Bhakti movement - Knowledge

4839: 4568:. The Kama connotes emotional connection, sometimes with sensual devotion and erotic love. Bhakti, in contrast, is spiritual, a love and devotion to religious concepts or principles, that engages both emotion and intellection. Karen Pechelis states that the word Bhakti should not be understood as uncritical emotion, but as committed engagement. Bhakti movement in Hinduism refers to ideas and engagement that emerged in the medieval era on love and devotion to religious concepts built around one or more gods and goddesses. Bhakti movement preached against the caste system using the local languages so that the message reached the masses. One who practices 4611: 5750:

Lord and emphasised the performance of karma, a position commonly summed up as being ‘on the analogy of the monkey and its young’, for as the monkey carries her young which cling to her body so Visnu saves the worship per who himself makes an effort. The Southern school held that the Lord’s grace itself conferred salvation, a position ‘on the analogy of the cat and its kittens’, for just as the cat picks up her kittens in her mouth and carries them off willy-nilly, so Visnu saves whom he wills, without effort on their part.

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later Bhakti poetry and literature was in Sanskrit. Further, states Pollock, evidence of Bhakti trends in ancient southeast Asian Hinduism in the 1st millennium CE, such as those in Cambodia and Indonesia where Vedic era is unknown, and where upper caste Tamil Hindu nobility and merchants introduced Bhakti ideas of Hinduism, suggest the roots and the nature of Bhakti movement be primarily spiritual and political quest instead of the rebellion of some form.

5003: 4398: 4988: 5291: 3360: 3735: 4442: 42: 4979:, a compilation of hymns on Shiva by sixty-three Nayanar poet-saints, developed into an influential scripture in Shaivism. The poets' itinerant lifestyle helped create temple and pilgrimage sites and spread spiritual ideas built around Shiva. Early Tamil-Shiva bhakti poets influenced Hindu texts that came to be revered all over India. 4669:, and has been widely cited as among the earliest mentions of "the love of God". Scholars have debated whether this phrase is authentic or later insertion into the Upanishad, and whether the terms "Bhakti" and "God" meant the same in this ancient text as they do in the medieval and modern era Bhakti traditions found in India. 6127:, and two Muslim bhagats. Some of the bhagats whose hymns were included in the Guru Granth Sahib, were bhakti poets who taught their ideas before the birth of Guru Nanak – the first of Sikh Guru. The thirteen Hindu bhagats whose hymns were entered into the text, were poet saints of the Bhakti movement, and included 6383:

They remain in ecstasy forever, day and night; O servant Nanak, they sing the Glorious Praises of the Lord, night and day. One who calls himself a Sikh of the Guru, the True Guru, shall rise in the early morning hours and meditate on the Lord's Name. Upon arising early in the morning, he is to bathe,

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Scholars increasingly are dropping, states Karen Pechilis, the old premises and the language of "radical otherness, monotheism and reform of orthodoxy" for Bhakti movement. Many scholars are now characterizing the emergence of Bhakti in medieval India as a revival, reworking, and recontextualization

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the dispute was over the question of human effort versus divine grace in achieving salvation, a con troversy often and not unreasonably compared to the Arminian and Calvinist standpoints within Protestantism. The Northern school held that the worshipper had to make some effort to win the grace of the

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and the Vedanta foundations of Hinduism. He writes, that in virtually every Bhakti movement poet, "the Upanishadic teachings form an all-pervasive substratum, if not a basis. We have here a state of affairs that has no parallel in the West. Supreme Wisdom, which can be taken as basically non-theistic

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Doris Srinivasan states that the Upanishad is a treatise on theism, but it creatively embeds a variety of divine images, an inclusive language that allows "three Vedic definitions for a personal deity". The Upanishad includes verses wherein God can be identified with the Supreme (Brahman-Atman, Self,

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The movement has traditionally been considered an influential social reformation in Hinduism in that it provided an individual-focused alternative path to spirituality regardless of one's birth or gender. Contemporary scholars question whether the Bhakti movement ever was a reform or rebellion of any

