Iliad - Knowledge

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conversation between Menelaus and Paris highlights the overwhelming desire for peace on both sides. Also in book 3, we see peace when the elders talk to Priam saying that though Helen is a beautiful woman, war is still too high a price to pay for one person. These events display the humanity of the war. In book 6, when Hector goes back into the city to visit his family, this event is another powerful show of peace because we get to see that Hector is more than a great warrior. He is a loving father and devoted husband. The love that is shared between him and his family contrasts with the gory battle scenes, noting the importance of peace. The final moments of peace are in books 23 and 24. The first of these is the funeral games that are held for Patroclus. The games show the happiness, grief, and joy that can happen during the war. In book 24, peace is highlighted again when Achilles and Priam share food and grief for their recent losses. In this encounter, the two empathize with one another and agree to a truce of twelve days for the burial of Hector.

239: 1501: 2481: 1559:, Priam takes a wagon filled with gifts out of Troy, across the plains, and into the Achaean camp unnoticed. He clasps Achilles by the knees and begs for his son's body. Achilles is moved to tears and finally relents in his anger. The two lament their losses in the war. Achilles agrees to give Hector's body back and to give the Trojans twelve days to properly mourn and bury him. Achilles apologizes to Patroclus, fearing he has dishonored him by returning Hector's body. After a meal, Priam carries Hector's body back into Troy. Hector is buried, and the city mourns. 1497:, Hector resolves to face Achilles. When Achilles approaches, however, Hector's will fails him. He flees and is chased by Achilles around the city. Finally, Athena tricks him into stopping, and he turns to face his opponent. After a brief duel, Achilles stabs Hector through the neck. Before dying, Hector reminds Achilles that he, too, is fated to die. Achilles strips Hector of his own armor, gloating over his death. Achilles then dishonors Hector's body by lashing it to the back of his chariot and dragging it around the city. The Trojans grieve. 1571: 1269: 1406: 2284:, "respect, honor"), the concept denoting the respectability an honorable man accrues with accomplishment (cultural, political, martial), per his station in life. In Book I, the Achaean troubles begin with King Agamemnon's dishonorable, unkingly behavior—first, by threatening the priest Chryses (1.11), then, by aggravating them in disrespecting Achilles, by confiscating Briseis from him (1.171). The warrior's consequent rancor against the dishonorable king ruins the Achaean military cause. 1372:) Patroclus cannot stand to watch any longer and goes to Achilles, weeping. He briefly admonishes him for his stubbornness and then asks him to allow him to fight in his place, wearing Achilles's armor so that he will be mistaken for him. Achilles relents and lends Patroclus his armor but sends him off with a stern admonition to come back to him and not to pursue the Trojans. Achilles says that after all has been made right, he and Patroclus will take Troy together. 7289: 4163: 6943: 7301: 2353: 206: 190: 1021: 3897: 2405:. King Agamemnon dishonours Chryses, the Trojan priest of Apollo, by refusing with a threat the restitution of his daughter, Chryseis—despite the proffered ransom of "gifts beyond count". The insulted priest prays to Apollo for help, and a nine-day rain of divine plague arrows falls upon the Achaeans. Moreover, in that meeting, Achilles accuses Agamemnon of being "greediest for gain of all men". To that, Agamemnon replies: 6445: 3921: 3161:. In this battle of champions, only two men are left standing for the Argives and one for the Spartans. Othryades, the remaining Spartan, goes back to stand in his formation with mortal wounds while the remaining two Argives go back to Argos to report their victory. Thus, the Spartans claimed this as a victory, as their last man displayed the ultimate feat of bravery by maintaining his position in the phalanx. 1760:

of Menelaus because Paris had helped her to win the beauty pageant. The partisanship of Aphrodite towards Paris induces constant intervention by all of the gods, especially to give motivational speeches to their respective protégés, while often appearing in the shape of a human being they are familiar with. This connection of emotions to actions is just one example out of many that occur throughout the poem.

3086:, there is even a set ritual that must be observed in each of these conflicts. For example, a major hero may encounter a lesser hero from the opposing side, in which case the minor hero is introduced, threats may be exchanged, and then the minor hero is slain. The victor often strips the body of its armor and military accoutrements. Here is an example of this ritual and this type of one-on-one combat in the 1681:, was limited to their utility as "a way of talking about human life rather than a description or a truth", because, if the gods remain religious figures, rather than human metaphors, their "existence"—without the foundation of either dogma or a bible of faiths—then allowed Greek culture the intellectual breadth and freedom to conjure gods fitting any religious function they required as a people. 2208:, Agamemnon's pride sets forth a chain of events that leads him to take from Achilles, Briseis, the girl he had originally given Achilles in return for his martial prowess. Due to this slight, Achilles refuses to fight and asks his mother, Thetis, to make sure that Zeus causes the Achaeans to suffer on the battlefield until Agamemnon comes to realize the harm he has done to him. 1700:, humans had a far different mentality from present-day humans. He says that humans during that time were lacking what is today called consciousness. He suggests that humans heard and obeyed commands from what they identified as gods until the change in human mentality that incorporated the motivating force into the conscious self. He points out that almost every action in the 3146:, the focus of the poem on the heroic fighting, as mentioned above, would seem to contradict the tactics of the phalanx. However, the phalanx did have its heroic aspects. The masculine one-on-one fighting of the epic is manifested in phalanx fighting with the emphasis on holding one's position in formation. This replaces the singular heroic competition found in the 2669:.. It contains the text of the Iliad as well as annotations, glosses, and commentaries, the "A scholia". Venetus A may be the work of Aristophanes of Byzantium of the Library of Alexandria. This is the oldest existing manuscript of Homer's Iliad. It is regarded as the best text of the Iliad. (Biblioteca Marciana in Venice as Codex Marcianus Graecus 454, now 822). 1548:) The ghost of Patroclus comes to Achilles in a dream, urging him to carry out the burial rites so that his spirit can move on to the underworld. Patroclus asks Achilles to arrange for their bones to be entombed together in a single urn; Achilles agrees, and Patroclus's body is cremated. The Achaeans hold a day of funeral games, and Achilles gives out the prizes. 2997:). The available evidence, from the Dendra armour and the Pylos Palace paintings, indicate the Mycenaeans used two-man chariots, with a long-spear-armed principal rider, unlike the three-man Hittite chariots with short-spear-armed riders and the arrow-armed Egyptian and Assyrian two-man chariots. Nestor spearheads his troops with chariots; he advises them: 1253:, but nightfall interrupts the fight, and both sides retire. The Trojans quarrel about returning Helen. Paris offers to return the treasure he took and give further wealth as compensation, but not Helen, and the offer is refused. Both sides agree to a day's truce to burn the dead. The Achaeans also build a wall and trench to protect their camp and ships. 1265:) The next morning, Zeus prohibits the gods from interfering, and fighting begins anew. The Trojans prevail and force the Achaeans back to their wall. Hera and Athena are forbidden to help. Night falls before the Trojans can assail the Achaean wall. They camp in the field to attack at first light, and their watchfires light the plain like stars. 2314:. The epic takes as its thesis the anger of Achilles and the destruction it brings. Anger disturbs the distance between human beings and the gods. Uncontrolled anger destroys orderly social relationships and upsets the balance of correct actions necessary to keep the gods away from human beings. Despite the epic's focus on Achilles's rage, 1486:, confronts Achilles and commands him to stop killing Trojans, but Achilles refuses. They fight until Scamander is beaten back by Hephaestus's firestorm. The gods fight amongst themselves. The great gates of the city are opened to receive the fleeing Trojans, and Apollo leads Achilles away from the city by pretending to be a Trojan. ( 1428:) When Achilles hears of Patroclus's death, he screams so loudly in his grief that his mother, Thetis, hears him from the bottom of the ocean. Thetis grieves too, knowing that Achilles is fated to die young if he kills Hector. Though he knows it will seal his own fate, Achilles vows to kill Hector in order to avenge Patroclus. 2442:

the Achaeans back to the sea (Book XII). Later, Agamemnon contemplates defeat and retreat to Greece (Book XIV). Again, the Wrath of Achilles turns the war's tide in seeking vengeance when Hector kills Patroclus. Aggrieved, Achilles tears his hair and dirties his face. Thetis comforts her mourning son, who tells her:

3055:) were not necessarily revered scripture of the ancient Greeks, they were most certainly seen as guides that were important to the intellectual understanding of any educated Greek citizen. This is evidenced by the fact that in the late 5th century BC, "it was the sign of a man of standing to be able to recite the 1124:) Zeus then sends a dream to Agamemnon, urging him to attack Troy. Agamemnon heeds the dream but first decides to test the Achaean army's morale by telling them to go home. But nine years into the war, the soldiers' morale has worn thin. The plan backfires, and only the intervention of Odysseus, inspired by 1360:) Zeus awakes and is enraged by Poseidon's intervention. However, he reassures Hera that Troy is still fated to fall once Hector kills Patroclus. Poseidon is recalled from the battlefield, and Zeus sends Apollo to aid the Trojans. The Trojans once again breach the wall, and the battle reaches the ships. 2400:

s principal theme: the "Wrath of Achilles". His personal rage and wounded soldier's pride propel the story: the Achaeans' faltering in battle, the slayings of Patroclus and Hector, and the fall of Troy. In Book I, the Wrath of Achilles first emerges in the Achilles-convoked meeting, between the Greek

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Divinely aided, Aeneas escapes the wrath of Achilles and survives the Trojan War. Whether or not the gods can alter fate, they do abide by it, despite its countering their human allegiances; thus, the mysterious origin of fate is a power beyond the gods. Fate implies the primeval, tripartite division

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Achilles is urged to help retrieve Patroclus's body but has no armor to wear. Bathed in a brilliant radiance by Athena, Achilles stands next to the Achaean wall and roars in rage. The Trojans are terrified by his appearance, and the Achaeans manage to bear Patroclus's body away. Polydamas again urges

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that he is eminently rapid; that he is eminently plain and direct, both in the evolution of his thought and in the expression of it, that is, both in his syntax and in his words; that he is eminently plain and direct in the substance of his thought, that is, in his matter and ideas; and, finally,

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and those of the later Greeks is not a difficult one to find. Spartan commanders, often seen as the pinnacle of Greek military prowess, were known for their tactical trickery, and for them, this was a feat to be desired in a commander. Indeed, this type of leadership was the standard advice of Greek

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After that, only Athena stays Achilles's wrath. He vows to never again obey orders from Agamemnon. Furious, Achilles cries to his mother, Thetis, who persuades Zeus's divine intervention—favouring the Trojans—until Achilles's rights are restored. Meanwhile, Hector leads the Trojans to almost pushing

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Achilles's pride allows him to beg Thetis for the deaths of his Achaean friends. When in Book 9 his friends urge him to return, offering him loot and his girl, Briseis, he refuses, stuck in his vengeful pride. Achilles remains stuck until the very end, when his anger at himself for Patroclus's death

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steps forward. Menelaus is dominating the battle and is on the verge of killing Paris. "Now he'd have hauled him off and won undying glory but Aphrodite, Zeus's daughter, was quick to the mark, snapped the rawhide strap." Aphrodite intervenes out of her own self-interest to save Paris from the wrath

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had no founder and was not the creation of an inspired teacher. Rather, the religion arose out of the diverse beliefs of the Greek people. These beliefs coincide to the thoughts about the gods in polytheistic Greek religion. Adkins and Pollard (2020/1998) agree with this by saying, "The early Greeks

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Nine; it has great rhetorical power." It quickly established itself as a classic in English poetry. In the preface to his own translation, Pope praises "the daring fiery spirit" of Chapman's rendering, which is "something like what one might imagine Homer, himself, would have writ before he arrived

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follows the great Greek warrior Achilles, as well as his rage and the destruction it causes. Parallel to this, the story also follows the Trojan warrior Hector and his efforts to fight to protect his family and his people. It is generally assumed that, because he is the protagonist, Achilles is the

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also play a major role in the poem, aiding their favoured warriors on the battlefield and intervening in personal disputes. Their characterisation in the poem humanised them for Ancient Greek audiences, giving a concrete sense of their cultural and religious tradition. In terms of formal style, the

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Although Homer's depictions are graphic, it can be seen in the very end that victory in war is a far more somber occasion, where all that is lost becomes apparent. On the other hand, the funeral games are lively, for the dead man's life is celebrated. This overall depiction of war runs contrary to

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and harms Achilles's pride when he demands her. Hubris forces Paris to fight against Menelaus. Agamemnon spurs the Achaeans to fight by calling into question Odysseus, Diomedes, and Nestor's pride, asking why they are cowering and waiting for help when they should be the ones leading the charge.

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is directed, caused, or influenced by a god and that earlier translations show an astonishing lack of words suggesting thought, planning, or introspection. Those that do appear, he argues, are misinterpretations made by translators imposing a modern mentality on the characters, a form of reverse

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fight among themselves and participate in human warfare, often by interfering with humans to counter other gods. Unlike their portrayals in Greek religion, Homer's portrayal of gods suits his narrative purpose. The gods in traditional thought of 4th-century Athenians were not spoken of in terms

2839:—describing Achilles, Agamemnon, Paris, and Patroclus—serves to "heighten the importance of…an impressive moment"; thus, " creates an atmosphere of smoothness" wherein Homer distinguishes Patroclus from Achilles and foreshadows the former's death with positive and negative turns of phrase. 2504:

focuses on death-dealing. To gain status, heroes must be good at killing. Though not as prevalent, there are instances where the author showcases the peaceful aspects of war. The first instance of this is in book 3 when Menelaus and Paris agree to fight one one-on-one to end the war. This

2204:. The Achaeans gather on the plain of Troy to wrest Helen from the Trojans. Though the majority of the Trojans would gladly return Helen to the Achaeans, they defer to the pride of their prince, Alexandros, also known as Paris. Within this frame, Homer's work begins. At the start of the 1630:

is the god of war, and so on and so forth for many other gods. This is how Greek culture was defined as many Athenians felt the presence of their gods through divine intervention in significant events in their lives. Oftentimes, they found these events to be mysterious and inexplicable.

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Hera and Athena then continue to support the Achaean forces throughout the poem because Paris is part of the Trojans, while Aphrodite aids Paris and the Trojans. The emotions between the goddesses often translate to actions they take in the mortal world. For example, in Book 3 of the

3630:. Wolf's narrator is Cassandra, whose thoughts are heard at the moment just before her murder by Clytemnestra in Sparta. Wolf's narrator presents a feminist's view of the war, and of war in general. Cassandra's story is accompanied by four essays that Wolf delivered at the 1982 1842:

Here, Patroclus alludes to his fated death by Hector's hand and to Hector's fated death by Achilles's hand. Each accepts the outcome of his life, yet no one knows if the gods can alter fate. The first instance of this doubt occurs in Book XVI. Seeing Patroclus about to kill

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receive the embassy well. However, considering the slight to his honor too great, Achilles angrily refuses Agamemnon's offer and declares that he will only return to battle if the Trojans reach his ships and threaten them with fire. The embassy returns empty-handed.

3939:, in installments, beginning in 1598, published in "fourteeners", a long-line ballad metre that "has room for all of Homer's figures of speech and plenty of new ones, as well as explanations in parentheses. At its best, as in Achilles' rejection of the embassy in 1804:. Men and their gods continually speak of heroic acceptance and cowardly avoidance of one's slated fate. Fate does not determine every action, incident, and occurrence, but it does determine the outcome of life—before killing him, Hector calls Patroclus a fool 1615:

personalized every aspect of their world, natural and cultural, and their experiences in it. The earth, the sea, the mountains, the rivers, custom-law (themis), and one's share in society and its goods were all seen in personal as well as naturalistic terms."

1330:) The Trojans attack the Achaean wall on foot. Hector leads the terrible fighting, despite an omen that their charge will fail. The Achaeans are overwhelmed and routed, the wall's gate is broken, and Hector charges in. The Achaeans fall back to their ships. 3177:

I know how to storm my way into the struggle of flying horses; I know how to tread the measures on the grim floor of the war god. Yet great as you are I would not strike you by stealth, watching for my chance, but openly, so, if perhaps I might hit you.

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Achilles's shield, crafted by Hephaestus and given to him by his mother, Thetis, bears an image of stars in the centre. The stars conjure profound images of the place of a single man, no matter how heroic, in the perspective of the entire cosmos.

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Accepting the prospect of death as fair price for avenging Patroclus, he returns to battle, dooming Hector and Troy, thrice chasing him around the Trojan walls before slaying him and then dragging the corpse behind his chariot, back to camp.

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overcomes his pride at Agamemnon's slight and he returns to kill Hector. He overcomes his pride again when he keeps his anger in check and returns Hector to Priam at the epic's close. From epic start to epic finish, pride drives the plot.

