712:, Butler's studies on the evidences for Christianity, his works on evolutionary thought, or in his miscellaneous other writings, a consistent theme runs through, stemming largely from his personal struggle against the stifling of his own nature by his parents, which led him to seek more general principles of growth, development, and purpose: "What concerned him was to establish his nature, his aspirations, and their fulfillment upon a philosophic basis, to identify them with the nature, the aspirations, the fulfillment of all humanity – and, more than that, with the fulfillment of the universe.... His struggle became generalized, symbolic, tremendous."
410:, but kept the remaining land surrounding the mansion. His aunt died in 1880 and his father's death in 1886 resolved his financial problems for the last 16 years of his own life. The land at Whitehall was sold for housing development; he laid out and named four roads – Bishop and Canon Streets after his grandfather's and father's clerical titles, Clifford Street after his London home, and Alfred Street in gratitude to his clerk. When in the 1870s his old Shrewsbury School proposed to relocate to a site at Whitehall, Butler publicly opposed it and the school ultimately moved elsewhere.
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merely an outlet for his "intense same-sex desire". Sussman's theory calls Butler's assumption of "bachelorhood" merely a means to retain middle-class respectability in the absence of matrimony; he observes that there is no evidence of Butler's having any "genital contact with other men", but alleges that the "temptations of overstepping the line strained his close male relationships."
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farm and undertook to finance Pauli's study of law by paying him a regular sum, which Butler continued to do long after the friendship had cooled, until Butler had spent all his savings. On Pauli's death in 1892, Butler was shocked to learn that Pauli had benefited from similar arrangements with other men and had died wealthy, but without leaving Butler anything in his will.
498:, the two men saw each other daily until Butler's death in 1902, collaborating on music and writing projects in the daytime, and attending concerts and theatres in the evenings; they also frequently toured Italy and other favourite parts of Europe together. After Butler's death, Jones edited Butler's notebooks for publication and published his own biography of him in 1919.
238:"never liked me, nor I him; from my earliest recollections I can call to mind no time when I did not fear him and dislike him.... I have never passed a day without thinking of him many times over as the man who was sure to be against me." Under his parents' influence, he was set on course to follow his father into the priesthood.
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The form that this search took was principally philosophical and – given the interests of the day – biological: "Satirist, novelist, artist, and critic that he was, he was primarily a philosopher," and in particular, a philosopher who looked for biological foundations for his work: "His biology was a
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Butler, though strongly anti-Darwinian (that is, anti-natural selection and anti-Charles Darwin) is not anti-evolutionist. He professes, indeed, to be very much of an evolutionist, and in particular one who has taken it upon his shoulders to reinstate Buffon and
Erasmus Darwin, and, as a follower of
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His first significant male friendship was with the young
Charles Pauli, son of a German businessman in London, whom Butler met in New Zealand. They returned to England together in 1864 and took neighbouring apartments in Clifford's Inn. Butler had made a large profit from the sale of his New Zealand
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ind and pattern as the explanatory principles, which, above all, required investigation, were pushed out of biological thinking in the later evolutionary theories, which were developed in the mid-nineteenth century by Darwin, Huxley, etc. There were still some naughty boys, like Samuel Butler, who
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Butler's sexuality has been the subject of academic speculation and debate. Butler never married, although for years he made regular visits to a woman, Lucie Dumas. Herbert
Sussman, having arrived at the conclusion that Butler was homosexual, opined that Butler's sexual association with Dumas was
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Samuel Butler's relations with his parents, especially with his father, were largely antagonistic. His education began at home and included frequent beatings, as was not uncommon at the time. Samuel wrote later that his parents were "brutal and stupid by nature". He later recorded that his father
882:(published posthumously in 1904), both for solo voices, chorus, and orchestra. George Bernard Shaw wrote in a private letter that the music was invested with "a ridiculously complete command of the Handelian manner and technique." Around 1871 Butler was engaged as music critic by
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In 1839 his grandfather Dr. Butler had left Samuel property at
Whitehall in Abbey Foregate, Shrewsbury, so long as he survived his own father and his aunt, Dr. Butler's daughter Harriet Lloyd. While at Cambridge in 1857 he sold the Whitehall mansion and six acres to his cousin
358:. It compares human evolution to machine evolution, prophesying that machines would eventually replace humans in the supremacy of the earth: "In the course of ages we shall find ourselves the inferior race". The letter raises many of the themes now debated by proponents of the
505:. Both Butler and Jones wept when they saw him off at the railway station in early 1895, and Butler subsequently wrote an emotional poem, "In Memoriam H. R. F.", instructing his literary agent to offer it for publication to several leading English magazines. However, once the
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said that mind could not be ignored in this way – but they were weak voices, and, incidentally, they never looked at organisms. I don't think Butler ever looked at anything except his own cat, but he still knew more about evolution than some of the more conventional thinkers.
