained a 2084:, meaning 'month of 2070:Old English calendar 1955:Vita Lebuini antiqua 1580:Weser–Rhine Germanic 1462:Frederick Barbarossa 1218:Ammianus Marcellinus 945:Venantius Fortunatus 793:Sidonius Apollinaris 674:Ammianus Marcellinus 470:in Old English, and 252:of the mouth of the 126:Anglo-Saxon paganism 5385:Gothic Christianity 4250:on 3 February 2006. 4222:Anglo-Saxon England 4142:10.1086/ahr/52.1.36 3972:. The Cornish word 3937:(Online ed.). 3560:, pp. 173–174. 3548:, pp. 171–173. 3491:, pp. 131–134. 3455:, pp. 101–103. 3431:, pp. 111–113. 3419:, pp. 113–115. 2947:(Online ed.). 2503:racially pejorative 1894:of that caste. The 1422:The Duchy of Saxony 1246:Ravenna Cosmography 1137: 1000 AD 1105:. A century later, 596:Tractus Armoricanus 578:. By about 400 the 292:Ravenna Cosmography 48: 4768:Germani cisrhenani 4476:Funerary practices 4380:Pre-Roman Iron Age 4356:Germanic languages 4283:Saxons and Britons 3964:Survey of Cornwall 3876:, p. 138–139. 3001:. pp. 14–15. 2603:terms the English 2458:Saxon as a demonym 2166: 1597:Low Saxon dialects 1295:to surrender at a 1281:, marched against 1152: 925:Marius of Avenches 825:) were invited as 615:Ala primum Saxonum 604:Notitia Dignitatum 581:Notitia Dignitatum 507: 460: 46: 5431: 5430: 4603:Gothic and Vandal 4395:Germanic Iron Age 4370:Nordic Bronze Age 4352:Northern European 4210:978-3-11-017734-3 4189:978-3-17-023227-3 4180:Kohlhammer Verlag 4121:on 12 March 2007. 3945:(Subscription or 3615:978-1-4422-1395-1 3380:, pp. 98–99. 3368:, pp. 97–98. 3353:, pp. 60–96. 3236:978-1-85109-440-0 3127:, pp. 39–41. 3103:, pp. 35–36. 3024:, pp. 22–23. 3008:978-1-84383-026-9 2955:(Subscription or 2855:, pp. 27–31. 2767:Northern Crusades 2653:Romance languages 2517:(older spelling: 2485:(older spelling: 2216:was converted by 2170:Germanic religion 2047:Germanic calendar 2019:Germanic religion 1952:According to the 1929:were worth 1,440 1454:Otto I, the Great 775:Constantine "III" 767:According to the 321:states of Germany 238:Holy Roman Empire 185:) which became a 177:of "Old" Saxony ( 163: 162: 16:(Redirected from 5471: 5421: 5420: 5377:Christianization 4967:Ripuarian Franks 4339:Germanic peoples 4332: 4325: 4318: 4309: 4308: 4304: 4296: 4263: 4251: 4238:. Translated by 4229: 4224:(3rd ed.). 4213: 4193: 4168: 4153: 4122: 4102: 4093: 4080: 4041: 4016: 4015: 4008: 4002: 4001: 3989: 3983: 3977: 3971: 3957: 3951: 3950: 3942: 3930: 3923: 3917: 3916: 3908: 3902: 3901: 3899: 3897: 3883: 3877: 3871: 3865: 3859: 3853: 3847: 3841: 3831: 3825: 3819: 3813: 3807: 3801: 3795: 3789: 3783: 3777: 3771: 3765: 3764:, p. 97–98. 3759: 3750: 3744: 3735: 3729: 3723: 3717: 3711: 3705: 3699: 3693: 3684: 3678: 3669: 3668: 3662: 3654: 3633: 3624: 3623: 3599: 3590: 3579: 3573: 3567: 3561: 3555: 3549: 3543: 3537: 3534: 3528: 3525:Annales Einhardi 3522: 3516: 3510: 3504: 3498: 3492: 3486: 3480: 3474: 3468: 3462: 3456: 3450: 3444: 3438: 3432: 3426: 3420: 3414: 3408: 3402: 3393: 3387: 3381: 3375: 3369: 3363: 3354: 3348: 3342: 3335: 3329: 3328: 3311:Gregory of Tours 3307: 3301: 3295: 3289: 3288: 3276: 3263: 3257: 3251: 3245: 3244: 3220: 3214: 3208: 3202: 3196: 3190: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3179: 3172: 3161: 3155: 3149: 3143: 3137: 3128: 3122: 3116: 3110: 3104: 3098: 3092: 3091: 3067: 3061: 3055: 3049: 3043: 3037: 3031: 3025: 3019: 3013: 3012: 2990: 2984: 2983: 2975: 2967: 2961: 2960: 2952: 2940: 2933: 2927: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2908: 2902: 2880: 2874: 2872: 2862: 2856: 2850: 2844: 2842: 2831: 2764: 2742: 2732: 2726: 2716: 2710: 2648: 2642: 2636: 2626: 2620: 2614: 2608: 2596: 2590: 2584: 2578: 2568: 2558: 2550: 