584:
earlier ethos of Tamil society. This evolution is embedded in the mythohistory of Shaiva legends, which accuse Jain monks of scheming and torturing
Sambandar, Appar and others, followed by a reversal. These legends, states Richard Davis, are better studied as symbolic conflict of ideas, a competition for patronage and transformation of Tamil social ethos through a Brahmin-peasant alliance. The Shaiva literature and songs characterize Jain monks and their ascetic lifestyle as false doctrines with no emotional or spiritual value in this or the next life. They offer a new vision to the Tamil society and culture where devotion to Shiva temple, community and loving engagement to life is the path to liberation.
475:, states Cort, the foundation that transmutes that Vedic tradition into the Agamic ritual tradition of Shaiva Siddhanta. Sambandar and other Nayanars help shift the focus from celebrating the Vedic canonical text into a "magical connection with Siva" whereby every devotee can have a personal, direct connection to Shiva and the essence of Shiva within him or her. It helps shift the spiritual experience from being channeled through Brahmin priests to being channeled through a direct loving connection with one's own Shiva. In effect, states Cort, "the essence of the Veda" displaces the Vedic text itself through the tradition pioneered by Sambandar, Appar and Sundarar.
311:
225:
33:
447:, the canonical works of Tamil Shaiva Siddhanta. His compositions grace Volume I, II and III of the twelve-volume compilation. He has been highly influential on Tamil Shaivism. His ideas and emotional devotion to Shiva are shared by other Nayanars and the Shaiva community they help organize. He is lucid in explaining the link between the Vedic tradition and the temple tradition. According to Cort, Sambandar clearly explains this through his hymn praising the power of the
580:
literature, is one where
Jainism is inferred as the heterodox popular religion followed by a revival and triumph of Shaiva Hinduism. The situation was likely more complicated and driven by historical developments and context. The Buddhists denied the "existence of soul", states Nilakanta Sastri, while the Jains recommended "asceticism and suffering" – a period in Tamil culture where such "pessimism" must have been the ethos.
484:
583:
Shaivism retooled its Vedic roots and transmuted the Vedic ritual into a personalized temple bhakti ritual. Thus, the Shaiva poet-saints such as
Sambandar and Appar emerged with an optimistic, cheerful celebration of Shiva, soul and life with music and songs. This may have represented a change to the
579:
The hymns of
Sambandar include criticism and allegations of persecution of the Shaiva community by Jain monks, along with a "bitter anti-Jain polemic". Sambandar critiques the duplicity he sees. The early studies of this Jain-Hindu interaction, as seen in Sambandar hymns and other early Shaiva
550:
is linked to Tamil Shaiva
Siddhanta philosophy by grouping ninety-nine verses into 10 categories. The category headings are God, soul, bond, grace, divine initiation, methodology, enlightenment, bliss, mantra and liberation - correspond to Umapthi's work,
410:
Sambandar's image is found in almost all Shiva temples of Tamil Nadu. He is depicted as a dancing child or a young teen with his right forefinger pointing upwards, reflecting the legend where he credits
Parvati-Shiva for what he has. A
592:
Francis
Kingsbury and Godfrey Phillips selected and translated 24 out of 383 of Sambandar's hymns into English in 1921. These were published with a small collection of Appar and Sundarar hymns in a book titled
511:
after the daily rituals. These are usually carried out as chorus programmes soon after the divine offering. The singing of
Tevaram was followed by musicals from the music pillars in such temples like
431:
in dancing posture with a height of 52 cm (20 in) dated 1150 has
Sambandar sported with his right feet over a pedestal. Both the bronze images are stored in the Bronze gallery in
495:
The pilgrimage to temples, associated devotional singing with music, and other rituals started by
Sambandar have thrived over the centuries. In contemporary Tamil Shiva temples,
856:
350:
Many other inscriptions likely are related to the musical bhakti singing tradition founded by Sambandar and other Nayanars. The singers of these hymns were referred to as
295:
appeared before the child. His father saw drops of milk on the child's mouth and asked who had fed him, whereupon the boy pointed to the sky and responded with the song
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366:
and made liberal provisions for their maintenance and successors. A few earlier records give details about the gifts rendered to the singers of
191:. Sambandar died when he was sixteen years of age. The surviving compositions of the poet-saint are preserved in the first three volumes of the
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of 16,000 hymns in complex meters, of which 383 (384) hymns with 4,181 stanzas have survived. These narrate an intense loving devotion (
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of Sambandar with a height of 52 cm (20 in) in standing posture dated to about the 12th century was found in
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contain three hundred and eighty-four poems of Sambandar, all that survive out of a reputed more than 10,000 hymns.