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Butler's writings on evolution were criticised by scientists. Critics have pointed out that Butler admitted to be writing entertainment rather than science, and his writings were not taken seriously by most professional biologists. Butler's books were negatively reviewed in
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often mentioned Butler and saw value in some of his ideas, calling him "the ablest contemporary critic of
Darwinian evolution". He noted Butler's insight into the efficiencies of habit formation (patterns of behaviour and mental processes) in adapting to an environment:
671:, which Butler completed in the 1880s, but left unpublished to protect his family, yet the novel, "begun in 1870 and not touched after 1885, was so modern when it was published in 1903, that it may be said to have started a new school", particularly for its use of
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evolution. Bowler noted that "Butler began to see in
Lamarckism the prospect of retaining an indirect form of the design argument. Instead of creating from without, God might exist within the process of living development, represented by its innate creativity."
1087:(1909). This is a revised edition, posthumously published. R.A. Streatfeild's "Prefatory Note" to it states that the original edition "first appeared in the form of a series of articles which were published in 'The Examiner' in May, June and July, 1879."
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The Life and
Letters of Dr. Samuel Butler, Head-Master of Shrewsbury School 1798–1836, and Afterwards Bishop of Lichfield, In So Far as They Illustrate the Scholastic, Religious, and Social Life of England, 1790–1840. By His Grandson, Samuel
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Butler argued that each organism was not, in fact, distinct from its parents. Instead, he asserted that each being was merely an extension of its parents at a later stage of evolution. "Birth", he once quipped, "has been made too much of."
870:, and in a letter to Miss Savage said, "I only want Handel's Oratorios. I would have said and things of that sort, but there are no 'things of that sort' except Handel's." With Henry Festing Jones, Butler composed choral works that
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trial began in the spring of that year, with revelations of homosexual behaviour among the literati, Butler feared being associated with the widely reported scandal and in a panic wrote to all the magazines, withdrawing his poem.
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these two, Lamarck, in their rightful place as the most believable explainers of the factors and method of evolution. His evolution belief is a sort of
Butlerized Lamarckism, tracing back originally to Buffon and Erasmus Darwin.
660:, and his controversial assertions effectively shut him out from both the opposing factions of church and science that played such a large role in late Victorian cultural life: "In those days one was either a religionist or a
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744:. He argued, however, that "some vaster Person loom ... out behind our God, and ... stand in relation to him as he to us. And behind this vaster and more unknown God there may be yet another, and another, and another."
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He was less successful when he lost money investing in a
Canadian steamship company and in the Canada Tanning Extract Company, in which he and his friend Charles Pauli were made nominal directors. In 1874 Butler went to
862:, protagonist Ernest Pontifex says that he had been trying all his life to like modern music but succeeded less and less as he grew older. On being asked when he considers modern music to have begun, he says, "with
494:, whom Butler persuaded to give up his job as a solicitor to be Butler's personal literary assistant and travelling companion, at a salary of £200 a year. Although Jones kept his own lodgings at
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Butler went there, like many early
British settlers of materially privileged origins, to maximise distance between himself and his family. He wrote of his arrival and life as a sheep farmer on
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Butler belonged to no literary school and spawned no followers in his lifetime. He was a serious but amateur student of the subjects he undertook, especially religious orthodoxy and
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Butler also spent time criticising Darwin, partly because Butler (in the shadow of a previous Samuel Butler) believed that Darwin had not sufficiently acknowledged his grandfather
521:(1936), concluded that Butler was a sublimated or repressed homosexual and that his lifelong status as an "incarnate bachelor" was comparable to that of his writer contemporaries
318:(1863), and he made a handsome profit when he sold his farm, but his chief achievement during his time there consisted of drafts and source material for much of his masterpiece
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clergy, in which he led an undistinguished career, in contrast to his father's. Samuel's immediate family created for him an oppressive home environment (chronicled in
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Another friendship was with Hans Rudolf Faesch, a Swiss student who stayed with Butler and Jones in London for two years, improving his English, before departing for
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Butler indulged himself, holidaying in Italy every summer and while there, producing his works on the Italian landscape and art. His close interest in the art of the
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made no apparent difference to the morals and behaviour of his peers and began questioning his faith. This experience would later serve as inspiration for his work
297:. Correspondence with his father about the issue failed to set his mind at peace, instead inciting his father's wrath. As a result, in September 1859, on the ship
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362:, for example that computers evolve much faster than humans and that we are racing toward an unknowable future through explosive technological change.