2544: 2538: 2532: 2522: 2516: 2496: 2490: 2481:in English from 2476: 2469:Celtic languages 2463:Celtic languages 2359: 2336:Louis the German 2332: 2321: 2283: 2275:Christianisation 2272: 2265:Hewald the Black 2261:Hewald the White 2147: 2141: 2135: 2129: 2119: 2113: 2103: 2097: 2088:' and 'month of 2083: 2077: 2005: 1998: 1990: 1976:, the system of 1975: 1957: 1947: 1939: 1927: 1906: 1899: 1893: 1887: 1881: 1874: 1863: 1857: 1851: 1845: 1839: 1833: 1827: 1819: 1813: 1803: 1797: 1785: 1742: 1716:Social structure 1700: 1686: 1680: 1674: 1663: 1657: 1651: 1645: 1634: 1628: 1622: 1616: 1499:. The rulers of 1497:March of Meissen 1481:Teutonic Knights 1473:High Middle Ages 1438:Carolingian rule 1404:Frankish kingdom 1283:Odilo of Bavaria 1195:Pepin of Herstal 1138: 1135: 1074:Charles the Bald 847:Gregory of Tours 725:Count Theodosius 723:and the Saxons. 707:, two tribes of 631:Boulogne-sur-Mer 617: 589: 558:, believed that 504: 475: 469: 377:. They included 345:Hanseatic League 274:. They included 67: 57: 49: 45: 21: 5479: 5478: 5474: 5473: 5472: 5470: 5469: 5468: 5434: 5433: 5432: 5427: 5409: 5371: 4652: 4614: 4576:Gothic alphabet 4468:Norse mythology 4404: 4358: 4341: 4336: 4270: 4244:Greenwood Press 4242:. Connecticut: 4211: 4190: 4105: 4069:10.2307/2865267 4036:. Minneapolis: 4025: 4020: 4019: 4010: 4009: 4005: 3990: 3986: 3958: 3954: 3944: 3924: 3920: 3909: 3905: 3895: 3893: 3885: 3884: 3880: 3872: 3868: 3860: 3856: 3848: 3844: 3832: 3828: 3820: 3816: 3808: 3804: 3796: 3792: 3784: 3780: 3772: 3768: 3760: 3753: 3745: 3738: 3730: 3726: 3718: 3714: 3706: 3702: 3694: 3687: 3679: 3672: 3656: 3655: 3651: 3634: 3627: 3616: 3600: 3593: 3580: 3576: 3568: 3564: 3556: 3552: 3544: 3540: 3535: 3531: 3523: 3519: 3511: 3507: 3499: 3495: 3487: 3483: 3475: 3471: 3463: 3459: 3451: 3447: 3439: 3435: 3427: 3423: 3415: 3411: 3403: 3396: 3388: 3384: 3376: 3372: 3364: 3357: 3349: 3345: 3336: 3332: 3325: 3308: 3304: 3296: 3292: 3285: 3264: 3260: 3252: 3248: 3237: 3221: 3217: 3209: 3205: 3197: 3193: 3183: 3181: 3180:on 3 March 2020 3177: 3170: 3162: 3158: 3150: 3146: 3138: 3131: 3123: 3119: 3111: 3107: 3099: 3095: 3084: 3068: 3064: 3056: 3052: 3044: 3040: 3032: 3028: 3020: 3016: 3009: 2991: 2987: 2968: 2964: 2954: 2934: 2930: 2920: 2918: 2910: 2909: 2905: 2881: 2877: 2867:, p. 12: " 2863: 2859: 2851: 2847: 2836:, p. 12: " 2832: 2828: 2823: 2803:Central Germany 2799:House of Wettin 2779: 2691: 2671:German settlers 2655: 2649:for 'England'. 2491:), is the word 2483:Scottish Gaelic 2465: 2460: 2418:Louis the Pious 2379:Nordic paganism 2375:Slavic paganism 2367: 2354:, in his verse 2312:Louis the Pious 2204:was founded at 2184:. In the 630s, 2154: 2127:plebeium vulgus 2072:bear the names 2027: 2021: 2016: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1707: 1706: 1703: 1702: 1698: 1696: 1684: 1682: 1678: 1675: 1666: 1665: 1661: 1659: 1655: 1653: 1649: 1646: 1637: 1636: 1632: 1630: 1626: 1624: 1620: 1617: 1606: 1605: 1537: 1434: 1428:Duchy of Saxony 1424: 1347: 1341: 1275:Pepin the Short 1164:Duchy of Saxony 1136: 1122: 1112:Duke of Gascony 1084:Otlinga Saxonia 885: 875: 737:North Macedonia 600:Belgica Secunda 587:Litus Saxonicum 572: 502: 495: 486:Frankish empire 478:Old High German 452: 444:Paul the Deacon 361: 242:Duchy of Saxony 183:Antiqua Saxonia 175:Germanic people 70: 58: 44: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5477: 5467: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5429: 5428: 5426: 5425: 5414: 5411: 5410: 5408: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5381: 5379: 5373: 5372: 5370: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5338: 5337: 