237:
591:
978:(2005), p. 113â114. "Shackley, who still had ambitions to become DCI, believed that without his many sources and operatives like Wilson, the Safari Club â operating with Helms in charge in Tehran â would be ineffective. Shackley was well aware that Helms was under criminal investigation for lying to Congress about the CIA in Chile. Shackley had testified before the same grand jury. Unless Shackley took direct action to complete the privatization of intelligence operations soon, the Safari Club would not have a conduit to DO resources. The solution: create a totally private intelligence network using CIA assets until President Carter could be replaced."
1309:; p. 61. "France had some influence in Somalia, both through its presence in neighboring Djibouti and via its membership of the Safari club, that played a key role in persuading Siad Barre to expel the Soviets in 1978 in exchange for arms (Faligot and Krop 1989:257). For a while, after the Soviet ouster, the US developed Somalia as a regional base. According to the former US Chargé d'affaires in Mogadishu, in ten years the US spend $ 50m on Somalia; $ 17m was devoted to construction of a massive communications center at the embassy, and much of the rest in retooling a Soviet-built radar complex (Rawson:1992)."
1025:; p. 307. " took part in an informal intelligence-gathering and military operations network known as the 'Safari Club', a late 1970s US-led effort at destabilization of pro-Soviet Sub-Saharan African countries involving France, Egypt, (pre-revolutionary) Iran and Saudi Arabia, created to some extent to enable parts of the American intelligence community to conduct undercover operations without congressional oversight. Morocco's role in that particular initiative was to provide 'muscle' for counter-insurgency operations, as it did in 1978 in
758:(2002), p. 20. "The Shah provided covert assistance to groups seeking to destabilize the governments of Soviet allies in the region such as Iraq and Afghanistan, as well as providing assistance to pro-Western governments such as Oman and South Vietnam. In an effort to further advance these goals, the Shah associated Iran with a group of conservative Middle Eastern and African states in an informal organization known as the Safari Club. This group was dedicated to blocking the spread of Soviet influence in the third world."
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745:(2004), p. 84. "The existence of the club came to light after the 1979 Iranian Revolution when Mohamed Heikal, a highly respected Egyptian journalist and onetime advisor to President Nasser, was given permission by the new Khomeni government to go through the deposed Shah's archives. Heikal came upon an agreement setting up a formal association, dated September 1, 1976, and signed by the heads of several intelligence agencies, all strategic allies of the United States in the Cold War.
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1106:(1982), p. 116. "In a way, however, the Club could claim responsibility for President Sadat's initiative which took him to Jerusalem in November 1977. The first letter suggesting a meeting came from Rabin when he was still Israeli Prime Minister and was carried to Sadat by Ahmed Duleimi, the Moroccan representative in the Club, and it was under the auspices of King Hassan that an initial meeting took place in Morocco between Moshe Dayan and an Egyptian Deputy Prime Minister."
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1004:(2006), p. 132. "Each Safari Club member brought unique capabilities. France supplied technical equipment for communications and security. Egypt and Morocco provided weapons and manpower. Saudi Arabia financed the group's efforts. The club worked because it reinforced preexisting arrangements. The Saudis were already buying French Mirages for Egypt's arsenal and providing Morocco with financial aid, which by 1980 amounted to around $ 1 billion a year."
1624:
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1249:; p. 53. "Iran became a crucial player in the Red Sea Ententeâknown as the Safari Clubâwhich also included Saudi Arabia, Morocco, and Egypt. In the early seventies the shah put down a leftist rebellion in Dhofar and helped Morocco fight Polissario guerrillas in Sahara. However, when the shah moved to help Somalia in its struggle with Marxist Ethiopia, the Carter administration rebuffed his effort, signalling that the Entente was dead."
1889:
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285:, had a personal account. "The Safari Club needed a network of banks to finance its intelligence operations. With the official blessing of George Bush as the head of the CIA, Adham transformed a small Pakistani merchant bank, the Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI), into a worldwide money-laundering machine, buying banks around the world in order to create the biggest clandestine money network in history."
202:. The charter also says that the group intends to be "global in conception". Its formation has been attributed to interlocking interests of the countries involved (which were already cooperating to some degree). Alongside ideological pursuit of global anti-communism, these included the more concrete goals of military strategy and economic interests. Examples include international mining operations and investments in
321:
1063:(2004), p. 85. "The club's first success was in the Congo. Faced with a rebellion in mineral-rich Katanga (now Shaba) province in April 1977 and a plea for help from French and Belgian mining interests conveyed through their close ally Mobutu, the club combined French air transport with logistical support from diverse sources to bring Moroccan and Egyptian troops to fight the rebellion."
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1322:(2008), p. 64. "A key example would soon be the 1980s CIA support of the resistance in Afghanistan, where CIA's disastrous favoring of drug traffickers had grown directly out of the Safari Club arrangement and was partly handled through BCCI. This loss of control will emerge as a major factor in our nation's slouching toward the tragedy of 9/11".
1228:(1992), p. 188. "Washington had done little to control, and seemingly had encouraged, Egypt, Iran, and Saudi Arabia to take advantage of the more liberal policies of other Western states and make third-party arms transfers to Somalia. Reports surfaced that U.S.-made M-48 tanks, originally sold to Iran, had reached Somalia by way of Oman."
361:
hope of fighting communism and established what was called the Safari Club. The Safari Club included France, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Morocco, and Iran. The principal aim of this club was that we would share information with each other and help each other in countering Soviet influence worldwide, and especially in Africa.
1050:; p. 133. "The various members of that group contributed in different ways. Saudi Arabia's contribution was by and large limited to providing money. Under such 'checkbook diplomacy,' the Saudi government would finance, with no questions asked, covert operations in countries such as Angola and Nicaragua."
1202:(2006), p. 134. "Encouraged by Saudi Arabia, Safari Club members approached Somali president Siad Barre and offered to provide the arms he needed if he stopped taking Russian aid. Barre agreed. Egypt then sold Somalia $ 75 million worth of its unwanted Soviet arms, with Saudi Arabia footing the bill."
288:
BCCI also served as an intelligence gathering mechanism by virtue of its extensive contacts with underground organizations worldwide. "They contrived, with Bush and other intelligence-service heads, a plan that seemed too good to be true. The bank would solicit the business of every major terrorist,
544:
region of
Ethiopia. Prior to the war, the USSR had supported both states militarily. After failing to negotiate a ceasefire, the USSR intervened to defend Ethiopia. The Soviet-backed Ethiopian forcesâsupported by more than ten thousand troops from Cuba, more than one thousand military advisors, and
556:
The events of
Somalia brought unique divergence between the official policies of the US and the Safari Club. Carter, perturbed by Somalia's unexpected aggressiveness, decided against publicly backing Somalia, and the Shah of Iran was forced to deliver the message from Carter that "You Somalis are
360:
In 1976, after the
Watergate matters took place here, your intelligence community was literally tied up by Congress. It could not do anything. It could not send spies, it could not write reports, and it could not pay money. In order to compensate for that, a group of countries got together in the
397:
The Safari Club used an informal division of labor in conducting its global operations. Saudi Arabia provided money, France provided high-end technology, and Egypt and
Morocco supplied weapons and troops. The Safari Club typically coordinated with American and Israeli intelligence agencies.
610:, Ronald Reagan's campaign manager, succeeded Turner as director of the CIA. Casey took personal responsibility for maintaining contacts with Saudi intelligence, meeting monthly with Kamal Adham and then Prince Turki Al-Faisal. Some of the same actors were later connected to the
581:
to oppose the Soviet Union. The core of this plan was an agreement between the United States and Saudi Arabia to match each other in funding Afghan resistance to the USSR. Like military support for
Somalia, this policy began in 1980 and continued into the Reagan administration.
991:(2005), p. 314. "The Safari Club was run by the Saudis. It was a club to serve their purposes through the CIA. Shackley and Wilson were not members; only nations could belong. Shackley and Wilson were men who served the club in exchange for power, influence, and money."
266:. The group made its headquarters there, and its organization included a secretariat, a planning wing, and an operations wing. Meetings were also held in Saudi Arabia and in Egypt. The group made large purchases of real estate and secure communications equipment.
1093:(2004), p. 85. "The club registered an even greater success when it helped bring about the historic rapprochement between two strategic American allies, Egypt and Israel, laying the ground for Anwar al-Sadat's pathbreaking November 1977 visit to Jerusalem."
1156:(2005), p. 110. "According to Crowley, Shackley 'went out, dropped a quarter in the telephone, and contacted Mossad. He went around Turner and contacted Mossad and said he would be their man in the Agency. Shackley moved quickly to fill the Angleton void.
516:. Immediately after CIA Director Stansfield Turner told an Israeli delegation that the CIA would no longer provide special favors to Israel, Shackley (who remained active in the Safari Club) contacted Mossad and presented himself as their CIA contact.