910:), published in 1919, and reissued by HardPress Publishing in 2013. Project Gutenberg hosts a shorter "Sketch" by Jones, first published in 1913 in
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Ex Voto; An Account of the Sacro Monte or New Jerusalem at Verallo-Sesia. With some notice of Tabachetti's remaining work at the Sanctuary of Crea
936:, in 1903. This version, however, altered Butler's text in many ways and cut important material. The manuscript was edited by Daniel F. Howard as
1132:(attributed to 'John Pickard Owen', 1873, new edition 1913, revised and corrected edition 1923; considers inconsistencies between the Gospels)
732:, Samuel Butler argued for the existence of a single, corporeal deity, declaring belief in an incorporeal deity to be essentially the same as
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conceived universe with a soul." Indeed, "philosophical writer" was ultimately the self-description Butler chose as most fitting to his work.
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has a canonical status, for it originates the conceit by which machines develop intelligent capacities and enslave mankind." For example, in
736:. He asserted that this "body" of God was, in fact, composed of the bodies of all living things on earth, a belief that may be classed as "
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are like humans, but "without the virtue", and that he "must have desired his listeners not to take them seriously." Butler translated the
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The Quest for the Father: A Study of the Darwin-Butler Controversy, as a Contribution to the Understanding of the Creative Individual
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1947:
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1359:"Evolution, Old & New Or, the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, as compared with that of Charles Darwin"
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Evolution, Old and New; Or, the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin, and Lamarck, as compared with that of Charles Darwin
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characterised as "imitation Handel", although with satirical texts. Two of the works they collaborated on were the cantatas
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admired the later Samuel Butler, who brought a new tone into Victorian literature and began a long tradition of New Zealand
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The Life and Letters of Dr. Samuel Butler, Head-Master of Shrewsbury School 1798–1836, and Afterwards Bishop of Lichfield
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696:" – "in-universe ancient revolt against 'thinking machines' that resulted in their prohibition" – is named after Butler.
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Butler died on 18 June 1902, aged 66, in a nursing home in St. John's Wood Road, London. By his wish, he was cremated at
402:, "fighting fraud of every kind" in an attempt to save the company, which collapsed, reducing his own capital to £2,000.
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made him a well-known figure, more because of this speculation than for its literary merits, which have been undisputed.
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153:). Both novels have remained in print since their initial publication. In other studies he examined Christian
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1996:
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234:). Thomas Butler, states one critic, "to make up for having been a servile son, became a bullying father."
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Sussman, Herbert. "Samuel Butler as Late-Victorian Bachelor: Regulating and Representing the Homoerotic."
149:(published posthumously in 1903 with substantial revisions and published in its original form in 1964 as
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740:". He later changed his views, and decided that God was composed not only of all living things, but of
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appeared anonymously, causing some speculation as to who the author was. When Butler revealed himself,
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After Cambridge, he went to live in a low-income parish in London 1858–1859 as preparation for his
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133:(4 December 1835 – 18 June 1902) was an English novelist and critic, best known for the satirical
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1662:. Vol. 1. New York City, New York: The MacMillan Company & The Free Press. p. 435.
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1930:"Samuel Butler and Music: an introduction | St John's College, University of Cambridge"
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bridge to a philosophy of life, which sought a scientific basis for religion, and endowed a
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The Eclipse of Darwinism: Anti-Darwinian Evolutionary Theories in the Decades Around 1900
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The Nature of Life: Classical and Contemporary Perspectives from Philosophy and Science
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This article is about the 19th-century novelist. For the 17th-century poet, author of
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and by differing accounts, his ashes were dispersed or buried in an unmarked grave.