5332: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5146: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5115: 5114: 5113: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5042: 5041: 5036: 5034:Thracian Goths 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4975: 4974: 4969: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4813: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4801: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4689: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4662: 4660: 4654: 4653: 4651: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4624: 4622: 4616: 4615: 4613: 4612: 4611: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4590: 4585: 4584: 4583: 4578: 4568: 4563: 4562: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4541: 4536: 4535: 4534: 4524: 4523: 4522: 4517: 4507: 4506: 4505: 4500: 4490: 4489: 4488: 4483: 4473: 4472: 4471: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4414: 4412: 4406: 4405: 4403: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4385:Roman Iron Age 4382: 4377: 4372: 4366: 4364: 4360: 4359: 4346: 4343: 4342: 4335: 4334: 4327: 4320: 4312: 4306: 4305: 4294:"Saxons" 4291:, ed. (1911). 4289:Chisholm, Hugh 4285: 4280: 4269: 4268:External links 4266: 4265: 4264: 4260:Feudal Germany 4252: 4230: 4214: 4209: 4194: 4188: 4169: 4154: 4123: 4103: 4094: 4081: 4042: 4024: 4021: 4018: 4017: 4003: 4000:(in Romanian). 3984: 3952: 3918: 3903: 3878: 3866: 3864:, p. 477. 3854: 3852:, p. 143. 3842: 3826: 3824:, p. 478. 3814: 3802: 3800:, p. 102. 3790: 3788:, p. 480. 3778: 3766: 3751: 3749:, p. 474. 3736: 3734:, p. 479. 3724: 3722:, p. 476. 3712: 3710:, p. 472. 3700: 3698:, p. 471. 3685: 3683:, p. 473. 3670: 3649: 3637:Seebold, Elmar 3625: 3614: 3591: 3574: 3572:, p. 174. 3562: 3550: 3538: 3529: 3517: 3515:, p. 165. 3505: 3503:, p. 118. 3493: 3481: 3469: 3457: 3445: 3433: 3421: 3409: 3407:, p. 111. 3394: 3392:, p. 110. 3382: 3370: 3355: 3343: 3330: 3323: 3302: 3290: 3283: 3258: 3246: 3235: 3215: 3203: 3191: 3156: 3144: 3129: 3117: 3105: 3093: 3082: 3062: 3050: 3038: 3026: 3014: 3007: 2985: 2973:"Saxony" 2962: 2928: 2903: 2883:Springer 2004b 2875: 2857: 2845: 2825: 2824: 2822: 2819: 2783:Henry the Lion 2778: 2775: 2690: 2687: 2654: 2651: 2464: 2461: 2459: 2456: 2411:Rabanus Maurus 2366: 2363: 2299:Alcuin of York 2234:that of Selsey 2230:Bishop of York 2222:King of Mercia 2153: 2150: 2020: 2017: 2015: 2012: 1778:Saxon language 1740:regnum Saxonum 1717: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1705: 1704: 1697: 1693:Old Low German 1683: 1677: 1676: 1669: 1667: 1660: 1654: 1648: 1647: 1640: 1638: 1631: 1625: 1619: 1618: 1611: 1608: 1607: 1603: 1602: 1601: 1536: 1533: 1464:, into war in 1458:Henry the Lion 1423: 1420: 1343:Main article: 1340: 1337: 1336: 1335: 1332: 1329:Bad Oeynhausen 1321: 1314:Annals of Metz 1306: 1303:invaded Saxony 1271: 1241: 1232: 1225:Charles Martel 1221: 1198: 1187: 1121: 1118: 1117: 1116: 1091: 1042: 998: 997: 978: 963: 948: 938: 913: 874: 871: 833:Romano-British 823:Isle of Thanet 784: 783: 765: 761: 758: 751:Magnus Maximus 747: 744: 740: 697: 650: 639: 620:Persian empire 571: 568: 494: 491: 451: 448: 420:Romano-British 360: 357: 339:which was the 161: 160: 138: 137: 133: 132: 117: 116: 112: 111: 101: 100: 96: 95: 77: 76: 72: 71: 68: 60: 59: 52: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5476: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5459:German tribes 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5441: 5439: 5424: 5416: 5415: 5412: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5382: 5380: 5378: 