1356:(2010), p. 172. "It is certain that, with the blessing of Caseyâwho had his own direct contacts with Rappaport, BCCI, and the global drug connectionâShackley, Khashoggi, and their contacts led to IranâContra. At least one member of Shackley's group,
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threatening to upset the balance of world power." But on 22 August 1980, Carter's
Department of State announced a broad plan for military development in Somalia, including construction of a base as well as economic and military aid to the
219:"The club sat on ninety-one acres of magnificent landscape, with Mount Kenya as a backdrop. There were mountain streams, rose gardens, waterfalls flowing into quiet pools... Peacocks, storks, ibexes, and exotic birds strolled about..."
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882:, p. 15. "The Carter team adopted a method of avoiding the stigma of direct CIA involvement in covert operations which could go wrong and backfire on the United States. It was a method which Henry Kissinger, first as President
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461:(FNLC). France airlifted Moroccan and Egyptian troops into Shaba province and successfully repelled the attackers. Belgium and the United States also provided material support. The Shaba conflict served as a front in the
452:
after a call for support was made in the interest of protecting the French and
Belgian mining operations in the country. The Safari Club answered and came to the aid of Zaireâled by the Western-backed and anti-communist
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1215:(2002), p. 78. "American military goods were provided by Egypt and Iran, which transferred excess arms from their inventories. It was said that American M-48 tanks sold to Iran were shipped to Somalia via Oman."
351:
discussed public concerns over secrecy in his campaign, and when he took office in
January 1977 he attempted to reduce the scope of covert CIA operations. In a 2002 speech at Georgetown University, Prince
1855:
1288:(2002), p. 78. "This led the Red Sea Entente countries of Saudi Arabia and Iran, as well as Somalia, to view Washington as having let them down and backing away from its commitments at the last moment."
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and offered arms in exchange for repudiating the Soviet Union. Barre agreed, and Saudi Arabia paid Egypt $ 75 million for its older Soviet weapons. Iran supplied old weapons (reportedly including
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has classified the Safari Club as part of the "second CIA" â an extension of the organization's reach maintained by an autonomous group of key agents. Thus even as Carter's new CIA director
886:'s national security advisor, then as Secretary of State, had refined and applied with skill: get others to do what you want done, while avoiding the onus or blame if the operation fails."
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843:(2008), pp. 62â63. "The Safari Club met at an exclusive resort of the same name in Kenya, which in the same year, 1976, was visited and eventually bought by Adham's friend Adnan Kashoggi.
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rebel, and underground organization in the world. The invaluable intelligence thus gained would be discreetly distributed to 'friends' of the BCCI."
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about $ 1 billion worth of Soviet armamentsâdefeated the Somali army and threatened a counter-attack. The Safari Club approached Somali leader
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to Sadat (and reportedly warning him of a Libyan assassination plot); this message was followed by secret talks in
Moroccoâsupervised by King
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after Cuba and the USSR sided with
Ethiopia. This conflict erupted when Somalia attempted to gain control over the (ethnically Somali)
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An important factor in the nature of US involvement concerned changing domestic perceptions of the CIA and government secrecy. The
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Ghost Wars: Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001
305:
is credited with the American strategy of supporting the Safari Club implicitly â allowing it to fulfill American objectives by
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directed media attention at these secret operations served as a proximate cause for these ongoing investigations. President
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without risking direct responsibility. This function became particularly important after the US Congress passed the
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The charter begins: "Recent events in Angola and other parts of Africa have demonstrated the continent's role as a
2682:
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neutralized the Shah as an ally. However, arrangements between the remaining powers continued on the same course.
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The United States was not a formal member of the group, but was involved to some degree, particularly through its
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Issandr el Amrani, "Security Policy and Democratic Reform in Morocco: Between Public Discourse and Reality"; in
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Iran: The Untold Story: An Insider's Account of America's Iranian Adventure and Its Consequences for the Future
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The group helped to mediate talks between Egypt and Israel, leading to Sadat's visit to Jerusalem in 1977, the
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in 1979. This process began with a Moroccan member of the Safari Club personally transporting a letter from
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2011:
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in 1976, reacting against covert military actions orchestrated within the government's executive branch.
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The original charter was signed in 1976 by leaders and intelligence directors from the five countries:
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1996:
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1360:, then created an airline that brought Islamist mujahideen to Afghanistan. Another, neoconservative
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had recently launched investigations that revealed decades of illegal operations by the CIA and the
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Arab State and Neo-Liberal Globalization : The Restructuring of State Power in the Middle East
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Failing the Crystal Ball Test: The Carter Administration and the Fundamentalist Revolution in Iran
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were under scrutiny from Congress and feared that new covert operations could be quickly exposed.
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The original charter establishes that an operations center would be built by 1 September 1976 in
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American War Machine: Deep Politics, the CIA Global Drug Connection, and the Road to Afghanistan
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Elaine Windrich, "The laboratory of hate: The role of clandestine radio in the Angolan War",
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Inside the Kingdom: Kings, Clerics, Modernists, Terrorists, and the Struggle for Saudi Arabia
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The Safari Club takes its name (reportedly de Marenches' idea) after the exclusive resort in
35:
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Prelude to Terror: Edwin P. Wilson and the Legacy of America's Private Intelligence Network
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American Alliance Policy in the Middle East, 1945-1992: Iran, Israel, and Saudi Arabia.
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initiated the pact with messages to the four other countriesâand to newly independent
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625:, who was permitted to review documents confiscated during the Iranian Revolution.
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in Africa, and has been credited with initiating the process resulting in the 1979
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916:, "Launching the U.S. Terror War: the CIA, 9/11, Afghanistan, and Central Asia",
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attempted to limit the scope of the agency's operations, Shackley, his deputy
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where the group first met in 1976. The club was operated by Saudi arms dealer
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75:
1040:
The Price of Fear: Al-Qaeda and the Truth Behind the Financial War on Terror
465:
and also helped to defend French and Belgian mining interests in the Congo.
444:
The Safari Club's first action came in MarchâApril 1977, in response to the
5929:
5701:
5591:
5058:
5037:
4898:
4578:
4510:
4480:
4380:
2880:
2108:
2061:
1975:
1580:
1186:
621:
The existence of the Safari Club was discovered by the Egyptian journalist
509:
348:
206:
198:
The group's purpose was therefore to oppose Soviet influence by supporting
188:
79:
63:
55:
1487:
Good Muslim, Bad Muslim: America, the Cold War, and the Roots of Terrorism
1470:
Arms for the Horn: U.S. Security Policy in Ethiopia and Somalia, 1953â1991
5576:
5416:
4935:
4861:
4603:
4530:
4500:
4485:
4450:
2727:
2500:
2103:
2023:
2006:
1604:
1451:
1369:
501:
414:
389:
secretly maintained their connections with the Safari Club and the BCCI.
163:
143:
936:
Former Head of Saudi Arabian Intelligence; Georgetown University Alumnus
392:
269:
The creation of the Safari Club coincided with the consolidation of the
5986:
5227:
5032:
4525:
4345:
4293:
4058:
550:
546:
537:
103:
4706:
2810:
2444:
2179:
1029:, a mining city in southern Zaire that had been overtaken by rebels."
644:
410:
306:
203:
5387:
American Healthcare Professionals and Friends for Medicine in Israel
1422:
Thicker than Oil: Oil:America's Uneasy Partnership with Saudi Arabia
468:
The Safari Club ultimately provided US$ 5 million in assistance for
5526:
3736:
Donald Trump's threat for the destruction of Iranian cultural sites
3631:
573:
Safari Club members, the BCCI, and the United States cooperated in
406:
83:
5272:
3949:
2785:
2708:
Committee of American Students of the School of Beaux-Arts, Paris
2189:
1297:
Roy Pateman, "Intelligence Operations in the Horn of Africa"; in
1026:
929:
445:
438:
418:
365:
As the Safari Club was beginning operations, former CIA Director
192:
126:
95:
67:
4981:
United States recognition of the Golan Heights as part of Israel
4183:
Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act
602:
The Safari Club could not continue as it was when the 1978â1979
5561:
5452:
Conference of Presidents of Major American Jewish Organizations
4779:
4071:
Attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq, Jordan, and Syria (2023âpresent)
2805:
2734:
2254:
1898:
1301:, ed. John Sorenson; Houndmills & London: Macmillan, 1995;
541:
529:
505:
434:
430:
426:
320:
87:
71:
39:
5486:
5283:
United States support for Israel in the 2023 IsraelâHamas war
5083:
3934:
2800:
2795:
2790:
1888:
1701:
1456:
Unholy Wars: Afghanistan, America and International Terrorism
1017:, ed. Laura Guazzone and Daniela Pioppi; Ithaca Press, 2009;
524:
473:
449:
263:
252:
177:
91:
59:
1181:
Gebru Tareke, "The Ethiopia-Somalia War of 1977 Revisited",
616:
attempted assassination of Sayyed Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah
277:, particularly for Saudi Arabia and the United Statesâwhose
50:
after years of abuses and when Portugal was dismantling its
5288:
2023 exchange of Israeli hostages for Palestinian prisoners
4976:
United States recognition of Jerusalem as capital of Israel
4826:
Consulate General of Israel to the Pacific Northwest Region
3404:
2870:
1981:
2023 exchange of Israeli hostages for Palestinian prisoners
1518:
The Road to 9/11: Wealth, Empire, and the Future of America
668:
U.S. Relies Heavily on Saudi Money to Support Syrian Rebels
568:
90:. The group executed a successful military intervention in
5442:
Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America
4836:
Tel Aviv Branch Office of the Embassy of the United States
3554:
Phone conversation between Barack Obama and Hassan Rouhani
229:
The Richest Man in the World: The Story of Adnan Khashoggi
5362:
Opposition in the United States to the Israeli occupation
3860:
United States raid on the Iranian Liaison Office in Erbil
4086:
Iranian interference in the 2024 United States elections
3992:
December 2019 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria
1752:
1670:
472:'s National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (
3519:
Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights
1183:
The International Journal of African Historical Studies
5497:
Institute for Advanced Strategic and Political Studies
5321:
United StatesâIsrael Strategic Partnership Act of 2014
4203:
Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act
5238:
Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II Israeli procurement
4564:
Academic relations between Iran and the United States
4213:
United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran
1564:
1364:, contributed not only to IranâContra but also, with
393:
Undercover operations without congressional oversight
187:
for revolutionary wars prompted and conducted by the
74:. The group maintained informal connections with the
54:
in Africa. Its formal members were pre-revolutionary
5627:
A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm
5582:
United States â Israel Binational Science Foundation
5163:
Donald Trump's disclosures of classified information
4629:
Our enemy is here, they are lying that it is America
3549:
Correspondence between Barack Obama and Ali Khamenei
3153:
2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran
1387:
Political and Economic Dictionary of the Middle East
5547:
Louis D. Brandeis Center for Human Rights Under Law
5023:
Kosovo and Serbia economic normalization agreements
5001:
IsraelâUnited Arab Emirates normalization agreement
3766:
Assassination of Paul R. Shaffer and John H. Turner
5774:Saudi Arabian National Guard Modernization Program
961:Turki Al-Faisal, February 2002, quoted in Trento,
635:Foreign relations of South Africa during apartheid
5537:Jewish Institute for National Security of America
5372:American Association for Palestinian Equal Rights
4841:Consulate General of the United States, Jerusalem
4271:Iranian Students Association in the United States
2335:Permanent Mission of France to the United Nations
401:
136:France â Alexandre de Marenches, Director of the
6032:
5940:Saudi American Public Relation Affairs Committee
5738:Ambassadors of the United States to Saudi Arabia
5733:Ambassadors of Saudi Arabia to the United States
5447:Committee for Justice and Peace in the Holy Land
3806:Jimmy Carter's engagement with Ruhollah Khomeini
2421:Agreement Concerning the Shipwrecked Vessel RMS
1458:. London: Pluto Press, 1999; 3rd edition, 2002.
536:The Safari Club backed Somalia in the 1977â1978
327:(left) was a key CIA contact for the Safari Club
3195:United Nations Security Council Resolution 2231
1554:. New York: Carroll & Graf (Avalon), 2005.
1389:, London: Europa (Taylor & Francis), 2004;
737:
735:
6126:Military alliances involving the United States
5796:U.S. support for Saudi-led operations in Yemen
5602:Walworth Barbour American International School
4831:Consuls general of Israel to the United States
4017:February 2021 United States airstrike in Syria
3997:Attack on the United States embassy in Baghdad
3967:Deportation of Iranian students at US airports
3855:United States kill or capture strategy in Iraq
3544:Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's letter to George W. Bush
3456:Consulate-General of the United States, Tabriz
3451:Interests Section of Iran in the United States
2391:United Nations Security Council Resolution 135
1299:Disaster and Development in the Horn of Africa
614:, and Saudi Arabia provided the funds for the
459:Front for the National Liberation of the Congo
6021:Category:Saudi ArabiaâUnited States relations
5862:In re Terrorist Attacks on September 11, 2001
5684:
4762:
4163:Iran, North Korea, Syria Nonproliferation Act
3387:
2853:
2237:
1871:
1686:
5832:1973 attack on the Saudi Embassy in Khartoum
5542:Joint Action Committee for Political Affairs
4951:U.S.âIsrael Joint Economic Development Group
4285:Public Affairs Alliance of Iranian Americans
4281:Organization of Iranian American Communities
3320:Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition
732:
356:of the GIP described the situation like so:
292:
106:. It organized secret diplomacy relating to
5367:Robert F. Kennedy's 1948 visit to Palestine
4644:United States and state-sponsored terrorism
3502:Nationalization of the Iranian oil industry
796:
794:
705:
703:
479:
247:, from which the alliance derives its name.
5691:
5677:
4821:Ambassadors of the United States to Israel
4811:Ambassadors of Israel to the United States
4769:
4755:
4639:United States involvement in regime change
4624:Opposition to military action against Iran
4188:Iran Freedom and Counter-Proliferation Act
4029:June 2021 United States airstrike in Syria
3394:
3380:
3310:Opposition to military action against Iran
2860:
2846:
2639:Anti-French sentiment in the United States
2303:Ambassadors of the United States to France
2286:Ambassadors of France to the United States
2244:
2230:
1878:
1864:
1693:
1679:
721:
719:
689:
687:
685:
683:
6121:Military alliances involving South Africa
6116:Military alliances involving Saudi Arabia
6081:Directorate-General for External Security
5867:Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act
5811:International Maritime Security Construct
5801:2017 United StatesâSaudi Arabia arms deal
5728:Embassy of Saudi Arabia, Washington, D.C.
4966:2013â2014 IsraeliâPalestinian peace talks
4961:2010â2011 IsraeliâPalestinian peace talks
4894:IsraelâUnited States Free Trade Agreement
3982:2019 Iranian shoot-down of American drone
3716:International Maritime Security Construct
3190:International Maritime Security Construct
2129:2011 southern Israel cross-border attacks
2029:Israeli occupation of the Sinai Peninsula
1074:International Journal of Cultural Studies
532:region of Ethiopia in relation to Somalia
271:Bank of Credit and Commerce International
19:For the international hunting group, see
5634:The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy
5402:American Israel Public Affairs Committee
5043:IsraeliâLebanese maritime border dispute
4609:International Conference on Hollywoodism
3827:America can't do a damn thing against us
3446:Ambassadors of the United States to Iran
3436:Ambassadors of Iran to the United States
2688:American Committee for Devastated France
2661:United States and the Haitian Revolution
1520:. University of California Press, 2008.
1472:. University of Pittsburgh Press, 1992.
931:Al-Faisal bin Abd Al-Aziz Al-Saud, Turki
909:
907:
905:
791:
700:
589:
569:Arming and funding the Afghan mujahideen
523:
405:
319:
235:
16:Former alliance of intelligence services
5972:American International School of Jeddah
5935:Saudi Arabia lobby in the United States
5769:United States Military Training Mission
5659:Category:IsraelâUnited States relations
5597:Jerusalem American International School
5502:Institute for Middle East Understanding
5397:American Palestine Public Affairs Forum
4816:Embassy of the United States, Jerusalem
4324:People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran
3330:People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran
2828:Category:FranceâUnited States relations
2340:Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs
2330:French Consulate General, San Francisco
2325:French Consulate General, New York City
939:(Speech). Special Address. Washington:
768:
766:
764:
716:
680:
585:
519:
6033:
5977:American International School â Riyadh
5357:Anti-Israel lobby in the United States
5016:IsraelâMorocco normalization agreement
5006:BahrainâIsrael normalization agreement
4319:National Council of Resistance of Iran
3476:Iran Syria Policy and Operations Group
2982:QatarâSaudi Arabia diplomatic conflict
1175:
561:. This policy would continue into the
5672:
4750:
4666:American Institute of Iranian Studies
4245:Alleged violations of Treaty of Amity
4024:Leaked Mohammad Javad Zarif audiotape
3375:
2841:
2225:
2019:Egyptian occupation of the Gaza Strip
1944:Second United Nations Emergency Force
1859:
1674:
902:
598:in the White House, 15 November 1977.
6266:South AfricaâUnited States relations
6261:Saudi ArabiaâUnited States relations
6111:Military alliances involving Morocco
6076:International military organizations
5904:Naval Air Station Pensacola shooting
5889:2011 alleged Iran assassination plot
5884:United States diplomatic cables leak
5707:Saudi ArabiaâUnited States relations
5572:Queers Undermining Israeli Terrorism
5148:2011 alleged Iran assassination plot
5143:United States diplomatic cables leak
5011:IsraelâSudan normalization agreement
4104:United States sanctions against Iran
3897:2011 alleged Iran assassination plot
3892:United States diplomatic cables leak
3441:Embassy of the United States, Tehran
3362:Category:IranâSaudi Arabia relations
3165:2011 alleged Iran assassination plot
2656:French language in the United States
2581:Rape during the liberation of France
2084:Bahr El-Baqar primary school bombing
1374:Project for the New American Century
941:Center for Contemporary Arab Studies
761:
6256:Saudi ArabiaâSouth Africa relations
6106:Military alliances involving Israel
6096:Military alliances involving France
5641:The Occupation of the American Mind
5278:Terminal High Altitude Area Defense
5178:World Central Kitchen drone strikes
5111:Lawrence Franklin espionage scandal
4806:Embassy of Israel, Washington, D.C.
3845:Lawrence Franklin espionage scandal
3315:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
2907:Ambassadors of Saudi Arabia to Iran
2897:Ambassadors of Iran to Saudi Arabia
2298:Embassy of the United States, Paris
2281:Embassy of France, Washington, D.C.
1503:Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2002.
677:, The New York Times, Jan. 23, 2016
13:
6091:Military alliances involving Egypt
5377:America-Israel Cultural Foundation
4614:Iran and state-sponsored terrorism
4476:Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran
3684:ArabâIsraeli alliance against Iran
3559:Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action
3466:IranâUnited States Claims Tribunal
3293:ArabâIsraeli alliance against Iran
3278:Iran and state-sponsored terrorism
3273:IranâSaudi Arabia football rivalry
3210:Abha International Airport attacks
2666:FranceâRepublic of Texas relations
2618:Southeast Asia Treaty Organization
2429:Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action
1080:, DOI: 10.1177/136787790000300209.
209:'s Transvaal Development Company.
14:
6287:
6101:Military alliances involving Iran
5894:Jeff Bezos phone hacking incident
5532:Jewish Council for Public Affairs
5467:Council for the National Interest
5457:Coordinating Council on Jerusalem
5352:Israel lobby in the United States
5347:PalestineâUnited States relations
5173:Self-immolation of Aaron Bushnell
4299:Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps
4276:National Iranian American Council
4239:Rubin v. Islamic Republic of Iran
4198:Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act
4039:August 2021 Gulf of Oman incident
3431:Embassy of Iran, Washington, D.C.
3175:2017 LebanonâSaudi Arabia dispute
3004:Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain
2623:Bulo Marer hostage rescue attempt
2613:United States Air Force in France
2559:France and the American Civil War
2481:The Schooner Exchange v. M'Faddon
2386:Anglo-French Financial Commission
2315:French Consulate General, Atlanta
2057:1948 Tel Aviv bus station bombing
1971:Multinational Force and Observers
1424:. Oxford University Press, 2006.
457:âin repelling an invasion by the
212:
129:, which declined to participate.
6276:RhodesiaâUnited States relations
6016:
6015:
5899:Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi
5784:IranâSaudi Arabia proxy conflict
5710:
5700:
5654:
5653:
5407:American Task Force on Palestine
5382:AmericaâIsrael Friendship League
5211:IranâSaudi Arabia proxy conflict
5201:2012 USâIsrael military exercise
5131:Gaza journey of MV Rachel Corrie
4788:
4778:
4733:
4732:
4536:Iranian Guantanamo Bay detainees
3850:Disappearance of Robert Levinson
3721:Assassination of Qasem Soleimani
3711:RussiaâSyriaâIranâIraq coalition
3706:IranâSaudi Arabia proxy conflict
3413:
3403:
3357:
3356:
3305:RussiaâSyriaâIranâIraq coalition
3158:2019 Saudi Arabia mass execution
3143:2016 Saudi Arabia mass execution
3138:2011â2012 Saudi Arabian protests
2879:
2869:
2823:
2822:
2754:Deauville American Film Festival
2263:
2253:
2207:
2206:
1897:
1887:
1841:
1840:
1751:
1658:
1646:
1634:
1622:
1610:
1598:
1586:
1574:
512:and Egyptian intelligence agent
6271:RhodesiaâSouth Africa relations
6251:MoroccoâUnited States relations
6046:1976 in international relations
5587:Zionist Organization of America
5196:Assassination of Imad Mughniyeh
4986:February 2019 Warsaw Conference
4884:Strategic Cooperation Agreement
4574:Anti-American sentiment in Iran
4054:2023 Northeastern Syria clashes
4034:July 2021 Gulf of Oman incident
3977:June 2019 Gulf of Oman incident
3694:February 2019 Warsaw Conference
3090:Saudi-led intervention in Yemen
2902:Embassy of Saudi Arabia, Tehran
2759:Sacramento French Film Festival
2644:Cheese-eating surrender monkeys
2511:French Guantanamo Bay detainees
2320:French Consulate General, Miami
2212:Category:EgyptâIsrael relations
2185:Taba Hotel & Nelson Village
2089:Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114
2002:Palestinian Fedayeen insurgency
1940:Sinai Disengagement Agreements
1379:
1346:
1325:
1312:
1291:
1278:
1265:
1252:
1231:
1218:
1205:
1192:
1162:
1146:
1122:
1109:
1096:
1083:
1066:
1053:
1032:
1007:
994:
981:
968:
955:
923:
889:
872:
859:
846:
833:
820:
594:President Jimmy Carter and the
117:
6246:MoroccoâSouth Africa relations
6241:MoroccoâSaudi Arabia relations
6236:IsraelâUnited States relations
6191:FranceâUnited States relations
5874:Saudi Guantanamo Bay detainees
5748:Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs
5482:Emergency Committee for Israel
5477:Democratic Majority for Israel
5233:Joint Political Military Group
5101:2004 Tashkent suicide bombings
4846:Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs
4785:IsraelâUnited States relations
4173:Iran Sanctions Enhancement Act
3972:May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident
3957:Kidnapping of Hossein Alikhani
3617:United States support for Iraq
3461:Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs
3200:May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident
2693:American Friends Musée d'Orsay
2552:Roderigue Hortalez and Company
2397:Liberty Enlightening the World
2260:FranceâUnited States relations
2134:2011 attack on Israeli Embassy
1920:Ambassadors of Israel to Egypt
1915:Ambassadors of Egypt to Israel
1241:, Westport CT: Praeger, 2000;
807:
748:
661:
402:Debut: Shaba Province of Zaire
1:
6231:IsraelâSouth Africa relations
6226:IsraelâSaudi Arabia relations
6186:FranceâSouth Africa relations
6181:FranceâSaudi Arabia relations
6161:EgyptâUnited States relations
5432:Center for Middle East Policy
4044:2021 U.S.âIran naval incident
3298:Warsaw Middle East conference
3095:HouthiâSaudi Arabian conflict
2683:Alliance Française de Chicago
2291:French ambassador's residence
1385:David Seddon, "Safari Club",
655:
46:had limited the power of the
6216:IranâUnited States relations
6156:EgyptâSouth Africa relations
6151:EgyptâSaudi Arabia relations
6056:Anti-communist organizations
6041:1976 establishments in Egypt
6003:House of Bush, House of Saud
5967:King Khalid Military College
5462:Creative Community for Peace
5437:Christians United for Israel
4168:Iran Freedom and Support Act
4153:Iran and Libya Sanctions Act
3887:Detention of American hikers
3811:1980 October Surprise theory
3410:IranâUnited States relations
3053:Iranian intervention in Iraq
2951:Arab separatism in Khuzestan
2542:Treaty of Amity and Commerce
1489:. New York: Pantheon, 2004.
1441:. New York: Pantheon, 1982.
1042:, London: I.B.Taurus, 2007;
7:
6211:IranâSouth Africa relations
6206:IranâSaudi Arabia relations
4289:United Against Nuclear Iran
3865:Kidnapping of Jalal Sharafi
2876:IranâSaudi Arabia relations
2748:112 Gripes About the French
2598:Four Power Naval Commission
2564:United States Zouave Cadets
1335:, New York: Penguin, 2004;
628:
299:Central Intelligence Agency
273:(BCCI). The BCCI served to
259:âalso a friend of Adham's.
98:. It also provided arms to
10:
6292:
5837:USâSaudi Arabia AWACS Sale
5607:9/11 Living Memorial Plaza
5557:Milstein Family Foundation
5512:Israel on Campus Coalition
5206:IranâIsrael proxy conflict
5168:2022 Erbil missile attacks
4916:IsraelâJordan peace treaty
4877:Palestinian autonomy talks
4721:Not for the Faint of Heart
4696:Saint Peter Church, Tehran
4671:American School of Isfahan
4634:State Sponsor of Terrorism
4208:Dames & Moore v. Regan
4049:2022 Erbil missile attacks
3741:Operation Martyr Soleimani
3731:Thirteen revenge scenarios
3701:IranâIsrael proxy conflict
3345:Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia
3288:Arab LeagueâIran relations
3283:IranâIsrael proxy conflict
3185:2018 Riyadh missile strike
3073:Operation Blow to the Head
2718:La French Touch Conference
2713:French-American Foundation
2527:American Revolutionary War
2495:Valentine v. United States
2175:Palestinian autonomy talks
1414:
18:
6012:
5962:King Khalid Military City
5912:
5824:
5756:
5720:
5650:
5552:Media Watch International
5392:American Jewish Committee
5339:
5298:
5186:
5051:
4872:EgyptâIsrael peace treaty
4854:
4798:
4730:
4559:1998 FIFA World Cup match
4551:
4253:
4158:Iran Nonproliferation Act
4109:Maximum pressure campaign
4094:
4007:2021 Erbil rocket attacks
3756:
3604:
3484:
3423:
3353:
3265:
3223:
3148:Execution of Nimr al-Nimr
3120:
2946:1979 Khuzestan insurgency
2931:
2915:
2889:
2819:
2774:Florence Meyer Blumenthal
2631:
2537:Treaty of Alliance (1778)
2519:
2488:Blackmer v. United States
2460:
2437:
2371:Conference of Ambassadors
2361:MellonâBerenger Agreement
2348:
2273:
2203:
2157:
2049:
1989:
1961:EgyptâIsrael peace treaty
1936:1949 Armistice Agreements
1928:
1907:
1837:
1811:
1760:
1749:
1708:
1700:
1534:. Blue Ridge Summit, PA:
1372:, to the creation of the
776:, London: Penguin, 2009;
490:EgyptâIsrael peace treaty
293:United States involvement
112:EgyptâIsrael peace treaty
30:was a covert alliance of
21:Safari Club International
6221:IsraelâMorocco relations
6176:FranceâMorocco relations
5507:Israeli-American Council
4676:Community School, Tehran
4436:Ezedin Abdel Aziz Khalil
4314:National Council of Iran
4309:Kingdom Assembly of Iran
4228:Bank Markazi v. Peterson
3987:2019 K-1 Air Base attack
3902:Strait of Hormuz dispute
3835:Beirut barracks bombings
3791:Operation Credible Sport
3667:Operation Praying Mantis
3507:1953 Iranian coup d'Ă©tat
3325:Gulf Cooperation Council
3100:Houthi takeover in Yemen
3068:Operation Scorched Earth
2994:2011 Egyptian revolution
2608:CIA activities in France
2547:Franco-American alliance
2144:2023 Alexandria shooting
1536:Rowman & Littlefield
1286:American Alliance Policy
1213:American Alliance Policy
1185:, 33(3), 2000; accessed
756:American Alliance Policy
623:Mohamed Hassanein Heikal
480:EgyptâIsrael peace talks
34:formed in 1976 that ran
6171:FranceâIsrael relations
6146:EgyptâMorocco relations
6071:Intelligence operations
5957:King Abdulaziz Air Base
5816:Treaty of Jeddah (2023)
5326:Israel Anti-Boycott Act
5263:Operation Tipped Kettle
5028:Indo-Abrahamic Alliance
4178:KylâLieberman Amendment
3925:Nuclear program of Iran
3662:Operation Nimble Archer
3647:Operation Eager Glacier
3107:Second Libyan civil war
2987:Qatar diplomatic crisis
2381:Washington Naval Treaty
1949:Sinai Interim Agreement
1273:Good Muslim, Bad Muslim
1130:The Moroccan connection
1091:Good Muslim, Bad Muslim
1061:Good Muslim, Bad Muslim
897:Good Muslim, Bad Muslim
743:Good Muslim, Bad Muslim
245:Mount Kenya Safari Club
6201:IranâMorocco relations
6141:EgyptâIsrael relations
6131:EgyptâFrance relations
6061:Cold War organizations
5952:Prince Sultan Air Base
5842:Saudi Arabia v. Nelson
5620:They Dare to Speak Out
5613:The Armageddon Network
5412:Anti-Defamation League
5316:KylâBingaman Amendment
5258:Operation Nickel Grass
4931:The Clinton Parameters
4926:2000 Camp David Summit
4701:Tehran American School
4584:CIA activities in Iran
4254:Groups and individuals
4233:Certain Iranian Assets
4223:United States v. Banki
3962:Arrest of Meng Wanzhou
3746:2020 Camp Taji attacks
3657:Operation Prime Chance
3652:Operation Earnest Will
3512:Abadan Crisis Timeline
3180:2017â2020 Qatif unrest
3016:First Libyan civil war
2999:2011 Bahraini uprising
2975:Action of June 5, 1984
2593:Four-Power Authorities
2588:Allied Control Council
1894:EgyptâIsrael relations
1104:Iran: The Untold Story
920:10(12), 16 March 2012.
828:Iran: The Untold Story
802:Iran: The Untold Story
711:Iran: The Untold Story
599:
533:
500:âwith Israeli general
441:
363:
333:Rockefeller Commission
328:
248:
221:
123:Alexandre de Marenches
44:United States Congress
36:clandestine operations
6196:IranâIsrael relations
6166:FranceâIran relations
5997:King Abdullah Academy
5992:Islamic Saudi Academy
5847:Khobar Towers bombing
5789:ArabâIsraeli alliance
5311:Jerusalem Embassy Act
5306:LodgeâFish Resolution
5216:ArabâIsraeli alliance
5153:Zivotofsky v. Clinton
5126:Gaza Freedom Flotilla
4971:John Kerry Parameters
4619:Iranian frozen assets
4441:Shahrzad Mirgholikhan
4148:Executive Order 13876
4143:Executive Order 13780
4126:Executive Order 13769
4121:Executive Order 12172
4116:Executive Order 12170
4081:Tower 22 drone attack
3840:Khobar Towers bombing
3786:Guadeloupe Conference
3215:AbqaiqâKhurais attack
3133:Khobar Towers bombing
3026:Hezbollah involvement
3009:insurgency in Bahrain
2416:Guadeloupe Conference
2376:BlumâByrnes agreement
1997:1948 ArabâIsraeli War
1468:Lefebvre, Jeffrey A.
1076:3(2), 2000; accessed
945:Georgetown University
593:
563:Reagan administration
527:
409:
358:
323:
311:War Powers Resolution
239:
217:
32:intelligence services
6136:EgyptâIran relations
6066:Covert organizations
5852:September 11 attacks
5764:Operation Hajji Baba
5074:Lod Airport massacre
5069:USS Liberty incident
4956:Annapolis Conference
4921:Wye River Memorandum
4541:Abdul Majid Muhammed
4266:IranâAmerica Society
4012:2021 Natanz incident
4002:2020 Iran explosions
3796:Operation Eagle Claw
3758:Incidents after 1979
3569:Joint Plan of Action
3497:Persian Gulf Command
3340:ShiaâSunni relations
3257:United Arab Emirates
3112:Western Iran clashes
3041:Spillover in Lebanon
2764:Place des Ătats-Unis
2741:Democracy in America
2576:Liberation of France
2139:2023 border shooting
1354:American War Machine
1262:(1992), pp. 176â177.
933:(February 3, 2002).
918:AsiaâPacific Journal
786:Google Books preview
586:Further developments
559:Somali National Army
520:Ethiopia and Somalia
96:invasion from Angola
5947:WWE in Saudi Arabia
5567:Project Interchange
5517:Israel Policy Forum
5243:Major non-NATO ally
5158:Zivotofsky v. Kerry
4941:Negroponte doctrine
4589:Copyright relations
3920:2016 Naval incident
3776:Iran hostage crisis
3627:Iran Air Flight 655
3539:Island of Stability
3471:Iranian Directorate
3128:1987 Mecca incident
3031:Iranian involvement
2961:1979 Qatif Uprising
2781:Apollo Cable System
2698:April in Paris Ball
2571:Supreme War Council
2475:Embargo Act of 1807
2366:Treaty of Guarantee
2119:2009 Hezbollah plot
1530:Scott, Peter Dale.
1499:Miglietta, John P.
425:, which is rich in
42:at a time when the
5857:Alleged Saudi role
5806:2017 Riyadh summit
5427:Bust of Golda Meir
5188:Military relations
4946:Road map for peace
4867:Camp David Accords
4686:Iran Bethel School
4661:Alborz High School
4496:Abdolreza Shahlaei
4471:Sahar Nowrouzzadeh
4456:Mohammad Mosaddegh
4431:Amir Mirza Hekmati
4421:Mahmoud Reza Banki
4371:Erwin David Rabhan
4336:Howard Baskerville
4218:Oil Platforms case
4193:Public Law 113-100
3870:2008 Naval dispute
3771:Iranian Revolution
3637:IranâContra affair
3622:Bridgeton incident
3335:Iran International
3170:2015 Mina stampede
3046:Axis of Resistance
2941:Iranian Revolution
2520:Military relations
2450:Convention of 1800
2356:Louisiana Purchase
2195:Yaakov Abuhatzeira
2124:Ilan Grapel affair
2099:Ein Netafim ambush
2094:Ras Burqa massacre
2079:Operation Damocles
1956:Camp David Accords
1829:Iranian Revolution
1732:Nematollah Nassiri
1404:2023-12-02 at the
1135:2013-02-04 at the
899:(2004), pp. 80â84.
673:2018-01-29 at the
640:Halloween Massacre
612:IranâContra affair
604:Iranian Revolution
600:
575:arming and funding
534:
486:Camp David Accords
442:
329:
249:
176:, Director of the
174:Nematollah Nassiri
166:, Director of the
162:Morocco â General
156:, Director of the
146:, Director of the
94:in response to an
6028:
6027:
5879:Homaidan Al-Turki
5666:
5665:
5492:If Americans Knew
5472:The David Project
5331:Combating BDS Act
5079:Sami Esmail trial
5064:The Apollo Affair
4744:
4743:
4446:Mohammad Hosseini
4341:William J. Fallon
4261:Iran Action Group
4076:2024 Erbil attack
3882:Project Cassandra
3642:Operation Staunch
3529:Project Dark Gene
3369:
3368:
3224:Iranian relations
3080:Yemeni revolution
3063:Houthi insurgency
3036:Saudi involvement
2835:
2834:
2703:CFM International
2469:Little v. Barreme
2399:statue of Liberty
2308:HĂŽtel de Pontalba
2219:
2218:
1853:
1852:
1804:
1796:
1788:
1780:
1772:
1744:
1736:
1728:
1720:
1549:Trento, Joseph J.
1514:Scott, Peter Dale
1420:Bronson, Rachel.
1260:Arms for the Horn
1226:Arms for the Horn
1170:Arms for the Horn
1154:Prelude to Terror
989:Prelude to Terror
976:Prelude to Terror
963:Prelude to Terror
951:on April 2, 2003.
867:Prelude to Terror
854:Prelude to Terror
579:Afghan mujahideen
488:in 1978, and the
463:Angolan Civil War
379:Stansfield Turner
371:Theodore Shackley
345:Watergate scandal
325:Theodore Shackley
283:George H. W. Bush
6283:
6019:
6018:
5721:Diplomatic posts
5715:
5714:
5705:
5704:
5693:
5686:
5679:
5670:
5669:
5657:
5656:
5248:Operation Joshua
5089:Jonathan Pollard
4991:Trump peace plan
4889:May 17 Agreement
4799:Diplomatic posts
4793:
4792:
4783:
4782:
4771:
4764:
4757:
4748:
4747:
4736:
4735:
4691:Iranzamin School
4681:Damavand College
4654:Alavi Foundation
4649:650 Fifth Avenue
4599:Dual containment
4594:Death to America
4506:Masoud Soleimani
4426:Haleh Esfandiari
4391:Michael R. White
4136:Trump travel ban
3940:Operation Merlin
3679:Yemeni Civil War
3674:Syrian civil war
3524:Exercise Delawar
3492:Persian Corridor
3424:Diplomatic posts
3418:
3417:
3408:
3407:
3396:
3389:
3382:
3373:
3372:
3360:
3359:
3205:2019 Afif attack
3085:Yemeni civil war
3021:Syrian civil war
2890:Diplomatic posts
2884:
2883:
2874:
2873:
2862:
2855:
2848:
2839:
2838:
2826:
2825:
2723:Friendship Train
2274:Diplomatic posts
2268:
2267:
2258:
2257:
2246:
2239:
2232:
2223:
2222:
2210:
2209:
2036:War of Attrition
1908:Diplomatic posts
1902:
1901:
1892:
1891:
1880:
1873:
1866:
1857:
1856:
1844:
1843:
1819:Siahkal incident
1802:
1794:
1786:
1778:
1776:Hossein Fardoust
1770:
1761:Deputy directors
1755:
1742:
1734:
1726:
1718:
1695:
1688:
1681:
1672:
1671:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1651:
1650:
1649:
1639:
1638:
1637:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1570:
1483:Mamdani, Mahmood
1409:
1383:
1377:
1350:
1344:
1329:
1323:
1320:The Road to 9/11
1316:
1310:
1295:
1289:
1282:
1276:
1269:
1263:
1256:
1250:
1237:Ofira Seliktar,
1235:
1229:
1222:
1216:
1209:
1203:
1200:Thicker than Oil
1196:
1190:
1179:
1173:
1172:(1992), pp. 179.
1166:
1160:
1150:
1144:
1128:Xavier Cornut, "
1126:
1120:
1113:
1107:
1100:
1094:
1087:
1081:
1070:
1064:
1057:
1051:
1036:
1030:
1011:
1005:
1002:Thicker than Oil
998:
992:
985:
979:
972:
966:
959:
953:
952:
947:. Archived from
927:
921:
914:Peter Dale Scott
911:
900:
893:
887:
876:
870:
869:(2005), p. 105.
863:
857:
856:(2005), p. 104.
850:
844:
841:The Road to 9/11
837:
831:
824:
818:
811:
805:
798:
789:
770:
759:
752:
746:
739:
730:
723:
714:
707:
698:
691:
678:
665:
650:Operation Condor
528:Map showing the
423:Lualaba Province
375:Peter Dale Scott
337:Church Committee
313:in 1973 and the
232:
154:Kamal Hassan Ali
152:Egypt â General
6291:
6290:
6286:
6285:
6284:
6282:
6281:
6280:
6031:
6030:
6029:
6024:
6008:
5908:
5820:
5752:
5716:
5709:
5699:
5697:
5667:
5662:
5646:
5422:BIRD Foundation
5335:
5294:
5253:Operation Moses
5182:
5121:Stewart Nozette
5047:
4996:Abraham Accords
4850:
4794:
4787:
4777:
4775:
4745:
4740:
4726:
4547:
4406:Saeid Aboutaleb
4386:Craig Wadsworth
4361:Stephen D. Mull
4351:Joseph Macmanus
4249:
4090:
3945:Charming Kitten
3907:RQ-170 incident
3875:Filipino Monkey
3821:Algiers Accords
3752:
3689:Abraham Accords
3600:
3594:U.S. withdrawal
3480:
3419:
3412:
3402:
3400:
3370:
3365:
3349:
3261:
3225:
3219:
3116:
2927:
2911:
2885:
2878:
2868:
2866:
2836:
2831:
2815:
2769:Prix Blumenthal
2671:French Legation
2627:
2515:
2456:
2433:
2344:
2269:
2262:
2252:
2250:
2220:
2215:
2199:
2153:
2149:Rafah offensive
2114:Sinai bus crash
2067:Meir Max Bineth
2045:
1985:
1924:
1903:
1896:
1886:
1884:
1854:
1849:
1833:
1807:
1792:Nasser Moghadam
1768:Hassan Alavikia
1756:
1747:
1740:Nasser Moghadam
1724:Hassan Pakravan
1716:Teymur Bakhtiar
1704:
1699:
1669:
1659:
1657:
1647:
1645:
1635:
1633:
1623:
1621:
1611:
1609:
1599:
1597:
1587:
1585:
1575:
1573:
1565:
1435:Heikal, Mohamed
1417:
1412:
1406:Wayback Machine
1384:
1380:
1366:Donald Rumsfeld
1351:
1347:
1330:
1326:
1317:
1313:
1296:
1292:
1283:
1279:
1270:
1266:
1257:
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1219:
1210:
1206:
1197:
1193:
1180:
1176:
1167:
1163:
1151:
1147:
1143:, 22 June 2009.
1137:Wayback Machine
1127:
1123:
1114:
1110:
1101:
1097:
1088:
1084:
1071:
1067:
1058:
1054:
1038:Ibrahim Warde,
1037:
1033:
1012:
1008:
999:
995:
986:
982:
973:
969:
965:(2005), p. 102.
960:
956:
928:
924:
912:
903:
894:
890:
877:
873:
864:
860:
851:
847:
838:
834:
830:(1982), p. 112.
825:
821:
812:
808:
804:(1982), p. 114.
799:
792:
771:
762:
753:
749:
740:
733:
724:
717:
713:(1982), p. 113.
708:
701:
692:
681:
675:Wayback Machine
666:
662:
658:
631:
588:
571:
553:) from the US.
522:
482:
404:
395:
387:Edwin P. Wilson
354:Turki Al-Faisal
315:Clark Amendment
303:Henry Kissinger
295:
257:Adnan Khashoggi
241:Adnan Khashoggi
234:
223:
215:
200:anti-communists
172:Iran â General
142:Saudi Arabia â
120:
52:colonial empire
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6289:
6279:
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6078:
6073:
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6058:
6053:
6051:1970s in Cairo
6048:
6043:
6026:
6025:
6013:
6010:
6009:
6007:
6006:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5982:Dhahran School
5979:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5943:
5942:
5932:
5927:
5925:Patricia Roush
5922:
5920:Golden gimmick
5916:
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5574:
5569:
5564:
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5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5522:Israel Project
5519:
5514:
5509:
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5494:
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5145:
5140:
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5133:
5123:
5118:
5116:Ben-Ami Kadish
5113:
5108:
5106:Steve J. Rosen
5103:
5098:
5093:
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4953:
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4911:
4909:Oslo II Accord
4906:
4896:
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4569:American Islam
4566:
4561:
4555:
4553:
4549:
4548:
4546:
4545:
4544:
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4533:
4528:
4523:
4521:Karan Vafadari
4518:
4516:Kian Tajbakhsh
4513:
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4331:Elliott Abrams
4328:
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4306:
4301:
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3847:
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3832:
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3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3801:Canadian Caper
3798:
3793:
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3783:
3773:
3768:
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3760:
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3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3269:
3267:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3233:
3231:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3161:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3135:
3130:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3055:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3018:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3006:
2996:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2956:Qatif conflict
2953:
2948:
2937:
2935:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2925:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2886:
2865:
2864:
2857:
2850:
2842:
2833:
2832:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2744:
2737:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2676:Texas Legation
2673:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2635:
2633:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2573:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2506:Michael Mastro
2503:
2498:
2491:
2484:
2477:
2472:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2441:
2439:
2435:
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2426:
2418:
2413:
2408:
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2393:
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2373:
2368:
2363:
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2327:
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2317:
2312:
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2310:
2300:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2283:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2270:
2249:
2248:
2241:
2234:
2226:
2217:
2216:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2069:
2059:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2041:Yom Kippur War
2038:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2021:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2004:
1999:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1938:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1883:
1882:
1875:
1868:
1860:
1851:
1850:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1805:
1797:
1789:
1781:
1773:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1757:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1745:
1737:
1729:
1721:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1705:
1698:
1697:
1690:
1683:
1675:
1668:
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1655:
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1631:
1619:
1607:
1595:
1583:
1563:
1562:
1546:
1528:
1511:
1497:
1480:
1466:
1449:
1432:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1410:
1378:
1362:Michael Ledeen
1358:Richard Secord
1345:
1324:
1311:
1290:
1277:
1275:(2004), p. 86.
1264:
1251:
1230:
1217:
1204:
1191:
1174:
1161:
1145:
1141:Jerusalem Post
1121:
1108:
1095:
1082:
1065:
1052:
1031:
1006:
993:
980:
967:
954:
922:
901:
888:
871:
858:
845:
832:
819:
806:
790:
772:Robert Lacey,
760:
747:
731:
715:
699:
679:
659:
657:
654:
653:
652:
647:
642:
637:
630:
627:
587:
584:
570:
567:
521:
518:
481:
478:
403:
400:
394:
391:
294:
291:
225:Ronald Kessler
216:
214:
213:Infrastructure
211:
181:
180:
170:
160:
150:
140:
119:
116:
108:anti-communism
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6288:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
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6179:
6177:
6174:
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6157:
6154:
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6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6038:
6036:
6023:
6022:
6011:
6005:
6004:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5941:
5938:
5937:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5917:
5915:
5911:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5854:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5829:
5827:
5823:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5790:
5787:
5786:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5761:
5759:
5755:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5725:
5723:
5719:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5694:
5689:
5687:
5682:
5680:
5675:
5674:
5671:
5661:
5660:
5649:
5643:
5642:
5638:
5636:
5635:
5631:
5629:
5628:
5624:
5622:
5621:
5617:
5615:
5614:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5344:
5342:
5338:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5303:
5301:
5297:
5289:
5286:
5285:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5223:Have Doughnut
5221:
5217:
5214:
5213:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5193:
5191:
5189:
5185:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5128:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5096:Rachel Corrie
5094:
5090:
5087:
5086:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5056:
5054:
5050:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4998:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4904:Oslo I Accord
4902:
4901:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4869:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4859:
4857:
4853:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4803:
4801:
4797:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4772:
4767:
4765:
4760:
4758:
4753:
4752:
4749:
4739:
4729:
4723:
4722:
4718:
4716:
4715:
4711:
4708:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4655:
4652:
4651:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4556:
4554:
4550:
4542:
4539:
4538:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4491:Maryam Rajavi
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4466:Siamak Namazi
4464:
4462:
4461:Baquer Namazi
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4416:Sirous Asgari
4414:
4412:
4411:Shahram Amiri
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4401:Saeed Abedini
4399:
4397:
4396:Roxana Saberi
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4376:Jason Rezaian
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4356:Robert Malley
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4325:
4322:
4321:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4252:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4240:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4128:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4110:
4107:
4106:
4105:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4097:
4093:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4066:
4062:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3927:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3915:
3914:Maersk Tigris
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3876:
3873:
3872:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3829:
3828:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3759:
3755:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3614:
3613:
3612:IranâIraq War
3610:
3609:
3607:
3603:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3561:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3483:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3422:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3397:
3392:
3390:
3385:
3383:
3378:
3377:
3374:
3364:
3363:
3352:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3264:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3230:member states
3229:
3222:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3119:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3058:Yemeni crisis
3056:
3054:
3051:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2971:
2970:IranâIraq War
2968:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2930:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2914:
2908:
2905:
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2900:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2863:
2858:
2856:
2851:
2849:
2844:
2843:
2840:
2830:
2829:
2818:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
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2779:
2775:
2772:
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2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
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2736:
2733:
2729:
2726:
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2721:
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2716:
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2711:
2709:
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2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2650:
2649:Freedom fries
2647:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2603:Alliance Base
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2557:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2532:France's role
2530:
2529:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
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2409:
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2402:
2401:
2400:
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2354:
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2336:
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2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2247:
2242:
2240:
2235:
2233:
2228:
2227:
2224:
2214:
2213:
2202:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2073:
2072:Moshe Marzouk
2070:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1881:
1876:
1874:
1869:
1867:
1862:
1861:
1858:
1848:
1847:
1836:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1801:
1800:Parviz Sabeti
1798:
1793:
1790:
1785:
1782:
1777:
1774:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1754:
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1733:
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1711:
1707:
1703:
1696:
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1677:
1676:
1673:
1666:
1665:United States
1656:
1654:
1644:
1642:
1632:
1630:
1620:
1618:
1608:
1606:
1596:
1594:
1584:
1582:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1561:
1560:9780786717668
1557:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1544:9781442205895
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1527:
1526:9780520258716
1523:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1509:9780739103043
1506:
1502:
1498:
1496:
1495:0-375-42285-4
1492:
1488:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1478:9780822985334
1475:
1471:
1467:
1465:
1464:9780745319179
1461:
1457:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1447:0-394-52275-3
1444:
1440:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1430:9780195167436
1427:
1423:
1419:
1418:
1407:
1403:
1400:
1396:
1395:9781857432121
1392:
1388:
1382:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1349:
1342:
1341:9781594200076
1338:
1334:
1328:
1321:
1315:
1308:
1307:0-333-60799-6
1304:
1300:
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1247:9780275968724
1244:
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1234:
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1125:
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1112:
1105:
1099:
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1079:
1075:
1069:
1062:
1056:
1049:
1048:9781850434245
1045:
1041:
1035:
1028:
1024:
1023:9780863723391
1020:
1016:
1010:
1003:
997:
990:
984:
977:
971:
964:
958:
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946:
942:
938:
937:
932:
926:
919:
915:
910:
908:
906:
898:
892:
885:
884:Richard Nixon
881:
875:
868:
862:
855:
849:
842:
836:
829:
823:
816:
810:
803:
797:
795:
787:
783:
782:9781101140734
779:
775:
769:
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765:
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738:
736:
728:
722:
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712:
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704:
696:
690:
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684:
676:
672:
669:
664:
660:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
632:
626:
624:
619:
617:
613:
609:
608:William Casey
605:
597:
592:
583:
580:
576:
566:
564:
560:
554:
552:
548:
543:
539:
531:
526:
517:
515:
514:Hassan Tuhami
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
494:Yitzhak Rabin
491:
487:
477:
475:
471:
470:Jonas Savimbi
466:
464:
460:
456:
451:
447:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
399:
390:
388:
384:
383:Thomas Clines
380:
376:
372:
368:
367:Richard Helms
362:
357:
355:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
326:
322:
318:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
290:
286:
284:
280:
276:
275:launder money
272:
267:
265:
260:
258:
254:
246:
242:
238:
233:
230:
226:
220:
210:
208:
205:
201:
196:
194:
190:
186:
179:
175:
171:
169:
165:
161:
159:
155:
151:
149:
145:
141:
139:
135:
134:
133:
130:
128:
124:
115:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
76:United States
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
22:
6014:
6001:
5930:Saudi Aramco
5778:
5743:Quincy House
5652:
5639:
5632:
5625:
5618:
5611:
5592:Paul Findley
5267:
5136:Furkan DoÄan
5059:Jack Parsons
5038:Negev Summit
4899:Oslo Accords
4719:
4712:
4579:Axis of evil
4511:Morad Tahbaz
4481:Noor Pahlavi
4381:Scott Ritter
4237:
4064:
4060:
3913:
3825:
3816:Negotiations
3564:Negotiations
3533:
3355:
2922:
2821:
2746:
2739:
2493:
2486:
2479:
2467:
2422:
2410:
2396:
2205:
2109:Ouda Tarabin
2062:Lavon Affair
1976:Negev Summit
1965:
1839:
1823:
1784:Ali Mo'tazed
1653:South Africa
1641:Saudi Arabia
1551:
1531:
1517:
1500:
1486:
1469:
1455:
1452:Cooley, John
1438:
1421:
1386:
1381:
1353:
1348:
1343:; pp. 81â82.
1332:
1331:Steve Coll,
1327:
1319:
1314:
1298:
1293:
1285:
1280:
1272:
1267:
1259:
1254:
1238:
1233:
1225:
1220:
1212:
1207:
1199:
1194:
1182:
1177:
1169:
1164:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1140:
1124:
1119:, pp. 17â18.
1116:
1111:
1103:
1098:
1090:
1085:
1073:
1068:
1060:
1055:
1039:
1034:
1014:
1009:
1001:
996:
988:
983:
975:
970:
962:
957:
949:the original
935:
925:
917:
896:
891:
879:
874:
866:
861:
853:
848:
840:
835:
827:
822:
814:
809:
801:
773:
755:
750:
742:
726:
710:
694:
663:
620:
601:
596:Shah of Iran
572:
555:
535:
510:Yitzhak Hofi
483:
467:
448:conflict in
443:
396:
385:, and agent
364:
359:
349:Jimmy Carter
330:
296:
287:
279:CIA director
268:
261:
250:
244:
228:
222:
218:
207:South Africa
197:
189:Soviet Union
182:
131:
121:
118:Organization
80:South Africa
64:Saudi Arabia
27:
25:
5779:Safari Club
5577:StandWithUs
5417:BlueStar PR
5299:Legislation
5268:Safari Club
4936:Taba Summit
4862:Rogers Plan
4604:Great Satan
4531:Nizar Zakka
4501:Ali Shakeri
4486:Trita Parsi
4451:Esha Momeni
4096:Legislation
4059:Seizure of
3534:Safari Club
2923:Safari Club
2728:Merci Train
2501:Chicken tax
2411:Safari Club
2104:Azzam Azzam
2024:Six-Day War
2007:Suez Crisis
1966:Safari Club
1824:Safari Club
1771:(1957â1962)
1370:Dick Cheney
1284:Miglietta,
1211:Miglietta,
1117:Unholy Wars
880:Unholy Wars
815:Unholy Wars
754:Miglietta,
727:Unholy Wars
695:Unholy Wars
502:Moshe Dayan
415:Shinkolobwe
195:ideology."
164:Ahmed Dlimi
144:Kamal Adham
102:during the
28:Safari Club
6035:Categories
5987:ISG Dammam
5228:HAVE DRILL
5033:I2U2 Group
4526:Xiyue Wang
4366:Jon Pattis
4346:Brian Hook
4294:Farashgard
4065:St Nikolas
4061:Suez Rajan
2170:Green Line
1258:Lefebvre,
1224:Lefebvre,
1168:Lefebvre,
656:References
551:M-48 tanks
547:Siad Barre
538:Ogaden War
369:and agent
158:Mukhabarat
104:Ogaden War
5825:Incidents
5757:Diplomacy
5052:Incidents
4855:Diplomacy
4714:Overthrow
4707:Bomb Iran
4304:Jundallah
4131:reactions
3726:reactions
3605:Conflicts
3589:Aftermath
3584:Criticism
3579:Reactions
3574:Framework
3485:Diplomacy
3121:Incidents
2933:Conflicts
2916:Diplomacy
2811:TAT-12/13
2461:Incidents
2445:Quasi-War
2438:Conflicts
2349:Diplomacy
2180:Air Sinai
2050:Incidents
1990:Conflicts
1929:Diplomacy
1787:(1973â78)
1779:(1962â73)
1743:(1978â79)
1735:(1965â78)
1727:(1961â65)
1719:(1957â61)
1709:Directors
1271:Mamdani,
1198:Bronson,
1187:via JStor
1089:Mamdani,
1059:Mamdani,
1000:Bronson,
895:Mamdani,
741:Mamdani,
645:Le Cercle
508:director
498:Hassan II
411:Malachite
281:in 1976,
204:apartheid
5527:J Street
4738:Category
3930:Timeline
3912:MV
3781:Timeline
3632:Iran Ajr
2012:Timeline
1846:Category
1538:, 2010.
1402:Archived
1152:Trento,
1133:Archived
1115:Cooley,
1102:Heikal,
1078:via Sage
987:Trento,
974:Trento,
878:Cooley,
865:Trento,
852:Trento,
826:Heikal,
817:, p. 16.
813:Cooley,
800:Heikal,
729:, p. 15.
725:Cooley,
709:Heikal,
697:, p. 17.
693:Cooley,
671:Archived
629:See also
335:and the
84:Rhodesia
5913:Related
5340:Related
5273:Stuxnet
4552:Related
3950:Stuxnet
3266:Related
3237:Bahrain
2786:Honotua
2632:Related
2423:Titanic
2190:Azazima
2165:Barrier
2158:Related
1812:Related
1629:Morocco
1567:Portals
1415:Sources
1352:Scott,
1318:Scott,
1027:Kowelzi
839:Scott,
446:Shaba I
439:uranium
419:Kolwezi
193:Marxist
185:theater
127:Algeria
100:Somalia
68:Morocco
38:around
5562:NORPAC
3242:Kuwait
2806:TAT-11
2735:MICEFA
2404:Museum
1803:(1978)
1795:(1978)
1617:Israel
1593:France
1558:
1542:
1524:
1507:
1493:
1476:
1462:
1445:
1428:
1393:
1339:
1305:
1245:
1046:
1021:
780:
542:Ogaden
530:Ogaden
506:Mossad
455:Mobutu
437:, and
435:radium
431:cobalt
427:copper
343:. The
231:, 1986
227:,
88:Israel
86:, and
72:France
70:, and
40:Africa
6086:SAVAK
5487:Hibur
5084:Lekem
3252:Qatar
3226:with
2801:TAT-8
2796:TAT-6
2791:TAT-4
1702:SAVAK
1581:Egypt
1397:; p.
784:; p.
474:UNITA
450:Zaire
413:from
307:proxy
264:Cairo
253:Kenya
178:SAVAK
138:SDECE
92:Zaire
60:Egypt
4063:and
3935:P5+1
3247:Oman
1605:Iran
1556:ISBN
1540:ISBN
1522:ISBN
1505:ISBN
1491:ISBN
1474:ISBN
1460:ISBN
1443:ISBN
1426:ISBN
1391:ISBN
1368:and
1337:ISBN
1303:ISBN
1243:ISBN
1044:ISBN
1019:ISBN
778:ISBN
577:the
168:DGED
56:Iran
26:The
3228:GCC
1399:590
1139:",
476:).
421:in
341:FBI
243:'s
148:GIP
48:CIA
6037::
1516:.
1485:.
1454:.
1437:.
1376:."
943:,
904:^
793:^
763:^
734:^
718:^
702:^
682:^
618:.
565:.
504:,
433:,
429:,
417:,
301:.
114:.
82:,
78:,
66:,
62:,
58:,
5692:e
5685:t
5678:v
4770:e
4763:t
4756:v
4709:"
4705:"
3395:e
3388:t
3381:v
2861:e
2854:t
2847:v
2245:e
2238:t
2231:v
1879:e
1872:t
1865:v
1694:e
1687:t
1680:v
1569::
1408:.
1189:.
1158:"
788:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.