251:: "Dozens of assassinations were carried out. Besides the use of guns or knives, more sophisticated methods had been perfected. Carbon dioxide guns ejecting small syringes had been purchased in the United States-but the SDECE people substituted the tranquilizing drug with a lethal poison. The victim showed all the symptoms of having suffered a heart attack". Besides for members of the FLN, the SDECE killed left-wing French intellectuals who supported the FLN, arms dealers and other anti-French nationalists in Africa. The SDECE also engaged in hijacking six ships bound for Algeria with arms for the FLN between 1956–61, and blew up one ship packed with weapons for the FLN in Hamburg harbor with a naval mine. Within Algeria itself, the SDECE assassinated suspected FLN members and provided intelligence to the Army to indicate "disloyal" villages that were to be burned down. Many of the assassins were pro-French Vietnamese who fled to France after Vietnamese independence, and were quite willing to kill and/or be killed for France. In 1960, many of the Action Service's killers, including most of the Vietnamese, went over the
399:
Marenches severed the links with the SAC (which was finally dissolved in 1982 after the SAC murdered a police officer and his family in 1981), fired half of SDECE's 1,000 employees, made the SDECE more professional and less politicised, changed the focus from assassinating enemies of the republic to intelligence gathering, and modernized the procedures for intelligence collecting and analysis. Marenches is generally regarded as the most able of the SDECE directors, and the man who saved the agency from itself, turning what had been an thuggish outfit designed to murder enemies of the state into a more professional intelligence agency. Marenches also restored the ties to the CIA that de Gaulle had broken off, and in 1975 the SDECE worked with the CIA and the government of Zaire to support the
347:, this gave him an additional reason to hate Canada. A sign of how much de Gaulle hated Canada because of Canadian sacrifices during both world wars can be seen in that de Gaulle snubbed the remembrance ceremonies for the 20th anniversary of the Dieppe raid in 1962 and the 50th anniversary of Vimy Ridge in 1967 as he claimed he was too busy to attend; by contrast the Germanophile de Gaulle always found time for remembrance ceremonies involving German sacrifices in the world wars as Germany was a fellow would-be world power, meaning that German sacrifices to subjugate France were worthy of the respect and admiration of the French people in a way that Canadian sacrifices to liberate them were not.
283:(a break-in) at the French embassy in Washington to photograph the codebooks that were used to encrypt the Quai d'Orsay's radio messages, thereby allowing the Americans to know what the French were doing and to monitor the French reaction to Golitsyn’s revelations (the NSA apparently was not capable of breaking the Quai d'Orsay's codes in the 1960s). When it was discovered the CIA had broken into the French embassy to steal the French diplomatic codes, the SDECE station chief in Washington was recalled to Paris in disgrace. Despite de Gaulle's belief that the KGB Sapphire spy ring was CIA disinformation, it was later discovered that the Sapphire spy ring did in fact exist, and that
312:, a close ally of France, had long been annoyed at Ben Barka's criticism of his regime and had asked General de Gaulle to extradite him back to Morocco, but as Ben Barka had been granted asylum in France and was breaking no laws, it was not legally possible to return Ben Barka to Morocco, leading to alternative means to be deployed. Ben Barka's body was never found, but as he was last seen alive in Paris being handed over by two SDECE agents to Moroccan agents on 29 October 1965, he is generally believed to have been murdered by the Moroccans. The revelation that the gangsters from
212:), to counter the Vietminh who were fighting for independence from France, but the general hostility of the Vietnamese to the French limited the appeal of fighting for France among the Vietnamese people. The SDECE parachuted agents both in Vietnam and Eastern Europe, but the SDECE was well penetrated by French communists who provided Moscow with all the details of the operations. In particular, the operations in Eastern Europe in 1950s were a complete disaster as every single agent parachuted into Eastern Europe was captured.
183:, which led successive directors of the SDECE to see their real enemies as the other branches of the republic concerned with intelligence. As was usually the case with French intelligence, the division of responsibilities between rival agencies led to different arms of the French state to spend more time locked in bureaucratic disputes with one another than anything else. In September 1949, SDECE played a prominent role in the "scandal of the generals", when the
386:, a German mercenary who had once served in the French Foreign Legion, who together with 4,000 of his men left for Nigeria on a French ship from Lisbon to Libreville, Gabon, from where they were flown into Biafra on French planes. The SDECE often smuggled arms into Biafra on Red Cross planes that were supposed to be bringing food and medical supplies for the starving Ibos as the Federal Nigerian Army used starvation as a weapon to break Biafra.
25:
659:
339:, one of de Gaulle's most important aides directed the SDECE's operations against Canada, having SDECE fund Quebec separatists via the French consulates in Quebec City and Montreal. In 1968, the Canadian prime minister Pierre Trudeau handed the French ambassador a diplomatic note of protest against SDECE agents operating in Quebec and several SDECE agents in Canada posing as diplomats were declared
343:. De Gaulle had a deep, visceral hatred of Canada, which he viewed as a second-rate nation that from the French viewpoint had humiliatingly helped to save France, a would-be world power, in both world wars, and de Gaulle sought revenge by seeking to break up Canada. Furthermore, de Gaulle was an Anglophobe and as Canada was a product of the
175:(the swimming pool) because its HQ in Paris was located next to a public swimming pool. The SDECE was officially responsible to the Minister of Defense, but in fact reported to the president acting through a special adviser on intelligence matters. The SDECE was frequently involved in bureaucratic disputes with the
367:
of 1967-70, the SDECE supported Biafra by supplying the
Biafrans with weapons and mercenaries as de Gaulle wanted to break up Nigeria and have oil-rich Biafra in the French sphere of influence. Furthermore, Nigeria, like Canada, was, also, a multi-cultural, multi-ethnic federation that was a product
231:
to kill suspected members of the FLN under the cover of a pseudo-terrorist group called the Red Hand. The first two murders took place in West
Germany, where an arms dealer who sold arms to the FLN was killed when the SDECE planted a bomb in his car while an anti-French Algerian politician was killed
274:
wrote a letter to
President de Gaulle, detailing Golitsyn’s revelations, which was handed to de Gaulle personally by the CIA station chief in Paris. De Gaulle, however, believed the claim that the Sapphire spy ring existed was a CIA plot to disorganize the SDECE, and ordered the SDECE to break off
196:. Unknown to him, the French state was illegally listening in to dispatches filed by foreign correspondents from Paris. The French embassy in Washington tried to suppress the story as embarrassing to France, but the U.S. government refused, citing the First Amendment, leading to the scandal of the
398:
SDECE chief with orders to clean up the agency. Marenches described SDECE in 1970 as being more alike to an organized crime racket than an intelligence agency, writing: "Some agents were running drugs and guns; others were engaged in kidnapping, murder and the settling of the most bloody scores".
187:
revealed that the Army chief of staff had trusted confidential documents relating to the war in
Vietnam to another general, who had given them to an SDECE agent who in turn had given them to the Vietminh. The French state tried to bury the story by ordering the newspapers not to print it, but the
351:, the undersecretary of state at the Canadian Ministry of External Affairs from 1964-1970, often wrote in his diary about de Gaulle's obsessive hatred of Canada and his willingness to break international law by meddling in the internal affairs of Canada. From 1963 onward, a major concern for the
203:
In the 1950s, SDECE had a reputation for engaging in bizarre operations like stealing fuel from Soviet planes that had landed in France to analyze the antifreeze contents of Soviet jet fuel and for drugging Soviet espionage couriers on the Orient
Express to rifle through the contents of their
423:
to stage a coup. On the night of 13 May 1978, Denard and 42 other mercenaries landed on Grande Comore, almost effortlessly annihilated the
Comorian forces and by the morning the Comoros was theirs. President Soilih was high on marijuana and naked in his bed together with three nude teenage
323:. The Ben Barka affair briefly caused much public excitement as the SDECE had no powers of arrest, let alone to hand over a man who was legally living in France to be killed by the Moroccan state, but as the victim was a Moroccan Muslim, the public outrage soon subsided over
223:("the dirty war") against the enemies of the republic. The 1950s-60s are remembered as the "era of political assassinations" by SDECE agents as one of the agency's main jobs was to assassinate members of the FLN. The number of killings dramatically stepped up in 1958 when
355:(RCMP) was monitoring the SDECE agents who were supporting Quebec separatism by handing over bags of cash to separatists, and the RCMP viewed the French embassy in Ottawa much like the Soviet embassy; namely as a den of spies working for a hostile foreign power.
255:, leading to the Action Service to dispatch new agents to Algeria to assassinate the former Action Service assassins who joined the OAS. In January 1961, the Action Service blew up the headquarters of the OAS's assassins. In 1960, de Gaulle founded the
291:, an aviation scientist, were both working for the KGB. Pâques was convicted of espionage for the Soviet Union, receiving life in prison, which was later reduced down to 20 years in prison. The Sapphire affair inspired the American novelist
204:
briefcases. The cryptographic division of the SDECE was well regarded, having broken several Soviet diplomatic codes, but its attempts at playing the role of a para-military organization was less successful. In 1951 SDECE created the
1725:
424:
schoolgirls watching a pornographic film, when Denard kicked in the door to his room to inform him that he was no longer president and had Soilih taken out to be "shot while trying to escape". In 1981, when the
Socialist
246:
under which the French and German intelligence were to share information in exchange for allowing the SDECE to commit murders on German soil. One SDECE agent, Philippe L. Thyaud de
Vosjolo, wrote in his 1970 memoir
319:(literally "the middle"; i.e French organized crime) had also involved in kidnapping Ben Barka further added to the scandal as many French people were shocked to discover that the SDECE often co-operated with
680:
301:
about the Soviet penetration of the SDECE via the "Topaz" spy ring, which so closely resembled the
Sapphire affair that many suspected the CIA leaked Uris information about the Sapphire case.
1735:
432:, the former CEO of Air France as the new intelligence chief of what was renamed the Direction Générale de la Sécurité Extérieure (General Directorate of External Security) in 1982.
259:(SAC), an organization linked to SDECE of about 8,000 that spied on his political opponents, broke up anti-Gaullist demonstrations and engaged in "dirty tricks" for the SDECE.
1776:
288:
1677:
45:
236:
police forces of West
Germany were ineffective in investigating the "Red Hand" assassinations committed by SDECE was the result of a secret agreement with General
1781:
1771:
1720:
308:, a left-wing Moroccan émigré, on the streets of Paris and handed him over to the agents of the Moroccan government to be tortured and killed. King
1766:
1647:
168:
838:
497:
205:
578:
separatist movements by agents of the SDECE as part of operation « Assistance et cooperation technique » or « Opération Ascot».
1822:
1817:
1670:
1807:
1786:
1705:
1700:
382:(France's sphere of influence in its former African colonies), and company to fight for Biafra. In the fall of 1968, the SDECE hired
110:
1663:
602:
1686:
817:
is an SDECE operative, as the book takes place in 1951 and he's described as being from France's intelligence agency. Later, in
521:(FLN) and its couriers in Europe (the « porteurs de valises », activists supporting Algerian independence) during the
1812:
242:
1710:
843:
209:
1827:
518:
400:
171:
which was seen as too closely associated with the Gaullists to properly serve the republic. SDECE was known in France as
315:
706:
67:
688:
808:
252:
34:
642:
819:
684:
550:
352:
149:
833:
256:
419:, had proven hostile to French influence after taking power in a 1975 coup, and in 1978 the SDECE hired
327:, and the scandal ended when the two SDECE agents who helped kidnap Ben Barka were convicted in 1967.
669:
586:
561:
279:, the CIA counterintelligence chief, seeing no French reaction to Golityn's information, ordered a
125:
673:
503:
407:. At same time, the SDECE continued with its traditional work of ensuring that the countries in
720:
462:
395:
156:
121:
38:
425:
270:
revealed to the CIA the existence of the Soviet Sapphire spy ring within the SDECE. President
1832:
813:
789:
777:
129:
631:
557:
486:
335:
A major area of SDECE activity in the 1960s was supporting the Quebec separatist movement.
309:
304:
In October 1965, the SDECE was involved in another scandal when two SDECE agents kidnapped
276:
49:
8:
607:
493:
489:
280:
197:
106:
750:
Lieutenant-Colonel Bernard Nut, chef de mission, killed on assignment February 15, 1983
364:
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428:
become president, he fired Marenches whom he viewed as too conservative and appointed
114:
772:
611:
404:
267:
224:
145:
625:
441:
372:, giving de Gaulle another reason to want to see Nigeria broken up. The SDECE hired
284:
765:
726:
208:
para-military organization in Vietnam, part of the "Action Service" (together with
200:
as once the news broke in the United States, it was picked up by the French media.
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637:
597:
568:
535:
Efforts to obtain control of Nigerian oil production in 1968 in association with
336:
305:
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237:
141:
97:
378:
133:
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369:
348:
344:
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529:
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in October 1973 (it was the first Western intelligence service to do so.)
507:
420:
412:
373:
564:
in 1979 (Operation Barracuda) and installing a pro-French government.
444:
alias "Colonel Passy", (DGER/SDECE), from 19 April 1945 to April 1946
292:
658:
606:(1972), the SDECE financed all of its covert operations, during the
575:
88:(External Documentation and Counter-Espionage Service), abbreviated
582:
109:
from 6 November 1944 to 2 April 1982, when it was replaced by the
1730:
784:
416:
590:
536:
102:
747:
Colonel Marcel Mercier, part of the Red Hand terrorist group
167:
The SDECE was founded in 1946 as a successor to the wartime
1715:
781:, also very thoroughly describes the organization of SDECE.
472:
117:
which was intended to pursue purely military intelligence.
84:
Service de documentation extérieure et de contre-espionnage
610:, from its control of the Indochina drug trade (see also
266:(also known as the Sapphire Affair) when a KGB defector,
262:
In December 1961, the SDECE was rocked by scandal of the
1618:
How to Stage a Military Coup: From Planning to Execution
1605:
How to Stage a Military Coup: From Planning to Execution
1592:
How to Stage a Military Coup: From Planning to Execution
394:
In 1970, President Georges Pompidou appointed the Comte
376:, a French mercenary who usually fought for France in
517:
Operations interdicting the supply of weapons to the
485:
Guerrilla intelligence-gathering and operations with
450:
Pierre Boursicot, from January 1951 to September 1957
447:
Henri-Alexis Ribiere, from April 1946 to January 1951
132:
and until 1962, it was subordinate to Prime Minister
1685:
567:Efforts in 1977 and August 1980 to subvert colonel
179:in Vietnam and Algeria, and within France with the
232:in a drive-by shooting. The fact that the various
1799:
729:, intelligence officer during the Algerian War
219:, the SDECE played a prominent role in waging
1671:
1490:, Montreal: McGill Press, 1999 pages 212-213.
1464:, Montreal: McGill Press, 1999 pages 212-214.
1425:, Montreal: McGill Press, 1999 pages 219-220.
1412:, Montreal: McGill Press, 1999 pages 225-227.
1399:, Montreal: McGill Press, 1999 pages 227-228.
1282:, New York: Random House, 1997 pages 487-488.
1074:, New York: Random House, 1997 pages 497-498.
152:, and the service was gradually militarized.
169:Bureau Central de Renseignements et d'Action
82:
1620:New York: Skyhorse Publishing Inc page 136.
1607:New York: Skyhorse Publishing Inc page 136.
1594:New York: Skyhorse Publishing Inc page 136.
1451:, Montreal: McGill Press, 1999 pages 22-23.
1373:, Montreal: McGill Press, 1999 pages 24-25.
1360:, Montreal: McGill Press, 1999 pages 24-25.
687:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
648:
556:Supporting the coup d'état against Emperor
136:and its resources largely dedicated to the
113:(DGSE). It should not be confused with the
1678:
1664:
741:Colonel Marcel Leroy, alias Leroy-Finville
411:stayed in the French sphere of influence.
48:. Please do not remove this message until
839:Groupement de Commandos Mixtes Aéroportés
707:Learn how and when to remove this message
459:General Eugène Guibaud, from 1966 to 1970
435:
206:Groupement de Commandos Mixtes Aéroportés
111:Directorate-General for External Security
68:Learn how and when to remove this message
1633:, New York: Random House, 1997 page 498.
1581:, New York: Random House, 1997 page 498.
1568:, New York: Random House, 1997 page 498.
1555:, New York: Random House, 1997 page 498.
1542:, New York: Random House, 1997 page 498.
1529:, New York: Random House, 1997 page 498.
1516:, Montreal: McGill Press, 1999 page 213.
1514:The Gaullist Attack on Canada, 1967-1997
1503:, Montreal: McGill Press, 1999 page 213.
1501:The Gaullist Attack on Canada, 1967-1997
1488:The Gaullist Attack on Canada, 1967-1997
1477:, Montreal: McGill Press, 1999 page 212.
1475:The Gaullist Attack on Canada, 1967-1997
1462:The Gaullist Attack on Canada, 1967-1997
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1371:The Gaullist Attack on Canada, 1967-1997
1358:The Gaullist Attack on Canada, 1967-1997
1347:, New York: Random House, 1997 page 498.
1334:, New York: Random House, 1997 page 498.
1321:, New York: Random House, 1997 page 498.
1308:, New York: Random House, 1997 page 487.
1295:, New York: Random House, 1997 page 487.
1269:, New York: Random House, 1997 page 487.
1256:, New York: Random House, 1997 page 487.
1243:, New York: Random House, 1997 page 487.
1230:, New York: Random House, 1997 page 487.
1217:, New York: Random House, 1997 page 487.
1204:, New York: Random House, 1997 page 498.
1191:, New York: Random House, 1997 page 498.
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1048:, New York: Random House, 1997 page 497.
1035:, New York: Random House, 1997 page 497.
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996:, New York: Random House, 1997 page 497.
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970:, New York: Random House, 1997 page 497.
957:, New York: Random House, 1997 page 497.
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918:, New York: Random House, 1997 page 497.
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892:, New York: Random House, 1997 page 497.
879:, New York: Random House, 1997 page 498.
866:, New York: Random House, 1997 page 497.
603:The Politics of Heroin in Southeast Asia
475:), from 17 June 1981 to 10 November 1982
456:General Paul Jacquier, from 1962 to 1966
44:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1386:, Montreal: McGill Press, 1999 page 25.
1009:, New York: Random House, 1997 page 497
453:General Paul Grossin, from 1957 to 1962
192:had reported to the New York office of
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1438:, Montreal: McGill Press, 1999 page 6.
823:, he is promoted to head of the SDECE.
618:
465:, from 6 November 1970 to 12 June 1981
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757:
735:Colonel René Bertrand, alias Beaumont
498:Groupe de Commandos Mixtes Aéroportés
358:
96:
1823:Defunct French intelligence agencies
1818:Organizations disestablished in 1982
685:adding citations to reliable sources
652:
330:
18:
1616:Hebditch, David & Connor, Ken
1603:Hebditch, David & Connor, Ken
1590:Hebditch, David & Connor, Ken
744:Colonel Paul Ferrer, alias Fournier
479:
401:National Liberation Front of Angola
13:
1629:Pomar, Norman & Allen, Thomas
1577:Pomar, Norman & Allen, Thomas
1564:Pomar, Norman & Allen, Thomas
1551:Pomar, Norman & Allen, Thomas
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1213:Pomar, Norman & Allen, Thomas
1200:Pomar, Norman & Allen, Thomas
1187:Pomar, Norman & Allen, Thomas
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1135:Pomar, Norman & Allen, Thomas
1122:Pomar, Norman & Allen, Thomas
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1083:Pomar, Norman & Allen, Thomas
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1005:Pomar, Norman & Allen, Thomas
992:Pomar, Norman & Allen, Thomas
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966:Pomar, Norman & Allen, Thomas
953:Pomar, Norman & Allen, Thomas
940:Pomar, Norman & Allen, Thomas
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901:Pomar, Norman & Allen, Thomas
888:Pomar, Norman & Allen, Thomas
875:Pomar, Norman & Allen, Thomas
862:Pomar, Norman & Allen, Thomas
124:the SDECE was subordinated to the
14:
1844:
1808:Organizations established in 1944
844:11e régiment parachutiste de choc
16:Former French intelligence agency
657:
287:, the NATO press secretary, and
227:gave the SDECE's Action Service
148:subordinated the service to the
23:
1687:Intelligence agencies of France
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275:all co-operation with the CIA.
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723:, with SDECE from 1960 to 1970
551:Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
155:Its next to last director was
1:
1813:1944 establishments in France
849:
753:Major Boatham, alias Beaumont
353:Royal Canadian Mounted Police
210:11th shock parachute regiment
7:
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732:Philippe Thyraud de Vosjoli
50:conditions to do so are met
10:
1849:
1828:Military history of France
215:As in Vietnam, during the
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1744:
1693:
1644:9 November 1991 interview
519:National Liberation Front
389:
787:'s 2016 original series
649:Known or supposed agents
643:Assisting a coup in Togo
562:Central African Republic
295:to write the 1967 novel
257:Service d'Action Civique
128:. From the onset of the
126:President of the Council
799:Au service de la France
738:Colonel Pierre Fourcaud
504:Operation Condor (1954)
415:, the president of the
243:Bundesnachrichtendienst
188:Paris correspondent of
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721:Jean-Charles Marchiani
463:Alexandre de Marenches
436:Directors of the SDECE
396:Alexandre de Marenches
157:Alexandre de Marenches
83:
820:From Russia With Love
790:A Very Secret Service
778:The Day of the Jackal
834:Civic Action Service
681:improve this section
585:Independence leader
310:Hassan II of Morocco
277:James Jesus Angleton
619:Possible operations
587:Félix-Roland Moumié
496:carried out by the
494:First Indochina War
426:François Mitterrand
325:L'affaire Ben Barka
240:, the chief of the
150:Ministry of Defence
107:intelligence agency
37:of this article is
758:In popular culture
632:Barthélemy Boganda
558:Jean-Bédel Bokassa
365:Nigerian Civil War
359:Nigerian Civil War
1795:
1794:
773:Frederick Forsyth
717:
716:
709:
630:Assassination of
624:Assassination of
612:French Connection
581:Assassination of
553:in December 1979.
405:Angolan Civil War
341:persona non grata
331:Quebec separatism
268:Anatoliy Golitsyn
225:Charles de Gaulle
146:Charles de Gaulle
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766:le Professionnel
727:Vladimir Volkoff
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661:
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480:Known operations
198:Generals' affair
144:affair, General
140:. Following the
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638:Mehdi Ben Barka
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569:Muammar Gaddafi
514:April 30, 1954.
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392:
361:
337:Jacques Foccart
333:
306:Mehdi Ben Barka
281:"Black Bag job"
272:John F. Kennedy
238:Reinhard Gehlen
185:Sûreté Générale
181:Sûreté Générale
177:Deuxième Bureau
165:
142:Mehdi Ben Barka
122:Fourth Republic
115:Deuxième Bureau
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370:British Empire
360:
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349:Marcel Cadieux
345:British Empire
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289:André Labarthe
285:Georges Pâques
221:la guerre sale
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130:Fifth Republic
98:[zdɛk]
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469:Pierre Marion
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430:Pierre Marion
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264:Martel affair
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1833:Algerian War
1752:Cabinet noir
1638:
1631:The Spy Book
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1579:The Spy Book
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1566:The Spy Book
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1540:The Spy Book
1539:
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1345:The Spy Book
1344:
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1332:The Spy Book
1331:
1326:
1319:The Spy Book
1318:
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1306:The Spy Book
1305:
1300:
1293:The Spy Book
1292:
1287:
1280:The Spy Book
1279:
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1267:The Spy Book
1266:
1261:
1254:The Spy Book
1253:
1248:
1241:The Spy Book
1240:
1235:
1228:The Spy Book
1227:
1222:
1215:The Spy Book
1214:
1209:
1202:The Spy Book
1201:
1196:
1189:The Spy Book
1188:
1183:
1176:The Spy Book
1175:
1170:
1163:The Spy Book
1162:
1157:
1150:The Spy Book
1149:
1144:
1137:The Spy Book
1136:
1131:
1124:The Spy Book
1123:
1118:
1111:The Spy Book
1110:
1105:
1098:The Spy Book
1097:
1092:
1085:The Spy Book
1084:
1079:
1072:The Spy Book
1071:
1066:
1059:The Spy Book
1058:
1053:
1046:The Spy Book
1045:
1040:
1033:The Spy Book
1032:
1027:
1020:The Spy Book
1019:
1014:
1007:The Spy Book
1006:
1001:
994:The Spy Book
993:
988:
981:The Spy Book
980:
975:
968:The Spy Book
967:
962:
955:The Spy Book
954:
949:
942:The Spy Book
941:
936:
929:The Spy Book
928:
923:
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915:
910:
903:The Spy Book
902:
897:
890:The Spy Book
889:
884:
877:The Spy Book
876:
871:
864:The Spy Book
863:
858:
818:
812:
788:
776:
764:
703:
694:
679:Please help
667:
601:
598:Alfred McCoy
539:separatists.
523:Algerian War
409:Françafrique
408:
393:
384:Rolf Steiner
379:Françafrique
377:
362:
340:
334:
324:
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313:
303:
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217:Algerian War
214:
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154:
138:Algerian War
134:Michel Debré
119:
105:'s external
89:
81:
79:
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805:René Mathis
583:Cameroonian
574:Support of
532:in Algeria.
528:Supporting
506:of Colonel
492:during the
403:during the
363:During the
1802:Categories
850:References
809:James Bond
508:Jean Sassi
487:montagnard
421:Bob Denard
413:Ali Soilih
374:Bob Denard
173:la piscine
120:Under the
35:neutrality
807:from the
763:The film
668:does not
576:Québécois
490:partisans
321:le milieu
293:Leon Uris
46:talk page
828:See also
697:May 2022
593:in 1960.
58:May 2021
39:disputed
1745:Defunct
1731:TRACFIN
1694:Current
785:Netflix
689:removed
674:sources
560:of the
537:Biafran
500:(GCMA).
471:(SDECE/
417:Comoros
368:of the
163:History
101:), was
94:French:
811:novel
795:French
591:Geneva
390:Demise
316:milieu
234:Länder
103:France
1777:SDECE
1736:DNRED
1721:UCLAT
1646:, by
298:Topaz
249:Lamia
90:SDECE
1782:DCRG
1772:DGER
1767:BCRA
1726:DRPP
1716:DRSD
1706:DGSI
1701:DGSE
672:any
670:cite
473:DGSE
194:Time
190:Time
80:The
32:The
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1711:DRM
683:by
600:'s
589:in
510:at
314:le
253:OAS
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42:.
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