Tevaram - Knowledge

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Sundarar to serve the petitioner, who then mysteriously vanishes into Shiva shrine. Sundarar views this as a command to serve Shiva in the Tiruvarur temple. Later he meets dancer Paravai, they marry, and together they serve the Shaiva pilgrims and take care of the temple duties. He goes to visit Tiruvorriyur, meets and is enamoured with Cankali. With the help of Shiva, this leads to Sundarar's second marriage, but only after his wedding vows include never leaving Cankali and Tiruvorriyur. Sundarar misses his first wife Paravai, does not keep his word, and leaves for Tiruvarur. The broken vow causes him to go blind before he reaches Tiruvarur. His suffering thereafter are part of several Tevaram hymns. As a blind man, he visits many Shiva shrines and sings there. Slowly in stages, he becomes closer to Shiva and recovers his sight.

1025: 1024: 5261: 1676:, verses). Predominantly all hymns of Tevaram contain ten or eleven verses. Each verse is a four line melodic stanza with an embedded refrain. The hymns of Sambandar and Sundarar also embed a signature or coda in the last verse, where the poet-saint shares some personal information, or the benefits of listening to or singing that hymn, or the context of that hymn. The hymns of Appar too include a signature or coda in the last verse, but they characteristically are linked to the 2326:: "God well-versed in Vedic love who destroyed the precious life of the Kālaṉ (God of death) who came without any regard, to bind by the noose Markaṇṭeyaṉ the bachelor who fell prostrate at the feet of Shiva (Civaṉ) with flowers from which fragrance was spreading, with the leg! the god in Tirumullaivāyil of great wealth! the spiritual preceptor who gave out the meanings of the Vedas (Vētams) which are eternal; root out the sufferings that I your slave have to undergo. 1205:

divine interventions, magic cures people's diseases, stone statues spring to life to help the kind and gentle Shaiva people suffering persecution, gigantic forms of living animals such as cruel elephants become small peaceful stone statues, and other such events happen in the context of loving and intense devotion to Shiva. This myth-filled context has created much controversy and speculations on their reliability, even the centuries in which these saints lived.

5785: 5795: 1352:(sacred ash) and the five syllable mantra "namaccivaya" (Namah Shivaya). Then together they went together to a Shiva temple in Atikai, where he spontaneously composed his first hymn of Tevaram. As he sang the second verse, he was miraculously cured of his stomach illness. Thereafter, he came to be known as Navukkaracar (from Skt: Vagisa, "king of speech") or more popularly just Appar. He had thus left Jainism, and become a devout Shaiva. 1451: 1385:). Other Appar destinations mentioned in the Tevaram include Nallur, Tinkalur, Tiruvarur, Tiruvavatuturai where he described the Tiruvatirai festival, Maraikkatu, Vaymur, Tiruvaiyaru, and mount Kailash in the Himalayan north. This was also a period of resurrection of the smaller Shiva temples. Appar sanctified all these temples with his verses and was also involved in cleaning of the dilapidated temples in a ritual known as 1884:

across the Indian subcontinent. The poems do not represent social space as a contested space, rather they were spaces for sharing of religious ideas, movement and social service to pilgrims. According to Prentiss, the hymns show that the hymnists were free to wander and to offer their praise of Shiva. The emotional intensity of the hymns represent spontaneous expression of thought as an emotional responses to God.

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egocentricism, by militancy and great ardour, by a warm feeling for the greatness and beauty of Tamil language with scholarly experimentation in meters showing familiarity with Sanskrit forms. Zvelebil quotes a current Tamil saying, "My Appar sang of me, Sambandar sang of himself, Sundarar sang of women". The lyrical beauty of the original Tamil verses is often untranslatable into English.

1944: 2312:: "one who dwells in Neṭuṅkaḷam, you who have the Vedas (Vetams) as your word! whose dress is a skin! who has on his long caṭai a prospering crescent! unless people praise you in the above mentioned manner; you do not mind the faults of people who have defects; weed out the affliction of those who have moral firmness and who are superior by their principles.;" 1875:(Pallavamalla) inscription of the 8th century confirms Tevaram hymns singing at a Shiva temple. Another inscription attributed to Vijayanandi Vikramavarma from the 9th century makes provision for singers of Patiyams in the temple. Similarly, two 10th-century donor inscription of Uttama Cola, who preceded Rajaraja, mentions Shaiva hymn singers. 1415: 1739:

Appar's poems are emotional, very personal form of Shiva worship. The metaphors used in the poems have deep agrarian influence that is considered one of the striking chords for common people to get accustomed to the verse. The quote below is a popular song of Appar glorifying Shiva in simple diction:

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Sundarar with restored eye sight then lives with his two wives. In his later hymns, he presents his spiritual discussions with Shiva on how to achieve both spiritual succor and material wealth in life. He seeks the latter to provide for his family and to pay for the charitable temple kitchen that fed

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court. There the Jain monks allegedly attempt to burn the house he was staying in, but he remains unharmed. Then he is challenged to a debate by the Jain monks with the condition that the losing side convert to the winning side, or commit suicide by impaling themselves to death. Sambandar defeats the

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tradition, states Champakalakshmi. Yet they extend rather than reject the Vedic tradition. The hymns, states Peterson, directly praise the four Vedas and Sanskrit, adding that devotion to Shiva is same as these. For example, in Appar VI.301.1, the Tevaram states "See him who is Sanskrit of the North,

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Tevaram text has been called as a Shaiva "Tamil-vētam" (a Tamil Veda) in Volume 4 of the Madras Tamil Lexicon. This equivalence with the ancient Hindu Vedas has been explained by the Tamil Shaiva scholars in that the Tevaram "resembles the Vedic hymns" by being poetry of the "highest order" that also

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In the first part of his life, the arranged marriage of Sundarar is cancelled after a mad old man mysteriously appears and produces a palm leaf document. The document stated that Sundarar was bonded to serve him, his master. A court of elders then reviews the document and finds it authentic, demands

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Appar's hymn are intimately devotional to Shiva, but occasionally include verses where he repents the Jain period of his life. In Tevaram hymn IV.39 and others, he criticizes the Jain monastic practice of not brushing teeth, the lack of body hygiene, their barbaric ascetic practices, the doctrine of

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through the 10th century, with some evidence of these poems being written on palm leaf manuscripts. The actual compilation into Tevaram was completed in the 11th century, starting around 1000 CE. The Tevaram trio themselves credit an older tradition and "speak of saints who lived before them", which

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recites numerous examples of Jain monks allegedly destroying Shiva temples, persecuting Shaiva people and torturing Shaiva poet-saints. Example quotes: "How long this joint tour took, one cannot say; but much must have been said by Appar to Sambandhar about the cruel supremacy of Jainism and of the

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Unlike his sister, Appar turned to Jainism. He left home, joined a Jain monastery, where he was renamed Dharmasena (Tarumacenar). He studied Jainism and became the head of the Jain monastery in Tiruppatirippuliyur. After a while, afflicted by a painful stomach illness, Dharmasena returned home. His

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Several of these poems refer to historic references pointing to the saints own life, voice of devotee persona, using interior language of the mystic. Of the three, Sambandar's life is better interpreted by his verses. According to Zvelebil, the child-prodigy Sambandar's lyrics are characterized by

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The texts about the Tevaram trio are hagiographies full of mythistory where devotion leads to miracles, objects float upstream in a river, cruel Jains of the Chola kingdom repeatedly scheme to hurt and kill peaceful Shaiva saints in the Pandya kingdom, the Shiva devotees survive and thrive through

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His life and his hymns in the Tevaram are broadly grouped in four stages. First, his cancelled arranged marriage through the intervention of Shiva in the form of a mad petitioner and his conversion into a Shaiva devotee. Second, his double marriage to temple dancers Paravai and Cankali with their

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towards the end of the 7th century. He was adopted by the Pallava feudatory family of Naracinka Munaiyaraiyar, an adoption that gave him a luxurious childhood and the last name "Arurar" after Shiva in Tiruvarur. As he grew into an adult in Tiruvarur, he was called "Sundarar" meaning "the handsome

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The Tevaram hymns incorporate names of Shiva temple pilgrimage sites. The poems also involved glorifying the feat of Shiva in the particular location. These hymns helped create a sacred geography of Tamil Shaivism, interconnecting this regional Shaiva community within and to the broader Shaivism

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The hymns provide a window into the types of Shiva temples in the 7th century CE, artwork and the iconography prevalent then. They confirm that the iconography of Nataraja – the dancing form of Shiva, and the Shiva linga, were already well established by the time of Sambandar, complementing each

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Appar was a dedicated pilgrim, who travelled to distant Shiva shrines. Of particular note are Shiva temples sites that were important turning points to his life and these remain important to contemporary Tamil Shaivas. These include Tunkanaimatam, Chidambaram, Sirkazhi where he met the child

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caste, he was an orphan raised by his sister. He spent his childhood in Tiruvamur village near Atikai by most accounts. His childhood name was Marunikkiyar (Marulneekiar). Zvelebil dates his birth to between 570–596 CE. Details of Appar's life are found in his own hymns and in Sekkizhar's

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various forms of tortures he suffered at the hands of the Jain monks"; "The aged Appar, still bearing the indelible scars of the scourgings and other forms of torture by the Jain monks, was scared for the safety of the Child and tried to dissuade him from his resolve to go to Madurai."

1141:. Appar and Sambandar lived around the 7th century, while Sundarar lived in the 8th century. It is likely that the lives of Appar and Sambandar overlapped sometime between 570 and 670 CE, while Sundarar lived in late 7th or the early 8th century. All three are among the 63 2319:: "(My mind!) worship with folded hands sincerely early in life, Shiva (Civaṉ) who chants the four Vedas (Vētams) which contain good things, who receives alms in the teethless white skull, who is in tillai (citamparam), and the god who is in parāittuṟai in the south; 1978:

in his court. He sought the help of Nambi Andar Nambi, who was a priest in a temple. It is believed that by divine intervention Nambi found the presence of scripts, in the form of cadijam leaves half eaten by white ants in a chamber inside the second precinct of the

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Sundarar, also known as Nampi Arurar or Cuntaramurtti or Cuntarar, is the third of the Tevaram trio. His Tevaram hymns provide more biographical specifics than the hymns of Sambandar and Appar. Sundarar was born in Tirunavalur in a Shaiva Brahmin family to

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is attributed to three Tamil Shaiva poet–saints, sometimes referred to as the "Tevaram trio" (Mūvar). They lived between the 6th and 8th century CE, state Peterson and Prentiss, while Champakalakshmi dates them in the 7th to 9th century. They are among the

1171:, pioneering the tradition of an emotional devotion to Shiva through ritual singing in temples and public places. This was an era where Hindus, Jains and Buddhists were rivals in seeking patronage and influence in royal and urban circles of South India. 1371:

to take revenge on Appar for his desertion. Appar is summoned to the court and allegedly tortured. Appar remains in good spirit despite the persecution. Thus, Appar persuaded Mahendravarman of the folly in Jainism, and converted the king to Shaivism.