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in north India as another center. Hawley describes the controversy and disagreements between Indian scholars, quotes Hegde's concern that "Bhakti movement was a reform" theory has been supported by "cherry-picking particular songs from a large corpus of Bhakti literature" and that if the entirety of

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Scholars writing on bhakti in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were agreed that bhakti in India was preeminently a monotheistic reform movement. For these scholars, the inextricable connection between monotheism and reform has both theological and social significance in terms of the

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The impact of the Bhakti movement in India was similar to that of the Protestant Reformation of Christianity in Europe. It evoked shared religiosity, direct emotional and intellection of the divine, and the pursuit of spiritual ideas without the overhead of institutional superstructures. Practices

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embodies bhakti through three stories about the goddess Devi. In these narratives, bhakti is vividly portrayed as the gods turn to Devi in times of crisis, emphasizing bhakti's central role in seeking divine aid and protection. The text prescribes rituals like recitation and worship to honor Devi,

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stating that singing ecstatic bhakti hymns in local language was a tradition in south India before Muhammad was born. According to Pande, the psychological impact of Muslim conquest may have initially contributed to community-style bhakti by Hindus. Yet other scholars state that Muslim invasions,

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writes that the Bhakti movement was neither a rebellion against Brahmins and the upper castes nor a rebellion against the Sanskrit language, because many of the prominent thinkers and earliest champions of the Bhakti movement were Brahmins and from upper castes, and because much of the early and

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believed that they were, in a sense, seeing their own ancestry in the antique texts and "antiquated" customs of Indian peoples. In this respect, certain scholars could identify with the monotheism of bhakti. Seen as a reform movement, bhakti presented a parallel to the orientalist agenda of

4851: 9219:, page 35, Quote: "Technically this would place the Sikh community's origins at a much further remove than 1469, perhaps to the dawning of the Sant movement, which possesses clear affinities to Guru Nanak's thought sometime in the tenth century. The predominant ideology of the Sant 6081:

Medieval-era bhakti traditions among non-theistic Indian traditions such as Buddhism and Jainism have been reported by scholars, wherein the devotion and prayer ceremonies were dedicated to an enlightened guru, primarily Buddha and Jina Mahavira respectively, as well as others.

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Soul) in Vedanta monistic theosophy, verses that support the dualistic view of Samkhya doctrines, as well as the synthetic novelty of triple Brahman where a triune exists as the divine soul (Isvara, theistic God), individual soul (self) and nature (Prakrti, matter).

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Most of the 5,894 hymns in the Sikh scripture came from the Sikh gurus, and rest from the Bhagats. The three highest contributions in the Sikh scripture of non-Sikh bhagats were from Bhagat Kabir (292 hymns), Bhagat Farid (134 hymns), and Bhagat Namdev (60 hymns).

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and, who lived between 5th and 9th century CE. They promoted love of a personal God first and foremost which is also expressed by love of one's fellow human beings. They also wrote and sang hymns of praise to their God, and came from numerous social classes, even

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Some scholars state that the Bhakti movement's rapid spread in India in the 2nd millennium was in part a response to the arrival of Islam and subsequent Islamic rule in India and Hindu-Muslim conflicts. This view is contested by some scholars, with

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While Sikhism was influenced by Bhakti movement, and incorporated hymns from the Bhakti poet-saints, it was not simply an extension of the Bhakti movement. Sikhism, for instance, disagreed with some of the views of Bhakti saints Kabir and Ravidas.

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Note: The earliest arrival dates are contested by scholars. They range from the 7th to 9th century, with Muslim traders settling in coastal regions of the Indian peninsula, to Muslims seeking asylum in Tamil Nadu, to raids in northwest India by

4557:, which means "divide, share, partake, participate, to belong to". The word also means "attachment, devotion to, fondness for, homage, faith or love, worship, piety to something as a spiritual, religious principle or means of salvation". 5824:

Poet-saints grew in popularity, and literature on devotional songs in regional languages became profuse. These poet-saints championed a wide range of philosophical positions within their society, ranging from the theistic dualism of

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Contemporary scholars question whether the 19th- and early 20th-century theories about the Bhakti movement in India, its origin, nature, and history are accurate. Pechilis in her book on Bhakti movement, for example, states:

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development of Indian culture. The orientalist images of bhakti were formulated in a context of discovery: a time of organized cultural contact, in which many agencies, including administrative, scholarly, and

6209:, recommended the true religion is one of loving devotion to God. The Sikh scripture Guru Granth Sahib includes suggestions for a Sikh to perform constant Bhakti. The Bhakti themes in Sikhism also incorporate 4519:. Bhakti movement preached using the local languages so that the message reached the masses. The movement was inspired by many poet-saints, who championed a wide range of philosophical positions ranging from 6295:

John Stratton Hawley describes recent scholarship which questions the old theory of Bhakti movement origin and "story of south-moves-north", then states that the movement had multiple origins, mentioning

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emerged bringing new forms of spiritual leadership and social cohesion among the medieval Hindus, such as community singing, chanting together of deity names, festivals, pilgrimages, rituals relating to

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poetry and ideas throughout all the Indian subcontinent by the 18th century CE. However, outside of the Tamil speaking regions, the bhakti movement arrived much later, mostly in the second millennium.

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The Alvars, which literally means "those immersed in God", were Vaishnava poet-saints who sang praises of Vishnu as they traveled from one place to another. They established temple sites such as

5531:. Several 11th and 12th century writers developed different philosophies within the Vedanta school of Hinduism, which were influential to the Bhakti tradition in medieval India. These include 5254:, the nature of Bhakti movement may have been affected by the "surrender to God" daily practices of Islam when it arrived in India. In turn it influenced devotional practices in Islam such as 6317:

John Guy states that the evidence of Hindu temples and Chinese inscriptions from the 8th century CE about Tamil merchants, presents Bhakti motifs in Chinese trading towns, particularly the

9239:(2014), Quote: "In its earliest stage Sikhism was clearly a movement within the Hindu tradition; Nanak has raised a Hindu and eventually, belonged to the Sant tradition of northern India," 6384:

and cleanse himself in the pool of nectar. Following the Instructions of the Guru, he is to chant the Name of the Lord, Har, Har. All sins, misdeeds and negativity shall be erased. (...)

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bhakti movement was characterized by "a personal relationship between the deity and the devotee", and "fervent emotional experience in response to divine grace". The Bhakti movement in

5478:. The language was easily understood by the local populace, in line with the Bhakti movement's call for inclusion, but it also retained its literary style. A similar language, called 8170:'The Brajabuli idiom developed in Orissa and Bengal also. But as Dr Sukumar Sen has pointed out "Assamese Brajabuli seems to have developed through direct connection with Mithila" ( 5313:

The Bhakti movement witnessed a surge in Hindu literature in regional languages, particularly in the form of devotional poems and music. This literature includes the writings of the

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Brahman has been a baffling one to scholars, since it offers, "heart-felt devotion to a God without attributes, without even any definable personality". Yet given the "mountains of

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The Svetasvatara-Upanisad occupies a highly unique position among Vedic Upanisads as a testimony of the meditative and monistic Rudra-cult combined with Samkhya-Yoga doctrines.

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coming to occupy the popular imagination of the common people along with her male counterparts. Andal went a step further by composing hymns in praise of God in vernacular

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Jeaneane Fowler states that the concepts of Nirguna and Saguna Brahman, which is at the root of Bhakti theology, underwent more profound developments with the ideas of the

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should be recited "with bhakti" on specific days of each lunar fortnight and especially during the annual "great offering" (maha-puja) held in autumn, known today as

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Kandali, Aditya Bihar; Routray, Aurobinda; Basu, Tapan Kumar (November 2008). "Emotion recognition from Assamese speeches using MFCC features and GMM classifier".