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A copper alloy sculpture of Sambandar with forefinger pointing slightly up (symbolically towards Parvati and Shiva)
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According to the Tamil texts, Sambandar was born to Sivapada Hrudiyar and his wife Bhagavathiar who lived in
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291:. When Sambandar was three years old his parents took him to the Shiva temple where Shiva and his consort
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posture with his feat on Padmasana and he is sported with jewels around his neck. Another image found in
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who lived sometime in the 7th century CE. According to the Tamil Shaiva tradition, he composed an
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597:, released by the Oxford University Press. They stated that these were some of the hymns from
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601:(Tevaram) that they could hear being chanted in South Indian Shiva temples of their times.
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8:
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in Tamil inscriptions from about the 8th to 16th centuries, such as the inscriptions of
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saints who lived between the sixth and the tenth centuries CE. He was a contemporary of
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An exhibition on Chola bronzes - 1000th anniversary of Thanjavur Big temple celebration
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307:. Sambandar died in the Tamil month of "Vaigasi" at the age of sixteen at his wedding.
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Indira Peterson has published a more recent translation of many of Sambandar's hymns.
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1303:
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Periya Puranam: A Tamil Classic on the Great Saiva Saints of South India by Sekkizhar
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530:, the eleventh-century Tamil book on the Nayanars that forms the last volume of the
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238:, the eleventh-century Tamil book on the Nayanars that forms the last volume of the
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Singing the Body of God: The Hymns of Vedantadesika in Their South Indian Tradition
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332:
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B.G.L. Swamy (1975). "The Date of the Tevaram Trio: An Analysis and Reappraisal".
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741:(Report). Chennai: Department of Archaeology & Government Museum. p. 45.
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Amirthakadaieeshwarar temple relief depicting Appar bearing Sambandar's palanquin
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and subsequently expanded to 12 parts and is one of the first anthologies of
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Asceticism and Its Critics: Historical Accounts and Comparative Perspectives
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in the Tiruvallam Bilavaneswara temple records. Rajaraja deputed 48
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offer musical programmes in Shiva temples of Tamil Nadu by singing
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This is part of the refrain found in the Vedic teaching called the
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The royal temple of Rajaraja: an instrument of imperial Cola power
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Dehejia, Vidya (1987). "Sambandar: a Child-Saint of South India".
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The Religion And Philosophy Of Tevaram, Book II (Volumes 3 and 4)
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The Religion And Philosophy Of Tevaram, Book I (Volumes 1 and 2)
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with the establishment of a department. There are records from
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Open boundaries: Jain communities and culture in Indian history
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The History and Culture of the Indian People: The classical age
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1358:
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from Nallanyanar temple in South Arcot indicating singing of
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213:
188:
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988:. USA: Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication-Data.
700:. Crows Nest, Australia: G. Allen & Unwin. p. 330.
304:
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of Manickavasagar during special occasion in the temple.
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A History of Indian literature Vol.10 (Tamil Literature)
668:
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638:
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946:. New York: State University of New York. p. 151.
924:
According to tradition: hagiographical writing in India
303:. At the age of three, he is said to have mastered the
920:
663:
629:
876:
1189:R. Champakalakshmi (2007). Meenakshi Khanna (ed.).
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198:He is one of the most prominent of the sixty-three
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985:Songs of experience: the poetics of Tamil devotion
443:Sambandar is the first poet-saint featured in the
232:Information about Sambandar comes mainly from the
1250:Bulletin of the Institute of Traditional Cultures
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1177:
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941:
1257:G. Vanmikanathan (1985). N. Mahalingam (ed.).
967:. Albany: State University of New York Press.
944:Modern Indian responses to religious pluralism
1311:
838:
836:
834:
685:Encyclopaedia of Jainism, Volume 1, page 5468
1247:
1215:Poems to Siva: The Hymns of the Tamil Saints
921:Callewaert, Winand M.; Rupert Snell (1994).