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and southern Tamil, and the four Vedas". Such themes appear repeatedly in this text. Thus, Tevaram is not antagonistic to the Vedic tradition, it compliments and redirects the devotee to bhakti through songs and music, for the same spiritual pursuit.

3028: 2305:: "the god in kāḻi who pressed down angrily by gently fixing his toe to crush the arakkaṉ who lifted (the mountain), the pure one who smears the ash which is dust, took pity (on him) as he began to praise god by singing Sama Veda (cāma vētam);" 1431:

hundreds of Shaiva pilgrims. Shiva becomes his patron king, grants him grain, gold and a flashing sword. This is embedded symbolism to inspire regional kings and wealthy patrons to support the spiritual and charitable works at Shiva temples.

1264:. As a child poet-saint, he attracted throngs of audiences, travelled through Tamil lands to Shiva temples accompanied by musician Tirunilakantayalppanar, composing melodious hymns in complex meters and rhythms. The hymn III.345 of 1871:), devotional singing at temples. The inscriptions found in stone temples of Shiva over the centuries, confirm that this became a lasting historic practice by at least the 8th century CE. For example, states Dorai Rangaswamy, the 1260:, Sambandar is said to have been a child prodigy, one who began composing hymns as soon as he started speaking as a baby and who mastered the Vedas by age three. His gifts were attributed to being breastfed by the Shakti goddess 945:, Tamil Shaivism acquired a canonical set of sacred texts on ritual, philosophy, and theology. This marked its coming of age alongside the expansion and consolidation of Chola imperial power in the 11th century CE. 2908: 1174:

The Tevaram includes 383 or 384 hymns composed by Sambandar over volumes I–III, 313 hymns by Appar over volumes IV–VI, and 100 hymns by Sundarar in volume VII. Information about Tevaram Trio comes mainly from the

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Many more inscriptions over the centuries mention Tevaram singers in Shiva temples. For example, SII inscription 433 of 1903, 423 of 1908, 624 of 1909, 349 of 1918, 129 of 1924, 99 of 1989, 149 of 1937, and

1389:. Appar is believed to have died around the age of 81 in Tirupugalur. He extolled Shiva in 49,000 stanzas, out of which 3,130 have survived. These are compiled in the fourth, fifth, and sixth volumes of the 3037:, pp. 292–293, Quote: "The Saiva hagiographers speak of several incidents in which the Jains used their influence on the Pallava king in Kanchipuram to take revenge on Appar for his desertion".. 992:(leaders), and considered the "principal saint-leaders" of Tamil Shaivism. Like the ancient Sanskrit texts of India as well as the Vaishnava bhakti tradition, the early Nayanar poetry was largely an 2245:

philosophy by grouping ninety-nine verses into 10 categories. The category headings are God, soul, bond, grace, guru, methodology, enlightenment, bliss, mantra and liberation–corresponding to

1100:, all dated between about the 2nd century BCE and the 5th century CE, states Peterson. The melodic prosody, structure and genre that the Tevaram exemplifies has roots and illustrations in the 1038:

manuscript copied in a Tamil Shiva temple about 1700 CE. The manuscript, like many Hindu texts found in South India, starts with a contents list. The title of the hymns set is in its

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Sundarar's hymns had a touch of humour. In one of the verses, he playfully draws an analogy between Shiva and himself, both having two wives and the needs of nagging wives:

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can be interpreted in two ways. First, as "Tēva" and "Āram" which means "the garland of the lord ". Second, as "Tē" and "Vāram" which means "create love towards the lord".

1991:) in the temple opposed the mission, but Rajaraja intervened by consecrating the images of the saints through the streets of Chidambaram. Rajaraja thus became known as 2114:

provided for in Tiruvallam Bilavaneswara temple records dating from the 8th century. A few earlier records also give details about the gifts rendered to the singers of

2917:, pp. 180–181, Quote: "Needless to say, the king is converted. The Jains have chosen to die if they get defeated. Their chosen death is by impalement on stakes.". 1999:". Thus far Shiva temples only had images of god forms, but after the advent of Rajaraja, the images of the Nayanar saints were also placed inside the temple. 1360:(anekantavada) as self-contradictory relativism, the hypocrisy of running away from the world and work yet begging for food in that same world, and others. 1292:

in the aftermath. Sambandar died around 655 CE at the age of 16, on the day of his wedding when Shiva met him and took his relatives and him to his abode.

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and thus set aside the primacy of Sanskrit liturgies in religious matters. Tevaram made the direct devotion to Shiva more easily accessible to the people.

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singers, and thereafter came a conscious 11th-century structuring of these poems into a canonized text. The last stage was assisted by the pontiffs of the

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near Chidambaram. Little is known with any certainty about Sambandar actual life. The last hymns of Tevaram volume III provide some information. The

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Appar, also known as Tirunavukkaracar, was born in the late 6th century or the early 7th century in a Vellala peasant family. From the Shaiva

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Like Sambandar, there is a call for self-independence, militancy or pressing for one's rights, without fearing anyone in Appar compositions:

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The Tevaram helped structure a devotional tradition with its own authoritative canon, and thereby negated the primacy of Vedic orthodoxy and

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contains 796 hymns made up of 8,284 stanzas. These hymns continue to be devotionally sung in contemporary times in many Shiva temples of

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One of the earliest mentions of Tevaram singers is found in the 8th century Nandivarman II Tiruvallam inscription on the north wall of

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contain 383 poems (some editions 384), composed of 4,181 stanzas, attributed to Sambandar, which are all that survive out of a reputed

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stay together in Tiruvarur. Third, his blindness and then return of his sight. Finally, his reflections on wealth and material goods.

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Indira V. Peterson (1982). "Singing of a Place: Pilgrimage as Metaphor and Motif in the Tēvāram Songs of the Tamil Śaivite Saints".

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systematically builds the philosophical foundations of Shaivism. It differs from the ancient Vedas in that it focuses on intense

915: 910:, but also engaged a community of believers through their songs. Their work is an important source for understanding the Shaiva 2034:

of the labours of the 63 Nayanar saints–and Nambi's own hymns as the eleventh book. The first seven books were later called as

1709:. Professional singing of the Tevaram hymns at large Shiva temples has been a Tamil tradition since at least the 11th century. 2065:

caste who learned the mode of divine revelation. She returned to Chidambaram with Nambi, where she sang and danced for Shiva.

5723: 5599: 4898: 4893: 4617: 4202: 4143: 4122: 3888: 3809: 2962: 2050:, "the holy book". Thus Shaiva literature which covers about 600 years of religious, philosophical and literary development. 4365: 2207:

after the daily rituals. These are usually carried out as a chorus programme soon after the divine offering. The singing of

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provide more extended context for the life stories of the Tevaram trio and other poet-saints. All these texts including the

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The List of the Holy Servants) and other poetry which is generally dated to the 8th century. Other Tamil texts such as the

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other in large Shiva temples. These hymns also provide evidence of the Shaiva poet-saints cherishing the Vedic heritage.

1832:(line 32). Above is a portion of early Tiruvallam inscriptions (Tamil and Sanskrit languages, Tamil and Grantha scripts). 1268:

depicts Jain monks persecuting him and trying to burn a palm-leaf manuscript of his hymn, but the fire does not burn it.

1004:: first was the composition of the hymns by the Tevaram trio, then these were adopted in temple rituals and festivals by 5819: 3962: 1289: 4708: 3713: 4305: 4247: 4223: 4101: 4077: 4056: 3992: 3907: 3830: 3744: 3723: 3699: 3678: 3637: 3616: 3595: 661: 2237:

and subsequently expanded to 12 parts. One of the first anthologies of Sambandar, Appar, and Sundarar's hymns, the

1344:. His sister Thilagavathiar was betrothed to a military commander who died in war. She devoted herself to Shaivism. 5834: 5060: 4350: 4817: 4213: 2158:

of Manikkavacakar during special occasion in the temple. From the 13th century, the texts were passed on to the

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regards this poem by Sambandar as exemplifying the structural and thematic distinctiveness of bhakti poetry:

1050:(beat) are included on the manuscript leaves to guide the singers and musicians. The above set is one of 230 997:

states Peterson suggests that parts of the Tevaram poetry may have more ancient roots than the 6th century.

5584: 5551: 4402: 4333: 1980: 4934: 4693: 3980: 2866:, Journal of the Epigraphical Society of India, Volume 5, Epigraphical Society of India Mysore, pp. 69-83 2841:, Journal of the Epigraphical Society of India, Volume 5, Epigraphical Society of India Mysore, pp. 69-70 1630: 3307: 2335:

There is some disagreement on the centuries, with Champakalakshmi dating Sundarar in 8th to 9th-century.

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Thirugnana Sambandar, sometimes spelled as Campantar or Ñāṉacampantar, was born into a family of Shaiva

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volumes contain the works of the three most prominent Shaiva Tamil saints of the 7th and 8th centuries:

5667: 5546: 5075: 4913: 3766: 3755: 1705:, and they are meant to be sung while accompanied with a stringed musical instrument such as the Tamil 1113:

According to Sabaratnam, the Tevaram verses were more oriented towards the folk tradition. It used the

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Chettiar, C. M. Ramachandran (1941). "Geographical Distribution of Religious Places in Tamil Nad".

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are additional early records and provide a comprehensive hagiography on him. Other sources are the

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ensures the perpetuation of the Vedic religion's emphasis on the efficacy of ritual as per Davis.

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In 1918, 11 more songs were found engraved in stone temple in Tiruvidavayil in a village close to

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Nambi arranged the hymns of three saints Sambandar, Appar and Sundarar as the first seven books,

1829: 284: 3606: 5672: 5647: 5594: 4807: 4612: 4112: 4067: 3689: 3668: 3627: 2246: 619: 55: 4288:. Shivdasani Conference 2007, 20–21 October. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 85–106. 5728: 5657: 4838: 4545: 4507: 1888: 1213: 1039: 654: 503: 139: 4866: 4861: 4683: 5576: 5379: 5351: 5216: 4660: 4555: 4378: 4343: 2147: 1622: 472: 191: 106: 2399:

Ignatius Hirudayam, "Canonical Books of Saivism and Vaishnavism in Tamil and Sanskrit" in

8: 5627: 5622: 5285: 5142: 4949: 4908: 4744: 4278: 3869:

A Critical Study of Early Tamil Saiva Bhakti Literature with Special Reference to Tevaram

2220: 1974:(985-1013 CE) embarked on a mission to recover the hymns after hearing short excerpts of 1702: 829: 753: 556: 134: 4329: 2130:

and made liberal provisions for their maintenance and successors. A record belonging to

219: 5652: 5561: 5408: 5386: 5065: 5018: 4645: 4293: 4170: 4035: 3998: 3934: 2216: 1272: 566: 370: 166: 3780: 1463: 429: 5794: 5788: 5770: 5708: 5358: 5250: 4856: 4640: 4311: 4301: 4243: 4219: 4198: 4194:

Periya Puranam: A Tamil Classic on the Great Saiva Saints of South India by Sekkizhar

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A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century

1971: 1903:

are places that are mentioned casually in the hymns. The focus of the hymns suggests

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Vellala were among the traditional tillers, agriculture labor; classified as Shudra.