5374: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5327: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5120: 5119: 5116: 5112: 5109: 5108: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5009:Crimean Goths 5007: 5006: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4973: 4972:Salian Franks 4970: 4968: 4965: 4964: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4770: 4769: 4766: 4765: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4668: 4667: 4664: 4663: 4661: 4659: 4655: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4625: 4623: 4621: 4617: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4595: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4573: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4546: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4533: 4530: 4529: 4528: 4525: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4512: 4511: 4508: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4495: 4494: 4491: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4478: 4477: 4474: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4450: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4415: 4413: 4411: 4410:Early culture 4407: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4367: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4344: 4340: 4333: 4328: 4326: 4321: 4319: 4314: 4313: 4310: 4302: 4301: 4295: 4290: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4277: 4274:James Grout: 4272: 4271: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4236: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4212: 4206: 4202: 4201: 4195: 4191: 4185: 4181: 4178:(in German). 4177: 4176: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4161: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4130: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4053: 4048: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4026: 4013: 4007: 3999: 3995: 3988: 3981: 3976: 3970: 3965: 3961: 3960:Richard Carew 3956: 3948: 3940: 3936: 3935: 3929: 3922: 3914: 3907: 3892: 3888: 3882: 3875: 3870: 3863: 3862:Goldberg 1995 3858: 3851: 3846: 3839: 3835: 3830: 3823: 3822:Goldberg 1995 3818: 3811: 3810:Goldberg 1995 3806: 3799: 3794: 3787: 3786:Goldberg 1995 3782: 3775: 3770: 3763: 3758: 3756: 3748: 3747:Goldberg 1995 3743: 3741: 3733: 3732:Goldberg 1995 3728: 3721: 3720:Goldberg 1995 3716: 3709: 3708:Goldberg 1995 3704: 3697: 3696:Goldberg 1995 3692: 3690: 3682: 3681:Goldberg 1995 3677: 3675: 3666: 3660: 3652: 3650:9789080739031 3646: 3642: 3638: 3632: 3630: 3621: 3617: 3611: 3607: 3606: 3598: 3596: 3588: 3584: 3578: 3571: 3570:Springer 2004 3566: 3559: 3558:Springer 2004 3554: 3547: 3546:Springer 2004 3542: 3533: 3526: 3521: 3514: 3513:Springer 2004 3509: 3502: 3501:Springer 2004 3497: 3490: 3489:Springer 2004 3485: 3479:, p. 66. 3478: 3477:Fredegar 1960 3473: 3467:, p. 63. 3466: 3465:Bachrach 1971 3461: 3454: 3453:Springer 2004 3449: 3443:, p. 39. 3442: 3441:Bachrach 1971 3437: 3430: 3429:Springer 2004 3425: 3418: 3417:Springer 2004 3413: 3406: 3405:Springer 2004 3401: 3399: 3391: 3390:Springer 2004 3386: 3379: 3378:Springer 2004 3374: 3367: 3366:Springer 2004 3362: 3360: 3352: 3351:Springer 2004 3347: 3340: 3339:Springer 2004 3334: 3326: 3324:9780140442953 3320: 3316: 3312: 3306: 3300:, p. 45. 3299: 3294: 3286: 3284:9780198700845 3280: 3275: 3274: 3268: 3262: 3256:, p. 48. 3255: 3254:Springer 2004 3250: 3242: 3238: 3232: 3228: 3227: 3219: 3213:, p. 39. 3212: 3211:Springer 2004 3207: 3201:, p. 37. 3200: 3199:Springer 2004 3195: 3176: 3169: 3168: 3160: 3154:, p. 13. 3153: 3148: 3142:, p. 38. 3141: 3140:Springer 2004 3136: 3134: 3126: 3125:Springer 2004 3121: 3115:, p. 36. 