689:
269:is now lost. The first three volumes of the
374:of the 8th century. A record belonging to
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31:
1217:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
864:. Oxford University Press. pp. 35–68
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347:and the latter's wife Nangai Paravaiyar.
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858:Hymns of the Tamil Śaivite Saints (1921)
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1026:The sacred marriage of a Hindu goddess
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386:and shows the institutionalisation of
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1067:, New York: Oxford University Press,
1006:Hinduism and Buddhism, Vol II. (of 3)
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563:as a whole, but primarily focuses on
459:and flow with tears as they chant it.
960:
733:
461:It is the essence of the four Vedas,
1087:, New Delhi: Abhinav Publications,
1028:, Delhi: Indiana University Press,
822:
727:
713:
542:. One of the first anthologies of
13:
1291:Sambandar's Thiruvenkattu pathigam
1286:Festivals of Mylapore By Sambandar
1192:Cultural History of Medieval India
1045:Cultural History of Medieval India
651:(1). Taylor & Francis: 53–61.
478:
14:
1729:
1279:
1063:Prentiss, Karen Pechilis (1992),
1003:Eliot, Charles (September 2007).
903:South Indian shrines: illustrated
696:Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra (1951).
595:Hymns of the Tamil Śaivite Saints
534:primarily had references only to
1252:. University of Madras: 119–179.
1325:
1195:. Delhi: Social Science Press.
1178:Dorai Rangaswamy, M.A. (1959).
1167:Dorai Rangaswamy, M.A. (1958).
1048:. Delhi: Social Science Press.
771:
762:
734:T.S., Dr. Sridhar, ed. (2011).
326:
16:Shaiva poet-saint of Tamil Nadu
1080:
906:. Asian Educational Services.
900:Ayyar, P. V. Jagadisa (1993).
588:Translation of Sambandar hymns
514:Madurai Meenakshi Amman Temple
405:
339:mentions Sambandar along with
1:
1062:
892:
804:
789:
657:10.1080/02666030.1987.9628355
457:all those who melt with love,
216:, another Shaiva poet-saint.
1211:Peterson, Indira Viswanathan
1146:Steven Paul Hopkins (2002).
318:bronze, 12th century India,
7:
1152:. Oxford University Press.
1131:. Oxford University Press.
1024:Harman, William P. (1992),
1023:
724:Vasudevan 2003, pp. 109-110
455:It guides to the good path,
352:Tirupadiyam Vinnapam seyvar
314:The Child Saint Sambandar,
10:
1734:
1125:Oliver Freiberger (2006).
1081:Vasudevan, Geetha (2003),
1042:Khanna, Meenakshi (2007).
1009:. Middlesex: Eco Library.
626:, pp. 19–27, 272–273.
487:Sambandar (Wooden Image),
467:– Translated by John Cort
433:Government Museum, Chennai
1657:
1334:
942:Coward, Harold G (1987).
842:
816:
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559:is another anthology for
299:, the first verse of the
242:, along with the earlier
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111:
106:
92:
87:
77:
47:
42:
30:
23:
1065:The embodiment of bhakti
607:
1184:. University of Madras.
1173:. University of Madras.
982:Cutler, Norman (1987).
557:Tirumurai kanda puranam
548:Tevara Arulmuraitirattu
463:Chant our Lord's name,
439:Compositions and legacy
256:Tiru Tondar Tiruvandadi
219:
151:), also referred to as
961:Cort, John E. (1998).
845:, pp. 175–176, 213–217
492:
323:
267:Brahmapureesa Charitam
229:
176:
1614:Thirukkurippu Thondar
855:Kingsbury, F (1921).
777:Bhargava 2006, p. 467
710:Vasudevan 2003, p. 13
486:
423:. He is sported with
421:Nagapattinam district
313:
227:
1662:Paadal Petra Sthalam
1110:. Otto Harrasowitz.
927:. Otto Harrasowitz.