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in a variety of different ways through different characters, mainly Achilles, Hector, Patroclus, etc. Though the traditional concept of heroism is often tied directly to the protagonist, who is meant to be written in a heroic light, the

1319:) In the morning, the fighting is fierce, and Agamemnon, Diomedes, and Odysseus are all wounded. Achilles sends Patroclus from his camp to inquire about the Achaean casualties, and while there, Patroclus is moved to pity by a speech by 2759:

line. A two-word stock epithet (e.g., "resourceful Odysseus") reiteration may complement a character name by filling a half-line, thus freeing the poet to compose a half-line of "original" formulaic text to complete his meaning. In

1673:, attempting to answer the question of whether divine intervention is a discrete occurrence (for its own sake) or if such godly behaviors are mere human character metaphors. The intellectual interest of Classic-era authors, such as 1104:, as compensation. Because war prizes were correlated with honor, Agamemnon's decision dishonors Achilles in front of the assembled Achaean forces. Achilles furiously declares that he and his men will no longer fight for Agamemnon. 1555:) Achilles is lost in his grief and spends his days mourning Patroclus and dragging Hector's body behind his chariot. Dismayed by Achilles's continued abuse of Hector's body, Zeus decides that it must be returned to Priam. Led by 1455:) In the morning, Thetis brings Achilles his new set of armor, only to find him weeping over Patroclus's body. Achilles arms for battle and rallies the Achaean warriors. Agamemnon gives Achilles all the promised gifts, including 3740:, received mixed reviews but was a commercial success, particularly in international sales. It grossed $ 133 million in the United States and $ 497 million worldwide, making it the 188th top-grossing movie of all time. 1934:

Again, Zeus appears capable of altering fate, but does not, deciding instead to abide by set outcomes; similarly, fate spares Aeneas after Apollo convinces the overmatched Trojan to fight Achilles. Poseidon cautiously speaks:

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and claims to refute, with "careful analysis of the repetition of thematic patterns", that the Patroclus storyline upsets Homer's established compositional formulae of "wrath, bride-stealing, and rescue"; thus, stock-phrase

3976:, blank verse 1791 edition is highly regarded for its greater fidelity to the Greek than either the Chapman or the Pope versions: "I have omitted nothing; I have invented nothing," Cowper says in prefacing his translation. 1119:

to allow the Achaeans to be beaten back by the Trojans until their ships are at risk of burning. Only then will Agamemnon realize how much the Achaeans need Achilles and restore his honor. Thetis does so, and Zeus agrees.

3398:, daughter of the Trojan soothsayer Calchas. The play, often considered to be a comedy, reverses traditional views on events of the Trojan War and depicts Achilles as a coward, Ajax as a dull, unthinking mercenary, etc. 1337:) Poseidon pities the Achaeans and decides to disobey Zeus and help them. He rallies the Achaeans' spirits, and they begin to push the Trojans back. Poseidon's nephew Amphimachus is killed in the battle; Poseidon imbues 2248:

due to his inherently heroic qualities, such as his loyalty to his family and strength and determination to defend his people, and the focus at the end of the story on burying Hector with honor. The true hero of the

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and comparing them to those of other characters, however, some may come to the conclusion that Achilles is not really the hero, and perhaps even an antihero. It can also be argued that Hector is the true hero of the

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Ajax's cumbersome shield is more suitable for defence than for offence, while his cousin Achilles sports a large, rounded, octagonal shield that he successfully deploys along with his spear against the Trojans:

2846:, occasional syntactic inconsistency may be an oral tradition effect—for example, Aphrodite is "laughter-loving" despite being painfully wounded by Diomedes (Book V, 375); and the divine representations may mix 2180:

itself. Yet the concept of homecoming is much explored in other Ancient Greek literature, especially in the postwar homeward fortunes experienced by the Atreidae (Agamemnon and Menelaus) and Odysseus (see the

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In deciding between losing a son or abiding fate, Zeus, King of the Gods, allows it. This motif recurs when he considers sparing Hector, whom he loves and respects. This time, it is Athena who challenges him:

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Few modern (archeologically, historically, and Homerically accurate) reconstructions of arms, armor, and motifs as described by Homer exist. Some historical reconstructions have been done by Salimbeti et al.

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is never shown explicitly and is purposefully left up to interpretation by the author, Homer, who aimed to show the complexity and flaws of both characters, regardless of who is considered the "true" hero.

1214:. Aphrodite rescues him before he can be killed, but Diomedes attacks her and wounds the goddess's wrist. Apollo faces Diomedes and warns him against warring with gods, which Diomedes ignores. Apollo sends 1735:, and Aphrodite. In the final book of the poem, Homer writes, "He offended Athena and Hera—both goddesses." Athena and Hera are envious of Aphrodite because of a beauty pageant on Mount Olympus in which 2902:, launching javelins into the enemy formations, and then dismount—for hand-to-hand combat with yet more javelin throwing, rock throwing, and if necessary, hand-to-hand sword and shoulder-borne 5585: 1739:

chose Aphrodite to be the most beautiful goddess over both Hera and Athena. Wolfgang Kullmann further goes on to say, "Hera's and Athena's disappointment over the victory of Aphrodite in the

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interprets the world at this time by using the passion and emotion of the gods to be determining factors of what happens on the human level. An example of one of these relationships in the

3279:, follows the story of Agamemnon after his return from the war. Homer also came to be of great influence in European culture with the resurgence of interest in Greek antiquity during the 3067:, and the way it is depicted, had a profound and very traceable effect on Greek warfare in general. In particular, the effect of epic literature can be broken down into three categories: 2747:(1902–1935) had launched a movement claiming otherwise. His investigation of the oral Homeric style—"stock epithets" and "reiteration" (words, phrases, stanzas)—established that these 3205:

with commanders such as Agamemnon or Nestor discussing the arraying of troops so as to gain an advantage. Indeed, the Trojan War is won by a notorious example of Achaean guile in the

1398:) Hector takes Achilles's armor from the fallen Patroclus. The Achaeans fight to retrieve Patroclus's body from the Trojans, who attempt to carry it back to Troy at Hector's command. 49: 3631: 3641:. The essays present Wolf's concerns as a writer and rewriter of this canonical story and show the genesis of the novel through Wolf's own readings and a trip she took to Greece. 1383:, a leading ally of the Trojans. Patroclus, ignoring Achilles's command, pursues and reaches the gates of Troy, where Apollo himself stops him. Patroclus kills Hector's brother 3766:, it depicts its characters as real men to whom the gods appear only as hallucinations or command voices during the sudden and painful transition to truly modern consciousness. 3287:. In its full form, the text made its return to Italy and Western Europe beginning in the 15th century, primarily through translations into Latin and the vernacular languages. 3993:

to English; commenting upon the versions contemporarily available in 1861, he identifies the four essential poetic qualities of Homer to which the translator must do justice:

3968:'s 1715 translation, in heroic couplet, is "the classic translation that was built on all the preceding versions" and like Chapman's, is a major poetic work in its own right. 1100:("best of the Greeks"), calls an assembly to deal with the problem. Under pressure, Agamemnon agrees to return Chryseis to her father but decides to take Achilles's slave, 2011:. In Book IX (IX.410–16), he poignantly tells Agamemnon's envoys—Odysseus, Phoenix, and Ajax—begging his reinstatement to battle about having to choose between two fates ( 1379:

into battle and arrives as the Trojans set fire to the first ships. The Trojans are routed by the sudden onslaught, and Patroclus begins his assault by killing Zeus's son

3314:. The West tended to view Homer as unreliable, as they believed they possessed much more down-to-earth and realistic eyewitness accounts of the Trojan War written by 8991: 3221:

Ultimately, while Homeric (or epic) fighting is certainly not completely replicated in later Greek warfare, many of its ideals, tactics, and instructions are.

8946: 1974:, the land of the dead—yet they share dominion of the Earth. Despite the earthly powers of the Olympic gods, only the Three Fates set the destiny of Man. 3311: 6626: 5574: 5434: 3521:

demonstrates the way force, exercised to the extreme in war, reduces both victim and aggressor to the level of the slave and the unthinking automaton.

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was also the first full epic poem to be translated into Arabic from a foreign language, upon the publication of Al-Boustani's complete work in 1904.

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as "forever immortal" and as "forever imperishable"—connoting Achilles's mortality by underscoring his greater reward in returning to battle Troy.

4517: 4254: 4015: 3224: 1171:, wife of Menelaus, and the most beautiful woman in the world, is either through seduction or by force, taken by Paris from Menelaus's home in 2141:

is often given visible representation by the prizes won in battle. When Agamemnon takes Briseis from Achilles, he takes away a portion of the

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As a result of this thinking, each god or goddess in polytheistic Greek religion is attributed to an aspect of the human world. For example,

4070:(1997) are bolder than Lattimore in adding more contemporary American-English idioms to convey Homer's conventional and formulaic language. 3227:

argues that the descriptions of warfare related in the epic can be pinned down fairly specifically—to the first half of the 7th century BC.

3201:, as well as later Greek warfare, endorses tactical genius on the part of its commanders. For example, there are multiple passages in the 8492: 4229:, p. 24) writes that the war "starts with his pride and immaturity, yet is finished with his skill and bravery on the battlefield." 2724:, who composed consistent epic poems from memory and improvisation and disseminated them, via song and chant, in his travels and at the 1222:, and the gods supporting each side try to influence the battle. Emboldened by Athena, Diomedes wounds Ares and puts him out of action. 5704: 1295:, and two heralds to offer Briseis and extensive gifts to Achilles, if only he will return to the fighting. Achilles and his companion 8974: 7004: 4002:

After a discussion of the metres employed by previous translators, Arnold argues for a poetical dialect hexameter translation of the

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Frobish, T. S. (2003). "An Origin of a Theory: A Comparison of Ethos in the Homeric Iliad with That Found in Aristotle's Rhetoric".

2898:, instead fights afoot, as an infantryman. The battle dress and armour of hero and soldier are well-described. They enter battle in 1268: 8565: 6523: 3952: 1792:. Once set, gods and men abide it, neither truly able nor willing to contest it. How fate is set is unknown, but it is told by the 1719:

Some scholars believe that the gods may have intervened in the mortal world because of quarrels they may have had with each other.

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of commanders. In order to discern these effects, it is necessary to take a look at a few examples from each of these categories.

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lifts the ban on the gods' interference, and the gods freely help both sides. Achilles, burning with rage and grief, slays many. (

6205: 3429:, a 19th-century poet who made the first Arabic translation of the Iliad to Arabic, the epic may have been widely circulated in 927:

states, the poem depicts significant events in the siege's final weeks. In particular, it depicts a fierce quarrel between King

7338: 3792:, but in December 2011, Oswald withdrew the book from the short list, citing concerns about the ethics of the prize's sponsors. 1999:, "glory, fame") is the concept of glory earned in heroic battle. Yet Achilles must choose only one of the two rewards, either 1482:) Achilles cuts off half the Trojans' number in the river and slaughters them, clogging the river with bodies. The river god, 1323:. Nestor asks Patroclus to beg Achilles to rejoin the fighting, or if he will not, to lead the army wearing Achilles's armor. 6570:: the Greek text presented with the translation by Buckley and vocabulary, notes, and analysis of difficult grammatical forms 6274: 6248: 6172: 6061: 5918: 5766: 5746: 5679: 5413: 5403: 5371: 5320: 5295: 5270: 3804:, tells the story of Achilles and Patroclus's life together as children, lovers, and soldiers. The novel, which won the 2012 3784:

to focus on, and so commemorate, the individually named characters whose deaths are mentioned in that poem. In October 2011,

3236: 2531:. Scholarly consensus mostly places it in the late 8th century BC, although some favour a 7th-century date. In any case, the 328: 2575:, in the early 12th century BC. Homer is thus separated from his subject matter by about 400 years, the period known as the 999:(glory), pride, fate and wrath. Despite being predominantly known for its tragic and serious themes, the poem also contains 966:

and other dialects, probably around the late 8th or early 7th century BC. Homer's authorship was infrequently questioned in

6661: 5175: 4868: 2673: 802: 3441:

with the Syriac translation, which was supposedly (along with the Greek original) widely read or heard by the scholars of

2579:. Intense scholarly debate has surrounded the question of which portions of the poem preserve genuine traditions from the 2234:

plays with this idea of heroism and does not make it explicitly clear who the true hero of the story is. The story of the

5638: 4876: 4860: 1194:

to shoot Menelaus. Menelaus is wounded, and the truce is broken. Fighting breaks out, and many minor Trojans are killed.

3404:

made a bronze statue of Thetis as she brings Achilles his new armor forged by Hephaestus. It has been on display in the

8775: 5844: 3346: 1356:

to help the Greeks. The Trojans are driven back onto the plain. Ajax wounds Hector, who is then carried back to Troy. (

5607: 2831:

does not restrict his originality in fitting story to rhyme. Likewise, James Armstrong (1958) reports that the poem's

9647: 9123: 6384: 6361: 6317: 6299: 6215: 6191: 6157: 6137: 6121: 6097: 6082: 6043: 6022: 6002: 5952: 5878: 5359: 5347: 4006:, like the original. "Laborious as this meter was, there were at least half a dozen attempts to translate the entire 3636: 1058:. The Achaean forces consist of armies from many different Greek kingdoms, led by their respective kings or princes. 5511: 5199:

Nikoletseas, Michael M. The Iliad - Twenty Centuries of Translation: a Critical View, 2012, isbn= 978-1-4699-5210-9

4791:

Nikoletseas, Michael M. The Iliad - Twenty Centuries of Translation: a Critical View, 2012, isbn= 978-1-4699-5210-9

3449:, although those scholars never took the effort to translate it to the official language of the empire: Arabic. The 1007:. It contains detailed descriptions of ancient war instruments and battle tactics, and fewer female characters. The 8953: 6970: 3344:

These in turn spawned many others in various European languages, such as the first printed English book, the 1473

9642: 7013: 6809: 6397: 5803: 5071: 4643: 4639: 1552: 1545: 1487: 1479: 1471: 1452: 1425: 1395: 1369: 1357: 1349: 1334: 1327: 1316: 1304: 5105: 5055: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4582: 3585:, was begun in 1959 as a commission for radio. He continued working on it until his death in 2011. Described by 2115:, "imperishable") occurs five other times, each occurrence denotes an object: Agamemnon's sceptre, the wheel of 1284: 1262: 1246: 1226: 1203: 1183: 1148: 1121: 1111:

In the meantime, Agamemnon's messengers take Briseis away. Achilles becomes very upset and prays to his mother,

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culture and its sense of identity. Most nations and several royal houses traced their origins to heroes at the

5544: 9637: 9632: 8980: 8680: 8559: 7152: 6997: 5475: 5013: 4202: 3915: 3855: 3677: 860: 80: 4044:'s version (1951) is "a free six-beat" line-for-line rendering in often unidiomatic, often archaic English. 1490:) When Apollo reveals himself to Achilles, the Trojans have retreated into the city, all except for Hector. 9652: 9116: 8967: 7955: 7630: 7494: 4075: 3805: 3172:

expresses a definite disdain for tactical trickery, when Hector says, before he challenges the great Ajax:

3138:

and later Greek warfare concerns the phalanx, or hoplite, warfare seen in Greek history well after Homer's

300: 6616: 6431: 5452: 3669:

of Book One into a farcical bathhouse scenario, preserving the sounds but not the meaning of the original.

8853: 6963: 4893: 4504: 4095: 1459:, but Achilles is indifferent to them. The Achaeans take their meal; Achilles refuses to eat. His horse, 1432:

Hector to withdraw into the city; again, Hector refuses, and the Trojans camp on the plain at nightfall.