3114: 3113:Springer 2004 3109: 3102: 3101:Springer 2004 3097: 3089: 3085: 3083:9780415063746 3079: 3075: 3074: 3066: 3060:, p. 34. 3059: 3058:Springer 2004 3054: 3048:, p. 33. 3047: 3046:Springer 2004 3042: 3036:, p. 45. 3035: 3034:Springer 2004 3030: 3023: 3018: 3010: 3004: 3000: 2999:Boydell Press 2996: 2989: 2981: 2980: 2974: 2966: 2958: 2950: 2946: 2945: 2939: 2932: 2917: 2913: 2907: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2879: 2871: 2866: 2865:Springer 2004 2861: 2854: 2853:Springer 2004 2849: 2841: 2835: 2834:Springer 2004 2830: 2826: 2818: 2816: 2815:Saxony-Anhalt 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2774: 2772: 2768: 2763: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2741: 2736: 2731: 2725: 2720: 2715: 2709: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2686: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2650: 2647: 2641: 2637:('English'), 2635: 2630: 2625: 2619: 2613: 2607: 2602: 2598: 2595: 2589: 2583: 2577: 2572: 2567: 2562: 2557: 2552: 2549: 2543: 2537: 2531: 2526: 2521: 2515: 2510: 2509: 2504: 2500: 2495: 2489: 2484: 2480: 2475: 2470: 2455: 2453: 2452:baptismal vow 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2428: 2423: 2419: 2414: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2362: 2358: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2331: 2325: 2320: 2319: 2313: 2307: 2302: 2300: 2295: 2290: 2288: 2284: 2282: 2276: 2271: 2266: 2262: 2257: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2163: 2158: 2149: 2146: 2140: 2134: 2128: 2121: 2118: 2112: 2107: 2102: 2096: 2091: 2087: 2082: 2076: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2052: 2048: 2043: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2026: 2011: 2009: 2004: 1999: 1997: 1991: 1989: 1983: 1979: 1974: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1956: 1950: 1948: 1946: 1940: 1938: 1932: 1928: 1926: 1920: 1916: 1915: 1909: 1907: 1905: 1898: 1892: 1886: 1880: 1875: 1873: 1867: 1862: 1856: 1850: 1844: 1838: 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1114: 1113: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1080: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1064:were used by 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 1002: 1001: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 976: 972: 968: 964: 961: 957: 956:Theudebert II 953: 949: 946: 942: 939: 935: 931: 926: 922: 918: 914: 911: 907: 903: 902: 901: 899: 895: 891: 884: 880: 870: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 843: 837: 834: 830: 829: 824: 819: 818: 812: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 781: 776: 772: 771: 766: 762: 759: 756: 752: 748: 745: 741: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 701:Valentinian I 698: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 662:Salian Franks 659: 655: 651: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 625: 624: 623: 621: 616: 611: 610: 605: 601: 597: 593: 588: 583: 582: 577: 567: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 544: 539: 538: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 516: 511: 499: 490: 487: 481: 479: 474: 468: 467: 456: 447: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 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Retrieved 3175:the original 3166: 3159: 3152:Halsall 2013 3147: 3120: 3108: 3096: 3088:Google Books 3086:– via 3072: 3065: 3053: 3041: 3029: 3022:Schütte 1917 3017: 2994: 2988: 2977: 2965: 2942: 2931: 2919:. Retrieved 2915: 2906: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2878: 2860: 2848: 2829: 2795:Upper Saxony 2791:Lower Saxony 2780: 2752: 2702: 2692: 2675:Transylvania 2658: 2656: 2599: 2553: 2506: 2466: 2431: 2425: 2415: 2368: 2327: 2309: 2304: 2291: 2287:Saint Lebuin 2278: 2258: 2224:and allowed 2174:Christianity 2167: 2152:Christianity 2122: 2044: 2042:stronghold. 