2229:, the eleventh-century Tamil book on the Nayanars that forms the last volume of the 1450: 1181:, the eleventh-century Tamil book on the Nayanars that forms the last volume of the 5718: 5713: 5703: 5632: 5556: 5508: 5450: 5440: 5430: 5423: 5403: 5330: 4992: 4723: 4162: 4027: 3861:. Vol. III (Third ed.). Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. pp. 326–340. 2242: 2092: 1956: 1368: 1323: 1015: 1000:

According to Champakalakshmi, there were at least three stages in the evolution of

906:. The three saints were not only involved in portraying their personal devotion to 817: 713: 693: 678: 647: 599: 576: 438: 434: 414: 402: 312: 162: 4300:. Philadelphia: Dept. of South Asia Regional Studies, University of Pennsylvania. 4182:

B.G.L. Swamy (1975). "The Date of the Tevaram Trio: An Analysis and Reappraisal".

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The colonial era literature and some contemporary publications spell Tevaram as

1919:: in addition to temples, the hymnists make classificatory lists of places like 1301: 5662: 5269: 4997: 4764: 4418: 4233: 4153:

Spencer, George W. (1970). "The Sacred Geography of the Tamil Shaivite Hymns".

3848: 2003: 1964: 1915:(worship) offering. Both human structures and natural places find a mention in 1900: 1872: 1697:. The traditional manuscripts arrange the hymns according to musical modes, or 1661: 1609: 1586: 1560: 1555: 1475: 1414: 1285: 1177: 1114: 993: 853: 701: 546: 4812: 3790: 2864:

Religious conflict in the Tamil Country: A Re-appraisal of Epigraphic Evidence

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Religious conflict in the Tamil Country: A Re-appraisal of Epigraphic Evidence

5813: 5566: 5538: 5445: 5169: 5023: 4987: 4964: 4759: 4587: 4522: 4517: 4472: 4462: 4242:. A History of Indian Literature. Vol. 10. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrasowitz. 4010: 3656: 2016:

as the eighth book, the 28 hymns of nine other saints as the ninth book, the

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through Ravana's mythical devotion before he lost his way and turned evil.

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Xavier Irudayaraj, "Self-Understanding of Saiva Siddanta Scriptures," in

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followed in Shiva temples. Though these two systems are overlapping, the

2062: 2012: 1084:(praise poem) of the Tevaram are "closely associated with early Sanskrit 887: 725: 718: 706: 614: 483: 479: 442: 861: 5753: 5528: 5481: 5194: 4944: 4698: 4174: 4114:

Of Death and Birth: Icakkiyamman̲, a Tamil Goddess, in Ritual and Story

2131: 1988: 1637: 1591: 1168: 950: 922: 536: 279: 274: 87: 4279:"Cholas, Pandyas, and 'Imperial Temple Culture' in Medieval Tamilnadu" 4069:

Ethnic Attachments in Sri Lanka: Social Change and Cultural Continuity

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The Tyāgarāja Cult in Tamilnāḍu: A Study in Conflict and Accommodation

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Land and People of Indian States and Union Territories. 25. Tamil Nadu

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For a few additional examples (Translator: V.M.Subramanya Ayyar), see:

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A History of Indian Literature, 500-1399: From Courtly to the Popular

2265:. It is the first of the works to refer the collection of volumes as 2039: 2023: 1952: 1730:

In Tiruvaiyar, where the girls dance around, and the drumbeats sound,

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has also been interpreted as "private ritual worship", with the term

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is followed by musicals from the music pillars in such temples like

975:

appearing in temple inscriptions with the sense of "lord's shrine".

493: 5513: 5476: 5413: 5238: 5199: 5184: 5174: 5164: 5132: 4871: 4031: 2565: 2203:

offer musical programmes in Shiva temples of Tamil Nadu by singing

2180: 2123: 2069: 1960: 1951:

with Manikkavasakar - collectively called the Naalvar: (from left)

1948: 1844:

with gleaming gopuras in each direction to the number of the Vedas,

1540: 1522: 1482: 1478: 1261: 1230: 1142: 1138: 903: 746: 541: 380: 77: 72: 33: 4215:

The Royal Temple of Rajaraja: An Instrument of Imperial Cola Power

2481: 2479: 2477: 2087:

was one of the sole reasons for converting Vedic ritual to Agamic

1185:. The first two Saints are mentioned in the third poet Sundarar's 872:, denotes the first seven volumes of the twelve-volume collection 5765: 5228: 5221: 4774: 4387: 3768:

The Religion And Philosophy Of Tevaram, Book II (Volumes 3 and 4)

3295: 3283: 2170: 1854:

Him who constantly performs His dance, there is Sheath of Bliss,

1732:

The monkeys fear the rain, run up the trees, and scan the clouds.

1364: 1276: 1226: 1073: 883: 879: 581: 488: 446: 302: 124: 101: 4381:'s web site giving the transliteration & translation of the 4298:

Songs of the Harsh Devotee: The Tēvāram of Cuntaramūrttināyan̲ār

3757:

The Religion And Philosophy Of Tevaram, Book I (Volumes 1 and 2)

1701:. The Tevaram hymns are set to 23 of the 103 pan scale modes of 5760: 5748: 5418: 5321: 5317: 5206: 5179: 4769: 3670:

Open Boundaries: Jain Communities and Culture in Indian History

2807: 2795: 2689: 2687: 2474: 2146:

with the establishment of a department. There are records from

1336: 1208: 1085: 609: 604: 561: 498: 344: 340: 331: 94: 3343: 3129: 3127: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3072: 3070: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2744: 2699: 1363:

The Tamil hagiographies allege that Jain monks approached the

1096:, some compositions of Kalidasa and some chapters of the epic 41: 5243: 5159: 4749: 2164: 2150:

from Nallanyanar temple in South Arcot indicating singing of

1726:

In the hour when our senses grow confused, the way grows dim,

1724:

In the temple where he is throned, who bids us not lose heart

1134: 1010: 907: 899: 890:

account of early Shaiva saints set in devotional poetry. The

327: 241: 236: 157: 111: 82: 65: 3271: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3178: 2874: 2872: 2684: 2585: 2583: 5101: 4969: 4592: 3163: 3139: 3124: 3103: 3067: 3040: 2971: 2896: 1685: 1307: 467: 336: 264: 116: 4135:

The Dance of Siva: Religion, Art and Poetry in South India

3331: 2920: 2536: 2534: 1288:

king and some Jains convert to Shaivism. Other Jain monks

1110:, an ancient prototypical devotional hymn to Rudra-Shiva. 3175: 2869: 2844: 2756: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2711: 2660: 2648: 2636: 2580: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2549: 2528:, Volume 3, Part 1, Archaeological Survey of India, p. 93 2057:. He accomplished this by visiting the native village of 1943: 1728:

Our wisdom fails, and mucus chokes our struggling breath,

3316:, pp. 17–18 with footnote 58, 23–28 with footnotes. 2932: 2819: 2612: 2508: 2506: 1794:

Forever His, His; who does reign, our Sankara, in bliss.

3629:

According to Tradition: Hagiographical Writing in India

2531: 1846:

with five halls, which are the sheaths of the Brahman,

3004: 2723: 2546: 1434:

Sundarar is the author of 1,026 poems compiled as the

1163:) who are revered poet-saints of Shaivism. During the 2773: 2771: 2503: 2053:

Nambi was also involved in setting musical modes for

929:, these saints' hymns were collected and arranged by 4334:

Jagadguru Shri Chandrasekharendra Saraswati Swamigal

2046:(1135 CE) as the twelfth volume, is wholly known as 2038:, and the whole Shaiva canon, which came to include 2026:

as the tenth book, and 40 hymns by 12 other saints,

1376:

poet-saint Sambandar who lovingly called him Appar (

1249:

and a few inscriptions in Tamil Shiva temples about

3877:R. Champakalakshmi (2007). Meenakshi Khanna (ed.). 3785:. Vol. II. Middlesex: Edward Arnold & Co. 4362:, a repository of ancient Tamil literature in PDFs 4017: 3876: 3691:Songs of Experience: The Poetics of Tamil Devotion 3349: 2768: 2705: 2630: 2606: 2574: 2485: 2381: 2168:and there was no more control by the kings or the 1891:are 275 temples that are revered in the verses of 1253:singers that can be dated around the 9th century. 1054:folios currently preserved in the British Library. 1014:(monasteries) who incorporated the hymns into the 4184:Bulletin of the Institute of Traditional Cultures 3605:Bhargava, Gopal K.; Bhatt, Shankarlal C. (2006). 1767: like the gently breeze and the young spring 5811: 4353:, contains an English translation of the entire 4190: 3764: 3753: 3313: 3301: 3289: 2813: 2801: 2789: 2184:community and were trained in ritual singing in 1852:Devi, Visnu, Elephant-faced Vinayaka and Skanda, 1792:It's joy for us, joy day by day, for we are His. 1305:of 16,000 hymns. His verses were set to tune on 4371:, audio files of hymns available at Shaivam.org 3625: 3418: 3207: 2404: 1863:The Tevaram hymns celebrate charitable giving ( 1850:and with the shrines of the Blessed Mulasthana, 4191:G. Vanmikanathan (1985). N. Mahalingam (ed.). 3673:. Albany: State University of New York Press. 2672: 5117: 4403: 4286:Archeology and Text: The Temple in South Asia 3626:Callewaert, Winand M.; Snell, Rupert (1994). 3604: 3537: 3470: 3468: 3455: 3453: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3203: 3201: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3085: 2950: 1786:To none are we subject! Death we do not fear! 1216:statue depicting Sambandar, late 11th century 655: 4181: 4096:. New Delhi: A.P.H. Publishing Corporation. 3985:Poems to Siva: The Hymns of the Tamil Saints 3858:The History and Culture of the Indian People 3397: 3395: 3393: 2825: 2072:, and it was the first instance found where 4131: 3919:St. Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India 3277: 1147: 5124: 5110: 4410: 4396: 4065: 3939:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3497: 3495: 3465: 3450: 3325: 3253: 3237: 3235: 3213: 3198: 3082: 2678: 2497: 2439: 1909:(seeing and being seen by God) within the 1311:or lute by Sambandar's constant companion 662: 648: 4211: 4086: 3987:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 3947: 3916: 3801:The First Spring: The Golden Age of India 3732: 3694:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 3563: 3561: 3548: 3546: 3513: 3444: 3414: 3390: 3061: 3057: 3055: 3010: 2693: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2400: 1848:food and the others with the holy waters, 1842:His house is resplendent with five walls, 1167:these three travelled extensively around 921:In the 10th century, during the reign of 4666:Commentaries in Tamil literary tradition 4232: 4046: 4020:Journal of the American Oriental Society 3979: 3646: 3567: 3552: 3459: 3384: 3368: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3226: 3192: 3169: 3157: 3145: 3133: 3118: 3097: 3076: 3046: 3034: 3022: 2986: 2957:. Pearson Education India. p. 592. 2902: 2890: 2878: 2850: 2762: 2738: 2717: 2666: 2654: 2642: 2589: 2559: 2540: 2427: 2421: 1942: 1823: 1790:No tremblings know we, and no illnesses. 1413: 1317: 1207: 4292: 4152: 4110: 3865: 3839: 3736:Studies in Tamil Literature and History 3492: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3380: 3337: 3319: 3259: 3232: 2992: 2926: 2618: 2512: 2451: 5812: 3900:The Sacred Marriage of a Hindu Goddess 3897: 3687: 3558: 3543: 3474: 3401: 3052: 2777: 2750: 2457: 2415: 2142:and shows the institutionalisation of 1771: are my lord's twin feet's shadow 1683:The hymns are set to music denoted by 1201:were finalized a few centuries later. 5105: 4618:World Classical Tamil Conference 2010 4391: 4051:. New York: Oxford University Press. 3818: 3797: 3775: 3583: 3525: 3486: 3355: 2938: 2602: 2600: 2598: 2261:as a whole, but primarily focuses on 978: 3663: 3501: 3423: 2914: 2468: 2387: 1742: 825:Tamil history from Sangam literature 4276: 4218:. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications. 3708: 3265: 3241: 2998: 2233:, primarily had references only to 2076:verses were found in inscriptions. 1378: 13: 4417: 4330:The Authenticity of Sthala Puranas 4258: 3921:. Vol. III. Trichur, Kerala. 3880:Cultural History of Medieval India 3733:Dikshitar, VR Ramachandra (1936). 3160:, pp. 305–312 with footnotes. 3025:, pp. 286–293 with footnotes. 2624: 2595: 1656:has 796 hymns. Each hymn contains 1462: 1449: 1080:In their structure and focus, the 14: 5846: 5081:Ancient manuscript digitalisation 4323: 4284:. In Ray, Himanshu Prabha (ed.). 4047:Prentiss, Karen Pechilis (1999). 3632:. Wiesbaden: Harrasowitz Verlag. 3587:South Indian Shrines: Illustrated 5793: 5784: 5783: 5259: 4186:. University of Madras: 119–179. 2792:, pp. 203–232, 239–240 etc. 1858:– Sambandar (Translator: Smith) 1856:Whose foot is curved, I worship. 1023: 631: 40: 5830:Texts related to Nayanar saints 5061:Standardisation of Tamil script 4351:French Institute of Pondicherry 4066:Sabaratnam, Lakshmanan (2001). 3957:. New Delhi: South Asia Books. 3917:Menachery, George, ed. (2010). 3883:. Delhi: Social Science Press. 3765:Dorai Rangaswamy, M.A. (1959). 3754:Dorai Rangaswamy, M.A. (1958). 3576: 3531: 3519: 3507: 3480: 3407: 3374: 3247: 2944: 2856: 2831: 2518: 2361: 2352: 2338: 2329: 2292: 2279: 1810:Full well canst thou comprehend 1796:– Appar (Translator: Zvelebil) 1750:வீசு தென்றலும் வீங்கிள வேனிலும் 1295:The first three volumes of the 1059: 4138:. Cambridge University Press. 3902:. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. 3825:. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. 3611:. Delhi: Kalpaz Publications. 3590:. Asian Educational Services. 3584:Ayyar, P. V. Jagadisa (1993). 2893:, pp. 20 with footnote 4. 2491: 2445: 2433: 2409: 2393: 2213:Madurai Meenakshi Amman Temple 2061:, where he met a woman of the 1938: 1897:Shiva temples of the continent 1752:மூசு வண்டறை பொய்கையும் போன்றதே 1: 2375: 2079: 1895:and are amongst the greatest 1769: like a bee-humming lake 1748:மாசில் வீணையும் மாலை மதியமும் 1279:to counter the Jain monks in 5131: 3981:Peterson, Indira Viswanathan 3898:Harman, William P. (1992) . 3718:. Chennai: Sahitya Akademi. 1806:Thou art half woman. Thyself 1445: 1441: 1290:die in Madurai of impalement 1220: 673: 7: 4935:Megalithic graffiti symbols 4694:Nālāyira Tivviya Pirapantam 3649:Indian Geographical Journal 3208:Callewaert & Snell 1994 2108:Tirupadiyam Vinnapam Seyvar 1995:meaning "one who saved the 1981:Chidambaram Nataraja temple 1396: 1125:The first three volumes of 1018:canon in the 13th century. 862: 10: 5851: 5076:Printing in Tamil language 4212:Vasudevan, Geetha (2003). 3866:Kandiah, Arumugam (1973). 3819:Ghose, Rajeshwari (1996). 2862:R Champakalakshmi (1978), 2837:R Champakalakshmi (1978), 2102:hymns were referred to as 1808:Ganga is in thy long hair, 916:early medieval South India 778:Naalayira Divya Prabandham 5820:Tamil-language literature 5779: 5741: 5686: 5613: 5575: 5537: 5499: 5490: 5460:Festivals and observances 5459: 5396: 5316: 5300:Shiva Sutras of Vasugupta 5268: 5257: 5150: 5139: 5053: 5032: 5006: 4978: 4927: 4884: 4847: 4831: 4788: 4737: 4674: 4633: 4626: 4605: 4580: 4564: 4536: 4495: 4488: 4425: 4111:Schüler, Barbara (2009). 4093:A Social History of India 3538:Bhargava & Bhatt 2006 2526:South Indian Inscriptions 2257:is another anthology for 2028:Tirutotanar Tiruvanthathi 1788:We do not grieve in hell. 1746: 1665: 1643: 1636: 1629: 1620: 1481:hymns of the sixty-three 1473: 1448: 1120: 857: 835: 802: 769: 733: 691: 684: 676: 5719:Meenakshi Sundareshwarar 5279:Shvetashvatara Upanishad 4823:Tamil Lexicon dictionary 4503:Bangalore Tamil dialects 4197:. Sri Ramakrishna Math. 4049:The Embodiment of Bhakti 3841:Iyengar, K. R. Srinivasa 3739:. University of Madras. 2753:, pp. 24–29, 39–43. 2272: 2098:The earliest singers of 2059:Tiru Nilakanta Yazhpanar 1761:like the sweet-sounding 1754:ஈசன் எந்தை இணையடி நீழலே 1330: 1313:Tiru Nilakanta Yazhpanar 1271:On the request of queen 1088:" of the types found in 5071:Simplified Tamil script 4719:Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam 4340:translated into English 4277:Orr, Leslie C. (2010). 4270:Encyclopædia Britannica 4167:10.1163/156852770X00063 3872:. University of London. 3798:Eraly, Abraham (2011). 3771:. University of Madras. 3760:. University of Madras. 3688:Cutler, Norman (1987). 3383:, p. 240, quoting 3350:Indira V. Peterson 1982 2706:R. Champakalakshmi 2007 2631:R. Champakalakshmi 2007 2607:R. Champakalakshmi 2007 2575:R. Champakalakshmi 2007 2486:R. Champakalakshmi 2007 2255:Tirumurai Kanda Puranam 2239:Tevara Arulmuraitirattu 1830:Vilwanatheswarar temple 1812:Burden of woman so fair 1247:Tiru Tondar Tiruvandadi 956: 937:along with the rest of 758:Udayana Kumara Kaviyam 5835:Tamil Hindu literature 5600:Tiruvanaikaval (Water) 4808:Purapporul Venbamaalai 4613:World Tamil Conference 4072:. Palgrave Macmillan. 2951:Upinder Singh (2008). 