1139:

The Achaeans deploy in companies upon the Trojan plain. When news of the Achaean deployment reaches King

897:. It is one of the oldest extant works of literature still widely read by modern audiences. As with the 8932: 8904: 8861: 8783: 8070: 7361: 7331: 7142: 5240: 4888: 4521: 4299: 4049: 3529: 3405: 1380: 537: 4924: 4319: 1233:

find common ground after a duel and exchange unequal gifts, while Glaucus tells Diomedes the story of

9060: 8997: 7186: 7178: 6957: 6340: 6330: 5870: 4293: 4101: 3197:

However, despite examples of disdain for this tactical trickery, there is reason to believe that the

1287:) Meanwhile, the Achaeans are desperate. Agamemnon admits his error and sends an embassy composed of 1088:

for Apollo's help, and Apollo sends a plague to afflict the Achaean army. After nine days of plague,

254: 6562:), with the Murray and Butler translations and hyperlinks to mythological and grammatical commentary 3334: 3213:. The connection, in this case, between the guileful tactics of the Achaeans and the Trojans in the 1663:, his contemporary, were the first writers to name and describe the gods' appearance and character. 9080: 8736: 8406: 8076: 8017: 7615: 7432: 7162: 6990: 6654: 4030: 3558: 3299: 2572: 2518: 1292: 1237:. Hector enters the city, urges prayers and sacrifices, incites Paris to battle, and bids his wife 795: 736: 238: 6555: 212: 8818: 8688: 7856: 7695: 7690: 6421: 4806: 4085: 3554: 3477: 3401: 6565: 1175:. Menelaus and Paris agree to duel; Helen will marry the victor. However, when Paris is beaten, 9068: 8645: 8477: 8472: 8418: 7727: 7427: 6511: 6370: 6347: 4801: 4142: 4137: 3708: 3666: 3534: 2689: 2622: 2360: 1611: 1003:. The poem is frequently described as a masculine or heroic epic, especially compared with the 851: 707: 20: 3142:. While there are discussions of soldiers arrayed in semblances of the phalanx throughout the 9217: 9091: 8939: 8712: 8533: 8022: 7595: 7324: 7304: 7292: 6411: 5942: 5170: 4969: 4910: 4371: 4168: 4116:

There are more than 2000 manuscripts of Homer. Some of the most notable manuscripts include:

4019: 3672: 3663: 2894:

features no sea battles. The Trojan shipwright (of the ship that transported Helen to Troy),

8401: 2989:

formation, but most scholars do not believe the historical Trojan War was so fought. In the

2480: 2320:

also plays a prominent role, serving as both kindling and fuel for many destructive events.

1500: 1000: 9194: 8926: 8896: 8869: 8810: 8767: 8720: 8637: 8629: 8572: 8027: 8007: 7568: 7532: 7273: 7244: 7237: 7202: 6931: 6842: 6543: 5810: 5670: 5088: 3981: 3800: 3586: 3496: 3438: 3426: 3386: 3290:

Prior to this reintroduction, however, a shortened Latin version of the poem, known as the

3134:

The most important question in reconciling the connection between the epic fighting of the

2725: 1307:) Later that night, Odysseus and Diomedes venture out to the Trojan lines, kill the Trojan 1190:

convinces Zeus to wait for the utter destruction of Troy. Athena prompts the Trojan archer

1084:. Although most of the Achaean kings are in favor of the offer, Agamemnon refuses. Chryses 911:. It contains 15,693 lines in its most widely accepted version. Set towards the end of the 904: 872: 774: 702: 6602: 4542: 3589:

as "one of the most remarkable works of post-war literature", it has been an influence on

8: 9486: 9229: 8728: 8445: 8379: 8353: 7542: 7412: 7216: 7047: 6917: 6802: 6735: 6711: 6647: 6588: 6283: 5580: 5236: 5210: 4941: 4197: 3377: 3363: 3338: 2880: 2801: 2589:

in particular has the striking feature that its geography does not portray Greece in the

2528: 1693: 1399: 967: 788: 754: 546: 5822: 1463:, prophesies Achilles's death; Achilles is indifferent. Achilles goes into battle, with 8960: 8802: 8374: 8338: 8303: 7578: 7442: 7223: 7078: 6775: 6751: 5966: 4831: 4774: 4675: 4440: 4388: 4079: 4041: 3500: 3257:

periods. Subjects from the Trojan War were a favourite among ancient Greek dramatists.

3250: 2585: 2534: 2124: 2077: 1740: 1460: 1440: 1338: 1320: 944: 908: 518: 465: 417: 346: 293: 174: 6787: 6221: 5419: 3359: 1970:, for its dominion. Zeus took the Air and the Sky, Poseidon the Waters, and Hades the 9570: 9353: 9329: 9315: 9303: 9254: 9085: 9014: 8985: 8348: 8343: 8032: 7985: 7965: 7871: 7851: 7773: 7547: 7300: 7157: 6835: 6476: 6460: 6380: 6357: 6313: 6295: 6270: 6244: 6211: 6187: 6168: 6153: 6133: 6117: 6093: 6078: 6057: 6039: 6018: 5998: 5948: 5914: 5893: 5874: 5762: 5742: 5685: 5675: 5507: 5409: 5367: 5355: 5343: 5316: 5291: 5266: 4823: 4176: 4105: 4045: 3789: 3622: 3572: 3481: 3446: 3330: 2822: 2773: 2488: 1736: 1714: 1342: 1308: 1230: 1152: 717: 498: 367: 9510: 4679: 4465:. Translated by Fagles, Robert; Knox, Bernard. New York: Penguin Books. p. 589. 3597:, who says that it "unleashes a forgotten kind of theatrical energy into the world". 3362:. Even without Homer, the Trojan War story had remained central to Western European 9605: 9075: 9028: 8653: 8621: 8517: 8467: 8389: 8384: 8293: 8288: 8167: 8132: 8065: 7752: 7447: 7251: 6863: 6070: 4815: 4766: 4667: 4500: 4432: 4147: 4067: 4063: 3900: 3777: 3577: 3525: 3422:

and his delight in the epic, as well as contemporary debates about its authorship.

3350:. Other accounts read in the Middle Ages were antique Latin retellings such as the 3319: 3254: 3246: 3068: 3034:

many other ancient Greek depictions, where war is an aspiration for greater glory.

2994: 2847: 2785: 2769: 2580: 2514: 2116: 1971: 1651: 1570: 1055: 1012:

poem's repetitions and use of similes and epithets are often explored by scholars.

1008: 971: 924: 824: 764: 697: 571: 447: 314: 9159: 4475: 4314: 1505: 9260: 9042: 8921: 8845: 8462: 8423: 7407: 7120: 7114: 7099: 7089: 6620: 6559: 6438: 6374: 6351: 6305: 6258: 6148: 6128: 6111: 6033: 6012: 5713: 5665: 4898: 4351: 4281:. Translated by Wilson, Emily. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 115. 4132: 4023: 3795: 3747: 3607: 3492: 3430: 3411: 2683: 2594: 2576: 1537: 1276: 722: 712: 682: 461: 1054:

towards the end of the Trojan War, fought between the Trojans and the besieging

54:

Inscription of lines 468–473, Book I. 400–500 AD, from Egypt. On display at the

9627: 9455: 9443: 9365: 8613: 8525: 8283: 7938: 7840: 7401: 7268: 7067: 7056: 6856: 6795: 6499: 6487: 6472: 6335: 6326: 6049: 5839: 5130: 4709: 4249: 3986: 3969: 3965: 3932: 3872: 3759: 3462: 3434: 3371: 2909: 2851: 2777: 2752: 2720:. Literature was central to the educational-cultural function of the itinerant 2524: 2176:, "homecoming") occurs seven times in the poem, making it a minor theme in the 1966:

of the world that Zeus, Poseidon, and Hades effected in deposing their father,

1666: 1533: 1250: 1085: 983: 878: 550: 427: 169: 103: 76: 55: 9534: 5384: 4671: 2665:, copied in the 10th century AD, is the oldest fully extant manuscript of the 1405: 9621: 9498: 9291: 9285: 9139: 9035: 9021: 8759: 8704: 7504: 6875: 6287: 6143: 6106: 6028: 6008: 5982: 5850: 5734: 5689: 5447: 5335: 4884: 4827: 4383: 4059: 4053: 3835: 3755: 3720: 3699: 3644: 3550: 3538: 3284: 2781: 2613: 1685: 1168: 1050: 959: 887: 407: 352: 113: 6416: 6180: 193: 9593: 9540: 9322: 8696: 8509: 8358: 6889: 6718: 6201: 5777:

Nikoletseas Michael M. The Iliad: The Male Totem, 2013. ISBN 978-1482069006

5643: 5634: 5612: 5549: 5520: 5484: 4267:

Bell, Robert H. "Homer's humor: laughter in the Iliad." hand 1 (2007): 596.

3876: 3859: 3769: 3732: 3703: 3617: 3594: 3514: 3323: 3293: 3206: 2793: 2744: 1747:

and is the cause of their hatred for Paris, the Judge, and his town Troy."

1590: 357: 320: 6263: 5897: 4819: 2561:

at approximately 400 years before his own time, which would place them at

1435:

Achilles mourns Patroclus, brokenhearted. Meanwhile, at Thetis's request,

1402:

is sent to tell Achilles the news and asks him to help retrieve the body.

1229:) Hector rallies the Trojans and prevents a rout. Diomedes and the Trojan 1179:

rescues him and leads him to bed with Helen before Menelaus can kill him.

982:

were composed independently and that the stories formed as part of a long

9522: 9372: 9272: 9170: 8826: 8541: 8394: 8001: 7778: 7768: 7737: 7645: 7610: 7573: 7316: 7230: 7195: 6868: 6635:

in Homeric Greek by Demetrios Chalkokondyles, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek

5083: 3989:

addresses the matters of translation and interpretation in rendering the

3957: 3908: 3725: 3715: 3649: 3590: 3506: 3327: 3280: 2765: 1493:

Despite the counsel of Polydamas and the pleas of his parents, Priam and

1234: 1136:, a common soldier who voices discontent about fighting Agamemnon's war. 963: 528: 307: 159: 123: 6597:

Comments on background, plot, themes, authorship, and translation issues

6505: 6493: 6466: 5911:

Multitextuality in the Homeric Iliad: The Witness of the Ptolemaic Papyr

5608:"Alice Oswald withdraws from TS Eliot prize in protest at sponsor Aurum" 4423:

Kullmann, Wolfgang (1985). "Gods and Men in the Iliad and the Odyssey".

4098:

published the first full-length English translation by a woman in 2015.

4014:

in hexameters; the last in 1945. Perhaps the most fluent of them was by

2119:'s chariot, the house of Poseidon, the throne of Zeus, and the house of 9419: 9359: 9223: 9097: 8888: 8605: 8482: 8247: 8147: 8060: 8050: 7970: 7944: 7876: 7758: 7747: 7700: 7675: 7650: 7635: 7620: 7563: 7422: 7131: 6942: 6730: 6670: 6537: 6529: 6517: 6481: 6236: 4842: 3947: 3763: 3602: 3367: 3082:

is done by the heroes in an orderly, one-on-one fashion. Much like the

3037: 2990: 2789: 2761: 2379: 2120: 1674: 1643: 1436: 1413: 1238: 1041: 936: 912: 759: 589: 508: 362: 279: 230: 219: 197: 9108: 7933: 5807: 4835: 4778: 4444: 4295:

Modern Greek folklore and ancient Greek religion: a study in survivals

2805:(1960), Lord presents likenesses between the tragedies of the Achaean 9341: 9241: 9187: 9153: 8487: 8313: 8217: 8182: 8102: 7928: 7923: 7898: 7866: 7845: 7813: 7732: 7685: 7670: 7640: 7600: 7537: 7521: 7515: 7489: 7484: 7464: 7437: 7390: 7105: 6706: 6534:, by Andrew Lang, Walter Leaf and Ernest Meyers, at Project Gutenberg 5938: 5165: 4123: 3961: 3682: 3470: 3258: 2903: 2895: 2868: 2862: 2806: 2756: 2662: 2656: 2607: 2546: 2388: 2373: 2352: 2344: 2335: 2324: 2315: 2309: 2297: 2288: 2273: 2267: 2258: 2163: 2155: 2142: 2136: 2128: 2104: 2092: 2086: 2006: 2000: 1986: 1978: 1656: 1623: 1517: 1513: 1483: 1464: 1388: 1384: 1376: 1296: 1176: 1133: 1093: 1081: 1059: 928: 890: 687: 677: 647: 622: 503: 452: 442: 437: 397: 248: 4986:(8 May 2006) University of Saskatchewan. Retrieved 26 November 2007. 4566: 4313:

Adkins, A. W. H.; Pollard, John Richard Thornhill (March 2, 2020) .

3063:

by heart." Moreover, it can be argued that the warfare shown in the

986:. The poem was performed by professional reciters of Homer known as 9587: 9528: 9431: 9384: 9378: 9309: 9279: 9235: 8262: 8187: 8177: 8127: 8086: 8038: 7980: 7975: 7913: 7903: 7861: 7819: 7803: 7788: 7783: 7763: 7742: 7655: 7625: 7605: 7589: 7557: 7510: 7479: 7458: 7417: 7396: 7385: 7147: 7136: 7126: 7109: 7062: 7042: 7027: 6896: 6770: 6687: 6454: 4770: 4436: 4034: 3973: 3896: 3884: 3862:

as seen in the rehabilitation histories of combat veteran patients.

3488: 3395: 3263: 3164:

In terms of the ideology of commanders in later Greek history, the

2721: 2717: 2693: 2590: 2449:

Still, we will let all this be a thing of the past, and for all our

2418:

your prize, I myself going to your shelter, that you may learn well

1844: 1756: 1619: 1593: 1582: 1578: 1525: 1353: 1312: 1288: 1242: 1207: 1191: 1156: 1105: 1089: 1077: 987: 932: 692: 672: 609: 432: 422: 412: 402: 244: 6982: 6054:

Travelling Heroes: Greeks and their myths in the epic age of Homer

4406:

The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind

1218:

to defeat Diomedes. Many heroes and commanders join in, including

1108:

returns Chryseis to her father, causing Apollo to end the plague.

1020: 9480: 9474: 9449: 9425: 9413: 9407: 9401: 9248: 9211: 8308: 8232: 8117: 8055: 7996: 7991: 7918: 7908: 7893: 7830: 7824: 7808: 7798: 7722: 7665: 7474: 7452: 7094: 7052: 6924: 6910: 6758: 6723: 5285: 3920: 3880: 3813: 3442: 3391: 3158: 3072: 2986: 2899: 2402: 2183: 2065:

the excellence of my glory is gone, but there will be a long life

1801: 1773: 1705:

logic by which a conclusion determines the validity of evidence.

1456: 1417: 1115:, a minor goddess and sea nymph. Achilles asks his mother to ask 1101: 1069: 1063: 899: 769: 637: 532: 523: 372: 7835: 3746:(2009), by American author and Yale Writers' Conference founder 2057:

I carry two sorts of destiny toward the day of my death. Either,

1915:

Do it, then; but not all the rest of us gods shall approve you.

1884:

Do it, then; but not all the rest of us gods shall approve you.

1416:'s forge waiting to receive Achilles's new weapons. Fresco from 1345:

urges Hector to fall back because of a bad omen but is ignored.

1186:) The gods deliberate over whether the war should end here, but 9552: 9546: 9516: 9504: 9461: 9437: 9181: 8661: 8597: 8318: 8257: 8237: 8222: 8192: 8162: 8157: 8142: 8122: 8107: 8081: 7949: 7887: 7881: 7793: 7716: 7680: 7584: 7527: 7499: 7469: 7380: 7037: 7032: 6903: 6849: 6742: 6682: 6610: 5759:

Odysseus in America: Combat Trauma and the Trials of Homecoming

5739:

Achilles in Vietnam: Combat trauma and the undoing of character

5311:

Logue, Christopher (2015). "Introduction by Christopher Reid".

5154:

Soldiers and Ghosts: A History of Battle in Classical Antiquity

3844:

Odysseus in America: Combat Trauma and the Trials of Homecoming

3840:

Achilles in Vietnam: Combat Trauma and the Undoing of Character

3821: 3686: 3437:

translations during the early Middle Ages. Al-Boustani credits

3154: 2817: 2729: 2705: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2420:

how much greater I am than you, and another man may shrink back

2165: 2052: 1967: 1913:

doomed by his destiny, from ill-sounding death and release him?

1909:

Father of the shining bolt, dark misted, what is this you said?

1882:

doomed by his destiny, from ill-sounding death and release him?

1793: 1728: 1660: 1574: 1556: 1529: 1494: 1409: 1219: 1211: 1197: 1172: 1160: 1144: 1125: 1112: 1073: 727: 627: 604: 599: 584: 513: 493: 488: 377: 284: 3754:

as a novel in modern, sometimes graphic language. Informed by

3610:(which received its premiere in 1962) is based loosely on the 3465:

wrote the dramatic poem "Cassandra" in 1901–1907 based on the

3326:

forged accounts formed the basis of several eminently popular

3107:

render again the care of his dear parents; he was short-lived,

2867:

nobles (lower social rank rulers) with minor deities, such as

2067:

left for me, and my end in death will not come to me quickly.

1755:, Paris challenges any of the Achaeans to a single combat and 1512:, showing the sacrifice of Trojan slaves. From left to right: 9564: 9492: 9347: 9266: 9165: 8242: 8137: 8044: 8012: 7960: 7660: 7552: 7347: 7083: 7073: 6819: 6763: 6747: 6699: 6639: 5011:

Armstrong, James I. (1958). "The Arming Motif in the Iliad."