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Twenty Years Later: Both by the Original Discoverer of the Country and by His Son
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glbtq: An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Culture
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Reconciling Science and Religion: The Debate in Early-Twentieth-Century Britain
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427:(1888). He wrote a number of other books, including a less successful sequel,
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563:(1897) and in the introduction and footnotes to his prose translation of the
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1992:
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Evolution: Genesis and Revelations: With Readings from Empedocles to Wilson
837:. Romanes stated that Butler's views on evolution had no basis in science.
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Erewhons of the Eye: Samuel Butler as Painter, Photographer and Art Critic
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at age twelve, where he did not enjoy the hard life under its headmaster
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Butler argued in a lecture entitled "The Humour of Homer", delivered at
1908:. General Semantics Bulletin, No. 37 (1970) Reprinted in the anthology
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601:(1899), a theory that the sonnets, if rearranged, tell a story about a
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2116:, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 146–159. The Johns Hopkins University Press
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205:. Dr. Butler was the son of a tradesman and descended from a line of
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1533:
Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity to World War II
1494:. Paradis, James G., ed. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2007.
940:(Butler's original title) and published for the first time in 1964.
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Butler was born on 4 December 1835 at the rectory in the village of
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in fiction, which "his treatment of Ernest Pontifex foreshadows."
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Vernon L. Kellogg (1912), "Samuel Butler and Biological Memory",
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559:) and its nearby islands. He described his evidence for this in
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Samuel Butler, Victorian against the Grain: A Critical Overview
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Samuel Butler: Victorian against the Grain, a Critical Overview
1152:, A. T. Bartholomew, ed. (1932). Bloomsbury: The Nonesuch Press
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Chapter 10 – Cherry Orchard, the growth of a Victorian suburb.
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woman, and that the scenes of the poem reflected the coast of
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Dictionary of National Biography, Second Supplement, Volume I
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Victorian Shrewsbury, Studies in the History of a County Town
1137:
A First Year in Canterbury Settlement With Other Early Essays
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was published after Butler's death by his literary executor,
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1381:, p. 207. Colour Library Books (Godalming, England) (1993).
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Selections arranged and edited by Henry Festing Jones (1912)
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Butler's friend Henry Festing Jones wrote the authoritative
777:. Butler accepted evolution but rejected Darwin's theory of
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Luck, or Cunning, As the Main Means of Organic Modification?
1125:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
1948:"Obsessed with Handel: Samuel Butler's special collection"
1195:"Samuel Butler | Artist | Royal Academy of Arts"
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Selections edited by Geoffrey Keynes and Brian Hill (1951)
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Luck or Cunning as the Main Means of Organic Modification?
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His influence on literature, such as it was, came through
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into the Anglican clergy; there he discovered that infant
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Lamarck, Darwin and Butler: Three Approaches to Evolution
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A Prison of Expectations: The Family in Victorian Culture
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Lamarck, Darwin and Butler: Three Approaches to Evolution
380:), where he lived for the rest of his life. In 1872, the
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Butler returned to England in 1864, settling in rooms in
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In a book of essays published after his death, entitled
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in 1858. The graduate society of St John's is named the
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The Correspondence of Samuel Butler with His Sister May
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Selected, Edited and Introduced by Arnold Silver (1962)
2094:
Samuel Butler, Author of Erewhon: The Man and His Work
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Alps and Sanctuaries of Piedmont and the Canton Ticino
904:
Samuel Butler, Author of Erewhon (1835–1902): A Memoir
678:
Sue Zemka writes that "Among science fiction writers,
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Alps and Sanctuaries of Piedmont and the Canton Ticino
161:, and Italian art, and made prose translations of the
1099:
Further Extracts from the Note-Books of Samuel Butler
785:(1879), he accused Darwin of borrowing heavily from
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asks, "Could a man do more to bewilder the public?"
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Official English website for European Sacred Mounts
2037:(Girard, Kansas: Haldeman-Julius Company, no date).
224:but succumbed to paternal pressure and entered the
2074:. New York: International Universities Press, Inc.
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699:
1997:Samuel Butler: English author [1835-1902]
1988:
1986:
1447:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Volume 8
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1075:(1903), text of original manuscript published as
1056:The Odyssey of Homer, Rendered into English Prose
536:
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922:. More recently, Peter Raby has written a life:
1521:, glbtq.com, 21 July 2006, accessed 8 May 2012.
1044:The Iliad of Homer, Rendered into English Prose
2213:Samuel Butler: A Chronicle and an Introduction
1983:
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1693:
1634:"Samuel Butler, or Sociobiology for Grown-Ups"
1449:. Oxford University Press. 2004. p. 216.