2247:Umapathi Shivachariyar 1993:Tirumurai Kanda Cholan 1968: 1861: 1833: 1820:Early Shaiva Siddhanta 1817: 1799: 1765:and cool night's moon, 1759: 1737: 1474:The twelve volumes of 1468: 1455: 1419: 1327: 1315:(Nilakantaperumanar). 1300: 1217: 882:narrative of epic and 5595:Tiruvannamalai (Fire) 4839:Yāḻpāna Vaipava Mālai 4508:Central Tamil dialect 4458:Proto-South Dravidian 3782:Hinduism and Buddhism 3314:Dorai Rangaswamy 1958 3302:Dorai Rangaswamy 1958 3290:Dorai Rangaswamy 1958 2814:G. Vanmikanathan 1985 2802:G. Vanmikanathan 1985 2790:G. Vanmikanathan 1985 2241:, is linked to Tamil 2106:, and were among the 1946: 1889:Paadal Petra Sthalams 1867:), food to pilgrims ( 1839: 1827: 1803: 1783: 1721: 1466: 1453: 1417: 1321: 1284:monks in debate, the 1211: 1195:Tiruvilaiyatarpuranam 1137:, and the seventh by 1034:A palm-leaf folio of 886:heroes, as well as a 5577:Pancha Bhuta Sthalam 4904:Indo-Aryan languages 4729:Tamil Ganaptya texts 4661:List of Sangam poets 4606:Global organizations 4379:Dharmapuram Adheenam 4161:(Fasc. 3): 232–244. 4132:David Smith (2003). 4117:. Otto Harrasowitz. 2524:E. Hultzsch (1929), 2148:Kulothunga Chola III 2138:, the supervisor of 1631:Paadal Petra Sthalam 1623:Paadal Petra Sthalam 1275:, Sambandar went to 1133:, the next three by 941:and ending with the 933:. Starting with the 735:The Five Minor Epics 192:Siddhanta Shikhamani 152:Scriptures and texts 5605:Kanchipuram (Earth) 5590:Tirukalahasti (Air) 5585:Chidambaram (Ether) 5286:Shivarahasya Purana 4909:Dravidian languages 4709:Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai 4294:Shulman, David Dean 3172:, pp. 313–319. 3148:, pp. 305–307. 3136:, pp. 303–304. 3121:, pp. 302–303. 3079:, pp. 296–299. 3049:, pp. 292–295. 2989:, pp. 283–287. 2941:, pp. 859–860. 2929:, pp. 234–235. 2905:, pp. 272–273. 2696:, pp. 150–151. 2221:Thanumalayan Temple 1703:Ancient Tamil music 830:Ancient Tamil music 754:Naga Kumara Kaviyam 638:Hinduism portal 5704:Kailash Mansarovar 5409:Pashupata Shaivism 5387:Hara Hara Mahadeva 5066:Tanittamil Iyakkam 5019:Tamil onomatopoeia 4646:Tamil books of Law 3447:, pp. 109–110 3340:, p. 232–244. 2217:Nellaiappar Temple 1969: 1927:(port or refuge), 1834: 1469: 1467:Om symbol in Tamil 1456: 1438:s seventh volume. 1420: 1328: 1322:Appar depicted in 1273:Mangayarkkarasiyar 1218: 979:Date and evolution 763:Yashodhara Kaviyam 409:Non - Saiddhantika 5807: 5806: 5737: 5736: 5099: 5098: 5086:Formation of CICT 4880: 4879: 4857:Asthana Kolahalam 4641:Sangam literature 4601: 4600: 4204:978-81-7823-148-8 4145:978-0-521-52865-8 4124:978-3-447-05844-5 3890:978-81-87358-30-5 3811:978-0-670-08478-4 3804:. Penguin Books. 3304:, pp. 23–24. 3292:, pp. 17–18. 3280:, pp. 51–52. 3195:, pp. 22–23. 2964:978-81-317-1120-0 2881:, pp. 19–21. 2853:, pp. 19–27. 2826:B.G.L. Swamy 1975 2765:, pp. 43–45. 2720:, pp. 19–18. 2669:, pp. 26–27. 2657:, pp. 24–26. 2645:, pp. 69–74. 2621:, pp. 16–17. 2592:, pp. 15–19. 2577:, pp. 57–58. 2243:Shaiva Siddhantha 1972:Raja Raja Chola I 1931:(water tank) and 1779: 1778: 1650: 1649: 1645:Nambiyandar Nambi 1528:Thirunavukkarasar 1243:Nambiyandar Nambi 931:Nambiyandar Nambi 844: 843: 840: 771:Bhakti Literature 686:Sangam Literature 672: 671: 5842: 5797: 5787: 5786: 5497: 5496: 5441:Siddha Siddhanta 5404:Shaiva Siddhanta 5331:Om Namah Shivaya 5263: 5126: 5119: 5112: 5103: 5102: 4993:Tamil honorifics 4724:Vinayagar Agaval 4689:Kampa Irāmāyaṉam 4651:Five Great Epics 4631: 4630: 4493: 4492: 4412: 4405: 4398: 4389: 4388: 4332:, an excerpt of 4319: 4289: 4283: 4273: 4266:"Karnatak music" 4253: 4239:Tamil Literature 4229: 4208: 4187: 4178: 4149: 4128: 4107: 4088:Sadasivan, S. N. 4083: 4062: 4043: 4014: 3976: 3944: 3938: 3930: 3913: 3894: 3873: 3862: 3836: 3815: 3794: 3772: 3761: 3750: 3729: 3710:Das, Sisir Kumar 3705: 3684: 3660: 3643: 3622: 3601: 3571: 3565: 3556: 3550: 3541: 3535: 3529: 3523: 3517: 3516:, pp. 56–57 3511: 3505: 3499: 3490: 3484: 3478: 3472: 3463: 3457: 3448: 3442: 3421: 3420: 3411: 3405: 3399: 3388: 3378: 3372: 3371:, pp. 51–52 3366: 3353: 3347: 3341: 3335: 3329: 3328:, pp. 27–28 3323: 3317: 3311: 3305: 3299: 3293: 3287: 3281: 3278:David Smith 2003 3275: 3269: 3263: 3257: 3251: 3245: 3239: 3230: 3224: 3211: 3205: 3196: 3190: 3173: 3167: 3161: 3155: 3149: 3143: 3137: 3131: 3122: 3116: 3101: 3095: 3080: 3074: 3065: 3059: 3050: 3044: 3038: 3032: 3026: 3020: 3014: 3008: 3002: 2996: 2990: 2984: 2969: 2968: 2948: 2942: 2936: 2930: 2924: 2918: 2912: 2906: 2900: 2894: 2888: 2882: 2876: 2867: 2860: 2854: 2848: 2842: 2835: 2829: 2823: 2817: 2811: 2805: 2799: 2793: 2787: 2781: 2780:, pp. 42–43 2775: 2766: 2760: 2754: 2748: 2742: 2736: 2721: 2715: 2709: 2703: 2697: 2691: 2682: 2676: 2670: 2664: 2658: 2652: 2646: 2640: 2634: 2628: 2622: 2616: 2610: 2609:, pp. 56–57 2604: 2593: 2587: 2578: 2572: 2563: 2557: 2544: 2538: 2529: 2522: 2516: 2510: 2501: 2495: 2489: 2483: 2472: 2466: 2455: 2449: 2443: 2437: 2431: 2425: 2419: 2413: 2407: 2406: 2397: 2391: 2385: 2369: 2365: 2359: 2356: 2350: 2342: 2336: 2333: 2327: 2323:Tevaram VII.69.9 2296: 2290: 2283: 2093:Agamic tradition 1957:Tirunavukkarasar 1879:Pilgrimage sites 1743: 1668:), also spelled 1667: 1509:Thirukadaikkappu 1446: 1384: 1380: 1348:sister gave him 1239:Tiruttondartokai 1187:Tiruttondartokai 1162: 1159: 1156: 1153: 1149: 1027: 1016:Shaiva Siddhanta 868:), also spelled 867: 859: 836: 818:Sangam landscape 714:Civaka Cintamani 694:Five Great Epics 679:Tamil literature 674: 664: 657: 650: 636: 635: 634: 415:Kashmir Shaivism 209:Three Components 44: 21: 20: 16:Tamil Hindu text 5850: 5849: 5845: 5844: 5843: 5841: 5840: 5839: 5810: 5809: 5808: 5803: 5775: 5733: 5729:Vadakkum Nathan 5682: 5609: 5571: 5533: 5524:Madhyamaheshwar 5486: 5472:Maha Shivaratri 5455: 5392: 5345:Mahāmrityunjaya 5312: 5264: 5255: 5212:Ardhanarishvara 5146: 5135: 5130: 5100: 5095: 5091:Project Madurai 5049: 5033:Transliteration 5028: 5014:Tamil phonology 5002: 4980: 4974: 4955:Pallava grantha 4923: 4887:other languages 4886: 4876: 4850:natural science 4849: 4848:Mathematics and 4843: 4827: 4790: 4784: 4733: 4676: 4670: 4656:Ponniyin Selvan 4622: 4597: 4576: 4572:Malaysian Tamil 4565:Southeast Asian 4560: 4532: 4484: 4453:Proto-Dravidian 4421: 4416: 4360:Project Madurai 4326: 4308: 4281: 4272:. 1 April 2020. 4264: 4261: 4259:Further reading 4256: 4250: 4234:Zvelebil, Kamil 4226: 4205: 4146: 4125: 4104: 4080: 4059: 3995: 3965: 3932: 3931: 3910: 3891: 3849:Majumdar, R. C. 3833: 3812: 3747: 3726: 3702: 3681: 3640: 3619: 3598: 3579: 3574: 3566: 3559: 3551: 3544: 3536: 3532: 3524: 3520: 3512: 3508: 3500: 3493: 3485: 3481: 3473: 3466: 3458: 3451: 3443: 3424: 3412: 3408: 3400: 3391: 3379: 3375: 3367: 3356: 3348: 3344: 3336: 3332: 3326:Sabaratnam 2001 3324: 3320: 3312: 3308: 3300: 3296: 3288: 3284: 3276: 3272: 3264: 3260: 3254:Sabaratnam 2001 3252: 3248: 3240: 3233: 3225: 3214: 3206: 3199: 3191: 3176: 3168: 3164: 3156: 3152: 3144: 3140: 3132: 3125: 3117: 3104: 3096: 3083: 3075: 3068: 3060: 3053: 3045: 3041: 3033: 3029: 3021: 3017: 3009: 3005: 2997: 2993: 2985: 2972: 2965: 2949: 2945: 2937: 2933: 2925: 2921: 2913: 2909: 2901: 2897: 2889: 2885: 2877: 2870: 2861: 2857: 2849: 2845: 2836: 2832: 2824: 2820: 2812: 2808: 2800: 2796: 2788: 2784: 2776: 2769: 2761: 2757: 2749: 2745: 2737: 2724: 2716: 2712: 2704: 2700: 2692: 2685: 2679:Sabaratnam 2001 2677: 2673: 2665: 2661: 2653: 2649: 2641: 2637: 2629: 2625: 2617: 2613: 2605: 2596: 2588: 2581: 2573: 2566: 2558: 2547: 2543:, pp. 3–4. 2539: 2532: 2523: 2519: 2511: 2504: 2498:Sabaratnam 2001 2496: 2492: 2484: 2475: 2467: 2458: 2450: 2446: 2440:Sabaratnam 2001 2438: 2434: 2426: 2422: 2414: 2410: 2398: 2394: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2373: 2372: 2366: 2362: 2357: 2353: 2343: 2339: 2334: 2330: 2320: 2313: 2306: 2302:Tevaram I.24.10 2299: 2297: 2293: 2284: 2280: 2275: 2112:Nandivarman III 2082: 1947:The 3 foremost 1941: 1860: 1857: 1855: 1853: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1845: 1843: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1809: 1807: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1791: 1789: 1787: 1775: 1772: 1770: 1768: 1766: 1756: 1753: 1751: 1749: 1736: 1733: 1731: 1729: 1727: 1725: 1717:Sisir Kumar Das 1672:(from Sanskrit 1574: 1554: 1444: 1404:Sadaiya Nayanar 1399: 1382: 1333: 1237:and Sundarar's 1223: 1160: 1157: 1154: 1151: 1123: 1062: 1057: 1056: 1055: 1033: 1028: 981: 959: 912:Bhakti movement 783:Kamba Ramayanam 668: 632: 630: 625: 624: 595: 587: 586: 517: 509: 508: 457: 385: 360: 358: 350: 349: 323:Maha Shivaratri 298: 290: 289: 249: 205: 197: 196: 153: 145: 144: 121: 61:(Supreme being) 59: 52: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5848: 5838: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5825:Carnatic music 5822: 5805: 5804: 5802: 5801: 5791: 5780: 5777: 5776: 5774: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5757: 5756: 5745: 5743: 5742:Related topics 5739: 5738: 5735: 5734: 5732: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5699:Brihadeeswarar 5696: 5690: 5688: 5684: 5683: 5681: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5658:Ramanathaswamy 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5619: 5617: 5611: 5610: 5608: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5581: 5579: 5573: 5572: 5570: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5543: 