4877: 4869: 4861: 4120:

Rom. Bibl. Nat. gr. 6 + Matriti. Bibl. Nat. 4626 from 870–890

3657: 3315: 2993:, the chariot was the main battle transport-weapon (e.g. the 2913: 2814: 2650: 2644: 2638: 2632: 2626: 2616: 2601: 2543:

is 630 BC, as evidenced by reflection in art and literature.

2457:

time Zeus wishes to bring it about, and the other immortals.

2382: 2367: 2303: 2279: 2196: 2171: 2110: 2098: 2028: 2012: 1994: 1988: 1944:

kills this man. It is destined that he shall be the survivor,

1911:

Do you wish to bring back a man who is mortal, one long since

1880:

Do you wish to bring back a man who is mortal, one long since

1852:

Ah me, that it is destined that the dearest of men, Sarpedon,

1819:

You yourself are not one who shall live long, but now already

1806:

for cowardly avoidance of his fate, by attempting his defeat;

1720: 1678: 1521: 1509: 1140: 995: 916: 894: 483: 40: 5443:

by Alice Oswald. Surfing the rip tide of all things Homeric"

3867:

Psyhologist-neuroscientist Michael Nikoletseas analyzed the

3712:, which began in 1998, retells the legend of the Trojan War. 3283:, and it remains the first and most influential work of the 2743:

as written poetry, and Homer as a writer, yet by the 1920s,

2692:

and published by Bernardus Nerlius and Demetrius Damilas in

1940:

But come, let us ourselves get him away from death, for fear

1823:

to go down under the hands of Aiakos' great son, Achilleus.

1817:

And put away in your heart this other thing that I tell you.

1655:

familiar to the works of Homer. The Classical-era historian

1076:, offers the Achaeans wealth for the return of his daughter 9599: 9335: 9297: 8298: 8267: 8252: 8227: 8197: 8172: 8152: 8112: 6573: 3817: 3298:, was very widely studied and read as a basic school text. 2962:

that's how close their helmets and bossed shields lined up,

2334:

focus on Achilles's rage and the destruction it brings on,

2224: 1878:

Majesty, son of Kronos, what sort of thing have you spoken?

1797: 1788:, 'fated death') propels most of the events of the 1783: 1732: 1627: 1586: 1475: 1341:

with godly power. Many fall on both sides. The Trojan seer

1215: 1187: 1164: 1129: 1116: 1045: 920: 883: 865: 839: 836: 652: 642: 632: 594: 6339:, 18 September 2023, pp. 46–53. Long-form article on 6167:, Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press, 1999, 4695:

Thompson, Diane P. "Achilles' Wrath and the Plan of Zeus."

4040:

Since 1950, there have been several English translations:

3418:

discusses his childhood introduction to the matter of the

3097:

Simoeisios in his stripling's beauty, whom once his mother

2933:

right where he stood, ending his life—then he'd duck back,

2918:) with which he protects himself and Teucer, his brother: 2061:

my return home is gone, but my glory shall be everlasting;

1854:

must go down under the hands of Menoitios' son Patroclus.

1815:

and of men it was Euphorbos; you are only my third slayer.

1696:, which posits that until about the time described in the 1167:. Here, the initial cause of the entire war is explained: 5937: 4848: 4088:

translated the Iliad in 2015, a version published by the

3487:"Achilles in the Trench" is one of the best-known of the 3302:, a Roman Senator, is credited with a translation of the 3113:

of the right breast, and the bronze spearhead drove clean

3111:

who struck him as he first came forward beside the nipple

2968:

horsehair plumes touched when warriors moved their heads.

2728:

of athletics, music, poetics, and sacrifice, celebrating

2447:

So it was here that the lord of men Agamemnon angered me.

2239:

hero of this story. Examining his actions throughout the

1245:

farewell on the city walls. He then rejoins the battle. (

830: 8992:

Thetis Receiving the Weapons of Achilles from Hephaestus

4056:

lines and numerous allusions to earlier English poetry.

3812:

as well as the works of other classical authors such as

2059:

if I stay here and fight beside the city of the Trojans,

1813:

No, deadly destiny, with the son of Leto, has killed me,

1151:) The armies approach each other, but before they meet, 8419:

Interpretation of Achilles' and Patroclus' relationship

6817: 3685:, a princess of Troy and a prophetess who is cursed by 3484:, the first known movie adaptation of Homer's epic poem 3101:

when she had followed her father and mother to tend the

3095:

There Telamonian Ajax struck down the son of Anthemion,

3046: 2935:

crouching down by Ajax, like a child beside its mother.

2768:(1912–1991), studied the oral-formulaic composition of 2571:

The historical backdrop of the poem is the time of the

2453:

Now I shall go, to overtake that killer of a dear life,

2422:

from likening himself to me and contending against me.

2063:

but if I return home to the beloved land of my fathers,

1669:(2003) discusses the relevance of divine action in the 1363: 5040:

Reading Epic: An Introduction to the Ancient Narrative

3105:

Therefore they called him Simoeisios; but he could not

2912:, son of Telamon, sports a large, rectangular shield ( 1439:

fashions a new set of armor for Achilles, including a

1256: 5792:

The Oxford Guide to English Literature in Translation

5575:"Poet withdraws from TS Eliot prize over sponsorship" 4757:

Moore, C. H. (1921). "Prophecy in the Ancient Epic".

4368:

Greek Gods, Human Lives: What We Can Learn From Myths

2966:

man against man. On the bright ridges of the helmets,

2964:

shield pressing against shield, helmet against helmet

2937:

Ajax would then conceal him with his shining shield.

2451:

sorrow beat down by force the anger deeply within us.

2416:

followers; but I shall take the fair-cheeked Briseis,

1446: 1352:) Hera seduces Zeus and lulls him to sleep, allowing 8947:

The Ambassadors of Agamemnon in the tent of Achilles

6627:

Digital facsimile of the first printed publication (

6331:"Mother Tongue: How Emily Wilson makes Homer modern" 5941:(1975) . Burn, A. R.; de Sélincourt, Aubrey (eds.). 4158: 3390:

but focused on a medieval legend, the love story of

3099:

descending from Ida bore beside the banks of Simoeis

3038:

Modern reconstructions of armor, weapons, and styles

2960:

using well-fitted stones to keep out forceful winds,

2958:

Just as a man constructs a wall for some high house,

2925:

He stood beneath the shield of Ajax, son of Telamon.

2890:

Despite Mycenae and Troy being maritime powers, the

2455:

Hektor; then I will accept my own death, at whatever

1210:

kills many Trojans, including Pandarus, and defeats

943:

is often regarded as the first substantial piece of

842: 833: 4999:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p. 190, 195. 4129:

Venetus B = Venetus Marc. 821 from the 11th century

4078:, 2007) renders the work in English verse like the 4018:in response to Arnold." In 1870, the American poet 3960:'s mid-17th-century translation is among the early 3322:, who were supposedly present at the events. These 3306:in the decade 60 A.D.-70 A.D. The work is known as 3245:was a standard work of great importance already in 3157:tale of 300 picked men fighting against 300 picked 3109:

beaten down beneath the spear of high-hearted Ajax,

2414:

I shall convey her back in my own ship, with my own

2040:ὤλετό μοι κλέος ἐσθλόν, ἐπὶ δηρὸν δέ μοι αἰὼν (415) 1821:

death and powerful destiny are standing beside you,

1777: 1692:as a major piece of evidence for his theory of the 827: 6262: 6179: 5843: 5823:The Iliad: A New Translation by Caroline Alexander 5573: 4341:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 2929:Teucer would peer out quickly, shoot off an arrow, 2412:Even as Phoibos Apollo is taking away my Chryseis. 1743:determines the whole conduct of both goddesses in 7102:(second rule) (regent for Eteocles and Polynices) 6376:Studies in the text and transmission of the Iliad 6292:The Iliad: A Commentary: Volume VI, Books 21–24, 6210:. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. 5913:. Washington, D.C.: Center for Hellenic Studies. 4561: 4559: 4339:Honor Thy Gods: Popular Religion in Greek Tragedy 3209:. This is even later referred to by Homer in the 2637:is the specifically feminine adjective form from 1942:the son of Kronos may be angered if now Achilleus 9619: 6088:Kouroupis, Georgios; Tsiplakos, Ioannis (2022). 5467: 5118:Sailing the Wine Dark Sea: Why the Greeks Matter 4712:London: T. Nelsons & Sons. 1938. p. 11. 3903:'s engraved title page of a 1660 edition of the 3230: 3008:And don't lag behind. That will hurt our charge. 2835:yield richer meaning because the "arming motif" 6149:The Iliad: A Commentary: Volume III, Books 9–12 6034:The Iliad: A Commentary: Volume IV, Books 13–16 5639:"Why I pulled out of the TS Eliot poetry prize" 4518:"The Concept of the Hero in Greek Civilization" 3693: 3370:; Britain was supposedly settled by the Trojan 3012:should thrust with his spear at him from there. 2985:In describing infantry combat, Homer names the 2931:hit someone in the crowd, dropping that soldier 2885: 2030:μήτηρ γάρ τέ μέ φησι θεὰ Θέτις ἀργυρόπεζα (410) 1946:that the generation of Dardanos shall not die… 6623:study guide, themes, quotes, teacher resources 6014:The Iliad: A Commentary: Volume V, Books 17–20 5838: 4573:, Vol. 97, No. 1 (Jan., 2002), pp. 61–68. 4556: 2593:, the time of Homer, but as it was before the 2042:ἔσσεται, οὐδέ κέ μ' ὦκα τέλος θανάτοιο κιχείη. 2038:εἰ δέ κεν οἴκαδ' ἵκωμι φίλην ἐς πατρίδα γαῖαν, 2036:ὤλετο μέν μοι νόστος, ἀτὰρ κλέος ἄφθιτον ἔσται 1155:offers to end the war by fighting a duel with 9124: 7332: 6998: 6803: 6655: 6129:The Iliad: A Commentary: Volume II, Books 5–8 4312: 4037:at Cambridge University, graduating in 1859. 3513:" in 1939, shortly after the commencement of 2923:Ninth came Teucer, stretching his curved bow. 2034:εἰ μέν κ' αὖθι μένων Τρώων πόλιν ἀμφιμάχωμαι, 1606: 1066:, acts as commander for these united armies. 796: 6243:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 6112:The Iliad: A Commentary: Volume I, Books 1–4 5969:, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1951 4255:Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary 3681:retells the story from the point of view of 3018:their chests full of that style and spirit. 2393:, "wrath," "rage," "fury"), establishes the 2323:Agamemnon refuses to ransom Chriseis out of 1198:Duels of Greek and Trojan Heroes (Books 5–7) 5260: 4691: 4689: 4033:was published by Longmans. Butler had read 3718:'s epic science fiction adaptation/tribute 3351: 3291: 3051:While the Homeric poems (particularly, the 3006:trusting in your strength and horsemanship. 2970:That's how close they were to one another. 2927:As Ajax cautiously pulled his shield aside, 2861:) mythologies, parallelling the hereditary 2735:Originally, Classical scholars treated the 2681: 2532: 2508: 1652:Olympian gods, goddesses, and minor deities 1562: 210: 9131: 9117: 8526:Daretis Phrygii de excidio Trojae historia 8518:Dictys Cretensis Ephemeridos belli Trojani 7346: 7339: 7325: 7005: 6991: 6810: 6796: 6662: 6648: 5702: 5286:Bruce B. Lawrence and Aisha Karim (2008). 4653: 4651: 3581:, an "account", not a translation, of the 3010:Any man whose chariot confronts an enemy's 2032:διχθαδίας κῆρας φερέμεν θανάτοιο τέλος δέ. 803: 789: 8975:Menelaus supporting the body of Patroclus 5961: 5265:. Cairo, Egypt: Hindawi. pp. 26–27. 4744: 4727: 4610:II.46, V.724, XIII.22, XIV.238, XVIII.370 4598: 4126:= Venetus Marc. 822 from the 10th century 3924:Sampling of translations and editions of 3776:(2011), is based on but departs from the 3626:(1983) is a critical engagement with the 3358:and works in the vernaculars such as the 3189: 3126: 3016:men wiped out city strongholds long ago — 3014:That's the most effective tactic, the way 2468: 2433: 1957: 1926: 1895: 1865: 1834: 1031: 5545:"TS Eliot prize 2011 shortlist revealed" 5473: 4686: 4493:The Classical Origins of Western Culture 4476:Fate as presented in Homer's "The Iliad" 4422: 4336: 3919: 3895: 3004:don't any of you charge ahead of others, 3002:In your eagerness to engage the Trojans, 2980:16.213–217 (translated by Ian Johnston). 2643:. The masculine adjective form would be 2479: 2351: 1569: 1499: 1404: 1267: 1019: 9138: 5506: 5432: 5385:"All Time Worldwide Box Office Grosses" 5237:"Thetis Transporting Arms for Achilles" 5156:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 4657: 4648: 4226: 3891: 3736:(2004), a loose film adaptation of the 3728:for best science fiction novel of 2003. 3028:4.301–309 (translated by Ian Johnston). 2874: 2495: 1800:through sending omens to seers such as 1311:, and wreak havoc in the camps of some 9620: 6459:Multiple translations of the Iliad at 5664: 5633: 5571: 5516:by Madeline Miller, and more – review" 5401: 5313:War Music, an account of Homer's Iliad 5290:. Duke University Press. p. 377. 4759:Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 4425:Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 4291: 4022:published a blank verse version, that 3565:in Act One and events inspired by the 2947:8.267–272, translated by Ian Johnston. 1708: 877: 9112: 8566:On First Looking into Chapman's Homer 7320: 6986: 6791: 6643: 6435:, translated by William Cullen Bryant 6090:The Iliad: honour and glory in Wilios 5864: 5787: 5785: 5783: 5605: 5542: 5310: 5148: 5146: 5144: 5142: 5140: 5042:. New Fetter Lane, London: Routledge. 5007: 5005: 4925:Robot Scans Ancient Manuscript in 3-D 4756: 4460: 4456: 4454: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4400: 4398: 3953:On First Looking into Chapman's Homer 3499:while waiting to be sent to fight at 3237:Trojan War in literature and the arts 3078:Much of the detailed fighting in the 2103:, "fame imperishable"). In the poem, 2091:, he will earn the greater reward of 329:Trojan War in literature and the arts 6269:. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell. 6152:, Cambridge University Press, 1993. 6132:, Cambridge University Press, 1990. 6077:, Cambridge University Press, 2010. 6017:, Cambridge University Press, 1991. 5908: 5572:Waters, Florence (6 December 2011). 5405:Memorial: An Excavation of the Iliad 4800: 4520:. Athome.harvard.edu. Archived from 4362: 4360: 4332: 4330: 3654: 3480:" (1911), an Italian silent film by 3456: 3047:Influence on classical Greek warfare 2699: 2022: 1364:The Death of Patroclus (Books 16–18) 993:Critical themes in the poem include 7012: 6356:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 6312:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 5703:Ciabattari, Jane (March 21, 2012). 5208: 4261: 2055:the goddess of silver feet tells me 1873:About his dilemma, Hera asks Zeus: 1634: 1391:, and is finally killed by Hector. 1257:The Rout of the Greeks (Books 8–15) 13: 8776:The Trojan War Will Not Take Place 7117:(third rule) (regent for Laodamas) 6599:by 2008 translator Herbert Jordan. 6578:. An interactive visualization of 6379:, Munich : K. G. Saur, 2001. 6294:Cambridge University Press, 1993. 6163:Murray, A. T.; Wyatt, William F., 6116:Cambridge University Press, 1985. 6038:Cambridge University Press, 1992. 5974: 5873:. New York, London: W. W. Norton. 5780: 5137: 5131:"The Greek Age of Bronze – Armour" 5002: 4984:The Iliad as Oral Formulaic Poetry 4804:(1999). "The Invention of Homer". 4451: 4411: 4395: 4104:'s 2023 translation uses unrhymed 3724:was released in 2003, receiving a 3347:Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye 2287: 1447:The Rage of Achilles (Books 19–24) 1279:, late 5th, early 6th centuries AD 14: 9669: 6391: 5606:Flood, Alison (6 December 2011). 5543:Flood, Alison (20 October 2011). 5474:Kellaway, Kate (2 October 2011). 5188:Greek Warfare: Myth and Realities 4357: 4327: 4276: 4026:describes as "simple, faithful". 3935:published his translation of the 3394:, son of King Priam of Troy, and 7299: 7288: 7287: 6941: 6585:s characters flow and relations. 6443: 5433:Holland, Tom (17 October 2011). 4923:Blackwell, Amy Hackney (2007). " 4161: 3384:as source material for his play 1001:instances of comedy and laughter 823: 237: 204: 188: 48: 5902: 5887: 5858: 5832: 5815: 5797: 5771: 5751: 5728: 5696: 5658: 5627: 5599: 5588:from the original on 2022-01-10 5565: 5536: 5500: 5426: 5395: 5377: 5329: 5304: 5279: 5254: 5229: 5202: 5193: 5180: 5159: 5123: 5110: 5095: 5077: 5061: 5045: 5032: 5020: 4989: 4976: 4962: 4934: 4917: 4903: 4854: 4794: 4785: 4750: 4733: 4716: 4698: 4613: 4604: 4587: 4576: 4535: 4510: 4481: 4469: 4386:(2003). "Bring Back the Gods". 4220: 3310:and was formerly attributed to 3249:and remained so throughout the 3168:has an interesting effect. The 1132:. Odysseus confronts and beats 970:, but contemporary scholarship 378:Aeneas and the Founding of Rome 8413:The Iliad or the Poem of Force 6669: 5261:Al-Boustani, Suleyman (2012). 4849:Herodotus (de Sélincourt) 1975 4543:"Heroes and the Homeric Iliad" 4497:The Core Studies 1 Study Guide 4377: 4354:, Classical Technology Center. 4345: 4306: 4292:Lawson, John Cuthbert (1910). 4285: 4270: 4243: 4111: 4090:University of California Press 3950:praised Chapman in the sonnet 3632:Frankfurter Poetik-Vorlesungen 3561:, with events inspired by the 3541:, was freely adapted from the 3517:. The essay describes how the 3511:The Iliad or the Poem of Force 935:. It is a central part of the 903:, the poem is divided into 24 1: 8981:Orestes Pursued by the Furies 8560:English translations of Homer 6603:Flaxman illustrations of the 6241:History and the Homeric Iliad 6186:. London: Allen & Unwin. 6165:Homer: The Iliad, Books I–XII 5845:"Homer's history of violence" 5014:American Journal of Philology 4208: 4203:English translations of Homer 4052:, 1974) uses shorter, mostly 3916:English translations of Homer 3856:posttraumatic stress disorder 3557:state in the years after the 3408:in New York City since 2013. 3231:Influence on arts and culture 2855: 2631:, meaning "the Trojan poem". 2562: 2410:But here is my threat to you. 1847:, his mortal son, Zeus says: 1597: 90: 81:English translations of Homer 16:Epic poem attributed to Homer 8968:The Loves of Paris and Helen 6422:Resources in other libraries 5997:Cambridge University Press. 5761:. New York: Scribner, 2002. 4236: 4076:University of Michigan Press 3998:that he is eminently noble. 3694:Contemporary popular culture 3469:. It describes the story of 2904: 2886:Depiction of infantry combat 2863: 2780:studies, later developed by 2608: 2389: 2374: 2345: 2340:fuels and stokes them both. 2336: 2325: 2316: 2310: 2298: 2289: 2274: 2268: 2259: 2164: 2156: 2143: 2137: 2129: 2105: 2093: 2087: 2007: 2001: 1987: 1979: 1784: 1504:A detail of fresco from the 1441:magnificently wrought shield 1387:, is set upon by Apollo and 1275:, Book VIII, lines 245–253, 958:were likely written down in 866: 135:; 426 years ago 7: 9559:The Tale of Igor's Campaign 8854:In Search of the Trojan War 8429:Parallels between Virgil's 6964:Contest of Homer and Hesiod 6453:public domain audiobook at 5705:"Madeline Miller Discusses 5408:. London: Faber and Faber. 4182:Parallels between Virgil's 4154: 3828: 3762:and the historicity of the 3153:One example of this is the 2764:, Parry and his assistant, 1143:, the Trojans respond in a 1040:) The story begins with an 1015: 10: 9674: 8933:Andromache Mourning Hector 8905:And Then There Was Silence 7055:(regent for Labdacus) and 6575:Gods, Achaeans and Troyans 5931: 5241:Metropolitan Museum of Art 4878: 4870: 4862: 4370:. New Haven, Connecticut: 4300:Cambridge University Press 3913: 3658: 3549:, resetting the action to 3406:Metropolitan Museum of Art 3234: 2914: 2878: 2772:oral poetry, yielding the 2651: 2645: 2639: 2633: 2627: 2617: 2602: 2512: 2383: 2368: 2308:) plays a part similar to 2304: 2280: 2215: 2172: 2111: 2099: 2029: 2013: 1995: 1778: 1712: 1626:is the goddess of beauty, 1607:The gods of Greek religion 1163:, his brother and hero of 931:and a celebrated warrior, 855: 66: 18: 9580: 9394: 9204: 9146: 9061:Warriors: Legends of Troy 9052: 9006: 8998:Statue of Zeus at Olympia 8914: 8880: 8837: 8794: 8751: 8672: 8589: 8582: 8552: 8501: 8455: 8367: 8331: 8276: 8210: 8095: 7709: 7373: 7369: 7360: 7282: 7261: 7171: 7020: 6958:Ancient accounts of Homer 6950: 6939: 6827: 6677: 6417:Resources in your library 5987:On the Iliad and Its Poet 5947:. London: Penguin Books. 5827:New York Journal of Books 5480:by Alice Oswald – review" 4970:The Columbia Encyclopedia 4672:10.1207/S15327981RR2201_2 3944:at years of discretion." 3846:(2002), which relate the 3806:Women's Prize for Fiction 3788:was short-listed for the 2366:The poem's initial word, 2154: 1763: 211: 203: 187: 180: 168: 155: 147: 129: 119: 109: 99: 86: 72: 62: 47: 37: 30: 9648:Poems adapted into films 8737:The Silence of the Girls 8407:Historicity of the Iliad 6556:from the Perseus Project 6353:The East Face of Helicon 6207:The Best of the Achaeans 6178:Mueller, Martin (1984). 5909:Bird, Graeme D. (2010). 5451:. London. Archived from 4366:Lefkowitz, Mary (2003). 4213: 3333:, most notably those of 3300:Publius Baebius Italicus 2573:Late Bronze Age collapse 2519:Historicity of the Iliad 2509:Date and textual history 2343: 2330:While the events of the 2190: 1977: 1585:from the battlefield of 1024:The first verses of the 962:, a literary mixture of 737:Historicity of the Iliad 8954:The Apotheosis of Homer 8689:Black Ships Before Troy 7755:(king's brother-in-law) 5993:De Jong, Irene (2012). 4973:(5 ed.) (1994). p. 173. 4894:A Greek–English Lexicon 4807:The Classical Quarterly 4567:ΚΛΕΟΣ ΑΦΘΙΤΟΝ Revisited 4487:Dunkle, Roger (1986). " 4404:Jaynes, Julian. (1976) 4320:Encyclopædia Britannica 4050:Oxford World's Classics 4029:An 1898 translation by 3402:William Theed the elder 2549:, having consulted the 2257: 2200:drives the plot of the 1768: 1622:is the god of the sea, 1589:; detail from an Attic 886:") is one of two major 9643:Ancient Greek religion 8646:The Shield of Achilles 8478:Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 21 8473:Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 20 8004:(Queen of the Amazons) 7139:(regent for Tisamenus) 6546:, at Project Gutenberg 6526:, at Project Gutenberg 6514:, at Project Gutenberg 6512:Theodore Alois Buckley 6502:, at Project Gutenberg 6490:, at Project Gutenberg 6343:'s Homer translations. 6310:Reciprocity and Ritual 5674:. London: Bloomsbury. 5402:Oswald, Alice (2011). 5116:Cahill, Tomas (2003). 5038:Toohey, Peter (1992). 4337:Mikalson, Jon (1991). 4143:Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 21 4138:Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 20 4000: 3929: 3911: 3667:homophonic translation 3535:John Treville Latouche 3352: 3335:Benoît de Sainte-Maure 3292: 3195: 3132: 3115:through the shoulder. 