133:
809:
204:
923:
299:, out of reach of enemy bombers. They were built close to rivers and lakes that were used to provide the large amounts of water needed for heavy industry and nuclear technology. Existing civilian settlements in the vicinity were often used as sources of construction labour. Although the closure of cities originated as a strictly temporary measure that was to be normalized under more favorable conditions, in practice the closed cities took on a life of their own and became a notable institutional feature of the Soviet system.
870:
365:
4817:
4743:
586:
1530:
4841:
4755:
45:
4781:
1036:
4829:
4805:
1187:
1213:, which is rented and administered by Russia. Non-resident visitors will need pre-approval from the Russian authorities to visit both the town of Baikonur itself and the Cosmodrome. Note that said approval is completely separate from just having a Russian visa. Some tourism organisations in Kazakhstan provide services in organising trips to visit Baikonur and the museums contained there.
1725:
191:. The very fact of such a city's existence was often classified, and residents were expected not to divulge their place of residence to outsiders. This lack of freedom was often compensated by better housing conditions and a better choice of goods in retail trade than elsewhere in the country. Also, in the Soviet Union, people working with classified information received a
4793:
1520:, an island in the Bay of Greifswald, is home to the oldest virological research institution in the world and is closed to the public. Quarantine stables and laboratories have a high level of security. This means employees and visitors to the complex must change their clothes and shower when entering and exiting.
1588:
sits within a closed city that occupies 24.8 square kilometers (9.6 sq mi). The classification of a city being closed or not closed is dubious in a North Korean context, as North Korean citizens generally need a permit if they wish to travel outside of their county, and further permits required for
384:
Russia has the largest number of closed cities globally. The policy governing these cities underwent significant changes in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The adoption of a new constitution for the
Russian Federation in 1993 prompted substantial reforms to the status of closed cities, which were
72:
is a settlement where travel or residency restrictions are applied so that specific authorization is required to visit or remain overnight. Such places may be sensitive military establishments or secret research installations that require much more space or internal freedom than is available in a
1543:
The
Frontier Closed Area (FCA) is a restricted zone along the northern border of Hong Kong, serving as a buffer between the closed border and the rest of the territory. Access to this area requires a Closed Area Permit. From 1951 to 2012, the FCA encompassed an area of 28 square kilometres,
302:
Any movement to and from closed areas was tightly controlled. Foreigners were prohibited from entering them and local citizens were under stringent restrictions. They had to have special permission to travel there or leave, and anyone seeking residency was required to undergo vetting by the
339:) was the unofficial name of a secret Soviet facility much like the closed city, but smaller, usually the size of a factory. The name of such a facility was usually secret, as were the activities there. Incoming mail was addressed to "Mailbox #XXXX", thus the name of "mailbox". Most Soviet
155:
Sometimes, closed cities are indicated obliquely as a nearby insignificant village, with the name of the stop serving the closed city made equivocal or misleading. For mail delivery, a closed city is usually named as the nearest large city and a special postcode, for example, Arzamas‑16,
243:
facility. Even Soviet citizens were not allowed access to these places without proper authorization. In addition to this, some bigger cities were closed for unauthorized access to foreigners, while they were freely accessible to Soviet citizens. These included cities like
1819:
Between 1957 and 1962, approximately one-third of the United States was closed to Soviet citizens. Only eight states were accessible in their entirety: Oregon, Wyoming, Utah, North
Carolina, Arkansas, Vermont, Missouri, and Mississippi.
407:
Some
Russian closed cities are open to foreign investment, but entry for foreigners requires a permit. An example of international cooperation in these cities is the Nuclear Cities Initiative (NCI), a joint effort of the United States
2997:
1464:
there and 80% of the core parts for China's nuclear bombs were produced there. Until the 1980s, the whole town was closed to outsiders. A nuclear accident happened in 1969, involving a leak. The name "
2374:"Постановление Правительства РФ от 4 июля 1992 г. N 470 "Об утверждении Перечня территорий Российской Федерации с регламентированным посещением для иностранных граждан" (с изменениями и дополнениями)"
1715:. The site contains an active live firing range, as well as several inactive firing ranges and other structures as well as the site of the development and testing of the UK's first atomic weapons.
215:
from the late 1940s onwards under the euphemistic name of "post boxes", referring to the practice of addressing post to them via mailboxes in other cities. They fell into two distinct categories.
152:
maps that are not available to the general public. In some cases, there may be no road signs or directions to closed cities, and they are usually omitted from railroad timetables and bus routes.
1108:
There is a list of territories within Russia that do not have closed-city status but require special permits for foreigners to visit. The largest locality within such territory is the city of
3098:"Up to a tenth of New York City's coronavirus dead may be buried in a potter's field: An analysis found that more than 2,334 adults were buried on Hart Island last year, up from 846 in 2019"
2971:
2170:"Russian village evacuation as rocket blast sparks radiation fears: Nyonoksa residents asked to leave within a day after last week's explosion that spiked radiation levels up to 16 times"
431:
The number of closed cities has been significantly reduced since the mid-1990s. However, on 30 October 2001, foreign travel was restricted without exception in the northern cities of
2260:
1663:
became known for its mining activities. The town was a high-security area and permits were needed when entered. Today, it is no longer a high-security area and no permits are needed.
3662:
287:
was placed under similar restrictions (although by the 1970s foreigners could cross the latter by train). Citizens were required to have special permits to enter such areas.
4066:
4049:
2413:
1782:, the primary testing location of American nuclear devices from 1951 to 1992, currently called Nevada National Security Site, and is currently closed as part of this site.