5541: 5535: 5534: 5532: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5505: 5503: 5494: 5488: 5487: 5485: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5463: 5461: 5457: 5456: 5454: 5453: 5451:Shaiva Smartas 5448: 5443: 5438: 5436:Veera Shaivism 5433: 5431:Trika Shaivism 5428: 5427: 5426: 5421: 5411: 5406: 5400: 5398: 5394: 5393: 5391: 5390: 5383: 5376: 5369: 5362: 5355: 5348: 5341: 5334: 5326: 5324: 5314: 5313: 5311: 5310: 5303: 5296: 5289: 5282: 5274: 5272: 5266: 5265: 5258: 5256: 5254: 5253: 5248: 5247: 5246: 5241: 5231: 5226: 5225: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5204: 5203: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5156: 5154: 5148: 5147: 5140: 5137: 5136: 5129: 5128: 5121: 5114: 5106: 5097: 5096: 5094: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5057: 5055: 5051: 5050: 5048: 5047: 5042: 5036: 5034: 5030: 5029: 5027: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5010: 5008: 5004: 5003: 5001: 5000: 4998:Tamil numerals 4995: 4990: 4984: 4982: 4976: 4975: 4973: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4931: 4929: 4925: 4924: 4922: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4890: 4888: 4882: 4881: 4878: 4877: 4875: 4874: 4869: 4867:Kaṇita Tīpikai 4864: 4862:Kaṇakkatikāram 4859: 4853: 4851: 4845: 4844: 4842: 4841: 4835: 4833: 4829: 4828: 4826: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4794: 4792: 4786: 4785: 4783: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4741: 4739: 4735: 4734: 4732: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4680: 4678: 4672: 4671: 4669: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4637: 4635: 4628: 4624: 4623: 4621: 4620: 4615: 4609: 4607: 4603: 4602: 4599: 4598: 4596: 4595: 4590: 4584: 4582: 4578: 4577: 4575: 4574: 4568: 4566: 4562: 4561: 4559: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4542: 4540: 4534: 4533: 4531: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4499: 4497: 4490: 4486: 4485: 4483: 4482: 4481: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4429: 4427: 4423: 4422: 4419:Tamil language 4415: 4414: 4407: 4400: 4392: 4386: 4385: 4372: 4363: 4357: 4341: 4325: 4324:External links 4322: 4321: 4320: 4306: 4290: 4274: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4254: 4248: 4230: 4224: 4209: 4203: 4188: 4179: 4150: 4144: 4129: 4123: 4108: 4102: 4084: 4078: 4063: 4057: 4044: 4032:10.2307/601112 4015: 3993: 3977: 3964:978-8170130284 3963: 3945: 3914: 3908: 3895: 3889: 3874: 3863: 3837: 3831: 3816: 3810: 3795: 3777:Eliot, Charles 3773: 3762: 3751: 3745: 3730: 3724: 3706: 3700: 3685: 3679: 3661: 3651:(XVI): 42–50. 3644: 3638: 3623: 3617: 3602: 3596: 3580: 3578: 3575: 3573: 3572: 3557: 3542: 3530: 3518: 3514:Vasudevan 2003 3506: 3491: 3479: 3464: 3449: 3445:Vasudevan 2003 3422: 3415:Menachery 2010 3406: 3389: 3373: 3354: 3342: 3330: 3318: 3306: 3294: 3282: 3270: 3258: 3246: 3231: 3212: 3197: 3174: 3162: 3150: 3138: 3123: 3102: 3081: 3066: 3062:Vasudevan 2003 3051: 3039: 3027: 3015: 3011:Nagaswamy 1989 3003: 2991: 2970: 2963: 2943: 2931: 2919: 2907: 2895: 2883: 2868: 2855: 2843: 2830: 2818: 2816:, p. 229. 2806: 2804:, p. 220. 2794: 2782: 2767: 2755: 2743: 2722: 2710: 2698: 2694:Sadasivan 2000 2683: 2671: 2659: 2647: 2635: 2623: 2611: 2594: 2579: 2564: 2545: 2530: 2517: 2502: 2490: 2473: 2456: 2444: 2432: 2420: 2408: 2401:Menachery 2010 2392: 2390:, p. 177. 2379: 2377: 2374: 2371: 2370: 2360: 2351: 2346:Periya Puranam 2337: 2328: 2316:Tevaram V.30.6 2309:Tevaram I.52.1 2291: 2277: 2276: 2274: 2271: 2251:Tiruvarutpayan 2227:Periya Puranam 2178:were from the 2081: 2078: 2044:Periya Puranam 2004:Manikkavacakar 1965:Manikkavacakar 1940: 1937: 1901:Vaippu Sthalam 1881: 1880: 1873:Nandivarman II 1840: 1822: 1821: 1804: 1784: 1777: 1776: 1757: 1722: 1648: 1647: 1641: 1640: 1634: 1633: 1627: 1626: 1618: 1617: 1612: 1610:Periya Puranam 1607: 1603: 1602: 1599: 1595: 1594: 1589: 1587:Thirumandhiram 1584: 1580: 1579: 1576: 1575:Tiruppallaandu 1568: 1564: 1563: 1561:Manickavasagar 1558: 1556:Thirukkovaiyar 1548: 1544: 1543: 1538: 1535: 1531: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1516: 1515: 1510: 1507: 1503: 1502: 1497: 1492: 1486: 1485: 1471: 1470: 1443: 1440: 1398: 1395: 1387:uzhavaarappani 1369:Mahendravarman 1342:Periya Puranam 1332: 1329: 1326:, 12th century 1258:Periya Puranam 1235:Periya Puranam 1222: 1219: 1199:Periya Puranam 1178:Periya Puranam 1165:Pallava period 1158:hounds of Siva 1122: 1119: 1115:Tamil language 1061: 1058: 1030: 1029: 1022: 1021: 1020: 994:oral tradition 980: 977: 958: 955: 943:Periya Puranam 842: 841: 833: 832: 827: 821: 820: 815: 809: 808: 800: 799: 797: 792: 786: 785: 780: 774: 773: 767: 766: 764: 760: 759: 756: 750: 749: 744: 738: 737: 731: 730: 728: 722: 721: 716: 710: 709: 704: 702:Silappatikaram 698: 697: 689: 688: 682: 681: 670: 669: 667: 666: 659: 652: 644: 641: 640: 627: 626: 623: 622: 617: 612: 607: 602: 596: 593: 592: 589: 588: 585: 584: 579: 574: 569: 564: 559: 554: 549: 547:Manikkavacakar 544: 539: 534: 529: 524: 518: 515: 514: 511: 510: 507: 506: 501: 496: 491: 486: 477: 476: 475: 464: 463: 456: 455: 454: 453: 432: 427: 422: 406: 405: 394: 393: 384: 383: 378: 373: 367: 366: 359: 356: 355: 352: 351: 348: 347: 334: 325: 320: 315: 310: 305: 299: 296: 295: 292: 291: 288: 287: 282: 277: 272: 267: 262: 256: 255: 251: 250: 244: 239: 233: 232: 231:Three bondages 228: 227: 222: 217: 211: 210: 206: 203: 202: 199: 198: 195: 194: 189: 184: 179: 174: 169: 160: 154: 151: 150: 147: 146: 143: 142: 137: 135:Forms of Shiva 132: 127: 120: 119: 114: 109: 104: 98: 97: 91: 90: 85: 80: 75: 69: 68: 53: 50: 49: 46: 45: 37: 36: 30: 29: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5847: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5817: 5815: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5790: 5782: 5781: 5778: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5755: 5752: 5751: 5750: 5747: 5746: 5744: 5740: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5691: 5689: 5685: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5668:Trimbakeshwar 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5643:Mahakaleshwar 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5620: 5618: 5616: 5612: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5582: 5580: 5578: 5574: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5544: 5542: 5540: 5539:Pancha Sabhai 5536: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5506: 5504: 5502: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5492:Shiva temples 5489: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5464: 5462: 5458: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5446:Shiva Advaita 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5416: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5401: 5399: 5395: 5389: 5388: 5384: 5382: 5381: 5380:Shiva Mahimna 5377: 5375: 5374: 5370: 5368: 5367: 5363: 5361: 5360: 5356: 5354: 5353: 5352:Shiva Tandava 5349: 5347: 5346: 5342: 5340: 5339: 5335: 5333: 5332: 5328: 5327: 5325: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5309: 5308: 5304: 5302: 5301: 5297: 5295: 5294: 5290: 5288: 5287: 5283: 5281: 5280: 5276: 5275: 5273: 5271: 5267: 5262: 5252: 5249: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5236: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5209: 5208: 5205: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5170:Dakshinamurti 5168: 5166: 5163: 5162: 5161: 5158: 5157: 5155: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5144: 5138: 5134: 5127: 5122: 5120: 5115: 5113: 5108: 5107: 5104: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5058: 5056: 5052: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5037: 5035: 5031: 5025: 5024:Tamil prosody 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5011: 5009: 5005: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4988:Tamil grammar 4986: 4985: 4983: 4977: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4965:Tamil Braille 4963: 4961: 4960:Modern script 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4932: 4930: 4926: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4891: 4889: 4883: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4854: 4852: 4846: 4840: 4837: 4836: 4834: 4830: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4795: 4793: 4787: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4742: 4740: 4736: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4681: 4679: 4673: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4638: 4636: 4632: 4629: 4625: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4610: 4608: 4604: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4588:Brahmin Tamil 4586: 4585: 4583: 4579: 4573: 4570: 4569: 4567: 4563: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4543: 4541: 4539: 4535: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4523:Madurai Tamil 4521: 4519: 4518:Madras Bashai 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4500: 4498: 4494: 4491: 4487: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4473:Second Sangam 4471: 4469: 4466: 4465: 4464: 4463:Tamil Sangams 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4430: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4413: 4408: 4406: 4401: 4399: 4394: 4393: 4390: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4375:Thevaaram.org 4373: 4370: 4368: 4364: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4347: 4342: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4328: 4327: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4307:9780936115078 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4280: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4262: 4251: 4249:3-447-01582-9 4245: 4241: 4240: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4225:81-7017-383-3 4221: 4217: 4216: 4210: 4206: 4200: 4196: 4195: 4189: 4185: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4151: 4147: 4141: 4137: 4136: 4130: 4126: 4120: 4116: 4115: 4109: 4105: 4103:81-7648-170-X 4099: 4095: 4094: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4079:0-312-29348-8 4075: 4071: 4070: 4064: 4060: 4058:0-19-512813-3 4054: 4050: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3994:9780691067674 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3960: 3956: 3955: 3950: 3949:Nagaswamy, R. 3946: 3942: 3936: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3915: 3911: 3909:9788120808102 3905: 3901: 3896: 3892: 3886: 3882: 3881: 3875: 3871: 3870: 3864: 3860: 3859: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3832:81-208-1391-X 3828: 3824: 3823: 3817: 3813: 3807: 3803: 3802: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3783: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3769: 3763: 3759: 3758: 3752: 3748: 3746:9780343282882 3742: 3738: 3737: 3731: 3727: 3725:81-260-2171-3 3721: 3717: 3716: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3701:0-253-35334-3 3697: 3693: 3692: 3686: 3682: 3680:0-7914-3786-8 3676: 3672: 3671: 3666: 3665:Cort, John E. 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3645: 3641: 3639:3-447-03524-2 3635: 3631: 3630: 3624: 3620: 3618:81-7835-381-4 3614: 3610: 3609: 3603: 3599: 3597:81-206-0151-3 3593: 3589: 3588: 3582: 3581: 3570:, p. 144 3569: 3568:Prentiss 1999 3564: 3562: 3555:, p. 140 3554: 3553:Prentiss 1999 3549: 3547: 3540:, p. 467 3539: 3534: 3528:, p. 239 3527: 3522: 3515: 3510: 3504:, p. 176 3503: 3498: 3496: 3488: 3483: 3477:, p. 192 3476: 3471: 3469: 3462:, p. 191 3461: 3460:Zvelebil 1974 3456: 3454: 3446: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3416: 3410: 3403: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3386: 3385:Chettiar 1941 3382: 3377: 3370: 3369:Prentiss 1999 3365: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3351: 3346: 3339: 3334: 3327: 3322: 3315: 3310: 3303: 3298: 3291: 3286: 3279: 3274: 3267: 3262: 3255: 3250: 3243: 3238: 3236: 3228: 3227:Zvelebil 1974 3223: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3210:, p. 199 3209: 3204: 3202: 3194: 3193:Peterson 1989 3189: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3171: 3170:Peterson 1989 3166: 3159: 3158:Peterson 1989 3154: 3147: 3146:Peterson 1989 3142: 3135: 3134:Peterson 1989 3130: 3128: 3120: 3119:Peterson 1989 3115: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3099: 3098:Zvelebil 1974 3094: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3078: 3077:Peterson 1989 3073: 3071: 3063: 3058: 3056: 3048: 3047:Peterson 1989 3043: 3036: 3035:Peterson 1989 3031: 3024: 3023:Peterson 1989 3019: 3012: 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2429: 2428:Zvelebil 1974 2424: 2417: 2412: 2402: 2396: 2389: 2384: 2380: 2364: 2355: 2347: 2341: 2332: 2325: 2324: 2318: 2317: 2311: 2310: 2304: 2303: 2295: 2288: 2282: 2278: 2270: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2189: 2187: 2183: 2182: 2177: 2173: 2172: 2167: 2166: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2136:Tevaranayakan 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2096: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2077: 2075: 2071: 2066: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2051: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2020: 2015: 2014: 2009: 2005: 2000: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1977: 1973: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1945: 1936: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1913: 1908: 1907: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1885: 1878: 1877: 1876: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1859: 1838: 1831: 1826: 1819: 1818: 1815: 1802: 1797: 1782: 1774: 1764: 1758: 1755: 1745: 1744: 1741: 1735: 1720: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1687: 1681: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1646: 1642: 1639: 1635: 1632: 1628: 1625: 1624: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1604: 1600: 1597: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1581: 1577: 1572: 1571:Thiruvisaippa 1569: 1566: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1545: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1532: 1529: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1518: 1517: 1514: 1511: 1508: 1505: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1487: 1484: 1480: 1477: 1472: 1465: 1461: 1460: 1452: 1447: 1439: 1437: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1416: 1412: 1409: 1405: 1394: 1392: 1388: 1383: father 1381: 1373: 1370: 1366: 1361: 1359: 1353: 1351: 1345: 1343: 1338: 1325: 1320: 1316: 1314: 1310: 1309: 1304: 1303: 1298: 1293: 1291: 1287: 1282: 1281:her husband's 1278: 1274: 1269: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1254: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1215: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1179: 1172: 1170: 1166: 1150: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1118: 1116: 1111: 1109: 1108: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1090:Bhagavad Gita 1087: 1083: 1078: 1075: 1070: 1068: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1032: 1026: 1019: 1017: 1013: 1012: 1007: 1003: 998: 995: 991: 986: 976: 974: 970: 966: 964: 954: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 927:Chola dynasty 924: 919: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 876: 871: 866: 865: 855: 851: 850: 839: 834: 831: 828: 826: 823: 822: 819: 816: 814: 811: 810: 807: 806: 801: 798: 796: 793: 791: 788: 787: 784: 781: 779: 776: 775: 772: 768: 765: 762: 761: 757: 755: 752: 751: 748: 745: 743: 740: 739: 736: 732: 729: 727: 724: 723: 720: 717: 715: 712: 711: 708: 705: 703: 700: 699: 696: 695: 690: 687: 683: 680: 675: 665: 660: 658: 653: 651: 646: 645: 643: 642: 639: 629: 628: 621: 620:Shiva Temples 618: 616: 613: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 597: 591: 590: 583: 580: 578: 575: 573: 570: 568: 565: 563: 560: 558: 555: 553: 550: 548: 545: 543: 540: 538: 535: 533: 530: 528: 527:Abhinavagupta 525: 523: 520: 519: 513: 512: 505: 502: 500: 497: 495: 492: 490: 487: 485: 481: 478: 474: 471: 470: 469: 466: 465: 462: 459: 458: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 417: 416: 413: 412: 411: 410: 404: 401: 400: 399: 398: 392: 391: 387: 386: 382: 379: 377: 374: 372: 369: 368: 365: 362: 361: 354: 353: 346: 342: 338: 335: 333: 329: 326: 324: 321: 319: 316: 314: 311: 309: 306: 304: 301: 300: 294: 293: 286: 283: 281: 278: 276: 273: 271: 268: 266: 263: 261: 258: 257: 254:other aspects 253: 252: 248: 245: 243: 240: 238: 235: 234: 230: 229: 226: 223: 221: 218: 216: 213: 212: 208: 207: 201: 200: 193: 190: 188: 185: 183: 180: 178: 175: 173: 170: 168: 164: 161: 159: 156: 155: 149: 148: 141: 138: 136: 133: 131: 128: 126: 123: 122: 118: 115: 113: 110: 108: 105: 103: 100: 99: 96: 93: 92: 89: 86: 84: 81: 79: 76: 74: 71: 70: 67: 64: 63: 62: 58: 57: 48: 47: 43: 39: 38: 35: 32: 31: 27: 23: 22: 19: 5724:Tiruchengode 5628:Grishneshwar 5623:Bhimashankar 5615:Jyotirlingas 5467:Kanwar Yatra 5385: 5378: 5371: 5364: 5357: 5350: 5343: 5338:Rudrashtakam 5336: 5329: 5305: 5298: 5293:Shiva Purana 5291: 5284: 5277: 5141: 4940:Tamil-Brahmi 4818:Caturakarāti 4791:dictionaries 4789:Grammars and 4684:Cīrappurānam 4528:Nellai Tamil 4478:Third Sangam 4468:First Sangam 4448:Manipravalam 4443:Modern Tamil 4438:Middle Tamil 4382: 4366: 4354: 4345: 4338:Hindu Dharma 4337: 4297: 4285: 4269: 4238: 4214: 4193: 4183: 4158: 4154: 4134: 4113: 4092: 4068: 4048: 4026:(1): 69–90. 4023: 4019: 3984: 3953: 3918: 3899: 3879: 3868: 3856: 3852: 3821: 3800: 3781: 3767: 3756: 3735: 3714: 3690: 3669: 3648: 3628: 3607: 3586: 3577:Bibliography 3533: 3521: 3509: 3489:, p. 23 3482: 3409: 3404:, p. 50 3387:, p. 45 3381:Spencer 1970 3376: 3345: 3338:Spencer 1970 3333: 3321: 3309: 3297: 3285: 3273: 3268:, p. 34 3261: 3256:, p. 27 3249: 3244:, p. 35 3229:, p. 95 3165: 3153: 3141: 3100:, p. 96 3064:, p. 13 3042: 3030: 3018: 3006: 3001:, p. 33 2994: 2953: 2946: 2934: 2927:Spencer 1970 2922: 2910: 2898: 2886: 2863: 2858: 2846: 2838: 2833: 2821: 2809: 2797: 2785: 2758: 2746: 2713: 2701: 2681:, p. 26 2674: 2662: 2650: 2638: 2633:, p. 53 2626: 2619:Kandiah 1973 2614: 2525: 2520: 2513:Kandiah 1973 2500:, p. 24 2493: 2454:, p. 32 2452:Schüler 2009 2447: 2442:, p. 25 2435: 2430:, p. 92 2423: 2411: 2395: 2383: 2363: 2354: 2345: 2340: 2331: 2321: 2314: 2307: 2300: 2294: 2286: 2281: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2225: 2208: 2204: 2201:kattalaiyars 2200: 2196: 2192: 2190: 2185: 2179: 2175: 2169: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2152:Tiruvempavai 2151: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2127: 2115: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2097: 2084: 2083: 2073: 2067: 2054: 2052: 2047: 2043: 2035: 2031: 2030:–the sacred 2027: 2019:Tirumandiram 2017: 2011: 2007: 2001: 1996: 1992: 1984: 1975: 1970: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1910: 1904: 1899:, while the 1892: 1886: 1882: 1868: 1864: 1862: 1841: 1835: 1805: 1800: 1785: 1780: 1762: 1760: 1747: 1738: 1734:– Sambandar 1723: 1715: 1711: 1706: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1684: 1682: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1657: 1653: 1651: 1621: 1551:Thiruvasakam 1499: 1494: 1489: 1457: 1435: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1408:Isaignaniyar 1400: 1390: 1386: 1377: 1374: 1362: 1357: 1354: 1349: 1346: 1341: 1334: 1306: 1296: 1294: 1270: 1265: 1257: 1255: 1250: 1246: 1238: 1234: 1224: 1214:copper alloy 1203: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1176: 1173: 1146: 1126: 1124: 1112: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1081: 1079: 1071: 1066: 1063: 1060:Significance 1051: 1047: 1046:(scale) and 1043: 1035: 1009: 1005: 1001: 999: 989: 984: 982: 972: 968: 967: 962: 960: 946: 942: 938: 934: 920: 891: 888:hagiographic 873: 869: 863: 848: 847: 845: 805:Tamil people 803: 789: 770: 734: 692: 460: 420:Pratyabhijna 408: 407: 397:Saiddhantika 396: 395: 390:Mantra marga 388: 363: 313:Panchakshara 270:Satkaryavada 187:Svetasvatara 60: 56:Parameshvara 54: 18: 5771:Other names 5653:Omkareshwar 5638:Mallikarjun 5501:Panch Kedar 5373:Shri Rudram 5359:Sahasranama 4813:Tolkāppiyam 4714:Thiruppugal 4513:Kongu Tamil 4003:j.ctt7zvqbj 3954:Siva Bhakti 3475:Cutler 1987 3402:Cutler 1987 2778:Harman 1992 2751:Harman 1992 2418:, p. 4 2416:Cutler 1987 2126:deputed 48 2120:Parantaka I 2063:Tamil Panar 2013:Tiruvacakam 2008:Tirukovayar 1939:Compilation 1814:– Sundarar 1102:Satarudriya 1098:Mahabharata 1069:for Shiva. 726:Kundalakesi 719:Valayapathi 707:Manimekalai 615:Jyotirlinga 484:Lingayatism 480:Veerashaiva 403:Siddhantism 172:Shivasutras 5814:Categories 5754:Rasalingam 5678:Vishwanath 5673:Vaidyanath 5529:Kalpeshwar 5482:Shiva Puja 5397:Traditions 5195:Tatpurusha 4950:Vatteluttu 4677:literature 4675:Devotional 4627:Literature 4581:Sociolects 4551:Batticaloa 4538:Sri Lankan 3853:Literature 3791:1045978866 3526:Ghose 1996 3487:Ayyar 1993 2939:Eraly 2011 2376:References 2197:sthanikars 2132:Rajendra I 2080:In culture 1989:Dikshitars 1923:(forest), 1638:Rajaraja I 1592:Thirumular 1537:Thirupaatu 1436:Tirumurai' 1169:Tamil Nadu 951:Tamil Nadu 923:Rajaraja I 677:Topics in 537:Utpaladeva 504:Indonesian 489:Siddharism 280:Svatantrya 275:Abhasavada 260:36 Tattvas 204:Philosophy 88:Virabhadra 5714:Lingaraja 5709:Katas Raj 5648:Nageshvar 5633:Kedarnath 5519:Rudranath 5509:Kedarnath 5307:Tirumurai 5234:Kartikeya 5190:Sadyojata 5007:Phonology 4979:Lexis and 4945:Koleḻuttu 4885:Tamil and 4798:Agattiyam 4755:Iraichchi 4704:Tirumurai 4699:Tēmpāvaṉi 4433:Old Tamil 4383:Tirumurai 4011:884013180 3935:cite book 3843:(1970) . 3657:0019-4824 3502:Cort 1998 2915:Cort 1998 2469:Cort 1998 2388:Cort 1998 2267:Tirumurai 2259:Tirumurai 2231:Tirumurai 2188:schools. 2171:brahmanas 2165:adheenams 2156:Tiruvalam 2134:mentions 2048:Tirumurai 2040:Sekkizhar 2024:Tirumular 1997:Tirumurai 1985:brahmanas 1953:Sambandar 1935:(field). 1615:Sekkizhar 1513:Sambandar 1459:Tirumurai 1454:Om symbol 1442:The hymns 1391:Tirumurai 1297:Tirumurai 1221:Sambandar 1183:Tirumurai 1131:Sambandar 1107:Yajurveda 961:The word 939:Tirumurai 896:Sambandar 875:Tirumurai 795:Tirumurai 742:Neelakesi 572:Srikantha 552:Meykandar 532:Vasugupta 522:Lakulisha 494:Sroutaism 473:Inchegeri 376:Kalamukha 371:Pashupata 364:Ati marga 308:Rudraksha 297:Practices 177:Tirumurai 130:Kartikeya 5789:Category 5694:Amarnath 5567:Chitiram 5562:Thamiram 5547:Rathinam 5514:Tungnath 5477:Pradosha 5414:Kapalika 5239:Devasena 5200:Vamadeva 5185:Nataraja 5175:Harihara 5165:Bhairava 5133:Shaivism 4872:Yerambam 4634:Classics 4489:Dialects 4344:Digital 4316:21227471 4296:(1990). 4236:(1974). 4090:(2000). 3983:(1989). 3973:20573439 3951:(1989). 3779:(1921). 3712:(2005). 3667:(1998). 3417:, p. 14 3266:Das 2005 3242:Das 2005 2999:Das 2005 2403:, p. 16 2249:'s work 2193:odhuvars 2176:odhuvars 2160:odhuvars 2128:pidarars 2124:Rajaraja 2104:pidarars 2070:Nannilam 2032:anthathi 1961:Sundarar 1949:Nayanars 1773:– Appar 1699:panmurai 1678:Ramayana 1658:pathikam 1601:Various 1578:Various 1541:Sundarar 1523:Thevaram 1483:Nayanars 1418:Sundarar 1397:Sundarar 1358:pallurai 1350:Tirunuru 1231:Sirkazhi 1227:Brahmins 1143:Nayanars 1139:Sundarar 1082:patikams 1040:colophon 990:Nayanars 904:Sundarar 870:Thevaram 747:Culamani 605:Tantrism 557:Nirartha 542:Nayanars 516:Scholars 430:Dakshina 381:Kapalika 182:Vachanas 78:Bhairava 73:Sadasiva 34:Shaivism 26:a series 24:Part of 5766:Vibhuti 5663:Somnath 5366:Chalisa 5229:Ganesha 5222:Parvati 5152:Deities 5143:History 4981:grammar 4928:Scripts 4899:Sinhala 4894:English 4832:History 4775:Ullurai 4546:Negombo 4426:History 4367:Tevaram 4355:Tevaram 4346:Tevaram 4175:3269705 3927:1237836 3851:(ed.). 3845:"Tamil" 3013:, ch. 2 2368:others. 2287:Devaram 2263:Tevaram 2235:Tevaram 2209:Tevaram 2205:Tevaram 2191:Today, 2186:Tevaram 2181:vellala 2162:by the 2144:Tevaram 2140:Tevaram 2116:Tevaram 2100:Tevaram 2085:Tevaram 2074:Tevaram 2055:Tevaram 2036:Tevaram 1983:. The 1976:Tevaram 1917:Tevaram 1906:darshan 1893:Tevaram 1689:with a 1670:patikam 1654:Tevaram 1411:lord". 1379:transl. 1365:Pallava 1277:Madurai 1266:Tevaram 1262:Umadevi 1256:In the 1251:patikam 1152: 1129:are by 1127:Tevaram 1104:of the 1094:Bharavi 1086:strotas 1074:Smartha 1052:Tevaram 1036:Tevaram 1006:patikam 1002:Tevaram 985:Tevaram 969:Tevaram 963:Tēvāram 947:Tevaram 935:Tevaram 925:of the 914:in the 892:Tevaram 884:Puranic 864:Tēvāram 858:தேவாரம் 849:Tevaram 790:Tevaram 594:Related 582:Navnath 577:Appayya 567:Sharana 447:Kubjika 357:Schools 332:Niyamas 303:Vibhuti 167:Tantras 125:Ganesha 102:Parvati 51:Deities 5799:Portal 5761:Siddha 5749:Lingam 5687:Others 5419:Aghori 5322:Stotra 5318:Mantra 5207:Shakti 5180:Ishana 5054:Events 4919:Korean 4803:Nannūl 4770:Thinai 4738:Poetry 4556:Jaffna 4496:Indian 4314: 4304: 4246: 4222: 4201: 4173: 4142: 4121: 4100: 4076: 4055: 4040:601112 4038: 4009: 4001: 3991: 3971: 3961: 3925: 3906: 3887: 3829: 3808: 3789: 3743: 3722: 3698: 3677: 3655: 3636: 3615: 3594: 2961: 2174:. The 1666:பதிகம் 1500:Author 1337:Shudra 1324:bronze 1302:oeuvre 1286:Pandya 1121:Saints 1092:, the 1067:bhakti 1042:. The 1011:mathas 902:, and 880:Shaiva 813:Sangam 610:Bhakti 562:Basava 499:Aghori 461:Others 443:Yamala 345:Jangam 140:Others 95:Shakti 5557:Velli 5424:Kaula 5270:Texts 5251:Nandi 5244:Valli 5160:Shiva 4914:Malay 4765:Puram 4750:Venpa 4745:Kural 4369:songs 4349:, by 4282:(PDF) 4171:JSTOR 4155:Numen 4036:JSTOR 3999:JSTOR 3847:. In 2273:Notes 2199:, or 2118:from 2110:that 1933:kalam 1929:kulam 1925:turai 1865:danam 1763:Veena 1695:talam 1691:ragam 1686:panns 1674:padya 1662:Tamil 1573:& 1553:& 1519:4,5,6 1506:1,2,3 1490:Parts 1479:Śaiva 1476:Tamil 1367:king 1331:Appar 1135:Appar 1048:talam 1044:ragam 973:varam 908:Shiva 900:Appar 854:Tamil 838:edit 600:Nandi 451:Netra 439:Trika 435:Kaula 341:Linga 328:Yamas 318:Bilva 242:Karma 237:Anava 225:Pasam 220:Pashu 163:Agama 158:Vedas 112:Durga 83:Rudra 66:Shiva 5217:Sati 5045:Moḻi 4970:Arwi 4760:Akam 4593:Arwi 4312:OCLC 4302:ISBN 4244:ISBN 4220:ISBN 4199:ISBN 4140:ISBN 4119:ISBN 4098:ISBN 4074:ISBN 4053:ISBN 4007:OCLC 3989:ISBN 3969:OCLC 3959:ISBN 3941:link 3923:OCLC 3904:ISBN 3885:ISBN 3827:ISBN 3806:ISBN 3787:OCLC 3741:ISBN 3720:ISBN 3696:ISBN 3675:ISBN 3653:ISSN 3634:ISBN 3613:ISBN 3592:ISBN 2959:ISBN 2344:The 2219:and 2154:and 2089:puja 2010:and 1921:katu 1912:puja 1887:The 1869:anna 1693:and 1652:The 1495:Name 1406:and 1191:lit. 1148:lit. 983:The 957:Name 878:, a 846:The 468:Nath 425:Vama 337:Guru 285:Aham 265:Yoga 247:Maya 215:Pati 117:Kali 107:Sati 5552:Pon 5040:ISO 4780:Ulā 4336:'s 4163:doi 4028:doi 4024:102 3419:ff. 2405:ff. 2042:'s 2022:of 2006:'s 1707:yal 1308:yal 1245:'s 1229:in 5816:: 4377:, 4310:. 4268:. 4169:. 4159:17 4157:. 4034:. 4022:. 4005:. 3997:. 3967:. 3937:}} 3933:{{ 3855:. 3560:^ 3545:^ 3494:^ 3467:^ 3452:^ 3425:^ 3392:^ 3357:^ 3234:^ 3215:^ 3200:^ 3177:^ 3126:^ 3105:^ 3084:^ 3069:^ 3054:^ 2973:^ 2871:^ 2770:^ 2725:^ 2686:^ 2597:^ 2582:^ 2567:^ 2548:^ 2533:^ 2505:^ 2476:^ 2459:^ 2269:. 2253:. 2223:. 2215:, 2195:, 2122:. 1963:, 1959:, 1955:, 1664:: 1606:12 1598:11 1583:10 1393:. 1212:A 953:. 918:. 898:, 860:, 856:: 437:: 28:on 5320:/ 5125:e 5118:t 5111:v 4411:e 4404:t 4397:v 4318:. 4252:. 4228:. 4207:. 4177:. 4165:: 4148:. 4127:. 4106:. 4082:. 4061:. 4042:. 4030:: 4013:. 3975:. 3943:) 3929:. 3912:. 3893:. 3835:. 3814:. 3793:. 3749:. 3728:. 3704:. 3683:. 3659:. 3642:. 3621:. 3600:. 3352:. 2967:. 2828:. 2708:. 2289:. 1987:( 1967:. 1660:( 1567:9 1547:8 1534:7 1189:( 1161:' 1155:' 1145:( 852:( 663:e 656:t 649:v 482:/ 449:- 445:- 441:- 343:- 339:- 330:- 165:-

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