886:. From 1890 he took counterpoint lessons with
878:(private rehearsal 1886, published 1888), and
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2172:The Earnest Atheist: A Study of Samuel Butler
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1669:
1111:The Family Letters of Samuel Butler 1841-1886
584:in London, 1892, that Homer's deities in the
519:The Earnest Atheist: A Study of Samuel Butler
490:After 1878, Butler became close friends with
338:. In 1863, four years after Darwin published
185:Samuel Butler's birthplace and childhood home
1754:. New Series, Vol. 35, No. 907. pp. 769–771.
1535:, Robert Aldrich and Garry Wotherspoon, eds.
1433:Article by "E. M. L." (Colonel E. M. Lloyd).
1379:Colour Library Book of Great British Writers
1101:chosen and edited by A.T. Bartholomew (1934)
220:His only son, Thomas, wished to go into the
193:. His father was Rev. Thomas Butler, son of
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2064:. London/Toronto: J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd
2017:English Literature in Transition, 1880-1920
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1587:""Erewhon" and the End of Utopian Humanism"
1283:An Illustrated Literary Guide to Shropshire
143:(1872) and the semi-autobiographical novel
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2033:The revised edition was also published as
2011:Lauterbach, Edward S. (20 February 1964).
2010:
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571:elaborated on the hypothesis in his novel
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2250:Darwin and Butler: Two Views of Evolution
2013:"A Definitive Edition of Ernest Pontifex"
344:, the editor of a New Zealand newspaper,
249:, whom he later drew as "Dr. Skinner" in
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529:, and E. M. Forster, also thought to be
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2252:. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company
2108:Samuel Butler and His Victorian Critics
2103:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press
1789:Samuel Butler and His Darwinian Critics
1658:Gouge, T. A. (1967). "Butler, Samuel".
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1077:Ernest Pontifex or The Way of All Flesh
938:Ernest Pontifex or The Way of All Flesh
860:Ernest Pontifex or The Way of All Flesh
151:Ernest Pontifex or The Way of All Flesh
27:English novelist and critic (1835–1902)
14:
2461:Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
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2062:Samuel Butler and His Family Relations
2055:Samuel Butler and The Way of All Flesh
2023:(4): 248–249 – via Project MUSE.
1181:"Samuel Butler and Art | StJohns"
814:has described Butler as a defender of
761:Butler wrote four books on evolution:
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2334:37 artworks by or after Samuel Butler
2240:Samuel Butler: A Mid-Victorian Modern
2101:Samuel Butler: The Incarnate Bachelor
2089:, Vol. 208, No. 753, pp. 277–286
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1537:New York: Routledge, 2001, pp. 90–91.
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1402:. Shropshire Libraries. p. 118.
1268:Samuel Butler, a Mid-Victorian Modern
316:A First Year in Canterbury Settlement
2481:People from Bingham, Nottinghamshire
2476:People educated at Shrewsbury School
2292:Works by Samuel Butler in eBook form
1978:The Humour of Homer and Other Essays
1648:
1509:Geddis, Catherine. "Butler, Samuel."
1285:. Shropshire Libraries. p. 14.
1207:
912:The Humour of Homer and Other Essays
2208:, Vol. 23, No. 91, pp. 371–385
2154:. Austin: University of Texas Press
2123:. New York: Twayne Publishers, Inc.
1426:
1243:, published in two volumes in 1896.
1215:Dictionary of New Zealand Biography
541:Butler developed a theory that the
433:. His semi-autobiographical novel,
330:revealed Butler's long interest in
24:
2521:Translators of Ancient Greek texts
2235:, Vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 238–249
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1730:State University of New York Press
1050:Shakespeare's Sonnets Reconsidered
624:. Huxley's Utopian counterpart to
217:, where he distinguished himself.
25:
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2358:National Portrait Gallery, London
2256:
2174:. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode
2057:. London: Home & Van Thal Ltd
1701:Evolution: The History of an Idea
1531:Robinson, J. Z. "Samuel Butler".
1220:Ministry for Culture and Heritage
1158:Selected with an Introduction by
1084:God the Known and God the Unknown
954:(1863, largely incorporated into
730:God the Known and God the Unknown
354:", written by Butler, but signed
2486:19th-century New Zealand farmers
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594:(1898). His other works include
350:, published a letter captioned "
2531:English science fiction writers
2310:Works by or about Samuel Butler
2225:George Gaylord Simpson (1961),
2200:The Philosophy of Samuel Butler
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2004:
1970:
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1912:– University of Chicago Press.