5646:. These two may be considered to be the same Brahman, as viewed from two perspectives: a formless mode focused on wisdom (jñana) and a form mode, focused on love. 5176:

arose. Kabir is known for Hindi poetry, which expresses a rejection of external religion in favor of inner experience. After his death, his followers founded the

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that they always carry around their necks (as opposed to images in temples run by elite priesthoods). Another important Kannada figure in the bhakti movement was

4766:(Incarnation of Vishnu), the source of everything, describes bhakti yoga and loving devotion, as one of the several paths to the highest spiritual attainments. 9981: 6276:

states, as does Jeanine Miller, that Bhakti movement was neither reform nor a sudden innovation, but the continuation and expression of ideas to be found in

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became a well-established institution over time, starting with northwest India, and expanding to everywhere Sikh communities are found. Other saints such as

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what message has the dark-hued lord of Venkatam sent through you? The fire of desire has invaded my body I suffer. I lie awake here in the thick of night,

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before spreading northwards. It swept over east and north India from the 15th century onwards, reaching its zenith between the 15th and 17th century CE.

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bhakti poetry focuses on love (prema). In Bhakti, the emphasis is reciprocal love and devotion, where the devotee loves God, and God loves the devotee.

6197:, the first Sikh Guru and the founder of Sikhism, was a Bhakti saint. He taught, states Jon Mayled, that the most important form of worship is Bhakti. 6569:

Lance Nelson (2007), An Introductory Dictionary of Theology and Religious Studies (Editors: Orlando O. Espín, James B. Nickoloff), Liturgical Press,

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gave way to individualistic loving relationship with a personally defined god. Salvation which was previously considered attainable only by men of

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These views include Sikhs believing in achieving blissful mukhti while alive, Sikhs emphasizing the path of the householder, Sikh's disbelief in

6028:(non-violence) towards all living beings, social equality, and vegetarian kitchen, as well as mutual social service concepts. Bhakti temples and 5821:

communities an inclusive path to spiritual salvation. Some scholars disagree that the Bhakti movement was premised on such social inequalities.

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These two views had parallels in the ancient pantheistic formless and theistic traditions, respectively, and are traceable to a dialogue in the

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appears only in one last verse of the epilogue, could have been a later insertion and may not be theistic as the word was later used in much

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A term in Shaiva Hindu religiosity, referring to an individual who is always on the go, seeking, learning; See: Winnand Callewaert (2000),

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however, not only included an emphasis on the regional language, but also led to the development of an artificial literary language called

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Divine Sounds from the Heart—Singing Unfettered in their Own Voices: The Bhakti Movement and its Women Saints (12th to 17th Century)

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from local people, was in part responsible for the later relocation or demise of singing Bhakti traditions in the 18th century.

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refers to "pantheistic Brahman" and the closing credit to sage Śvetāśvatara in verse 6.21 can mean "gift or grace of his Soul".

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The earliest writers from the 7th to 10th century CE known to have influenced the poet-saints driven movements include,

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The Bhakti movement led to devotional transformation of medieval Hindu society, wherein Vedic rituals or alternatively

5073:(known as Jñanamisrita bhakti or Dadhya Bhakti) also began in the 12th century. It included various scholars including 3517: 3390: 4539:

kind. They suggest the Bhakti movement was a revival, reworking, and recontextualization of ancient Vedic traditions.

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but in the henotheistic context where the individual is encouraged to discover his own definition and sense of God.

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Chaitanya Mahaprabhu leading the Vaishnavas in 'Nagar kirtan', devotional chanting and dancing, in the streets of

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castes, became available to everyone. Most scholars state that Bhakti movement provided women and members of the

4715:. Hiriyanna interprets the text to be introducing "personal theism" in the form of Shiva Bhakti, with a shift to 3694: 2176: 1007: 3573: 3555: 127: 10036: 6110:

a Bhakti sect of Indian traditions. In Sikhism, "nirguni Bhakti" is emphasised – devotion to a divine without

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and as an independent wisdom tradition (not dependent on the Vedas), appears fused with the highest level of

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The influence of the Tamil bhakti saints and those of later northern Bhakti leaders ultimately helped spread

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Grierson, as well as Carus, note that the first epilogue verse 6.21 is also notable for its use of the word

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their conquering of Hindu Bhakti temples in south India and seizure/melting of musical instruments such as

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During the sixteenth century, a form of an artificial literary language became established ... It was the

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The Bhakti movement also led to the prominence of the concept of female devotion, of poet-saints such as

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According to J. L. Brockington, in the fourteenth century the Sri Vaishnavas had split into two subsects:

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temple. One important foundation of the Shaiva Siddhantha tradition is the Shaiva bhakti of the Nayanars.