3031: 2983: 2950: 2690:Demetrius Chalcondyles 2682: 2539:for the dating of the 2533: 2523:The poem dates to the 2492: 2474: 2439: 2363: 2361:Michel Martin Drolling 2223:portrays the theme of 2049: 2026: 1963: 1932: 1901: 1871: 1840: 1612:Ancient Greek religion 1603: 1541: 1421: 1280: 1032:Exposition (Books 1–4) 1028: 708:Manapa-Tarhunta letter 373:Wanderings of Odysseus 255:Attic red-figure kylix 21:Iliad (disambiguation) 9658:Trojan War literature 9092:Where Troy Once Stood 8940:The Anger of Achilles 8763:(5th century BC play) 7524:(princess of Mycenae) 7305:Portal:Ancient Greece 7293:Category:Theban kings 7059:(regent for Labdacus) 6524:Edward, Earl of Derby 6073:; Haubold, Johannes, 5439:by Madeline Miller / 5288:On Violence: A Reader 5152:Lendon, J.E. (2005). 4995:Lord, Albert (1960). 4944:[Τὰ σωζόμενα] 4885:Liddell, Henry George 4372:Yale University Press 4169:Ancient Greece portal 4020:William Cullen Bryant 3995: 3923: 3914:Further information: 3899: 3798:'s 2011 debut novel, 3772:'s sixth collection, 3673:Marion Zimmer Bradley 3380:used the plot of the 3174: 3092: 2999: 2955: 2920: 2513:Further information: 2485:Achilles Slays Hector 2483: 2444: 2407: 2357:The Wrath of Achilles 2355: 1937: 1906: 1875: 1849: 1810: 1581:carrying the body of 1573: 1503: 1467:driving his chariot. 1408: 1271: 1023: 972:predominantly assumes 94: 8th century BC 9638:8th-century BC poems 9633:8th-century BC books 9444:La Chanson de Roland 8927:Achilles and Briseis 8897:The Triumph of Steel 8892:(1961 Tippett opera) 8870:Troy: Fall of a City 8768:Troilus and Cressida 8721:The Song of Achilles 8638:The Rape of the Lock 8630:Troilus and Criseyde 8573:On Translating Homer 7274:Necklace of Harmonia 7245:Seven Against Thebes 7238:The Phoenician Women 6284:Richardson, Nicholas 5842:(6 September 2023). 5811:Cambridge University 5707:The Song of Achilles 5671:The Song of Achilles 5637:(12 December 2011). 5514:The Song of Achilles 5437:The Song of Achilles 5211:"Historia Brittonum" 5089:A History of Warfare 4503:. Archived from the 3982:On Translating Homer 3892:English translations 3871:using concepts from 3801:The Song of Achilles 3744:The Rage of Achilles 3559:Spanish–American War 3497:Patrick Shaw-Stewart 3445:in the prime of the 3439:Theophilus of Edessa 3427:Suleyman al-Boustani 3387:Troilus and Cressida 3273:The Libation Bearers 3071:, ideology, and the 2875:Depiction of warfare 2755:easily applied to a 2726:Panathenaic Festival 2496:Glorification of War 1659:says that Homer and 1563:Greek gods and the 1375:Patroclus leads the 1249:) Hector duels with 1092:, the leader of the 703:Late Bronze Age Troy 247:tending the wounded 130:Published in English 19:For other uses, see 9653:Public domain books 9487:The Siege of Sziget 9230:Book of Dede Korkut 9140:National epic poems 8446:Rediscovering Homer 8380:Homeric scholarship 8354:Trojan Battle Order 6918:Capture of Oechalia 6828:Attributed to Homer 6736:Arctinus of Miletus 6712:Arctinus of Miletus 6142:Hainsworth, Bryan; 6092:. Athens: Akritas. 5967:Lattimore, Richmond 5510:(28 October 2011). 5315:. Faber and Faber. 4997:The Singer of Tales 4820:10.1093/cq/49.2.364 4571:Classical Philology 4198:Heinrich Schliemann 3495:and was written by 3378:William Shakespeare 3360:Icelandic Troy Saga 3339:Guido delle Colonne 2908:(shield) fighting. 2881:Trojan Battle Order 2802:The Singer of Tales 2557:, placed Homer and 2529:Classical antiquity 2401:kings and the seer 2020:The passage reads: 1808:Patroclus retorts: 1709:Divine intervention 1528:beheading a slave, 1206:) In the fighting, 1048:. The events begin 945:European literature 907:and was written in 755:Bronze Age Collapse 683:Archaeology of Troy 617:On the Trojan side: 547:Trojan Battle Order 8961:Jupiter and Thetis 8534:Hermoniakos' Iliad 8502:Alternate versions 8375:Dactylic hexameter 8339:Catalogue of Ships 8041:(princess of Troy) 7952:(King of Ethiopia) 7827:(priest of Apollo) 7816:(princess of Troy) 7443:Balius and Xanthus 7224:Oedipus at Colonus 7079:Amphion and Zethus 7070:(regent for Laius) 6776:Eugammon of Cyrene 6752:Eumelus of Corinth 6619:2014-08-15 at the 6539:The Iliad of Homer 6531:The Iliad of Homer 6519:The Iliad of Homer 6507:The Iliad of Homer 6495:The Iliad of Homer 6483:The Iliad of Homer 6468:The Iliad of Homer 6237:Page, Denys Lionel 6027:Edwards, Mark W.; 6007:Edwards, Mark W.; 5963:The Iliad by Homer 5741:. Scribner, 1994. 5508:Higgins, Charlotte 5364:Betrayal, Part One 5215:Fordham University 5029:, Book XVI, 130–54 4565:Volk, Katharina. " 4389:The New York Times 4106:iambic pentameters 4096:Caroline Alexander 4080:dactylic hexameter 4042:Richmond Lattimore 3930: 3912: 3331:chivalric romances 3218:tactical writers. 2859: 1150–800 BC 2751:were artifacts of 2704:In antiquity, the 2586:Catalogue of Ships 2535:terminus ante quem 2493: 2364: 2078:Richmond Lattimore 1741:Judgement of Paris 1604: 1542: 1422: 1281: 1080:, held captive by 1029: 923:by a coalition of 909:dactylic hexameter 879:[iː.li.ás] 579:On the Greek side: 477:Trojans and allies 466:Catalogue of Ships 347:Judgement of Paris 294:Iphigenia in Aulis 175:Dactylic hexameter 9615: 9614: 9571:Cantar de mio Cid 9354:Epic of Gilgamesh 9330:Hikayat Seri Rama 9316:Hikayat Hang Tuah 9304:Phra Lak Phra Lam 9106: 9105: 9086:Weighing of souls 8986:The Revelers Vase 8873:(2018 miniseries) 8865:(2003 miniseries) 8747: 8746: 8349:Judgment of Paris 8344:Deception of Zeus 8327: 8326: 8206: 8205: 7966:Mygdon of Phrygia 7507:(queen of Sparta) 7404:(king of Salamis) 7393:(king of Mycenae) 7314: 7313: 6980: 6979: 6836:Batrachomyomachia 6818:Works related to 6785: 6784: 6477:Project Gutenberg 6461:Project Gutenberg 6398:Library resources 6276:978-1-4051-5325-6 6250:978-0-520-00983-7 6173:978-0-674-99579-6 6071:Graziosi, Barbara 6063:978-0-7139-9980-8 5995:Iliad. Book XXII, 5920:978-0-674-05323-6 5804:St John's College 5767:978-0-7432-1157-4 5747:978-0-684-81321-9 5681:978-1-4088-1603-5 5415:978-0-571-27416-1 5372:978-1-58240-845-3 5322:978-0-571-31449-2 5297:978-0-8223-3769-0 5272:978-977-719-184-5 4507:December 5, 2007. 4177:Mask of Agamemnon 4082:of the original. 4046:Robert Fitzgerald 3838:wrote two books, 3790:T. S. Eliot Prize 3758:'s theory of the 3573:Christopher Logue 3509:wrote the essay " 3482:Giovanni Pastrone 3457:20th-century arts 3447:Abbasid Caliphate 3364:medieval literary 3312:Pindarus Thebaeus 2823:Epic of Gilgamesh 2776:that established 2774:Parry/Lord thesis 2700:As oral tradition 2489:Peter Paul Rubens 2083: 2082: 1715:Deception of Zeus 1315:allies of Troy. ( 1147:upon the plain. ( 864: 813: 812: 775:Mycenaean warfare 718:Tawagalawa letter 391:Greeks and allies 225: 224: 9665: 9133: 9126: 9119: 9110: 9109: 9076:Sortes Homericae 9029:Hold your horses 8819:The Trojan Horse 8784:The Golden Apple 8622:De bello Troiano 8587: 8586: 8521:(c. 4th century) 8513:(60–70 CE) 8468:Codex Nitriensis 8390:Homeric Question 8385:Homeric Laughter 8066:Rhesus of Thrace 8035:(prince of Troy) 7988:(prince of Troy) 7941:(prince of Troy) 7884:(prince of Troy) 7848:(prince of Troy) 7592:(king of Ithaca) 7560:(king of Sparta) 7402:Ajax the Greater 7371: 7370: 7367: 7366: 7341: 7334: 7327: 7318: 7317: 7303: 7291: 7290: 7262:Related articles 7190:(Euripides play) 7007: 7000: 6993: 6984: 6983: 6945: 6812: 6805: 6798: 6789: 6788: 6664: 6657: 6650: 6641: 6640: 6584: 6447: 6446: 6367: 6323: 6306:Seaford, Richard 6280: 6268: 6259:Powell, Barry B. 6254: 6232: 6230: 6229: 6220:. Archived from 6197: 6185: 6103: 6067: 5990: 5970: 5965:, translated by 5958: 5925: 5924: 5906: 5900: 5891: 5885: 5884: 5869:. Translated by 5862: 5856: 5855: 5847: 5836: 5830: 5819: 5813: 5808:The Iliad (1898) 5801: 5795: 5789: 5778: 5775: 5769: 5757:Shay, Jonathan. 5755: 5749: 5732: 5726: 5725: 5723: 5721: 5700: 5694: 5693: 5666:Miller, Madeline 5662: 5656: 5655: 5653: 5652: 5631: 5625: 5624: 5622: 5621: 5603: 5597: 5596: 5594: 5593: 5577: 5569: 5563: 5562: 5560: 5558: 5540: 5534: 5533: 5531: 5529: 5504: 5498: 5497: 5495: 5493: 5471: 5465: 5464: 5462: 5460: 5430: 5424: 5423: 5418:. Archived from 5399: 5393: 5392: 5381: 5375: 5340:A Thousand Ships 5333: 5327: 5326: 5308: 5302: 5301: 5283: 5277: 5276: 5263:الإلياذة (Iliad) 5258: 5252: 5251: 5249: 5247: 5233: 5227: 5226: 5224: 5222: 5206: 5200: 5197: 5191: 5186:Van Wees, Hans. 5184: 5178: 5163: 5157: 5150: 5135: 5134: 5127: 5121: 5114: 5108: 5099: 5093: 5081: 5075: 5065: 5059: 5049: 5043: 5036: 5030: 5024: 5018: 5009: 5000: 4993: 4987: 4980: 4974: 4966: 4960: 4959: 4957: 4956: 4938: 4932: 4921: 4915: 4907: 4901: 4881: 4880: 4873: 4872: 4865: 4864: 4858: 4852: 4846: 4840: 4839: 4798: 4792: 4789: 4783: 4782: 4754: 4748: 4737: 4731: 4720: 4714: 4713: 4708:. Translated by 4702: 4696: 4693: 4684: 4683: 4655: 4646: 4617: 4611: 4608: 4602: 4591: 4585: 4580: 4574: 4563: 4554: 4553: 4551: 4550: 4539: 4533: 4532: 4530: 4529: 4514: 4508: 4501:Brooklyn College 4485: 4479: 4473: 4467: 4466: 4458: 4449: 4448: 4420: 4409: 4402: 4393: 4381: 4375: 4364: 4355: 4349: 4343: 4342: 4334: 4325: 4324: 4315:"Greek religion" 4310: 4304: 4303: 4289: 4283: 4282: 4274: 4268: 4265: 4259: 4247: 4230: 4224: 4171: 4166: 4165: 4164: 4148:Codex Nitriensis 4074:'s translation ( 4068:Stanley Lombardo 4064:Penguin Classics 3979:In the lectures 3907:, translated by 3901:Wenceslas Hollar 3661: 3660: 3656: 3640: 3533:, by librettist 3530:The Golden Apple 3526:Broadway musical 3478:The fall of Troy 3374:, for instance. 3357: 3320:Dictys Cretensis 3297: 3247:Classical Greece 3193: 3130: 3029: 2995:Battle of Kadesh 2981: 2948: 2917: 2916: 2910:Ajax the Greater 2907: 2866: 2860: 2857: 2786:Marshall McLuhan 2716:as the bases of 2688:, was edited by 2687: 2655:. It is used by 2654: 2653: 2648: 2647: 2642: 2641: 2636: 2635: 2630: 2629: 2620: 2619: 2611: 2605: 2604: 2581:Mycenaean period 2567: 2564: 2538: 2515:Homeric Question 2472: 2437: 2399: 2392: 2386: 2385: 2377: 2371: 2370: 2348: 2339: 2328: 2319: 2313: 2307: 2306: 2301: 2292: 2283: 2282: 2277: 2271: 2262: 2175: 2174: 2169: 2159: 2146: 2140: 2132: 2114: 2113: 2108: 2102: 2101: 2096: 2090: 2085:In forgoing his 2044: 2043: 2023: 2016: 2015: 2010: 2004: 1998: 1997: 1992: 1982: 1961: 1930: 1899: 1869: 1838: 1807: 1787: 1781: 1780: 1688:(1976) uses the 1642:In the literary 1602: 1599: 1277:Greek manuscript 881: 876: 869: 859: 857: 849: 848: 845: 844: 841: 838: 835: 832: 829: 805: 798: 791: 765:Homeric Question 698:Homeric Question 562:Participant gods 315:The Trojan Women 266:Literary sources 241: 227: 226: 216: 215: 208: 207: 192: 191: 143: 141: 136: 95: 92: 79:and others; see 68: 52: 43: 33: 28: 27: 9673: 9672: 9668: 9667: 9666: 9664: 9663: 9662: 9618: 9617: 9616: 9611: 9576: 9390: 9261:Vepkhistkaosani 9200: 9142: 9137: 9107: 9102: 9048: 9043:Noblesse oblige 9002: 8922:Tabulae Iliacae 8910: 8876: 8846:The Myth Makers 8833: 8790: 8743: 8668: 8578: 8548: 8497: 8463:Ambrosian Iliad 8451: 8424:Milawata letter 8402:Jørgensen's law 8363: 8323: 8272: 8202: 8091: 8073:(king of Lycia) 7890:(queen of Troy) 7719:(royal demigod) 7705: 7581:(king of Pylos) 7518:(king of Crete) 7461:(king of Argos) 7408:Ajax the Lesser 7356: 7345: 7315: 7310: 7278: 7257: 7167: 7016: 7014:Kings of Thebes 7011: 6981: 6976: 6946: 6937: 6823: 6816: 6786: 6781: 6673: 6668: 6629:editio princeps 6621:Wayback Machine 6592:: A Study Guide 6582: 6444: 6439:Standard Ebooks 6428: 6427: 6426: 6406: 6405: 6401: 6394: 6389: 6371:West, Martin L. 6364: 6346: 6327:Thurman, Judith 6320: 6304: 6277: 6257: 6251: 6235: 6227: 6225: 6218: 6200: 6194: 6177: 6100: 6087: 6064: 6050:Fox, Robin Lane 6048: 6031:; Kirk, G. S., 5981: 5977: 5975:Further reading 5955: 5934: 5929: 5928: 5921: 5907: 5903: 5892: 5888: 5881: 5863: 5859: 5837: 5833: 5820: 5816: 5802: 5798: 5790: 5781: 5776: 5772: 5756: 5752: 5733: 5729: 5719: 5717: 5714:The Daily Beast 5701: 5697: 5682: 5663: 5659: 5650: 5648: 5632: 5628: 5619: 5617: 5604: 5600: 5591: 5589: 5570: 5566: 5556: 5554: 5541: 5537: 5527: 5525: 5505: 5501: 5491: 5489: 5472: 5468: 5458: 5456: 5431: 5427: 5416: 5400: 5396: 5389:Box Office Mojo 5383: 5382: 5378: 5334: 5330: 5323: 5309: 5305: 5298: 5284: 5280: 5273: 5259: 5255: 5245: 5243: 5235: 5234: 5230: 5220: 5218: 5207: 5203: 5198: 5194: 5185: 5181: 5164: 5160: 5151: 5138: 5129: 5128: 5124: 5115: 5111: 5100: 5096: 5082: 5078: 5066: 5062: 5050: 5046: 5037: 5033: 5025: 5021: 5010: 5003: 4994: 4990: 4981: 4977: 4967: 4963: 4954: 4952: 4950:Onassis Library 4940: 4939: 4935: 4922: 4918: 4908: 4904: 4899:Perseus Project 4859: 4855: 4847: 4843: 4799: 4795: 4790: 4786: 4755: 4751: 4738: 4734: 4721: 4717: 4710:Rouse, W. H. D. 4704: 4703: 4699: 4694: 4687: 4656: 4649: 4618: 4614: 4609: 4605: 4592: 4588: 4581: 4577: 4564: 4557: 4548: 4546: 4541: 4540: 4536: 4527: 4525: 4516: 4515: 4511: 4486: 4482: 4474: 4470: 4459: 4452: 4421: 4412: 4403: 4396: 4382: 4378: 4365: 4358: 4350: 4346: 4335: 4328: 4311: 4307: 4302:. pp. 2–3. 4290: 4286: 4275: 4271: 4266: 4262: 4248: 4244: 4239: 4234: 4233: 4225: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4167: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4133:Ambrosian Iliad 4114: 4024:Van Wyck Brooks 3918: 3894: 3831: 3808:, draws on the 3796:Madeline Miller 3750:, recounts the 3748:Terence Hawkins 3696: 3634: 3608:Michael Tippett 3493:First World War 3473:, a prophetess. 3459: 3412:Robert Browning 3354:Excidium Troiae 3308:Homerus Latinus 3261:' trilogy, the 3239: 3233: 3194: 3183: 3180: 3131: 3120: 3117: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3049: 3040: 3030: 3023: 3020: 3017: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3009: 3007: 3005: 3003: 2982: 2975: 2972: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2949: 2942: 2939: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2888: 2883: 2877: 2858: 2702: 2684:editio princeps 2628:ἡ ποίησις Ἰλιάς 2595:Dorian invasion 2577:Greek Dark Ages 2565: 2521: 2511: 2498: 2473: 2462: 2459: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2438: 2427: 2424: 2421: 2419: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2397: 2350: 2295: 2264: 2218: 2193: 2161: 2147:he had earned. 2130:kleos aphthiton 2094:kleos aphthiton 2076:—Translated by 2069: 2066: 2064: 2062: 2060: 2058: 2056: 2046: 2041: 2039: 2037: 2035: 2033: 2031: 2014:διχθαδίας κήρας 1984: 1962: 1951: 1948: 1945: 1943: 1941: 1931: 1920: 1917: 1914: 1912: 1910: 1900: 1889: 1886: 1883: 1881: 1879: 1870: 1859: 1856: 1853: 1839: 1828: 1825: 1822: 1820: 1818: 1816: 1814: 1805: 1771: 1766: 1727:occurs between 1717: 1711: 1640: 1609: 1600: 1568: 1538:Ajax the Lesser 1449: 1366: 1259: 1200: 1098:aristos achaion 1034: 1018: 925:Mycenaean Greek 919:of the city of 871: 826: 822: 809: 780: 779: 750: 749: 740: 739: 732: 723:Trojan language 713:Milawata letter 668: 667: 658: 657: 614: 576: 567:Caused the war: 564: 563: 554: 553: 542: 479: 478: 469: 468: 462:Achaean Leaders 457: 393: 392: 383: 382: 342: 341: 332: 331: 268: 267: 258: 252: 205: 189: 139: 137: 134: 93: 58: 38: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9671: 9661: 9660: 9655: 9650: 9645: 9640: 9635: 9630: 9613: 9612: 9610: 9609: 9602: 9597: 9590: 9584: 9582: 9578: 9577: 9575: 9574: 9567: 9562: 9555: 9550: 9543: 9538: 9531: 9526: 9519: 9514: 9507: 9502: 9495: 9490: 9483: 9478: 9471: 9464: 9459: 9456:Nibelungenlied 9452: 9447: 9440: 9435: 9428: 9423: 9416: 9411: 9404: 9398: 9396: 9392: 9391: 9389: 9388: 9381: 9376: 9369: 9366:Silappatikaram 9362: 9357: 9350: 9345: 9338: 9333: 9326: 9323:Sejarah Melayu 9319: 9312: 9307: 9300: 9295: 9288: 9283: 9276: 9269: 9264: 9257: 9252: 9245: 9238: 9233: 9226: 9221: 9214: 9208: 9206: 9202: 9201: 9199: 9198: 9191: 9184: 9179: 9176:The Araucaniad 9168: 9163: 9156: 9150: 9148: 9144: 9143: 9136: 9135: 9128: 9121: 9113: 9104: 9103: 9101: 9100: 9095: 9088: 9083: 9078: 9073: 9065: 9056: 9054: 9050: 9049: 9047: 9046: 9039: 9032: 9025: 9018: 9015:Achilles' heel 9010: 9008: 9004: 9003: 9001: 9000: 8995: 8988: 8983: 8978: 8971: 8964: 8957: 8950: 8943: 8936: 8929: 8924: 8918: 8916: 8912: 8911: 8909: 8908: 8901: 8893: 8884: 8882: 8878: 8877: 8875: 8874: 8866: 8858: 8850: 8841: 8839: 8835: 8834: 8832: 8831: 8823: 8815: 8807: 8798: 8796: 8792: 8791: 8789: 8788: 8787:(1954 musical) 8780: 8772: 8764: 8755: 8753: 8749: 8748: 8745: 8744: 8742: 8741: 8733: 8725: 8717: 8709: 8701: 8693: 8685: 8676: 8674: 8670: 8669: 8667: 8666: 8658: 8650: 8642: 8634: 8626: 8618: 8614:Roman de Troie 8610: 8602: 8593: 8591: 8584: 8580: 8579: 8577: 8576: 8569: 8562: 8556: 8554: 8550: 8549: 8547: 8546: 8538: 8537:(14th century) 8530: 8522: 8514: 8505: 8503: 8499: 8498: 8496: 8495: 8490: 8485: 8480: 8475: 8470: 8465: 8459: 8457: 8453: 8452: 8450: 8449: 8442: 8426: 8421: 8416: 8415:" (1939 essay) 8409: 8404: 8399: 8398: 8397: 8387: 8382: 8377: 8371: 8369: 8365: 8364: 8362: 8361: 8356: 8351: 8346: 8341: 8335: 8333: 8329: 8328: 8325: 8324: 8322: 8321: 8316: 8311: 8306: 8301: 8296: 8291: 8286: 8280: 8278: 8274: 8273: 8271: 8270: 8265: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8220: 8214: 8212: 8208: 8207: 8204: 8203: 8201: 8200: 8195: 8190: 8185: 8180: 8175: 8170: 8165: 8160: 8155: 8150: 8145: 8140: 8135: 8130: 8125: 8120: 8115: 8110: 8105: 8099: 8097: 8093: 8092: 8090: 8089: 8084: 8079: 8074: 8068: 8063: 8058: 8053: 8048: 8047:(king of Troy) 8042: 8036: 8030: 8025: 8020: 8015: 8010: 8005: 7999: 7994: 7989: 7983: 7978: 7973: 7968: 7963: 7958: 7953: 7947: 7942: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7885: 7879: 7874: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7854: 7849: 7843: 7841:Dares Phrygius 7838: 7833: 7828: 7822: 7817: 7811: 7806: 7801: 7796: 7791: 7786: 7781: 7776: 7771: 7766: 7761: 7756: 7750: 7745: 7740: 7735: 7730: 7725: 7720: 7713: 7711: 7707: 7706: 7704: 7703: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7587: 7582: 7576: 7571: 7566: 7561: 7555: 7550: 7545: 7540: 7535: 7530: 7525: 7519: 7513: 7508: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7456: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7405: 7399: 7394: 7388: 7383: 7377: 7375: 7364: 7358: 7357: 7344: 7343: 7336: 7329: 7321: 7312: 7311: 7309: 7308: 7296: 7283: 7280: 7279: 7277: 7276: 7271: 7265: 7263: 7259: 7258: 7256: 7255: 7248: 7241: 7234: 7227: 7220: 7213: 7206: 7199: 7192: 7184: 7175: 7173: 7169: 7168: 7166: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7118: 7112: 7103: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7081: 7076: 7071: 7065: 7060: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7024: 7022: 7018: 7017: 7010: 7009: 7002: 6995: 6987: 6978: 6977: 6975: 6974: 6967: 6960: 6954: 6952: 6948: 6947: 6940: 6938: 6936: 6935: 6928: 6921: 6914: 6907: 6900: 6893: 6886: 6879: 6872: 6860: 6853: 6846: 6839: 6831: 6829: 6825: 6824: 6815: 6814: 6807: 6800: 6792: 6783: 6782: 6780: 6779: 6767: 6755: 6739: 6727: 6715: 6703: 6691: 6678: 6675: 6674: 6667: 6666: 6659: 6652: 6644: 6638: 6637: 6624: 6608: 6600: 6594: 6586: 6571: 6563: 6549: 6548: 6547: 6535: 6527: 6515: 6503: 6500:William Cowper 6491: 6488:Alexander Pope 6479: 6473:George Chapman 6457: 6441: 6425: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6408: 6407: 6396: 6395: 6393: 6392:External links 6390: 6388: 6387: 6368: 6362: 6344: 6336:The New Yorker 6324: 6318: 6302: 6281: 6275: 6255: 6249: 6233: 6216: 6198: 6192: 6175: 6161: 6140: 6124: 6104: 6098: 6085: 6075:Iliad: Book VI 6068: 6062: 6056:. Allen Lane. 6046: 6029:Janko, Richard 6025: 6005: 5991: 5983:Budimir, Milan 5978: 5976: 5973: 5972: 5971: 5959: 5953: 5933: 5930: 5927: 5926: 5919: 5901: 5886: 5879: 5865:Homer (2023). 5857: 5840:Rowan Williams 5831: 5821:Wolff, Karl. " 5814: 5796: 5779: 5770: 5750: 5735:Shay, Jonathan 5727: 5695: 5680: 5657: 5626: 5598: 5564: 5535: 5499: 5466: 5455:on 23 May 2021 5425: 5422:on 2012-06-06. 5414: 5394: 5376: 5328: 5321: 5303: 5296: 5278: 5271: 5253: 5228: 5217:. Paul Halsall 5201: 5192: 5179: 5158: 5136: 5122: 5109: 5094: 5076: 5060: 5044: 5031: 5019: 5017:79(4):337–354. 5001: 4988: 4982:Porter, John. 4975: 4961: 4933: 4916: 4902: 4853: 4841: 4814:(2): 364–382. 4793: 4784: 4771:10.2307/310716 4749: 4745:Lattimore 1951 4732: 4728:Lattimore 1951 4715: 4697: 4685: 4647: 4612: 4603: 4599:Lattimore 1951 4586: 4575: 4555: 4534: 4509: 4480: 4468: 4461:Homer (1998). 4450: 4437:10.2307/311265 4410: 4394: 4392:(14 December). 4384:Taplin, Oliver 4376: 4356: 4344: 4326: 4305: 4284: 4269: 4260: 4241: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4232: 4231: 4218: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4206: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4179: 4173: 4172: 4156: 4153: 4152: 4151: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4127: 4121: 4113: 4110: 4072:Rodney Merrill 3987:Matthew Arnold 3970:William Cowper 3966:Alexander Pope 3933:George Chapman 3893: 3890: 3889: 3888: 3873:psychoanalysis 3864: 3863: 3830: 3827: 3826: 3825: 3793: 3767: 3760:bicameral mind 3741: 3729: 3713: 3695: 3692: 3691: 3690: 3675:'s 1987 novel 3670: 3662:) (1983) is a 3642: 3615: 3598: 3570: 3522: 3504: 3485: 3474: 3463:Lesya Ukrainka 3458: 3455: 3235:Main article: 3232: 3229: 3190:Lattimore 1951 3181: 3175: 3127:Lattimore 1951 3118: 3093: 3048: 3045: 3039: 3036: 3021: 3000: 2973: 2956: 2940: 2921: 2887: 2884: 2876: 2873: 2852:Greek Dark Age 2778:oral tradition 2753:oral tradition 2701: 2698: 2510: 2507: 2497: 2494: 2469:Lattimore 1951 2460: 2445: 2434:Lattimore 1951 2425: 2408: 2349: 2342: 2294: 2286: 2263: 2256: 2217: 2214: 2192: 2189: 2160: 2153: 2081: 2080: 2074: 2071: 2070: 2051:For my mother 2047: 1983: 1976: 1958:Lattimore 1951 1949: 1938: 1927:Lattimore 1951 1918: 1907: 1896:Lattimore 1951 1887: 1876: 1866:Lattimore 1951 1864:. 16.433–434 ( 1857: 1850: 1835:Lattimore 1951 1826: 1811: 1770: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1710: 1707: 1694:Bicameral Mind 1667:Mary Lefkowitz 1639: 1633: 1608: 1605: 1567: 1561: 1534:Ajax the Great 1448: 1445: 1365: 1362: 1258: 1255: 1199: 1196: 1072:, a priest of 1033: 1030: 1017: 1014: 984:oral tradition 893:attributed to 811: 810: 808: 807: 800: 793: 785: 782: 781: 778: 777: 772: 767: 762: 757: 751: 748:Related topics 747: 746: 745: 742: 741: 731: 730: 725: 720: 715: 710: 705: 700: 695: 690: 685: 680: 675: 669: 665: 664: 663: 660: 659: 656: 655: 650: 645: 640: 635: 630: 625: 613: 612: 607: 602: 597: 592: 587: 575: 574: 565: 561: 560: 559: 556: 555: 551:Trojan Leaders 541: 540: 535: 526: 521: 516: 511: 506: 501: 496: 491: 486: 480: 476: 475: 474: 471: 470: 456: 455: 450: 445: 440: 435: 430: 425: 420: 415: 410: 405: 400: 394: 390: 389: 388: 385: 384: 381: 380: 375: 370: 365: 360: 355: 349: 343: 339: 338: 337: 334: 333: 324: 323: 318: 311: 304: 297: 290: 282: 277: 269: 265: 264: 263: 260: 259: 242: 234: 233: 223: 222: 201: 200: 185: 184: 178: 177: 172: 166: 165: 157: 153: 152: 149: 145: 144: 131: 127: 126: 121: 117: 116: 111: 107: 106: 104:Ancient Greece 101: 97: 96: 88: 84: 83: 77:George Chapman 74: 70: 69: 64: 63:Original title 60: 59: 56:British Museum 53: 45: 44: 35: 34: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9670: 9659: 9656: 9654: 9651: 9649: 9646: 9644: 9641: 9639: 9636: 9634: 9631: 9629: 9626: 9625: 9623: 9608: 9607: 9603: 9601: 9598: 9596: 9595: 9591: 9589: 9586: 9585: 9583: 9579: 9573: 9572: 9568: 9566: 9563: 9561: 9560: 9556: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9548: 9544: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9536: 9532: 9530: 9527: 9525: 9524: 9520: 9518: 9515: 9513: 9512: 9508: 9506: 9503: 9501: 9500: 9499:Divine Comedy 9496: 9494: 9491: 9489: 9488: 9484: 9482: 9479: 9477: 9476: 9472: 9470: 9469: 9465: 9463: 9460: 9458: 9457: 9453: 9451: 9448: 9446: 9445: 9441: 9439: 9436: 9434: 9433: 9429: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9421: 9417: 9415: 9412: 9410: 9409: 9405: 9403: 9400: 9399: 9397: 9393: 9387: 9386: 9382: 9380: 9377: 9375: 9374: 9370: 9368: 9367: 9363: 9361: 9358: 9356: 9355: 9351: 9349: 9346: 9344: 9343: 9339: 9337: 9334: 9332: 9331: 9327: 9325: 9324: 9320: 9318: 9317: 9313: 9311: 9308: 9306: 9305: 9301: 9299: 9296: 9294: 9293: 9292:Epic of Manas 9289: 9287: 9284: 9282: 9281: 9277: 9275: 9274: 9270: 9268: 9265: 9263: 9262: 9258: 9256: 9253: 9251: 9250: 9246: 9244: 9243: 9239: 9237: 9234: 9232: 9231: 9227: 9225: 9222: 9220: 9219: 9215: 9213: 9210: 9209: 9207: 9203: 9197: 9196: 9192: 9190: 9189: 9185: 9183: 9180: 9178: 9177: 9173: 9169: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9161: 9160:Martín Fierro 9157: 9155: 9152: 9151: 9149: 9145: 9141: 9134: 9129: 9127: 9122: 9120: 9115: 9114: 9111: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9093: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9074: 9071: 9070: 9069:Age of Bronze 9066: 9063: 9062: 9058: 9057: 9055: 9051: 9044: 9040: 9037: 9036:In medias res 9033: 9030: 9026: 9023: 9022:Ever to Excel 9019: 9016: 9012: 9011: 9009: 9005: 8999: 8996: 8994: 8993: 8989: 8987: 8984: 8982: 8979: 8977: 8976: 8972: 8970: 8969: 8965: 8963: 8962: 8958: 8956: 8955: 8951: 8949: 8948: 8944: 8942: 8941: 8937: 8935: 8934: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8923: 8920: 8919: 8917: 8913: 8907:" (2001 song) 8906: 8902: 8899: 8898: 8894: 8891: 8890: 8886: 8885: 8883: 8879: 8872: 8871: 8867: 8864: 8863: 8862:Helen of Troy 8859: 8856: 8855: 8851: 8848: 8847: 8843: 8842: 8840: 8836: 8829: 8828: 8824: 8821: 8820: 8816: 8813: 8812: 8811:Helen of Troy 8808: 8805: 8804: 8800: 8799: 8797: 8793: 8786: 8785: 8781: 8778: 8777: 8773: 8770: 8769: 8765: 8762: 8761: 8757: 8756: 8754: 8750: 8739: 8738: 8734: 8731: 8730: 8726: 8723: 8722: 8718: 8715: 8714: 8710: 8707: 8706: 8702: 8699: 8698: 8694: 8691: 8690: 8686: 8683: 8682: 8681:The Firebrand 8678: 8677: 8675: 8671: 8664: 8663: 8659: 8656: 8655: 8651: 8648: 8647: 8643: 8640: 8639: 8635: 8632: 8631: 8627: 8624: 8623: 8619: 8616: 8615: 8611: 8608: 8607: 8603: 8600: 8599: 8595: 8594: 8592: 8588: 8585: 8581: 8575: 8574: 8570: 8567: 8563: 8561: 8558: 8557: 8555: 8551: 8544: 8543: 8539: 8536: 8535: 8531: 8529:(5th century) 8528: 8527: 8523: 8520: 8519: 8515: 8512: 8511: 8507: 8506: 8504: 8500: 8494: 8491: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8461: 8460: 8458: 8454: 8448: 8447: 8443: 8441: 8440: 8436: 8432: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8417: 8414: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8403: 8400: 8396: 8393: 8392: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8372: 8370: 8366: 8360: 8357: 8355: 8352: 8350: 8347: 8345: 8342: 8340: 8337: 8336: 8334: 8330: 8320: 8317: 8315: 8312: 8310: 8307: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8297: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8282: 8281: 8279: 8277:Minor deities 8275: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8215: 8213: 8211:Major deities 8209: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8181: 8179: 8176: 8174: 8171: 8169: 8166: 8164: 8161: 8159: 8156: 8154: 8151: 8149: 8146: 8144: 8141: 8139: 8136: 8134: 8131: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8100: 8098: 8094: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8078: 8075: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8049: 8046: 8043: 8040: 8037: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7951: 7948: 7946: 7943: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7889: 7886: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7726: 7724: 7721: 7718: 7715: 7714: 7712: 7708: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7565: 7562: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7523: 7520: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7460: 7457: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7378: 7376: 7372: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7359: 7355: 7354: 7349: 7342: 7337: 7335: 7330: 7328: 7323: 7322: 7319: 7307: 7306: 7302: 7297: 7295: 7294: 7285: 7284: 7281: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7266: 7264: 7260: 7254: 7253: 7249: 7247: 7246: 7242: 7240: 7239: 7235: 7233: 7232: 7228: 7226: 7225: 7221: 7219: 7218: 7214: 7212: 7211: 7207: 7205: 7204: 7200: 7198: 7197: 7193: 7191: 7189: 7185: 7183: 7181: 7177: 7176: 7174: 7172:In literature 7170: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7122: 7119: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7107: 7104: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086:(second rule) 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7058: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7025: 7023: 7019: 7015: 7008: 7003: 7001: 6996: 6994: 6989: 6988: 6985: 6973: 6972: 6971:Life of Homer 6968: 6966: 6965: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6955: 6953: 6949: 6944: 6934: 6933: 6929: 6927: 6926: 6922: 6920: 6919: 6915: 6913: 6912: 6908: 6906: 6905: 6901: 6899: 6898: 6894: 6892: 6891: 6887: 6885: 6884: 6880: 6878: 6877: 6876:Homeric Hymns 6873: 6870: 6866: 6865: 6861: 6859: 6858: 6854: 6852: 6851: 6847: 6845: 6844: 6840: 6838: 6837: 6833: 6832: 6830: 6826: 6821: 6813: 6808: 6806: 6801: 6799: 6794: 6793: 6790: 6777: 6773: 6772: 6768: 6765: 6761: 6760: 6756: 6753: 6749: 6745: 6744: 6740: 6737: 6733: 6732: 6728: 6725: 6721: 6720: 6716: 6713: 6709: 6708: 6704: 6701: 6697: 6696: 6692: 6689: 6685: 6684: 6680: 6679: 6676: 6672: 6665: 6660: 6658: 6653: 6651: 6646: 6645: 6642: 6636: 6634: 6630: 6625: 6622: 6618: 6615: 6614: 6609: 6607: 6606: 6601: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6591: 6587: 6581: 6577: 6576: 6572: 6569: 6568: 6564: 6561: 6557: 6553: 6550: 6545: 6544:Samuel Butler 6541: 6540: 6536: 6533: 6532: 6528: 6525: 6521: 6520: 6516: 6513: 6509: 6508: 6504: 6501: 6497: 6496: 6492: 6489: 6485: 6484: 6480: 6478: 6474: 6470: 6469: 6465: 6464: 6462: 6458: 6456: 6452: 6451: 6442: 6440: 6436: 6434: 6430: 6429: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6386: 6385:3-598-73005-5 6382: 6378: 6377: 6372: 6369: 6365: 6363:0-19-815221-3 6359: 6355: 6354: 6349: 6345: 6342: 6338: 6337: 6332: 6328: 6325: 6321: 6319:0-19-815036-9 6315: 6311: 6307: 6303: 6301: 6300:0-521-30960-3 6297: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6282: 6278: 6272: 6267: 6266: 6260: 6256: 6252: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6224:on 2015-02-17 6223: 6219: 6217:0-8018-2388-9 6213: 6209: 6208: 6203: 6202:Nagy, Gregory 6199: 6195: 6193:0-04-800027-2 6189: 6184: 6183: 6176: 6174: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6159: 6158:0-521-23711-4 6155: 6151: 6150: 6145: 6141: 6139: 6138:0-521-23710-6 6135: 6131: 6130: 6126:Kirk, G. S., 6125: 6123: 6122:0-521-23709-2 6119: 6115: 6113: 6108: 6105: 6101: 6099:9786188420298 6095: 6091: 6086: 6084: 6083:9780521878845 6080: 6076: 6072: 6069: 6065: 6059: 6055: 6051: 6047: 6045: 6044:0-521-28171-7 6041: 6037: 6035: 6030: 6026: 6024: 6023:0-521-30959-X 6020: 6016: 6015: 6010: 6006: 6004: 6003:9780521709774 6000: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5979: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5954:0-14-051260-8 5950: 5946: 5945: 5944:The Histories 5940: 5936: 5935: 5922: 5916: 5912: 5905: 5899: 5895: 5890: 5882: 5880:9781324001805 5876: 5872: 5868: 5861: 5853: 5852: 5851:New Statesman 5846: 5841: 5835: 5828: 5824: 5818: 5812: 5809: 5805: 5800: 5793: 5788: 5786: 5784: 5774: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5754: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5731: 5716: 5715: 5710: 5708: 5699: 5691: 5687: 5683: 5677: 5673: 5672: 5667: 5661: 5646: 5645: 5640: 5636: 5635:Oswald, Alice 5630: 5615: 5614: 5609: 5602: 5587: 5583: 5582: 5581:The Telegraph 5576: 5568: 5552: 5551: 5546: 5539: 5523: 5522: 5517: 5515: 5509: 5503: 5487: 5486: 5481: 5479: 5470: 5454: 5450: 5449: 5448:New Statesman 5444: 5442: 5438: 5429: 5421: 5417: 5411: 5407: 5406: 5398: 5390: 5386: 5380: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5360:1-58240-360-0 5357: 5353: 5349: 5348:1-58240-200-0 5345: 5341: 5337: 5336:Eric Shanower 5332: 5324: 5318: 5314: 5307: 5299: 5293: 5289: 5282: 5274: 5268: 5264: 5257: 5242: 5238: 5232: 5216: 5212: 5205: 5196: 5189: 5183: 5177: 5173: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5155: 5149: 5147: 5145: 5143: 5141: 5132: 5126: 5119: 5113: 5107: 5103: 5098: 5091: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5073: 5069: 5064: 5057: 5053: 5048: 5041: 5035: 5028: 5023: 5016: 5015: 5008: 5006: 4998: 4992: 4985: 4979: 4972: 4971: 4965: 4951: 4947: 4945: 4937: 4930: 4926: 4920: 4913: 4912: 4906: 4900: 4896: 4895: 4890: 4889:Scott, Robert 4886: 4882: 4874: 4866: 4857: 4851:, p. 41. 