2028: 1993: 1985: 1967: 1963: 1951: 1942: 1934: 1922: 1912: 1910: 1901: 1869: 1787: 1771: 1766: 1760: 1756: 1732: 1725:Northumbrian 1719: 1689:Old Frankish 1572:Lower Saxony 1561: 1551:to southern 1538: 1525:Lower Saxony 1508: 1475:, under the 1470: 1435: 1397: 1392: 1348: 1296: 1286: 1244: 1235: 1201: 1171: 1153: 1110: 1099:Childeric II 1087: 1083: 1077: 1021: 999: 952:Theuderic II 930:Childebert I 886: 841: 838: 826: 815: 813: 785: 768: 729:Theodosius I 685: 607: 603: 595: 579: 573: 563: 559: 555: 547: 541: 535: 527: 519: 513: 508: 482: 461: 439: 435: 416:Anglo Saxons 403: 394: 368: 365:Roman Empire 362: 340: 325:Lower Saxony 323:, including 318: 290: 288: 265: 262:Roman Empire 250: 234:Christianity 195: 170: 166: 164: 142:Anglo-Saxons 130:Christianity 43:Ethnic group 40: 18:Saxon people 5143:Nahanarvali 5066:Hilleviones 4979:Frisiavones 4847:Cananefates 4837:Burgundians 4748:Banochaemae 4598:Anglo-Saxon 4549:Anglo-Saxon 4515:Anglo-Saxon 4498:Anglo-Saxon 4481:Anglo-Saxon 4175:Die Sachsen 4165:Archive.org 4063:: 467–501. 3980:Old English 3928:"Sassenach" 3874:Hummer 2005 3850:Hummer 2005 3834:Hummer 2005 2891:the Germans 2724:saksalaiset 2579:, singular 2403:Augustinian 2371:monasticism 2238:East Saxons 2212:influence; 2202:a bishopric 2081:Ēosturmōnaþ 2036:Charlemagne 1980:typical of 1914:Lex Saxonum 1593:Thuringians 1568:3rd century 1549:Netherlands 1541:Old Frisian 1471:During the 1172:Boructuarii 1160:Charlemagne 1132:of Saxony ( 1090:is unclear. 1030:Gallo-Roman 1006:Sigebert II 967:Chlothar II 906:Theuderic I 898:Thuringians 863:Childeric I 717:Verturiones 713:Dicalydones 592:Saxon Shore 440:Anglo-Saxon 412:Old English 218:Carolingian 214:Merovingian 206:Charlemagne 187:Carolingian 173:, were the 120:Originally 109:Old English 5464:Ingaevones 5438:Categories 5362:Vinoviloth 5150:Marcomanni 5133:Helveconae 5111:Heaðobards 5081:Istvaeones 5071:Ingaevones 5056:Hermunduri 5024:Ostrogoths 5014:Greuthungi 4892:Chattuarii 4718:Angrivarii 4713:Ampsivarii 4681:Lentienses 4510:Literature 4400:Viking Age 4023:References 3949:required.) 3896:16 January 3894:Retrieved 3838:Astronomus 2959:required.) 2657:The label 2497:, used by 2422:vernacular 2407:Gottschalk 2352:Poeta Saxo 2294:Saxon Wars 2281:edhilingui 2206:Dorchester 2117:Modra niht 2101:Halegmōnaþ 2023:See also: 1925:edhilingui 1904:edhilingui 1885:auxiliarii 1861:edhilingui 1831:ingenuiles 1817:nobiliores 1783:edhilingui 1749:Eastphalia 1745:Westphalia 1493:Germanised 1426:See also: 1400:Christians 1369:Saxons to 1359:conversion 1351:Saxon Wars 1345:Saxon Wars 1214:Chattuarii 1191:Two Ewalds 1156:Arnulfings 1130:stem duchy 1128:The later 1066:Dagobert I 982:Dagobert I 941:Sigebert I 917:Theudebald 879:Old Saxony 877:See also: 851:Adovacrius 643:Magnentius 515:Geographia 401:) today. 337:Low German 230:Saxon Wars 191:stem duchy 171:Old Saxons 81:Old Saxony 5357:Vidivarii 5352:Victohali 5342:Vangiones 5275:Thuringii 5180:Nuithones 5076:Irminones 5039:Visigoths 5029:Thervingi 4989:Gambrivii 4942:Dulgubnii 4937:Dauciones 4887:Chasuarii 4827:Brondings 4753:Bastarnae 4743:Baiuvarii 4723:Armalausi 4686:Raetovari 4620:Languages 4588:Symbology 4448:Folklore 4443:Festivals 3659:cite book 2887:the Dutch 2730:sakslased 2699:Estonians 2536:Sasannach 2494:Sassenach 2488:Sasunnach 2387:Old Saxon 2334:, in 851 2330:Stellinga 2324:Lothair I 2318:Stellinga 2162:Augustine 2075:Hrēþmōnaþ 2008:feudalism 1891:manumissi 1806:Latinised 1789:aetheling 