4307: 3673: 3523: 3326: 3217: 1827: 9279:"Religious Movements in Hindu Social Contexts: A Study of Paradigms for Contextual "Church" Development" 9198:, pp. 1–2 Quote: "Historically, Sikh religion derives from this nirguni current of bhakti religion" 4743:(the path of faith/devotion) as one of three ways to spiritual freedom and release, the other two being 9871: 8174:, Calcutta, 1931 p1). This artificial dialect had Maithili as its basis to which Assamese was added.' ( 6012:(charity), and community kitchens with free shared food. Of community kitchen concepts, the vegetarian 5394: 3687: 3407: 3345: 3016: 2920: 1867: 1536: 1221: 533: 9223:

in turn corresponds in many respects to the much wider devotional Bhakti tradition in northern India."

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The Bhakti movement regionally developed around different gods and goddesses, and some sub-sects were

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is practically the Maithilī speech as current in Mithilā, modified in its forms to look like Bengali.

8150:"Ankiya-bhaona of Sankaradeva and Madhavadeva performed in the Sattra Institutions of Assam: A study" 6318: 5548: 4009: 3538: 3441: 3436: 3322: 2968: 2086: 1822: 110: 95: 763: 10075: 10065: 9849:"The Vithoba Faith of Maharashtra: The Vithoba Temple of Pandharpur and Its Mythological Structure" 7505: 7356: 6289: 5571: 5558:

The Bhakti movement also witnessed several works getting translated into various Indian languages.

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The Bhakti movements also spread to the north later, particularly during the flowering of northern

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is considered along with its historical context, there is neither reform nor a need for reform.

5991: 4255: 4175: 4126: 4091: 4077: 3635: 3625: 3620: 3093: 2306: 2211: 2136: 1317: 1239: 132: 100: 7454: 6321:. These show Saivite, Vaishnavite and Hindu Brahmin monasteries revered Bhakti themes in China. 1279: 6789: 5763: 4342: 3543: 3383: 3292: 3222: 3058: 2687: 2456: 2116: 1017: 694: 9601: 9547: 9513: 8495: 8429: 8283: 8110: 7155: 6998: 6983: 6926: 9574: 8465: 8093: 7405: 6180: 5050:, their promotion of the religious equality of women, and their focus on worshipping a small 5043: 4480:

during 6th century CE, it gained prominence through the poems and teachings of the Vaishnava

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Jill Mordaunt et al, Thoughtful Fundraising: Concepts, Issues, and Perspectives, Routledge,

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Brahman was the concept of the Ultimate Reality as formless, without attributes or quality.

5214:(1486–1534) in Bengal. Chaitanya eventually came to be seen by the Bengali Vaishnavas as an 678: 9315: 5719:

The Nirguna and Saguna forms of bhakti may be found in two 12th-century treatises on bhakti

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for some time. In the second millennium, a second wave of bhakti spread northwards through

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Peter van der Veer (1987). "Taming the Ascetic: Devotionalism in a Hindu Monastic Order".

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Singing to the Jinas: Jain laywomen, Maṇḍaḷ singing, and the negotiations of Jain devotion

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Brahman, in contrast, was envisioned and developed as with form, attributes and quality.

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that sought to bring religious reforms to all strata of society by adopting the method of

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of the 15th and 16th centuries. Perhaps the earliest of the northern bhakti figures was

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Klaus Witz, in contrast, traces the history and nature of the Bhakti movement to the

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Early History of the Vaiṣṇava Faith and Movement in Assam: Śaṅkaradeva and his times

5716:. Thus, these were two alternate ways of imagining God even in the bhakti movement. 1847: 1254: 541: 9989: 9308: 9085: 8658: 8457: 8392: 7831: 7046: 6677: 6349: 6339: 6156: 6123:, the scripture of the Sikhs, contains the hymns of the Sikh gurus, thirteen Hindu 6013: 5559: 5540: 5508: 5434: 5406: 5203:

movement. One the most influential of the northern Hindu Bhakti traditions was the

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The Bhakti movement of Hinduism saw two ways of imaging the nature of the divine (

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has been a part of the reality of the Hindu tradition along with the bhakti for

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Tsuchida writes that the Upanishad syncretically combines monistic ideas of the

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Religion and the Body: Modern Science and the Construction of Religious Meaning

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Does Bhakti appear in the Rgveda?: An enquiry into the background of the hymns

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does exist in Buddhism and that it had its beginnings in the earliest days".