392:Kulothunga Chola III
382:, the supervisor of
320:Freer Gallery of Art
159:: திருஞானசம்பந்தர்,
1667:Thiruthondar Thogai
645:South Asian Studies
473:Śatarudrīya saṁhita
187:) to the Hindu god
153:Tirujnana Sambandar
768:Ghose 1996, p. 239
575:Tamil Shaiva ethos
518:Nellaiappar Temple
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331:An inscription of
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1270:978-81-7823-148-8
1202:978-81-87358-30-5
1159:978-0-19-802930-4
1138:978-0-1997-1901-3
1055:978-81-87358-30-5
1035:978-1-59884-655-3
1016:978-1-4068-6296-6
546:hymns called the
465:say, 'Hail Siva!"
252:Nambiyandar Nambi
165:Tiruñāṉacampantar
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130:saint, Muvar
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88:Organization
57:Chola Empire
18:
1718:Chola poets
1649:Viranmindar
1594:Siruttondar
1584:Seruthtunai
1559:Pugal Chola
1454:Kalarsingar
1439:Kanampullar
1429:Kalikkambar
1419:Iyarpagaiār
1369:Arivāttayar
1339:Adipaththar
1233:j.ctt7zvqbj
429:Tiruindalur
406:Iconography
372:Parantaka I
263:hagiography
1708:660 deaths
1703:644 births
1697:Categories
1634:Nilanakkar
1499:Meiporulār
1479:Kulachirai
1399:Gananāthar
1394:Kalikkāmar
893:References
522:Suchindram
501:Sthanikars
417:Velankanni
376:Rajendra I
282:Tamil Nadu
173:Tamil Nadu
93:Philosophy
66:Tamil Nadu
1677:Tirumurai
1619:Tirumular
1609:Sambandar
1589:Sirappuli
1544:Nedumārar
1524:Naminandi
1444:Kannappar
1389:Eripathar
1374:Chandesar
1349:Amarneedi
1344:Aiyadigal
1241:884013180
843:Cort 1998
817:Cort 1998
757:Cort 1998
569:Tirumurai
561:Tirumurai
540:Tirumurai
532:Tirumurai
445:Tirumurai
400:Tiruvalam
378:mentions
337:Tiruvarur
271:Tirumurai
240:Tirumurai
193:Tirumurai
167:), was a
161:romanized
149:Campantar
145:romanized
137:Sambandar
59:(present
25:Sambandar
1713:Nayanars
1629:Yālpānar
1604:Sundarar
1579:Saktiyār
1574:Sākkiyar
1569:Sadaiyār
1549:Kurumbar
1529:Nantanār
1469:Kutruvar
1404:Idangaḻi
1328:Nayanars
1213:(1989).
1104:(1974).
819:, p. 213
807:, p. 144
792:, p. 140
497:Odhuvars
451:mantra:
364:pidarars
345:Sundarar
289:brahmins
286:Shaivite
278:Sirkazhi
260:Sanskrit
248:Sundarar
200:Nayanars
97:Shaivism
82:Hinduism
78:Religion
62:Sirkazhi
43:Personal
1682:Tevaram
1644:Vāyilār
1554:Pusalar
1519:Murugar
1504:Murkhar
1484:Kalayar
1474:Kotpuli
1409:Māranār
599:Devaram
565:Tevaram
544:moovars
536:Tevaram
509:Tevaram
388:Tevaram
384:Tevaram
368:Tevaram
356:Pidarar
301:Tevaram
293:Parvati
265:called
128:Nayanar
117:Tevaram
1434:Kaliya
1364:Apputi
1354:Āṉāyar
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425:catura
210:bhakti
207:Shaiva
184:bhakti
178:oeuvre
169:Shaiva
124:Honors
101:Bhakti
1539:Nesar
1509:Murti
1379:Dandi
1359:Appar
1229:JSTOR
862:(PDF)
739:(PDF)
608:Notes
503:, or
370:from
341:Appar
316:chola
305:Vedas
258:. A
214:Appar
204:Tamil
189:Shiva
157:Tamil
141:Tamil
70:India
1424:Kāri
1265:ISBN
1237:OCLC
1219:ISBN
1197:ISBN
1154:ISBN
1133:ISBN
1112:ISBN
1089:ISBN
1069:ISBN
1050:ISBN
1030:ISBN
1011:ISBN
990:ISBN
969:ISBN
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870:2014
520:and
398:and
250:and
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