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1823:George Gaylord Simpson (1961),
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1575:. Harper Collins, 2000, p. 635.
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1117:Howard, Daniel F., ed. (1962).
1092:The Note-Books of Samuel Butler
700:Philosophy and personal thought
369:'s contribution to his theory.
253:. Then, in 1854, he went up to
2496:19th-century English novelists
2177:James G. Paradis, ed. (2007),
1906:Form, Substance and Difference
1866:Alfred Russel Wallace (1879),
1848:Johns Hopkins University Press
1833:. Vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 238–249.
1797:. Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–180.
1705:University of California Press
1660:The Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1632:Morpurgo, Horatio (May 2006).
1329:
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612:acknowledged the influence of
537:Literary history and criticism
13:
1:
1427:Lee, Sir Sidney, ed. (1912).
1398:Trinder, Barrie, ed. (1984).
1166:
981:(1878). Trubner (reissued by
943:
742:all non-living things as well
651:
634:, also refers prominently to
555:(especially the territory of
547:came from the pen of a young
513:Some critics, beginning with
441:too contentious at the time.
281:Butler at the age of 23, 1858
176:
2282:Resources in other libraries
2242:. New York: The Viking Press
2152:Samuel Butler in New Zealand
2096:. London: Grant Richards Ltd
1210:"Butler, Samuel – Biography"
1038:The Authoress of the Odyssey
756:
561:The Authoress of the Odyssey
477:
462:that culminated in works by
460:utopian/dystopian literature
255:St John's College, Cambridge
123:St John's College, Cambridge
7:
2325:(public domain audiobooks)
2183:University of Toronto Press
2164:. New York University Press
2132:Penn State University Press
2060:Mrs. R. S. Garnett (1926),
1910:Steps to an Ecology of Mind
1769:University of Chicago Press
1472:"Samuel Butler (1835–1902)"
1311:A Cambridge Alumni Database
1307:"Butler, Samuel (BTLR854S)"
1156:The Essential Samuel Butler
906:(commonly known as Jones's
747:
723:
10:
2547:
2501:Charles Darwin biographers
2354:Portraits of Samuel Butler
2238:Clara G. Stillman (1932),
2211:Robert F. Rattray (1935),
2198:Robert F. Rattray (1914),
2189:Samuel Butler: A Biography
2126:Thomas L. Jeffers (1981),
1685:Cambridge University Press
1461:Article by Elinor Shaffer.
1342:Notebooks of Samuel Butler
1313:. University of Cambridge.
983:Cambridge University Press
924:Samuel Butler: A Biography
801:summed up Butler's views:
334:'s theories of biological
173:that are still consulted.
29:
2406:
2349:Darwin Among the Machines
2277:Resources in your library
2143:. London: Leonard Parsons
2141:Samuel Butler (1835–1902)
2099:Philip Henderson (1954),
1337:Darwin among the Machines
1105:Samuel Butler's Notebooks
951:Darwin among the Machines
582:The Working Men's College
360:technological singularity
352:Darwin among the Machines
272:
118:
108:
100:
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66:
61:Portrait by Charles Gogin
54:
47:
18:Samuel Butler (1835-1902)
2268:Samuel Butler (novelist)
2222:. London: Reaktion Books
2193:University of Iowa Press
2119:Lee Elbert Holt (1964),
2106:Lee Elbert Holt (1941),
1842:Peter J. Bowler (1983),
1806:Lee Elbert Holt (1989),
1787:Philip J. Pauly (1982),
1763:Peter J. Bowler (2001),
1699:Peter J. Bowler (2003),
1562:London: Macmillan, 1919.
1554:Samuel Butler, Author of
1431:. Smith, Elder & Co.
1281:Dickins, Gordon (1987).
914:and reissued in 1921 by
884:The Drawing Room Gazette
853:
767:Evolution, Old & New
680:The Book of the Machines
341:On the Origin of Species
2218:Elinor Shaffer (1988),
2092:John F. Harris (1916),
1724:C. Leon Harris (1981),
1514:14 October 2007 at the
926:(Hogarth Press, 1991).
920:Samuel Butler: A Sketch
894:Biography and criticism
664:, but he was neither."
191:Langar, Nottinghamshire
80:Langar, Nottinghamshire
2516:Theistic evolutionists
2506:English male novelists
2319:Works by Samuel Butler
2301:Works by Samuel Butler
2128:Samuel Butler Revalued
2077:Felix Grendon (1918),
2035:God: Known and Unknown
1885:G. J. Romanes (1881),
1868:Evolution, Old and New
1636:. Three Monkeys Online
1573:From Dawn to Decadence
1339:" is reprinted in the
1270:Retrieved 11 May 2020.
851:
808:
783:Evolution, Old and New
641:From Dawn to Decadence
282:
257:, where he obtained a
186:
2146:Joseph Jones (1959),
2086:North American Review
1965:Stepchildren of Music
1603:10.1353/elh.2002.0020
1558:(1835–1902): A Memoir
1552:Henry Festing Jones,
866:". Butler liked only
846:
835:Alfred Russel Wallace
803:
608:The English novelist
597:Shakespeare's Sonnets
408:Thomas Bucknall Lloyd
280:
269:(SBR) in his honour.
247:Benjamin Hall Kennedy
197:, then headmaster of
184:
2526:Translators of Homer
2428:The Way of All Flesh
2232:The American Scholar
1830:The American Scholar
1072:The Way of All Flesh
930:The Way of All Flesh
669:The Way of All Flesh
658:evolutionary thought
474:and Scott Hamilton.
435:The Way of All Flesh
251:The Way of All Flesh
231:The Way of All Flesh
159:evolutionary thought
146:The Way of All Flesh
38:Samuel Butler (poet)
2491:Victorian novelists
2471:Writers from London
2215:. London: Duckworth
2187:Peter Raby (1991),
2130:. University Park:
2080:Samuel Butler's God
1967:(1925), pp. 183–194
1585:Zemka, Sue (2002).
1361:, reprinted in the
1266:Clara G. Stillman,
1034:(1896, two volumes)
971:, or Over the Range
492:Henry Festing Jones
452:George Bernard Shaw
312:Mesopotamia Station
203:Bishop of Lichfield
2168:Malcolm Muggeridge
1950:. 9 December 2011.
1887:Unconscious Memory
1621:– via JSTOR.
1326:, 28 January 1860.
1005:Unconscious Memory
771:Unconscious Memory
515:Malcolm Muggeridge
446:Woking Crematorium
439:Victorian morality
303:, he emigrated to
283:
267:Samuel Butler Room
187:
2466:English satirists
2438:
2437:
2420:Erewhon Revisited
2305:Project Gutenberg
2263:Library resources
2068:Phyllis Greenacre
1934:www.joh.cam.ac.uk
1904:Gregory Bateson,
1812:Twayne Publishers
1794:Victorian Studies
1367:Project Gutenberg
1347:Project Gutenberg
1208:Robinson, Roger.
1063:Erewhon Revisited
991:978-1-108-00551-7
934:R. A. Streatfeild
902:: the two-volume
779:natural selection
430:Erewhon Revisited
199:Shrewsbury School
195:Dr. Samuel Butler
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2451:1835 births
527:Henry James
507:Oscar Wilde
423:(1881) and
415:Sacri Monti
305:New Zealand
2511:Lamarckism
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2398:Novels by
2000:Britannica
1961:Blom. Eric
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1707:. p. 259.
1679:. (2010).
1167:References
1150:Butleriana
944:Main works
810:Historian
652:Assessment
603:homosexual
287:ordination
243:Shrewsbury
201:and later
177:Early life
101:Occupation
73:1835-12-04
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1619:161660966
1363:Notebooks
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900:biography
876:Narcissus
872:Eric Blom
757:Evolution
662:Darwinian
503:Singapore
478:Sexuality
464:Jack Ross
356:Cellarius
347:The Press
336:evolution
215:Cambridge
155:orthodoxy
109:Education
82:, England
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985:, 2009;
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738:panzoism
724:Theology
605:affair.
567:(1900).
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531:closeted
263:Classics
226:Anglican
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1751:Science
969:Erewhon
956:Erewhon
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795:Lamarck
734:atheism
710:fiction
636:Erewhon
615:Erewhon
565:Odyssey
557:Trapani
544:Odyssey
425:Ex Voto
392:Erewhon
387:Erewhon
382:Utopian
328:Erewhon
321:Erewhon
291:baptism
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384:novel
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