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Bhakti has been a prevalent practice in various Jaina sects, wherein learned

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are places of congregational worship and centres of local self-governance in

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R Tsuchida (1985). "Some Remarks on the Text of the Svetasvatara-Upanisad".

6496:

Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: History, Art, and Traditions in Tamil nāḍu

6000:

The Bhakti movement introduced new forms of voluntary social giving such as

4106: 1922: 1681: 889: 884: 9755: 9232: 7858: 6892: 6381:

The Sikh scripture includes many verses on devotional worship. For example,

6334: 6216:

Some Sikh sects outside the Punjab-region of India, such as those found in

6083: 5686: 5662: 5563: 5536: 5520: 5263: 5091: 5086:) and it had soon become a mass movement by the 14th century. Figures like 5081: 5055: 4831: 4192: 4064: 4059: 4043: 3951: 3866: 3814: 3799: 3615: 3456: 3446: 2913: 2822: 2729: 2722: 2715: 2701: 2359: 2181: 2017: 2012: 1972: 1882: 1872: 1842: 1812: 1742: 1646: 1568: 1299: 1264: 1188: 1163: 1092: 942: 793: 585: 580: 479: 466: 461: 8736:

The Hagiographies of Anantadas: The Bhakti Poets of North India, Routledge

7822:

SM Pandey (1965). "Mīrābāī and Her Contributions to the Bhakti Movement".

5145:(difference and non-difference). Other important northern bhaktas include 5034:), the bhakti movement arrived in the 12th century, with the emergence of 4962:

s references to the South Indian Alvar saints, along with its emphasis on

4044: 4035: 4026: 1117: 9491: 7729: 7257: 6259: 6255: 6217: 6164: 6140: 6132: 6046: 5968: 5910: 5759: 5390: 5378: 5374: 5330: 5239: 5177: 5118: 5099: 5039: 4996: 4948: 4917: 4909: 4886: 4870: 4859: 4825: 4492: 4457: 4157: 4116: 4034: 3996: 3986: 3966: 3961: 3946: 3941: 3911: 3901: 3876: 2984: 2708: 2601: 2531: 2344: 2298: 2259: 2161: 2002: 1992: 1857: 1721: 1711: 1580: 1575: 1478: 1377: 1269: 1259: 1229: 1198: 1107: 874: 688: 611: 603: 405: 174: 6689: 5685:

Vedanta (a qualified non-dualism which posits unity and diversity), and

4739:, a post-Vedic scripture composed in 5th to 2nd century BCE, introduces 10018: 10007: 9996: 9970: 9959: 9948: 9884:

Bhakti Religion in North India: Community Identity and Political Action

9097: 8670: 8461: 7843: 7058: 6202: 6201:– the realisation of God – is an important Bhakti practice in Sikhism. 6194: 6057:

are considered superior beings and venerated with offerings, songs and

6021: 5787: 5670: 5386: 5358: 5346: 5274: 5227: 5204: 5181: 5142: 4897: 4812: 4792: 4751: 4745: 4716: 4704: 4670: 4615: 4327: 4302: 4245: 4226: 4206: 4147: 4025: 3991: 3981: 3976: 3936: 3804: 3789: 3784: 3775: 3030: 2991: 2955: 2836: 2775: 2382: 2374: 2285: 2062: 1837: 1787: 1641: 1631: 1397: 1345: 1274: 1183: 1112: 1102: 1097: 869: 644: 621: 616: 345: 145: 9652: 9650: 8862: 7408:(1996). "The Archaism of the Bhāgavata Purāṇa". In S.S. Shashi (ed.). 5975:. Many of these regional practices have survived into the modern era. 5258:, and other religions in India from the 15th century onwards, such as 5002: 4842:

Nayanars gallery at the Thiruthalinathar Shiva temple, Tiruppathur, a

9211:(Editors: Pashaura Singh, Louis E. Fenech), Oxford University Press, 9175:(Fortress Press ed.). Minneapolis: Fortress Press. p. 161. 9112:

Comparative Religious and Philosophies: Anthropomorphism and Divinity

9062:(Editors: Pashaura Singh, Louis E. Fenech), Oxford University Press, 9039:

Comparative Religious and Philosophies: Anthropomorphism and Divinity

8999:(Editors: Pashaura Singh, Louis E. Fenech), Oxford University Press, 8012:

Peasants and Monks in British India, University of California Press,

7205:

Christopher Key Chapple (Editor) and Winthrop Sargeant (Translator),

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championed the similar social movement, a community that believed in

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though these have been dated to the 12th century by modern scholars.

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during the seventh to eighth century CE, and remained influential in

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Shapiro, Michael (2002). "Songs of the Saints from the Adi Granth".

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Theory And Practice of Yoga: Essays in Honour of Gerald James Larson

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bhakti movement. She was from a 16th-century aristocratic family in

5222:

himself. Another important leader of northern Vaishnava Bhakti was

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A Mandair (2011), "Time and religion-making in modern Sikhism", in

7835: 7688:

Divine Sounds from the Heart—Singing Unfettered in their Own Voices

7037:

Lee Siegel (October 1978). "Commentary: Theism in Indian Thought".

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Buddhism, and states, "there can be no doubt that deep devotion or

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Ancient Indian texts, dated to the 1st millennium BCE, such as the

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Like the Alvars, the Shaiva Nayanars were bhakti poet saints. The

4955:, developed into an influential scripture for the Vaishnavas. The 4877:(c. 12th century) and gained wide acceptance in fifteenth-century 4096: 2275: 8692: 6136: 6107: 5964: 5834: 5810: 5802: 5771: 5658: 5618: 5422: 5418: 5402: 5398: 5350: 5267: 5259: 5219: 5185: 5172:, and Vaishnavism, from arose which the famous 15th century saint 5059: 5027: 4987: 4850: 4763: 4111: 3726: 3145: 3135: 2885: 2806: 2798: 2615: 2541: 2526: 2323: 2022: 1967: 1701: 1651: 1621: 1616: 1488: 1463: 1350: 982: 861: 838: 813: 724: 714: 523: 487: 375: 360: 355: 291: 286: 250: 245: 232: 8566: 8564: 8562: 6868: 6520:

Nair, Rukmini Bhaya; de Souza, Peter Ronald (20 February 2020).

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The many colors of Hinduism: a thematic-historical introduction

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within the body the incense, the lamps, and the food-offerings,

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A Popular Dictionary of Sikhism: Sikh Religion and Philosophy

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Keywords for India: A Conceptual Lexicon for the 21st Century

6277: 6225: 6221: 6176: 6111: 6058: 6029: 6017: 5953: 5919: 5868: 5775: 5457: 5342: 5322: 5294: 5195:, the most famous composer of Vaishnava devotional songs was 5173: 5165: 5047: 4878: 4855: 4712: 4614:

A copper alloy sculpture of a Shiva Bhakti practitioner from

4504: 4441: 3856: 3744: 3167: 3037: 2802: 2314: 1852: 1716: 1626: 1473: 1427: 1407: 1087: 1072: 1012: 1002: 987: 972: 947: 798: 768: 654: 554: 385: 350: 321: 316: 311: 296: 224: 9572: 8908:, Oxford University Press, ISBN, pages 64-68, 86-90, 100-112 7951: 7949: 7947: 7945: 7943: 6931:, The Upanishads, Part II, Oxford University Press, page 267 6416: 6414: 6412: 4970:

movement had parallel developments in other parts of India.

9862:(2–3). Nanzan Institute for Religion and Culture: 183–197. 9830:

A Storm of Songs: India and the Idea of the Bhakti Movement

9256:. New Delhi: Discovery Publishing House. pp. 202–203. 8979: 8977: 8625: