1733:
Aarons, Loftus, The Secret War
Against the Jews, 135-36 (2000). After the war these Jews became part of the communist and socialist left in Israel. Still unexplored to a degree, understanding the strengths of zionist intelligence requires comprehending the zionist appeal to people from all sorts of ideologies as well as the shared development of zionism and their activists with those ideas and activists of other young radicals, like Kim Philby. Coupled with immigration of jews from all the Arab countries, Israel was perhaps the country best positioned to understand the various groups around the world. Reuven Shiloah - the founder of Mossad and long time leader of Haganah Intelligence - realized that this ability was the unique value that Israelis had to offer world intelligence agencies, and so began the Mossad liaisons with the CIA and MI6, as those allied agencies valued the perspective of the Israeli dossiers, especially on Communism and Arabism. Max is a classic example – The knowledge of the Max Network would prove to be invaluable to the Israelis. See, e.g., Aarons, Loftus, The Secret War Against the Jews, 153, 538 (2000)
746:
approved the establishment of Kauder's network. In reality, a
Japanese international news service was something the Japanese and the Nazis had been working towards for awhile. Enomoto – a well placed Japanese communist loosely in the employ of Japanese Intelligence seems to have learned of this from both Japanese sources and by overhearing a conversation. Max was thus the Soviet counterstroke. Kauder's network was kept secret apart from a few Abwehr officers, and was stowed away in Abwehr 2, and not in Abwehr 1 where spies belong. Kauder's cables were actually split into Max and Moritz, with Moritz focusing on the Mediterranean front. The Moritz cables are considered to have been much less accurate than the Soviet-focused Max cables.
788:"Kauder now had skilled German radio operators at his disposal. He also formed his own team that worked with the radio operators and managed detailed records of all messages. Each message was assigned a serial number, which tracked its number within the series of messages; and a secondary catalogue number that indicated the region and location that the message referred to. The messages were also filed by date, which was of no less importance. It was an incredibly efficient and well-organized system. If asked what exactly was reported about a specific city or region, or what was reported on a specific date, Kauder could retrieve the message instantly, using his simple, intelligent and efficient filing method.
1006:
632:. When the cables continued, the British suspected a Soviet operation but later dismissed that idea upon investigation. The cables are available to be read upon purchase from the British archives at cost. The fact remains that aside from several instances of possible Soviet disinformation, most of the Max cables contained extremely accurate intelligence. Max was a big reason for the rise of Gehlen's career, and he leveraged the "success of Max" into a spymaster's reputation and a postwar career. Possible Soviet penetration of Max would parallel and be a strong contributor for the thorough Soviet penetration of NTS and the
1097:
232:
219:
738:, head of the Vienna station, asked him to head to Sofia and run their intelligence operations there through a cover of a Japanese news service. Sofia was chosen being the only Axis country that continued to have diplomatic relationships with the Soviet Union, and the huge staff of the Soviet Embassy in Sofia included NKVD agents. He informed Kauder that the idea of the Sofia base and that Kauder should run it was all from Enomoto. Although Kauder did charge for his services, he was also promised Abwehr protection for his Jewish mother. The Abwehr gave him the codename
1373:"Gehlen's descriptions of most of his so-called successes in the political intelligence field are, in my opinion, either wishful thinking or self-delusion.... Gehlen was never a good clandestine operator, nor was he a particularly good administrator. And therein lay his failures. The Gehlen Organization/BND always had a good record in the collection of military and economic intelligence on East Germany and the Soviet forces there. But this information, for the most part, came from observation and not from clandestine penetration".
592:
206:
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886:, and interrogated by Captain John R. Boker. The American Army recognised his potential value as a spymaster with great knowledge of Soviet forces and anticommunist intelligence contacts in the Soviet Union. In exchange for his own liberty and the release of his former subordinates (also prisoners of the US Army), Gehlen offered the Counter Intelligence Corps access to the FHO's intelligence archives and to his intelligence gathering abilities aimed at the Soviet Union, known later as the
1054:" within the Czechoslovak officer corps, Captain Jeřábek and two other senior military intelligence officers crossed the border into the American Zone and defected to the West. In addition to several lists of Czechoslovakian spies in West Germany, Captain Jeřábek also carried the keys to breaking Czechoslovakian intelligence's codes. The results were nothing less than devastating for Czechoslovakian espionage and led to multiple arrests and convictions.
731:. Enomoto believed in pro-communist anarchism, and was himself friends with Smollet. Enomoto's journalist passport which allowed him to travel freely between Budapest, Vienna and Berlin. He had friends among the German elite and had unrestricted access to all Japanese ambassadors to Europe. However, he was expelled from Turkey for being a collaborator of the Japanese military attache, for whom he conducted some investigations in Turkey.
25:
245:
135:
753:, who was one of the few Germans involved in the secretive joint venture with the Japanese. Otto Wagner, The initial supervisor of Kauder, was not trusted by the secretive Canaris and was not read in on the Japanese connection and how a Jew came to be implausibly working for the Nazis. Wagner would make many luckless attempts at figuring out the Kauder network, which he did not fully trust.
1178:. This made it possible for the BND to easily receive accurate intelligence in these regions which the CIA and former colonialist intelligence services could not acquire without recruiting local spy rings. BND covert activities in the Third World also laid the groundwork for friendly relations that Gehlen attempted to use to steer local governments into taking an anti-Soviet and Pro-
607:(23 August 1942 – 2 February 1943), a year into the German war against the Soviet Union, Gehlen understood that the FHO required fundamental re-organization, and secured a staff of army linguists and geographers, anthropologists, lawyers, and junior military officers who would improve the FHO as a military-intelligence organization despite the Nazi ideology of Slavic inferiority.
890:. Boker removed his name and those of his Wehrmacht command from the official lists of German prisoners of war, and transferred seven former FHO senior officers to join Gehlen. The FHO archives were unearthed and secretly taken to Camp King, ostensibly without the knowledge of the camp commander. By the end of summer 1945, Captain Boker had the support of Brigadier General
1088:. As such information appeared, Gehlen, personally, and the Gehlen Organization, officially, were attacked by the governments of the Western powers. The British government was especially hostile towards Gehlen, and the politically Left wing British press ensured full publicisation of the existence of the Gehlen Organization, which further compromised the operation.
1806:"Admiral Canaris convinced the German generals to ignore Hitler’s edict that Jews could not work for Nazi intelligence. With the approval of the German High Command, Gehlen, protected the Jews in the Max network by transferring them, on paper, to the Hungarian secret service. Aarons, Loftus, The Secret War Against the Jews, 136 (2000)
1977:
leaving the NKVD with control over a nazi cell, at the cost of zero kopecks. While the
Soviets were good, they were not prophets; they merely discovered a German-Japanese construction of a cell disguised as a news service and took it over in Okhrana fashion. The benefits remained to be seen. This all occurred during the quiet of the
1824:
Let’s be blunt: the German army lost World War II on the
Eastern Front. For most of the war, 75-80 percent of the Wehrmacht had to be deployed in the East, a preponderance dictated by the sheer size of the front, and 80 percent of German war dead perished there: about four million of the five million
1732:
working "to save themselves and their families from the concentration camps, The Jews of the Max network were bilingual, expert in radio transmission, coding, and covert operations... They were, in fact, Communist Jews who risked their lives inside the heart of the Third Reich’s intelligence service.
1193:
Gehlen's refusal to correct reports with questionable content strained the organization's credibility, and dazzling achievements became an infrequent commodity. A veteran agent remarked at the time that the BND pond then contained some sardines, though a few years earlier the pond had been alive with
925:
In July 1946, the US officially released Gehlen and returned him to occupied
Germany. On 6 December 1946, he began espionage operations against the Soviet Union, by establishing what was known to US intelligence as the Gehlen Organization or "the Org", a secret intelligence service composed of former
660:
It is argued that the accuracy of the Max reports were the bait that caused the FHO overreliance on Max – to the extent that Nazi officials defied Hitler's explicit directive to stop working with Kauder the Jew. This information was the bait that may have carried costs for the
Soviets but was worth
1976:
Eitingon had a lot of business with
Enomoto, who was involved in a lot more NKVD activity than just Max, which seems to have not been a Soviet priority at the time. The immediate benefit of Max seems to have been providing Enomoto with greater cover. Furthermore, the Germans fully funded the bill,
745:
Kauder was sent initially to collect intelligence on the
Bulgarian Air Force, but reported that he made contact with anti-communist Ukrainian emigre groups, who still had vast connections in Ukraine and southern Russia. the Nazis were impressed and reported it up the chain of command, who promptly
1785:
The
Russians were the masters of espionage throughout the 20th century. (They were further buttressed by the many western volunteers who begged to have their services accepted. If the Soviets (or Stalin) had been less paranoid, World War Two would have looked very different). The Russians were
1377:
Upon Gehlen's retirement in 1968, a CIA note on Gehlen describes him as "essentially a military officer in habits and attitudes". He was also characterized as "essentially a conservative", who refrained from entertaining and drinking, was fluent in
English, and was at ease among senior American
648:
After the war, the Allies interrogated Kauder and his associates and promptly concluded that the Soviets ran the entire Max operation, and that Kauder was not a professional spy but merely allowed himself to be the figurehead relaying information he received from his NKVD contacts and sources.
669:). Many of the Jews who stayed alive working for Kauder later moved to Israel. Ageing Israelis have made the claim "a handful of Jews won World War Two" — slightly legitimate if Max caused the downfall of the German effort in the east, where most of the German army were destroyed.
687:
Kauder was born in Vienna in 1900. Provided a Pacifist upbringing by his father, Kauder became a lifelong self-declared pacifist. His time in Vienna was marked by associations and friendships with idealists, some communist, some socialist, and some zionist. Some were future spies, like
775:
aboard a Russian Merchant Ship in the port. Eitingon informed Kauder that going forward he would be the only one to have any contact with the Germans. Eitingon promised Kauder personal protection. It was at this time that Kauder realized that his network was really a Soviet operation.
1360:
by Heinz Hoehne and Herman Zolling, Coward, McCann and Geoghegan, New York. A review of the latter, published by the CIA in 1996, calls it a "poor book" and goes on to allege that "so much of it is sheer garbage" because of many errors. The CIA review also discusses another book,
821:
The FHO collection of both military and political intelligence from captured Red Army soldiers assured Gehlen's post–WWII survival as a Western anticommunist spymaster, with networks of spies and secret agents in the countries of Soviet-occupied Europe. During the
1137:, (a former SS lieutenant) working at BND headquarters; political estrangement from Adenauer, in 1963, which aggravated his professional problems; and the inefficiency of the BND consequent to Gehlen's poor leadership and continual inattention to the business of
1045:
in the United States. After learning from Hájková that Captain Jeřábek was secretly expressing anti-communist opinions to his family, the Org dispatched a Czech refugee and veteran field agent codenamed "Ondřej" to make contact with the Captain and his family in
1214:(at one time Gehlen had 16 members of his extended family on the BND payroll). Only slowly did the younger generation then advance to substitute new ideas for some of the bad habits caused mainly by Gehlen's semi-retired attitude and frequent holiday absences.
1201:
interference, internal malpractice, inefficiencies and infighting, was primarily due to select members of the staff who took it upon themselves to step up and overcome then existing maladies. Abdication of responsibility by Reinhard Gehlen was the malignancy;
1040:
Among the Org's earliest counterespionage successes was Operation Bohemia, which began in March 1948 after Božena Hájková, the sister in law of Czechoslovak military intelligence officer Captain Vojtěch Jeřábek, defected to the American Zone and applied for
494:
Gehlen was instrumental in negotiations to establish an official West German intelligence service based on the Gehlen Organization of the early 1950s. In 1956, the Gehlen Organization was transferred to the West German government and formed the core of the
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ethnic German, Soviet, and East European refugee communities throughout Western Europe. They were accordingly able to develop detailed maps of the railroad systems, airfields, and ports of the USSR, and the Org's field agents even infiltrated the
644:
During the war some German officers attempted to trace the mechanics of Kauder's networks, and never found a satisfactory explanation. Nevertheless, the information was so potent that FHO refused to allow any tainting of their golden source.
676:, a terrible defeat for the Red Army. This caused the British to conclude that it was impossible for Max to be a Soviet operation. However, the British may have been blinded by western ideals regarding acceptable costs of national sacrifice.
1334:, who worked with the Gehlen Organization from 1949 to 1956. In 2001, he said that "almost everything negative that has been written about Gehlen, ardent ex-Nazi, one of Hitler's war criminals ... is all far from the fact," as quoted in the
627:
and included many other Jews as radio operators. Max cables were highly accurate, and amounted to 10,700 cables from 1942–44, causing a British warning – Ultra intercepted the Max cables – to Stalin regarding a high-placed mole in
966:
After he started working for the U.S. Government, Gehlen was subordinate to US Army G-2 (Intelligence). He resented this arrangement and in 1947, the year after his Organization was established, Gehlen arranged for a transfer to the
1957:
Ilya was an officer in Turkul's division and his confidant as well. Ziv-Tal, A. Enigma Named Max, 59. For those who consider Turkul to have been a true counter-revolutionary, Longin may have been the true mole fooling his boss.
894:, the G2 (senior intelligence officer) of the U.S. Twelfth Army Group, who arranged the secret transport of Gehlen, his officers and the FHO intelligence archives, authorized by his superiors in the chain of command, General
841:
They amounted to fifty cases of German intelligence about the Soviet Union, which were at Gehlen's disposal as a bargaining tool with the intelligence services of the Western Allies. Meanwhile, as of 1946, when
1742:
Interrogation of Kauder on July 15, 1946, quoted in Robert W. Stephens, Stalin’s Secret War: Soviet Counterintelligence against the Nazis, 1941–1945 (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2004), 171.
1125:
Gehlen was the president of the BND as an espionage service until his retirement in 1968. The end of Gehlen's career as a spymaster resulted from a confluence of events in West Germany: the exposure of a
1696:
Interrogation of Kauder on July 15, 1946, quoted in Robert W. Stephens, Stalin’s Secret War: Soviet Counterintelligence against the Nazis, 1941–1945 (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2004), 171.
499:(BND), the Federal Republic of Germany's official foreign intelligence service, with Gehlen serving as its first president until his retirement in 1968. While this was a civilian office, he was also a
1786:
heavily focused on infiltrating and controlling the counter-revolutionary groups abroad, as they simply followed in the traditions of the Czar's Ohkrana, who perfected the technique. But see e.g.,
2407:
734:
In January, 1940, Kauder was called into a meeting with Abwehr officers in Vienna. At the advice of Enomoto and Hatz he went into what he thought would be a trap for a Jew like him. Colonel
1485:
620:
2433:
1326:, transferred over from the Gehlen Organization to the BND.... Instead of expelling them, the BND even seems to have been willing to recruit more of them – at least for a few years".
990:
long before any West German politicians had even thought of such a thing. Further operations by the Gehlen Org produced detailed reports about Soviet construction and testing of the
768:. Turkul also informed them that he had already put his NTS network into existence. Turkul's past work for MI6 went a long way in establishing his credibility with the Abwehr.
595:
The anticommunist espionage networks of the Gehlen Organization remained in place after the Red Army's conquest and the consolidation of Soviet hegemony in the east of Europe.
1217:
Gehlen was forced out of the BND due to "political scandal within the ranks", according to one source, He retired in 1968 as a civil servant of West Germany, classified as a
1110:
On 1 April 1956, 11 years after World War II had ended, the U.S. Government and the CIA formally transferred the Gehlen Organization to the authority of what was by then the
2459:
1306:"Operating until 1956, when it was superseded by the BND, the Gehlen Organization was allowed to employ at least 100 former Gestapo or SS officers.... Among them were
717:
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761:
739:
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who were feeding information while in the Org and later, while in the BND that was headed by Gehlen. All three were eventually discovered and convicted in 1963.
2959:
1795:
1024:. The network employed hundreds of former Wehrmacht military intelligence and some SS officers, and also recruited many other agents from within the massive
757:
1939:
Turkul's identity as a leader of the white army counter-revolutionary emigre groups and a possible Soviet mole is something that has interested researchers
2869:
2860:
2974:
657:
later investigated the Max network. It is possible that Stalin kept Max away from the regular organizational structures, which he never fully trusted.
2989:
858:, the U.S, Britain, and France had no sources of covert information within the countries in which the occupying Red Army had vanquished the Wehrmacht.
724:
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about the Red Army, and much strategic political intelligence about the Soviet Union. Understanding that the Soviet Union would defeat and occupy the
1268:
1155:
508:
306:
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942:, near Munich. The organization's cover-name was the South German Industrial Development Organization. Gehlen initially selected 350 ex-Wehrmacht
2954:
2944:
2437:
616:
619:. Originally an Abwehr creation, Max was one of the primary sources of FHO intelligence on the Soviet Military. Based in Sofia, Max - the
487:(SD), in response to an alleged avalanche of covert ideological subversion hitting West Germany from the intelligence services behind the
1369:, 1971, and claims that it is "chock full of errors". The CIA review is kinder when speaking of Gehlen's memoirs but makes this comment:
527:
where his father, a former army officer, was a publisher for the Ferdinand-Hirt-Verlag, a publishing house specializing in school books.
1289:(2015) stated that Reinhard Gehlen simply did not want to know the backgrounds of the men whom the BND hired in the 1950s. The American
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2999:
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1285:
Several publications have criticized the fact that Gehlen allowed former Nazis to work for the agencies. The authors of the book
1118:(1949–63). By way of that transfer of geopolitical sponsorship, the anti–Communist Gehlen Organization became the nucleus of the
797:
Gehlen's cadre of FHO intelligence-officers produced accurate field-intelligence about the Red Army that frequently contradicted
2434:"The Service: The Memoirs of General Reinhard Gehlen by Reinhard Gehlen. Book review by Anonymous — Central Intelligence Agency"
1396:
420:. While in a POW camp, Gehlen offered FHO's microfilmed and secretly buried archives about the USSR and his own services to the
2812:
2760:
1314:, who would go on to die of old age despite having sent more than 100,000 Jews to ghettos or internment camps, and ex-SS major
1119:
1105:
679:
The Max Network is one of the unsolved mysteries of the war, with Kauder's loyalties and sources of information still unclear.
456:
1356:
Gehlen's memoirs were published in 1977 by World Publishers, New York. In the same year another book was published about him,
986:
Early in 1948, Gehlen Org Spymasters began receiving detailed reports from their sources throughout the Soviet Zone of covert
452:. The organization employed hundreds of former members of the Nazi Party and former Wehrmacht military intelligence officers.
89:
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2544:
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2020:
Blowback: The First Full Account of America's Recruitment of Nazis, and its Disastrous Effect on Our Domestic Foreign Policy
1590:
61:
2929:
2356:
809:" in Russia. In April 1945, despite the accuracy of the intelligence, Hitler dismissed Gehlen, soon after his promotion to
708:. Teddy Kollek's career in Israeli intelligence saw him informing the CIA of Philby's communist activism, but was told by
1796:
https://www.rbth.com/politics_and_society/2017/07/31/black-as-azef-the-story-of-russias-most-notorious-double-agent_814410
2309:
The General was a Spy: The Truth about General Gehlen, 20th century Superspy who served Hitler, the CIA, and West Germany
1885:
Poslanstvo NDH u Sofiji. Diplomatski izvještaji 1941-1945., (Editor: Nada Kisić-Kolanović), Volume 2, Zagreb, 2003, p.131
573:, the Chief of the German General Staff. In July 1941, he received a promotion to lieutenant-colonel and was sent to the
1948:
in the words of Arnold Silver, Longin was an intelligent liar who could spin off sixty cover stories in as many minutes
565:(1 September 1939), he was a staff officer in an infantry division. In 1940, he became liaison officer to Field Marshal
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1274:
68:
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at a considerable advantage in dealing with the newly independent governments of post-colonial Africa, Asia, and the
315:
108:
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976:
42:
1100:
The Gehlen Organization in transition: CIA report on the negotiations to establish the BND (1952) of West Germany.
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2630:
1050:. During the night of 8-9 November 1948, after being warned by "Ondřej" of an imminent Stalinist witch hunt for "
75:
764:
to meet the Abwehr officers. Turkul said he had previously worked with British intelligence, and was handled by
2521:
1791:
1551:
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in April 1945 because of the FHO's alleged "defeatism" and accurate but pessimistic intelligence reports about
46:
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2312:
838:; the FHO files proper were stored in watertight drums and buried in various locations in the Austrian Alps.
846:
consolidated his absolute power and control over Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe as agreed at the
57:
2934:
2718:"Disclosure" newsletter, Information promulgated by the U.S. National Archives & Records Administration
574:
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507:, the highest-ranking reserve-officer in the military of West Germany. He received the Grand Cross of the
2123:
1978:
1774:
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445:
421:
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971:(CIA). The agency kept close control of the Gehlen Organization, because during the early years of the
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735:
662:
311:
1826:
1422:
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officers as his staff; eventually, the organization recruited some 4,000 anticommunist secret agents.
723:
Smollet introduced Kauder to Otto Hatz, a Hungarian intelligence officer, who later introduced him to
1290:
1030:
749:
The German decision to launch Max (and pay Kauder's hefty fees) was taken by Abwehr Director Wilhelm
1005:
1344:(Security Service of the Reichsführer-SS) men "reluctantly, under pressure from German Chancellor
1096:
801:
ideological perceptions of the eastern battle front. Hitler dismissed the gathered information as
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1518:
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915:
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to keep the information to himself. Ehud Avriel's connections to Kauder were instrumental in the
566:
562:
428:, the U.S. military (G-2 Intelligence) accepted Gehlen's offer and assigned him to establish the
263:
35:
1057:
The security and efficacy of the Gehlen Organization were compromised by East German and Soviet
2794:
2408:"Himmler's daughter worked for Germany's foreign intelligence agency in 1960s, officials admit"
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987:
903:
855:
2510:
Partners at Creation: The Men Behind Postwar Germany's Defense and Intelligence Establishments
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390:
82:
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823:
720:. Kauder himself was later considered by the CIA to be working with Israeli intelligence.
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Grand Crosses with Star and Sash of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
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After West Germany regained its sovereignty, Gehlen became the founding president of the
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Strategy to trap the Wehrmacht in Stalingrad, Kursk, and the Summer Offensive of 1944 (
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In spring of 1942, Gehlen assumed command of the Fremde Heere Ost (FHO) from Colonel
483:
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Reinhard Gehlen. Geheimdienstchef im Hintergrund der Bonner Republik: Die Biografie
1319:
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553:. Gehlen served on the General Staff until 1936 and was promoted to major in 1939.
2633:, Washington, D.C. NARA Collection of Foreign Records Seized, Microfilm T-77, T-78
440:. Beginning with his time as head of the Gehlen Organization, Gehlen favored both
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742:. Arriving in Sofia in 1940, he was soon after joined by both Enomoto and Hatz.
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2829:
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1790:, who left all sides of the conflict in revolution utterly dazed and confused.
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Stalin also learned of Ultra decrypting the then Enigma-run Max cables through
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by both encouraging and favoring West German trade and corporate investment.
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There were also Communists and their sympathizers within the CIA and the SIS (
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2135:
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1315:
1311:
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569:, Army Commander-in-Chief; and later was transferred to the staff of General
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2724:
Forging an Intelligence Partnership: CIA and the Origins of the BND, 1945–49
1792:
https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1016&context=mhr
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to deal with 'the avalanche of subversion hitting them from East Germany'".
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Between 1947 and 1955, the Gehlen Organization also debriefed every German
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states that "he employed numerous former Nazis and known war criminals".
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Max was probably the most sophisticated radio operation in World War Two:
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The fact that the BND could score certain successes despite East German
914:. On 20 September 1945, Gehlen and three associates were flown from the
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military and foreign intelligence services were largely trained by BND
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The General Was a Spy: The Truth about General Gehlen and his spy ring
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The General Was a Spy: The Truth about General Gehlen and His Spy Ring
1229:, immediately called for a program of modernization and streamlining.
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On May 6, 1940, Kauder brought two of his Ukrainian contacts, namely
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185:
1162:
in 1918 placed West Germany's new foreign intelligence service, the
467:(1956–68). Gehlen obeyed a direct order from West German Chancellor
24:
1827:
https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/operation-barbarossa
1211:
1207:
1183:
972:
425:
406:
363:
356:
287:
444:
and close cooperation between what would become West Germany, the
2062:"The German Strategic Mastermind Behind America's Post-War Order"
939:
875:
524:
328:
189:
1091:
1366:
1047:
654:
531:
520:
367:
157:
2332:
2330:
577:, where he was assigned as senior intelligence-officer to the
2809:
1198:
1021:
2298:
BND cryptanalysts deciphered KGB messages that led to Felfe.
2213:
The Stasi: The East German Intelligence and Security Service
1837:
Aarons, Loftus, The Secret War Against the Jews, 136 (2000)
378:, and remained a career military intelligence officer after
2558:
The Old Boys: The American Elite and the Origins of the CIA
2327:
1815:
Aarons, Loftus, The Secret War Against the Jews, 133 (2000)
1705:
Aarons, Loftus, The Secret War Against the Jews, 135 (2000)
1330:
On the other hand, Gehlen himself was cleared by the CIA's
1179:
995:
911:
672:
On the other hand, Max cables clearly warned FHO regarding
650:
348:
1020:
who returned to West Germany from captivity in the Soviet
994:
jet-propelled aircraft, which United States airmen flying
926:
intelligence officers of the Wehrmacht and members of the
771:
Enomoto then took Kauder to Salonika to meet NKVD officer
2186:
A Century of Spies: Intelligence in the Twentieth Century
1455:
A Century of Spies: Intelligence in the Twentieth Century
1302:
on 29 June 2018 made this statement about BND employees:
1221:, a senior grade with a generous pension. His successor,
1127:
1077:
1017:
2358:
A Nazi Past: Recasting German Identity in Postwar Europe
1486:"CIA Declassifies Its Records On Dealings With Ex-Nazis"
1287:
A Nazi Past: Recasting German Identity in Postwar Europe
998:
fighters would soon to face in aerial combat during the
661:
the payoff when it was later used as part of the Soviet
649:
However, the Max information was accurate, and both the
1981:
pact. See Generally, Ziv-Tal, A. Enigma Named Max, 75
927:
805:
and philosophically harmful to the war effort against "
2727:
CIA declassified documents on the Gehlen Organization.
2355:
Messenger, David A.; Paehler, Katrin (21 April 2015).
1544:
Fremde Heere Ost: Hitlers militärische Feindaufklärung
834:, Gehlen ordered the FHO intelligence files copied to
826:
in 1941 to 1945, Gehlen's FHO collected much tactical
2532:
The Secret War: Spies, Codes and Guerrillas 1939–1945
850:
of 1945 and demarcated with what became known as the
727:, a Japanese journalist for the well-known newspaper
1663:. New York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan. p.
1519:"Gehlen Organization – German Intelligence Agencies"
2210:Childs, David; Popplewell, Richard (27 July 2016).
918:in Germany to the US, to become spymasters for the
910:(OSS chief), who also was the OSS station-chief in
382:became Chancellor in 1933. Gehlen was chief of the
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2572:
2529:
1656:
1398:James H. Critchfield: His Life's Story (1917–2003)
615:Gehlen made great use of cables received from the
523:. He had two brothers and a sister. He grew up in
1340:. Critchfield added that Gehlen hired the former
1269:Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
519:Gehlen was born 1902 into a Protestant family in
509:Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
2911:
2354:
2209:
975:of 1945–91, Gehlen's agents were providing the
949:
2980:Recipients of the Iron Cross (1939), 2nd class
2970:Military personnel from the Province of Saxony
2460:"Biographic sketch on General Reinhard Gehlen"
1458:. Oxford University Press. pp. 233, 235.
979:with more than 70% of its intelligence on the
2960:Major generals of the German Army (Wehrmacht)
2795:
1092:Federal Intelligence Service (BND), 1956–1968
2680:WEB Griffin, in his post-World War II novel
2567:
2240:Spy Wars: Moles, Mysteries, and Deadly Games
1651:
1365:, by E. H. Cookridge, Hodder and Stoughton,
2621:General Reinhard Gehlen: The CIA Connection
2484:
1394:
816:
692:– then with his Jewish and NKVD agent-wife
307:Großes Bundesverdienstkreuz am Schulterband
2975:People of the Federal Intelligence Service
2802:
2788:
2307:Heinz Höhne & Hermann Zolling (1972),
2099:A Paler Shade of Red: Memoirs of a Radical
1318:.... Many ex-Nazi functionaries including
866:On 22 May 1945, Gehlen surrendered to the
133:
2990:Spies for the Federal Republic of Germany
2182:
1451:
1395:Critchfield, Lois M. (30 November 2018).
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
2527:
2045:
1825:German soldiers killed in World War II.
1565:"Reinhard Gehlen – Munzinger Biographie"
1095:
1004:
603:. Before the Wehrmacht disasters in the
590:
2642:Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA
2022:. New York: Collier Books. p. 41.
2017:
1628:"Reinhard Gehlen – Biografie WHO'S WHO"
1483:
432:, an espionage service focusing on the
2955:Lieutenant generals of the German Army
2912:
2236:
2183:Richelson, Jeffery T. (17 July 1997).
2095:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1588:
1106:Federal Intelligence Service (Germany)
2783:
2237:Bagley, Tennent H. (1 January 2007).
2011:
1589:Müller, Rolf-Dieter (20 April 2018).
1484:Lardner, George Jr. (18 March 2001).
1122:(BND, Federal Intelligence Service).
2945:German Army generals of World War II
1999:Ziv-Tal, A. Enigma Named Max, 79-80
1479:
1477:
1475:
448:, and the other members of the NATO
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
1765:. Ziv-Tal, A. Enigma Named Max, 88
1609:
1557:
934:, which was headquartered first at
824:German war against the Soviet Union
639:
556:
327:(3 April 1902 – 8 June 1979) was a
13:
2667:John Douglas-Gray in his thriller
1867:cia.gov Retrieved 19 November 2023
1423:"Intelligence Officer's Bookshelf"
1275:Good Conduct Medal (United States)
1247:second and first class with swords
792:
14:
3011:
2985:Recipients of the War Merit Cross
2711:
2613:CovertAction Information Bulletin
2609:"The Secret Treaty of Fort Hunt."
2436:. 2 February 2017. Archived from
1990:Ziv-Tal, A. Enigma Named Max, 64
1967:Ziv-Tal, A. Enigma Named Max, 57
1930:Ziv-Tal, A. Enigma Named Max, 72
1921:Ziv-Tal, A. Enigma Named Max, 57
1912:Ziv-Tal, A. Enigma Named Max, 51
1903:Ziv-Tal, A. Enigma Named Max, 51
1855:Ziv-Tal, A. Enigma Named Max, 32
1846:Ziv-Tal, A. Enigma Named Max, 27
1752:Ziv-Tal, A. Enigma Named Max, 88
1546:, p. 32, Ch. Links Verlag, 2013,
1472:
1262:Sovereign Military Order of Malta
682:
621:Klatt Bureau (Dienststelle Klatt)
2898:
2597:Kross, Peter. "Intelligence" in
2383:"The CIA and Nazi War Criminals"
2361:. University Press of Kentucky.
2173:Höhne & Zolling, p. 156-158.
2096:Gutman, W. E. (22 August 2012).
1894:Ziv-Tal, A. Enigma Named Max, 45
1876:Ziv-Tal, A. Enigma Named Max, 36
977:United States Federal Government
779:
545:in 1935, Gehlen was promoted to
243:
230:
217:
204:
23:
2631:United States National Archives
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1708:
1699:
1690:
1681:
1645:
1595:(in German). Ch. Links Verlag.
696:. Also present then were Harry
34:needs additional citations for
3000:World War II spies for Germany
2965:Military personnel from Erfurt
2601:, October 2004, pp. 26–30
2581:Coward, McCann & Geoghegan
2313:Coward, McCann & Geoghegan
2164:Höhne & Zolling, p. 88-97.
1582:
1536:
1511:
1445:
1436:
1415:
1388:
610:
586:
530:In 1920, Gehlen completed his
1:
2661:
2018:Simpson, Christopher (1988).
1381:
514:
503:in the Reserve forces of the
424:. Following the start of the
2263:Höhne & Zolling, p. 172.
1280:
1188:West German economic miracle
988:East German remilitarization
950:Gehlen Organization, 1947–56
898:(chief of staff for General
583:(FHO) section of the Staff.
497:Federal Intelligence Service
457:Federal Intelligence Service
416:, Gehlen surrendered to the
374:, the truncated Army of the
7:
2930:Cold War history of Germany
2761:Federal Intelligence Bureau
2571:; Zolling, Hermann (1972).
2539:. London: William Collins.
2345:Höhne & Zolling, p. 255
2336:Höhne & Zolling, p. 245
2324:Höhne & Zolling, p. 213
2189:. Oxford University Press.
2155:Höhne & Zolling, p. 88.
2124:"Foreign News: Spy Service"
2086:Höhne & Zolling, p. 63.
2042:Höhne & Zolling, p. 52.
2008:Höhne & Zolling, p. 44.
1687:Höhne & Zolling, p. 13.
1655:; Zolling, Hermann (1972).
1430:Central Intelligence Agency
1158:, the premature end of the
1112:Federal Republic of Germany
969:Central Intelligence Agency
916:American Zone of Occupation
861:
623:was led by a Viennese Jew,
446:U.S. intelligence community
422:U.S. intelligence community
353:Federal Republic of Germany
345:U.S. intelligence community
10:
3016:
2731:Reinhard Gehlen's CIA file
2492:Gehlen: Spy of the Century
2315:, New York. Pages 220-221.
1442:Höhne & Zolling, p. 31
1363:Gehlen, Spy of the Century
1258:Order pro Merito Melitensi
1182:stance during the ongoing
1103:
959:
953:
938:, near Frankfurt, then at
868:Counter Intelligence Corps
736:Rudolf von Marogna-Redwitz
700:– then Hans Peter Smolka,
541:After graduating from the
397:. He achieved the rank of
312:Order pro Merito Melitensi
16:German general (1902–1979)
2896:
2820:
2767:
2757:
2749:
2744:
2490:Cookridge, E. H. (1971).
2243:. Yale University Press.
1351:
1291:National Security Archive
1232:
1210:remained pervasive, even
1186:and further assisted the
293:
279:
269:
257:
199:
175:
144:
132:
125:
2485:Bibliography and sources
1452:Richelson, J.T. (1997).
817:Preparation for Post-War
471:, and also hired former
2813:Bundesnachrichtendienst
2625:George Mason University
1164:Bundesnachrichtendienst
1120:Bundesnachrichtendienst
1031:Baltic Soviet Republics
906:(former OSS chief) and
762:Ira Longin (Ilya Longa)
567:Walther von Brauchitsch
563:German attack on Poland
461:Bundesnachrichtendienst
401:before he was fired by
2940:German anti-communists
2528:Hastings, Max (2015).
2496:Hodder & Stoughton
2469:. 1968. Archived from
1523:www.globalsecurity.org
1375:
1358:The General Was a Spy,
1328:
1160:German colonial empire
1101:
1052:rootless cosmopolitans
1013:
856:Allies of World War II
790:
596:
409:military superiority.
389:(FHO), an anti-Soviet
139:Reinhard Gehlen (1945)
2845:Heribert Hellenbroich
2514:Naval Institute Press
2506:Critchfield, James H.
1775:The National Archives
1371:
1304:
1141:as national defence.
1099:
1008:
944:military intelligence
828:military intelligence
786:
594:
412:Following the end of
391:military intelligence
2698:Germany's Master Spy
1979:Ribbentrop - Molotov
1332:James H. Critchfield
718:weapons deal of 1948
605:Battle of Stalingrad
551:German General Staff
549:and assigned to the
543:German Staff College
370:, Gehlen joined the
333:intelligence officer
43:improve this article
2935:Cold War spymasters
2745:Government offices
2619:Reese, Mary Ellen.
2476:on 22 January 2017.
2274:"Gehlen dies at 77"
2051:Simpson, pp. 41–42.
1267:Grand Cross of the
1256:Grand Cross of the
1219:Ministerialdirektor
1170:. This is why many
1114:, under Chancellor
1061:within it, such as
981:Soviet armed forces
956:Gehlen Organization
902:), who worked with
896:Walter Bedell Smith
888:Gehlen Organization
758:Prince Anton Turkul
667:Operation Bagration
634:Gehlen Organization
561:At the time of the
473:counterintelligence
430:Gehlen Organization
310:Grand Cross of the
2810:Presidents of the
2440:on 2 February 2017
2387:nsarchive2.gwu.edu
2102:. CCB Publishing.
1225:Brigadier General
1102:
1014:
1012:propaganda in 1957
848:Potsdam Conference
597:
501:lieutenant-general
418:United States Army
166:Kingdom of Prussia
162:Province of Saxony
2907:
2906:
2885:Gerhard Schindler
2777:
2776:
2768:Succeeded by
2759:President of the
2689:978-0-399-17123-9
2676:978-0-7552-1321-4
2623:. Fairfax, Vir.:
2599:Military Heritage
2546:978-0-00-750374-2
2368:978-0-8131-6057-3
2250:978-0-300-13478-0
2223:978-1-349-15054-0
2196:978-0-19-976173-9
2109:978-1-927360-97-2
1602:978-3-86284-409-8
1465:978-0-19-976173-9
1408:978-1-5462-6975-5
1342:Sicherheitsdienst
1176:military advisors
1139:counter-espionage
878:and was taken to
716:- Czechoslovakia
484:Sicherheitsdienst
450:military alliance
322:
321:
119:
118:
111:
93:
58:"Reinhard Gehlen"
3007:
2902:
2866:
2865:
2850:Hans-Georg Wieck
2804:
2797:
2790:
2781:
2780:
2750:Preceded by
2742:
2741:
2735:Internet Archive
2669:The Novak Legacy
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2130:. 11 July 1955.
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1569:www.munzinger.de
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1392:
1322:, the captor of
1253:in silver (1945)
1063:Johannes Clemens
1043:political asylum
962:Operation Jungle
807:Judeo-Bolshevism
729:Mainishi Shimbun
725:Momotaro Enomoto
640:True Allegiances
580:Fremde Heere Ost
557:Second World War
475:officers of the
393:service, during
387:Fremde Heere Ost
259:
249:
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2894:
2870:Hansjörg Geiger
2863:
2861:Gerhard Güllich
2859:
2825:Reinhard Gehlen
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2412:The Independent
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2068:. 13 April 2019
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1401:. AuthorHouse.
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1346:Konrad Adenauer
1337:Washington Post
1299:The Independent
1283:
1245:War Merit Cross
1235:
1156:Hermann Zolling
1116:Konrad Adenauer
1108:
1094:
1086:Cambridge Spies
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958:
952:
904:William Donovan
864:
819:
795:
793:Dismissal, 1945
782:
685:
642:
613:
601:Eberhard Kinzel
589:
559:
534:and joined the
517:
469:Konrad Adenauer
376:Weimar Republic
337:Weimar Republic
335:who served the
325:Reinhard Gehlen
309:
305:
303:War Merit Cross
301:
298:Deutsches Kreuz
286:
274:Generalleutnant
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2713:
2712:External links
2710:
2709:
2708:
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2660:
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2655:978-0307389008
2649:, pp. 10–190.
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2278:New York Times
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1227:Gerhard Wessel
1104:Main article:
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1080:), especially
1026:anti-Communist
954:Main article:
951:
948:
920:Western Allies
863:
860:
854:, the Western
818:
815:
794:
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781:
778:
773:Nahum Eitingon
710:James Angleton
694:Litzi Friedman
684:
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681:
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2607:(Fall 1990).
2606:
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2603:
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2590:0-698-10430-7
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2512:. Annapolis:
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2014:
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1996:
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1980:
1973:
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1723:ריכארד קאודר
1720:
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1035:Ukrainian SSR
1032:
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885:
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873:
870:(CIC) of the
869:
859:
857:
853:
849:
845:
844:Joseph Stalin
839:
837:
833:
829:
825:
814:
812:
811:major general
808:
804:
800:
789:
785:
780:Max Operation
777:
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769:
767:
763:
759:
754:
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747:
743:
741:
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732:
730:
726:
721:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
698:Peter Smollet
695:
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635:
631:
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584:
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575:Eastern Front
572:
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512:
510:
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481:(SS) and the
480:
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478:Schutzstaffel
474:
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453:
451:
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238:United States
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170:German Empire
167:
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143:
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113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
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63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2880:Ernst Uhrlau
2835:Klaus Kinkel
2824:
2811:
2758:
2752:
2723:
2697:
2681:
2668:
2647:Anchor Books
2640:
2620:
2611:
2598:
2579:. New York:
2574:
2569:Höhne, Heinz
2560:. New York:
2557:
2531:
2509:
2500:Random House
2498:; New York:
2491:
2471:the original
2466:
2454:
2442:. Retrieved
2438:the original
2428:
2416:. Retrieved
2411:
2402:
2390:. Retrieved
2386:
2377:
2357:
2350:
2341:
2320:
2308:
2303:
2294:
2282:. Retrieved
2277:
2268:
2259:
2239:
2232:
2216:. Springer.
2212:
2205:
2185:
2178:
2169:
2160:
2151:
2139:. Retrieved
2127:
2118:
2098:
2091:
2082:
2070:. Retrieved
2065:
2056:
2047:
2038:
2019:
2013:
2004:
1995:
1986:
1972:
1963:
1953:
1944:
1935:
1926:
1917:
1908:
1899:
1890:
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1811:
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1770:
1757:
1748:
1738:
1728:
1719:
1710:
1701:
1692:
1683:
1658:
1653:Höhne, Heinz
1647:
1635:. Retrieved
1631:
1591:
1584:
1572:. Retrieved
1568:
1559:
1543:
1538:
1526:. Retrieved
1522:
1513:
1501:. Retrieved
1489:
1454:
1447:
1438:
1429:
1417:
1397:
1390:
1376:
1372:
1362:
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1355:
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1329:
1305:
1297:
1295:
1286:
1284:
1251:German Cross
1241:second class
1218:
1216:
1196:
1192:
1150:journalists
1145:
1143:
1124:
1109:
1075:
1067:Erwin Tiebel
1056:
1039:
1015:
985:
965:
924:
908:Allen Dulles
892:Edwin Sibert
865:
852:Iron Curtain
840:
820:
796:
787:
783:
770:
766:Dickie Ellis
755:
748:
744:
733:
728:
722:
706:Teddy Kollek
686:
678:
671:
659:
647:
643:
614:
598:
578:
571:Franz Halder
560:
540:
529:
518:
493:
489:Iron Curtain
482:
476:
465:West Germany
460:
454:
434:Soviet Union
414:World War II
411:
403:Adolf Hitler
395:World War II
380:Adolf Hitler
362:Born into a
361:
351:-affiliated
341:Nazi Germany
324:
323:
284:World War II
280:Battles/wars
251:West Germany
225:Nazi Germany
194:West Germany
181:(1979-06-08)
155:3 March 1902
120:
105:
99:October 2020
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2925:1979 deaths
2920:1902 births
2637:Weiner, Tim
2537:(Paperback)
2284:22 November
1378:officials.
1320:Silberbauer
1204:bureaucracy
1172:Third World
1168:Middle East
1152:Heinz Höhne
1147:Der Spiegel
1135:Heinz Felfe
1071:Heinz Felfe
1010:East German
832:Third Reich
740:Fritz Klatt
702:Ehud Avriel
617:Max Network
611:Max Network
587:Head of FHO
442:Atlanticism
438:Soviet Bloc
355:during the
253:(1956–1968)
240:(1946–1956)
227:(1933–1945)
214:(1920–1933)
179:8 June 1979
2995:Spymasters
2914:Categories
2890:Bruno Kahl
2765:1956–1968
2682:Top Secret
2662:Literature
2562:Scribner's
2522:1591141362
2494:. London:
2444:4 February
2418:4 February
2392:4 February
2141:4 February
1865:CIA report
1788:Yevno Azef
1637:4 February
1632:whoswho.de
1574:12 October
1552:3862842037
1528:4 February
1503:4 February
1382:References
1324:Anne Frank
1310:’s deputy
1239:Iron Cross
1223:Bundeswehr
1082:Kim Philby
1000:Korean War
960:See also:
900:Eisenhower
799:Nazi Party
690:Kim Philby
663:Maskirovka
536:Reichswehr
515:Early life
505:Bundeswehr
463:, BND) of
372:Reichswehr
366:family at
347:, and the
200:Allegiance
151:1902-03-03
69:newspapers
2864:(interim)
2136:0040-781X
2066:Palladium
1498:0190-8286
1281:Criticism
936:Oberursel
884:Oberursel
880:Camp King
872:U.S. Army
836:microfilm
803:defeatism
511:in 1968.
384:Wehrmacht
300:in silver
186:Starnberg
2639:(2008).
2556:(1992).
2508:(2003).
2072:21 April
1212:nepotism
1208:cronyism
1194:sharks.
1184:Cold War
1084:and the
1033:and the
973:Cold War
930:and the
862:Cold War
426:Cold War
407:Red Army
364:Lutheran
357:Cold War
288:Cold War
258:Service/
2733:on the
2502:(1972).
2467:CIA.gov
1260:of the
940:Pullach
882:, near
876:Bavaria
751:Canaris
714:Maxwell
547:captain
525:Breslau
331:career
314:of the
190:Bavaria
83:scholar
2707:(1972)
2703:
2687:
2674:
2653:
2627:. 1990
2587:
2543:
2520:
2365:
2247:
2220:
2193:
2134:
2106:
2026:
1671:
1599:
1550:
1496:
1462:
1405:
1367:London
1352:Legacy
1271:(1968)
1264:(1948)
1233:Honors
1048:Prague
992:MiG-15
655:Smersh
630:Stavka
532:Abitur
521:Erfurt
368:Erfurt
343:, the
329:German
318:(1948)
294:Awards
260:branch
248:
235:
222:
209:
158:Erfurt
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
2474:(PDF)
2463:(PDF)
1794:also
1426:(PDF)
1199:Stasi
1059:moles
1022:GULAG
90:JSTOR
76:books
2753:None
2701:ISBN
2685:ISBN
2672:ISBN
2651:ISBN
2585:ISBN
2541:ISBN
2518:ISBN
2446:2022
2420:2022
2394:2022
2363:ISBN
2286:2023
2245:ISBN
2218:ISBN
2191:ISBN
2143:2022
2132:ISSN
2128:Time
2104:ISBN
2074:2022
2024:ISBN
1669:ISBN
1639:2022
1597:ISBN
1576:2022
1548:ISBN
1530:2022
1505:2022
1494:ISSN
1460:ISBN
1403:ISBN
1206:and
1180:NATO
1154:and
1131:mole
1069:and
996:F-86
912:Bern
760:and
704:and
653:and
651:NKVD
636:.
436:and
349:NATO
270:Rank
264:Army
176:Died
145:Born
62:news
1128:KGB
1078:MI6
1037:.
1018:PoW
874:in
359:.
45:by
2916::
2696:,
2645:.
2583:.
2516:.
2465:.
2410:.
2385:.
2329:^
2311:,
2276:.
2126:.
2064:.
1667:.
1665:10
1630:.
1611:^
1567:.
1521:.
1492:.
1488:.
1474:^
1428:.
1133:,
1065:,
1002:.
983:.
932:SD
928:SS
922:.
813:.
538:.
491:.
339:,
192:,
188:,
168:,
164:,
160:,
2803:e
2796:t
2789:v
2737:.
2657:.
2616:.
2593:.
2564:.
2549:.
2524:.
2448:.
2422:.
2396:.
2371:.
2288:.
2253:.
2226:.
2199:.
2145:.
2112:.
2076:.
2032:.
1677:.
1641:.
1605:.
1578:.
1554:.
1532:.
1507:.
1468:.
1432:.
1411:.
459:(
153:)
149:(
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