4850: 4845: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4808: 4803: 4797: 4788: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4753: 4746: 4742: 4736: 4729: 4725: 4719: 4711: 4707: 4701: 4692: 4690: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4654: 4652: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4616: 4607: 4600: 4596: 4590: 4584: 4579: 4572: 4568: 4562: 4560: 4544: 4538: 4524:on 2010-04-21 4523: 4519: 4513: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4484: 4478:, Everything2 4477: 4472: 4464: 4457: 4455: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4407: 4401: 4399: 4391: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4373: 4369: 4363: 4361: 4353: 4352:Homer's Iliad 4348: 4340: 4333: 4331: 4322: 4321: 4316: 4309: 4301: 4297: 4296: 4288: 4280: 4273: 4264: 4257: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4242: 4228: 4227:Frobish (2003 4223: 4219: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4174: 4170: 4159: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4128: 4125: 4122: 4119: 4118: 4117: 4109: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4097: 4093: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4060:Robert Fagles 4057: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4038: 4036: 4032: 4031:Samuel Butler 4027: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4016:J. Henry Dart 4013: 4009: 4005: 3999: 3994: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3983: 3977: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3954: 3949: 3945: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3875:and cultural 3874: 3870: 3866: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3836:Jonathan Shay 3834:Psychiatrist 3833: 3832: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3802: 3797: 3794: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3768: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3756:Julian Jaynes 3753: 3749: 3745: 3742: 3739: 3735: 3734: 3730: 3727: 3723: 3722: 3717: 3714: 3711: 3710: 3709:Age of Bronze 3705: 3701: 3700:Eric Shanower 3698: 3697: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3679: 3678:The Firebrand 3674: 3671: 3668: 3665: 3652: 3651: 3646: 3645:David Melnick 3643: 3638: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3624: 3619: 3616: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3604: 3599: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3579: 3574: 3571: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3539:Jerome Moross 3537:and composer 3536: 3532: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3505: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3461: 3460: 3454: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3425:According to 3423: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3388: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3356: 3355: 3349: 3348: 3342: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3296: 3295: 3288: 3286: 3285:Western canon 3282: 3278: 3277:The Eumenides 3274: 3270: 3267:, comprising 3266: 3265: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3238: 3228: 3226: 3225:Hans van Wees 3222: 3219: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3191: 3187: 3179: 3173: 3171: 3167: 3162: 3160: 3156: 3151: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3128: 3124: 3116: 3091: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3076: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3044: 3035: 3027: 3019: 2998: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2979: 2971: 2954: 2946: 2938: 2919: 2911: 2906: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2882: 2872: 2870: 2865: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2840: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2825: 2824: 2819: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2803: 2797: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2782:Eric Havelock 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2733: 2732:'s birthday. 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2697: 2695: 2691: 2686: 2685: 2679: 2675: 2674:first edition 2670: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2658: 2624: 2615: 2610: 2598: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2587: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2569: 2566: 850 BC 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2542: 2537: 2536: 2530: 2526: 2520: 2516: 2506: 2503: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2470: 2466: 2458: 2443: 2435: 2431: 2423: 2406: 2404: 2396: 2391: 2381: 2376: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2347: 2341: 2338: 2333: 2327: 2321: 2318: 2312: 2300: 2291: 2285: 2276: 2270: 2261: 2255: 2252: 2247: 2242: 2237: 2233: 2228: 2227: 2222: 2213: 2209: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2198: 2188: 2186: 2185: 2179: 2168: 2167: 2158: 2152: 2148: 2145: 2139: 2134: 2131: 2126: 2123:. Translator 2122: 2118: 2107: 2100:κλέος ἄφθιτον 2095: 2089: 2079: 2075: 2073: 2072: 2068: 2054: 2048: 2045: 2025: 2024: 2021: 2018: 2009: 2003: 1991: 1990: 1981: 1975: 1973: 1969: 1959: 1955: 1947: 1936: 1928: 1924: 1916: 1905: 1897: 1893: 1885: 1874: 1867: 1863: 1855: 1848: 1846: 1836: 1832: 1824: 1809: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1786: 1775: 1761: 1758: 1754: 1748: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1716: 1706: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1686:Julian Jaynes 1684:Psychologist 1682: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1662: 1658: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1638: 1632: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1616: 1613: 1601: 440 BC 1595: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1566: 1560: 1558: 1554: 1549: 1547: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1506:François Tomb 1502: 1498: 1496: 1491: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1468: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1444: 1442: 1438: 1433: 1429: 1427: 1420:, 1st century 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1401: 1397: 1392: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1373: 1371: 1361: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1346: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1331: 1329: 1324: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1301: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1264: 1254: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1223: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1195: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1180: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1137: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1118: 1114: 1109: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1052: 1051:in medias res 1047: 1043: 1039: 1027: 1022: 1013: 1010: 1009:Olympian gods 1006: 1002: 998: 997: 991: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 960:Homeric Greek 957: 953: 948: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 915:, a ten-year 914: 910: 906: 902: 901: 896: 892: 889: 888:ancient Greek 885: 880: 874: 868: 862: 853: 852:Ancient Greek 847: 820: 819: 806: 801: 799: 794: 792: 787: 786: 784: 783: 776: 773: 771: 768: 766: 763: 761: 758: 756: 753: 752: 744: 743: 738: 735: 729: 726: 724: 721: 719: 716: 714: 711: 709: 706: 704: 701: 699: 696: 694: 691: 689: 686: 684: 681: 679: 676: 674: 671: 670: 662: 661: 654: 651: 649: 646: 644: 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 629: 626: 624: 621: 620: 619: 618: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 596: 593: 591: 588: 586: 583: 582: 581: 580: 573: 570: 569: 568: 558: 557: 552: 548: 545: 539: 536: 534: 530: 527: 525: 522: 520: 517: 515: 512: 510: 507: 505: 502: 500: 497: 495: 492: 490: 487: 485: 482: 481: 473: 472: 467: 463: 460: 454: 451: 449: 446: 444: 441: 439: 436: 434: 431: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 416: 414: 411: 409: 406: 404: 401: 399: 396: 395: 387: 386: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351:Seduction of 350: 348: 345: 344: 336: 335: 330: 327: 322: 319: 317: 316: 312: 310: 309: 305: 303: 302: 298: 296: 295: 291: 289: 287: 283: 281: 278: 276: 275: 271: 270: 262: 261: 256: 251: 250: 246: 240: 236: 235: 232: 229: 228: 221: 217: 214: 202: 199: 195: 186: 183: 179: 176: 173: 171: 167: 164: 163: 158: 154: 150: 146: 132: 128: 125: 122: 118: 115: 114:Homeric Greek 112: 108: 105: 102: 98: 89: 85: 82: 78: 75: 71: 65: 61: 57: 51: 46: 42: 36: 29: 26: 22: 9604: 9594:Kebra Nagast 9592: 9569: 9557: 9545: 9533: 9521: 9509: 9497: 9485: 9473: 9467: 9466: 9454: 9442: 9430: 9418: 9406: 9383: 9371: 9364: 9352: 9340: 9328: 9321: 9314: 9302: 9290: 9278: 9271: 9259: 9247: 9240: 9228: 9216: 9193: 9186: 9175: 9171: 9158: 9090: 9067: 9064:(video game) 9059: 8990: 8973: 8966: 8959: 8952: 8945: 8938: 8931: 8900:(1992 album) 8895: 8887: 8868: 8860: 8852: 8844: 8825: 8817: 8809: 8801: 8782: 8774: 8766: 8758: 8735: 8727: 8719: 8711: 8703: 8695: 8687: 8679: 8660: 8652: 8644: 8636: 8628: 8620: 8612: 8604: 8596: 8571: 8540: 8532: 8524: 8516: 8510:Ilias Latina 8508: 8444: 8438: 8434: 8433:and Homer's 8430: 8359:Trojan Horse 7352: 7351: 7298: 7286: 7250: 7243: 7236: 7229: 7222: 7215: 7209: 7208: 7201: 7194: 7187: 7179: 7153:Damasichthon 6969: 6962: 6930: 6923: 6916: 6909: 6902: 6895: 6890:Little Iliad 6888: 6882: 6881: 6874: 6862: 6855: 6848: 6841: 6834: 6822:in antiquity 6769: 6757: 6741: 6729: 6719:Little Iliad 6717: 6705: 6694: 6693: 6681: 6632: 6628: 6612: 6604: 6589: 6579: 6574: 6566: 6551: 6538: 6530: 6518: 6506: 6494: 6482: 6467: 6449: 6432: 6412:Online books 6402: 6375: 6352: 6348:West, Martin 6341:Emily Wilson 6334: 6309: 6291: 6264: 6240: 6226:. 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S. 6107:Kirk, G. S. 6009:Kirk, G. S. 4802:West, M. L. 4112:Manuscripts 4086:Peter Green 3958:John Ogilby 3909:John Ogilby 3842:(1994) and 3726:Locus Award 3716:Dan Simmons 3659:μῆνιν ἄειδε 3650:Men in Aida 3635: [ 3591:Kae Tempest 3587:Tom Holland 3569:in Act Two. 3507:Simone Weil 3416:Development 3281:Renaissance 3251:Hellenistic 3188:7.237–243 ( 3125:4.473–483 ( 2829:reiteration 2766:Albert Lord 2432:1.181–187 ( 2359:(1819), by 1956:20.300–04 ( 1925:22.178–81 ( 1894:16.440–43 ( 1635:Within the 1536:, a slave, 1516:, ghost of 1235:Bellerophon 1159:, urged by 1096:forces and 964:Ionic Greek 873:Attic Greek 666:Historicity 529:Penthesilea 368:The Returns 301:Philoctetes 156:Followed by 124:Epic poetry 9622:Categories 9420:Kalevipoeg 9360:Tamil Nadu 9224:Azerbaijan 9098:Blood rain 9081:Heraclitus 8889:King Priam 8838:Television 8633:(c. 1380s) 8606:Priapea 68 8583:Literature 8483:Uncial 098 8248:Hephaestus 8148:Hephaestus 8061:Pyraechmes 8051:Pylaemenes 7971:Othryoneus 7945:Melanippus 7877:Gorgythion 7759:Antiphates 7748:Andromache 7701:Tlepolemus 7676:Talthybius 7651:Prothoenor 7636:Polypoetes 7621:Podalirius 7564:Menestheus 7433:Ascalaphus 7428:Arcesilaus 7423:Antilochus 7362:Characters 7132:Thersander 6731:Iliupersis 6671:Epic Cycle 6228:2006-07-20 6144:Kirk, G.S. 5651:2012-02-13 5620:2012-02-13 5592:2012-02-13 5584:. London. 4955:2017-09-03 4942:"Homerus, 4765:: 99–175. 4549:2010-04-18 4528:2010-04-18 4209:References 3964:editions; 3948:John Keats 3928:in English 3764:Trojan War 3664:postmodern 3603:King Priam 3600:The opera 3555:Washington 3368:Trojan War 2991:Bronze Age 2879:See also: 2790:Walter Ong 2762:Yugoslavia 2757:hexametric 2600:The title 2527:period of 2121:Hephaestus 2017:, 9.411). 1972:Underworld 1713:See also: 1675:Thucydides 1644:Trojan War 1437:Hephaestus 1414:Hephaestus 1400:Antilochus 1239:Andromache 1128:, stops a 1062:, king of 1042:invocation 937:Epic Cycle 913:Trojan War 891:epic poems 882:; " about 760:Euhemerism 590:Hephaestus 509:Andromache 280:Epic Cycle 231:Trojan War 220:Wikisource 198:Wikisource 73:Translator 9511:Lāčplēsis 9342:Shahnameh 9242:Trai Bhet 9188:O Uraguai 9154:Argentina 8654:War Music 8493:Venetus B 8488:Venetus A 8314:Scamander 8218:Aphrodite 8183:Scamander 8103:Aphrodite 8033:Polydorus 8023:Polydamas 7929:Kebriones 7924:Iphidamas 7899:Hyperenor 7867:Euphorbus 7846:Deiphobus 7814:Cassandra 7733:Alcathous 7686:Thersites 7671:Sthenelus 7641:Promachus 7601:Patroclus 7596:Palamedes 7538:Lycomedes 7522:Iphigenia 7516:Idomeneus 7495:Eurypylus 7490:Eurydamas 7485:Eurybates 7465:Elephenor 7455:(prophet) 7438:Automedon 7391:Agamemnon 7143:Tisamenus 7123:(usurper) 7106:Polynices 7048:Polydorus 6707:Aethiopis 6631:) of the 6590:The Iliad 6580:The Iliad 6450:The Iliad 6433:The Iliad 6182:The Iliad 5939:Herodotus 5898:722287142 5867:The Iliad 5690:740635377 5352:Sacrifice 5209:Nennius. 5190:. p. 249. 5171:Histories 5166:Herodotus 5092:. p. 248. 4828:0009-8388 4706:The Iliad 4595:The Iliad 4583:9.410-416 4463:The Iliad 4279:The Iliad 4237:Citations 4124:Venetus A 3962:annotated 3778:narrative 3683:Kassandra 3623:Cassandra 3620:'s novel 3578:War Music 3524:The 1954 3501:Gallipoli 3489:war poems 3471:Kassandra 3269:Agamemnon 3259:Aeschylus 3255:Byzantine 2896:Phereclus 2871:, et al. 2869:Scamander 2848:Mycenaean 2807:Patroclus 2696:in 1489. 2663:Venetus A 2657:Herodotus 2547:Herodotus 2491:(1630–35) 2221:The Iliad 2125:Lattimore 2106:aphthiton 1954:The Iliad 1923:The Iliad 1892:The Iliad 1862:The Iliad 1745:The Iliad 1657:Herodotus 1624:Aphrodite 1518:Patroclus 1514:Agamemnon 1484:Scamander 1465:Automedon 1389:Euphorbos 1385:Cebriones 1377:Myrmidons 1343:Polydamas 1339:Idomeneus 1297:Patroclus 1177:Aphrodite 1134:Thersites 1082:Agamemnon 1060:Agamemnon 988:rhapsodes 974:that the 968:antiquity 929:Agamemnon 861:romanized 734:See also: 688:Attarsiya 678:Alaksandu 648:Scamander 623:Aphrodite 544:See also: 504:Cassandra 459:See also: 453:Myrmidons 443:Thersites 438:Patroclus 398:Agamemnon 326:See also: 249:Patroclus 218:at Greek 182:Full text 9606:Sundiata 9588:Ethiopia 9529:Portugal 9432:Kalevala 9385:Ramakien 9379:Thailand 9310:Malaysia 9280:Ramayana 9236:Cambodia 9195:Caramuru 9147:Americas 9072:(comics) 8609:(c. 100) 8601:(19 BCE) 8332:Sections 8263:Poseidon 8188:Thanatos 8178:Poseidon 8128:Dionysus 8087:Ucalegon 8071:Sarpedon 8039:Polyxena 7981:Panthous 7976:Pandarus 7914:Ilioneus 7904:Hypsenor 7862:Euphemus 7820:Chryseis 7804:Calesius 7789:Atymnius 7784:Astyanax 7764:Antiphus 7743:Anchises 7656:Schedius 7626:Podarces 7606:Peneleos 7590:Odysseus 7569:Meriones 7558:Menelaus 7533:Leonteus 7511:Ialmenus 7480:Euryalus 7459:Diomedes 7418:Anticlus 7397:Agapenor 7386:Achilles 7374:Achaeans 7203:Herakles 7188:Antigone 7180:Antigone 7148:Autesion 7137:Peneleos 7127:Laodamas 7121:Lycus II 7110:Eteocles 7063:Labdacus 7043:Pentheus 7028:Calydnus 6897:Margites 6864:Epigrams 6843:Cercopes 6771:Telegony 6688:Stasinus 6617:Archived 6554: : 6455:LibriVox 6350:(1997). 6308:(1994). 6261:(2004). 6239:(1959). 6204:(1979). 6052:(2008). 5985:(1940). 5668:(2011). 5647:. 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