1729:ealdormen 1691:(1.) and 1545:Old Saxon 1543:than the 1527:(German: 1442:Abodrites 1383:Abotrites 1325:Bad Iburg 1293:Theoderic 1202:Hattuaria 1054:Fredegund 1026:Estoublon 973:near the 971:Berthoald 921:Clothar I 910:Thuringia 828:foederati 797:Saintonge 780:Procopius 721:Attacotti 670:Texandria 635:Carausius 450:Etymology 395:Deutschen 222:Thuringia 210:Austrasia 105:Old Saxon 99:Languages 5423:Category 5330:Hasdingi 5315:Usipetes 5295:Tubantes 5280:Toxandri 5260:Tencteri 5235:Suarines 5220:Sicambri 5215:Semnones 5195:Reudigni 5165:Mattiaci 5155:Marsacii 5106:Lombards 5096:Lacringi 5091:Juthungi 4922:Corconti 4907:Cherusci 4882:Charudes 4862:Chaedini 4832:Bructeri 4817:Bateinoi 4788:Eburones 4783:Condrusi 4778:Caeroesi 4773:Atuatuci 4708:Ambrones 4671:Brisgavi 4666:Alemanni 4544:Paganism 4433:Clothing 4428:Calendar 4375:Germania 4258:(1928). 4220:(1971). 4052:Speculum 4032:(1971). 3998:Politeia 3313:(1974). 3269:(2013). 2921:10 March 2787:Ascanian 2757:Estonian 2745:scissors 2714:Saksamaa 2679:Moldavia 2663:Romanian 2646:Bro-saoz 2634:saoz(on) 2624:Pow Sows 2556:Sasanach 2525:genitive 2479:loanword 2448:homilies 2338:brought 2250:Mellitus 2242:Saeberht 2218:Wulfhere 2194:Cynegils 2095:Solmōnaþ 2040:Eresburg 2032:Irminsul 2014:Religion 1988:frilingi 1978:counties 1937:frilingi 1919:wergilds 1872:frilingi 1866:Holstein 1855:serviles 1795:frilingi 1535:Language 1466:Lombardy 1444:and the 1408:Hispania 1394:people. 1371:Neustria 1363:Irminsul 1298:placitum 1279:Carloman 1223:In 718, 1180:Bructeri 1034:Mummolus 1032:general 1010:Lombards 980:In 632, 894:Frisians 809:Alemanni 805:Hilarion 801:Bordeaux 789:Claudian 654:Alemanni 537:Germania 424:Frisians 379:Frisians 276:Frisians 202:Widukind 128:, later 122:Germanic 115:Religion 93:Normandy 5347:Varisci 5335:Silingi 5325:Vandals 5300:Tulingi 5290:Triboci 5285:Treveri 5265:Teutons 5255:Taifals 5230:Sitones 5170:Nemetes 5128:Helisii 5101:Lemovii 5019:Gutones 4952:Firaesi 4947:Favonae 4927:Cugerni 4917:Cobandi 4872:Chamavi 4867:Chaemae 4857:Casuari 4852:Caritni 4822:Betasii 4793:Paemani 4728:Auiones 4593:Warfare 4571:Scripts 4539:Numbers 4363:History 4150:1845067 4077:2865267 3583:Einhard 3184:1 March 2899:Saxones 2840:konnte. 2771:Estonia 2735:Finnish 2719:Germans 2640:saozneg 2618:Sowsnek 2606:Sawsnek 2601:Cornish 2594:Seisnig 2588:Saesneg 2533:), and 2530:Sasainn 2474:Saxones 2467:In the 2432:Genesis 2427:Heliand 2383:Vikings 2381:of the 2357:Annales 2226:Wilfrid 2210:Anglian 2198:Gewisse 2186:Birinus 1982:Francia 1843:liberti 1824:ingenui 1811:nobiles 1774:Nithard 1765:. Each 1734:satrapa 1711:Culture 1585:English 1553:Denmark 1521:Sachsen 1501:Meissen 1450:Henry I 1414:on the 1387:Einhard 1355:baptism 1288:castrum 1252:Ansehis 1107:Aeghyna 1103:Guntram 1095:Garonne 1088:Otlinga 1082:called 1070:Basques 1058:Guntram 1018:Suevian 960:Zülpich 867:Odoacer 719:), the 694:Chamavi 686:Kouadoi 682:Zosimus 678:Chamavi 666:Batavia 638:period. 564:Saxones 560:Saxones 552:Schütte 548:Saxones 543:Aviones 540:called 534:in his 532:Tacitus 520:Saxones 510:Ptolemy 436:English 399:Germans 343:of the 298:Ansehis 226:Bohemia 212:, both 89:England 5444:Saxons 5367:Warini 5320:Vagoth 5305:Tungri 5270:Thelir 5250:Swedes 5245:Sunici 5210:Saxons 5205:Rugini 5138:Manimi 5123:Diduni 5061:Heruli 4999:Gepids 4984:Frisii 4962:Franks 4912:Cimbri 4902:Chauci 4897:Chatti 4810:Nervii 4805:Morini 4763:Belgae 4758:Batavi 4733:Avarpi 4698:Angles 4658:Groups 4608:Viking 4554:Gothic 4532:Gothic 4438:Family 4207: 4186: 4148: 4075: 3647: 3612: 3321: 3281: 3233: 3080: 3005: 2895:Franci 2811:Saxony 2740:sakset 2683:Sascut 2659:Saxons 2629:Breton 2576:Saeson 2566:Sasana 2559:, the 2548:Béarla 2520:Sasunn 2514:Sasann 2399:Verden 2395:Corvey 2350:. The 2340:relics 2270:vicani 2246:London 2236:. The 2190:Wessex 2090:Ēostre 2086:Hretha 2066:Thunor 1960:Marklo 1931:solidi 1879:amicii 1840:; and 1837:liberi 1753:Angria 1699: 1685: 1679: 1662: 1656: 1650: 1633: 1627: 1621: 1589:Chauci 1517:German 1513:Saxony 1509:Saxony 1477:Salian 1436:Under 1375:Wagria 1210:Xanten 1206:Cleves 1186:river. 1062:Bessin 1050:Breton 1046:Bayeux 1024:, now 1022:Stablo 1014:Alboin 992:under 890:Warini 690:Chauci 576:Julian 528:Axones 503: 432:Angles 430:, and 383:Angles 370:Viking 353:German 329:German 280:Angles 267:Viking 258:Angles 198:Franks 167:Saxons 158:Franks 150:Frisii 146:Angles 85:Frisia 55:Sahson 47:Saxons 5240:Suebi 5225:Sciri 5200:Rugii 5190:Quadi 5175:Njars 5160:Marsi 5118:Lugii 5086:Jutes 5051:Harii 5046:Gutes 5004:Goths 4994:Geats 4932:Danes 4877:Chali 4798:Segni 4738:Baemi 4581:Runes 4566:Rings 4559:Norse 4527:Names 4520:Norse 4503:Norse 4486:Norse 4146:JSTOR 4073:JSTOR 4059:(3). 3943: 3178:(PDF) 3171:(PDF) 2953: 2938:"sax" 2821:Notes 2753:Saxon 2737:word 2708:Saksa 2703:Saxon 2695:Finns 2571:Welsh 2561:Irish 2499:Scots 2444:Mainz 2440:Tours 2391:Fulda 2342:from 2178:Jutes 2133:cives 2111:Giuli 2058:Frigg 2054:Woden 1996:lazzi 1945:lazzi 1897:lazzi 1801:lazzi 1695:(2.). 1489:Sorbs 1485:Saale 1446:Wends 1416:Rhine 1412:Deutz 1310:Grifo 1268:Leine 1264:Lippe 1260:Pader 1229:Weser 1184:Lippe 1145:Eider 1079:pagus 1038:Rhône 990:Wends 986:Mainz 975:Weser 934:Deutz 859:Anger 855:Loire 799:near 733:Stobi 711:(the 709:Picts 705:Scoti 664:from 473:sachs 428:Jutes 391:Dutch 387:Jutes 375:Rhine 349:Dutch 314:Leine 310:Lippe 306:Pader 284:Jutes 272:Rhine 246:Wends 179:Latin 154:Jutes 5310:Ubii 4957:Fosi 4842:Buri 4205:ISBN 4184:ISBN 3975:Emit 3898:2019 3665:link 3645:ISBN 3610:ISBN 3319:ISBN 3279:ISBN 3231:ISBN 3186:2020 3078:ISBN 3003:ISBN 2923:2019 2813:and 2762:saks 2749:seax 2727:and 2711:and 2697:and 2693:The 2667:Sași 2661:(in 2621:and 2591:and 2582:Sais 2542:-ach 2409:and 2397:and 2344:Rome 2263:and 2254:Cedd 2182:Kent 2108:(or 2106:Yule 2078:and 2064:and 2051:gods 1992:and 1968:Gaue 1911:The 1888:and 1849:liti 1798:and 1762:Gaue 1757:pagi 1751:and 1731:(or 1723:, a 1721:Bede 1430:and 1379:Plön 1357:and 1327:and 1277:and 1266:and 1208:and 1149:Elbe 1147:and 1109:, a 1097:for 994:Samo 881:and 715:and 676:the 658:Maas 647:Gaul 524:Elbe 466:seax 407:Bede 393:and 385:and 351:and 312:and 282:and 254:Elbe 224:and 216:and 165:The 124:and 34:and 5185:Osi 4493:Law 4423:Art 4350:of 4138:doi 4065:doi 2180:of 2172:to 2130:or 2062:Tiw 1964:Gau 1852:or 1834:or 1814:or 1808:as 1792:), 1767:Gau 1759:or 1531:). 1256:Ems 1141:Ems 958:at 896:or 845:of 735:in 609:Ala 512:'s 480:. 476:in 316:. 302:Ems 248:. 5440:: 4297:. 4182:. 4144:. 4134:52 4132:. 4109:. 4088:. 4071:. 4057:70 4055:. 4049:. 3996:. 3962:, 3931:. 3889:. 3754:^ 3739:^ 3688:^ 3673:^ 3661:}} 3657:{{ 3628:^ 3594:^ 3397:^ 3358:^ 3132:^ 2997:. 2976:. 2941:. 2914:. 2817:. 2769:, 2759:, 2665:: 2597:. 2551:. 2527:: 2523:, 2413:. 2405:, 2393:, 2228:, 2220:, 2060:, 2056:, 1908:. 1882:, 1846:, 1828:, 1820:; 1747:, 1519:: 1468:. 1385:. 1262:, 1258:, 1143:, 1134:c. 892:, 811:. 590:(' 426:, 381:, 355:. 331:: 308:, 304:, 278:, 181:: 156:, 152:, 148:, 144:, 107:, 91:, 87:, 83:, 4470:) 4331:e 4324:t 4317:v 4228:. 4192:. 4167:. 4152:. 4140:: 4092:. 4079:. 4067:: 4040:. 3941:. 3900:. 3840:. 3812:. 3776:. 3667:) 3653:. 3622:. 3589:. 3337:( 3327:. 3287:. 3243:. 3188:. 3090:. 3011:. 2951:. 2925:. 2873:" 2843:" 2743:( 2721:( 1515:( 1331:. 397:( 327:( 189:" 38:. 20:)

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