4096:
3197:
176:, and explicit permission was required for them to visit. To relocate to a closed city, one would need security clearance by the organization running it, such as the
396:
There are 44 publicly acknowledged closed cities in Russia with a total population of approximately 1.5 million people. Seventy-five percent are administered by the
2661:
2169:
291:
The locations of the first category of closed cities were chosen for their geographical characteristics. They were often established in remote places deep in the
4039:
4559:
4059:
3005:
2571:
1164:
training centre. Sillamäe was closed until
Estonia regained its independence in 1991; Paldiski remained closed until 1994, when the last Russian warship left.
451:. Russian and Belarusian citizens visiting these cities are not required to have permits; however, local courts have been known to deport Belarusian citizens.
77:. There may also be a wider variety of permanent residents, including close family members of workers or trusted traders who are not directly connected with
4085:
4054:
4886:
4044:
3996:
3370:
1755:
1728:
404:. It is believed that about 15 additional closed cities exist, but their names and locations have not been publicly disclosed by the Russian government.
2291:
4293:
3410:
675:
1145:. As with all the other industrial cities, their population was mainly Russian-speaking. Sillamäe was the site for a chemical factory that produced
2099:
3027:
219:
The first category comprised relatively small communities with sensitive military, industrial, or scientific facilities, such as arms plants or
2435:
2011:
Victor
Zaslavsky, "Ethnic group divided: social stratification and nationality policy in the Soviet Union", p. 224, in Peter Joseph Potichnyj,
1333:
4871:
3991:
3604:
3657:
2268:
4176:
4146:
1585:
4433:
4393:
4303:
4114:
3630:
3322:
2036:(Research in Social Problems and Public Policy), editors Michael Edelstein, Maria Tysiachniouk, Lyudmila V. Smirnova. JAI Press, 2007.
397:
4881:
4421:
4316:
4188:
3974:
1385:
2758:
2204:
4326:
4243:
4136:
3357:
790:
413:
409:
1711:
contains two villages with permanent residences, but public right of way is limited to certain paths and access controlled by the
4266:
4073:
3940:
1918:
1968:
454:
The number of closed cities in Russia is defined by government decree. The reasons for restrictions vary. These cities include:
3964:
3809:
3212:
1947:
1576:(North). Access by non-residents to Daeseong-dong requires a military escort, while Kijŏng-dong is not accessible to visitors.
4451:
3952:
3918:
3906:
3901:
3792:
3403:
4378:
3338:
2073:
4488:
4256:
3456:
2590:
1712:
561:
4368:
4034:
3981:
3969:
2665:
2611:
1893:
1480:
17:
2629:
4416:
4411:
4131:
4079:
3097:
2243:
1433:
458:
2319:
1297:
guarded by
Russian troops. Only the Transnistrian and Russian authorities have detailed information about this depot.
4668:
4619:
4552:
4363:
4091:
3693:
3597:
3270:
3183:
3073:
2951:
2917:
2738:
2527:
2061:
2041:
2020:
1813:
1701:. While most of the village's buildings have been demolished and replaced for training purposes, the village church (
3228:
2347:
2074:"Вопреки распространённому мнению, Норильск закрыт и для граждан Беларуси - Визовые новости по странам бывшего СССР"
2052:
Greg Kaser, "Motivation and
Redirection: Rationale and Achievements in the Russian Closed Nuclear Cities", p. 3, in
4698:
4686:
4510:
4500:
4456:
4271:
3947:
3896:
3779:
3396:
386:
172:(roughly 75 kilometres (47 mi) away). People not living in a closed city were subject to document checks and
4703:
4691:
4547:
4532:
4446:
4348:
3930:
3750:
3566:
723:
425:
137:
93:
3344:
4644:
4624:
4321:
3935:
3760:
3688:
3258:
694:
4715:
4542:
4406:
4358:
4119:
3913:
3787:
3770:
3561:
3531:
3441:
3297:
848:
833:
821:
813:
742:
711:
132:
4866:
4311:
3986:
3881:
3682:
3590:
1888:
1660:
1652:
985:
462:
2463:
808:
307:
and its successor agencies. Access to some closed cities was physically enforced by surrounding them with
4891:
4592:
4574:
4340:
4198:
4159:
4126:
3816:
3804:
3720:
3622:
3486:
1573:
1441:
1019:
898:
699:
603:
385:
subsequently renamed "closed administrative-territorial formations" (or ZATO, from the
Russian acronym).
224:
3323:
Current list of (acknowledged) closed cities / areas, from the
Russian Federation Administration website
104:. In modern Russia, such places are officially known as "closed administrative-territorial formations" (
4876:
4771:
4587:
4564:
4537:
3571:
3481:
1702:
1396:) were closed cities with a military airport, military industry and other critical war infrastructure.
1024:
838:
754:
534:
466:
3034:
4629:
4602:
4505:
3501:
3491:
3461:
3451:
2148:
1883:
1557:
1507:) in advance, and report their accommodation to local police within 24 hours after entering the area.
1078:
1007:
829:
517:
4597:
2827:"More Underground Facilities Near Yongbyon: A Potential Challenge for Future Denuclearization Deals"
1503:, maintain travel restrictions for foreigners. A foreigner must apply for an alien travel document (
4710:
3541:
3349:
2491:"UN News Special Report: 'Ground Zero' at the former Semipalatinsk nuclear test site in Kazakhstan"
2174:
2144:
1996:
1339:
1294:
1225:, Kazakhstan – a former closed city that known by its postal code, Semipalatinsk-21.
490:
2572:"The Russian ammunition depot from Cobasna discussed against the backdrop of the Beirut explosion"
207:
Map indicating federal subjects containing closed cities used for nuclear research and development
3959:
3360:. Andrius Ropolas's paper focusing upon the social aspects of closed cites. Helpful bibliography.
2943:
1544:
containing numerous villages. Following several stages of reduction, by 2016, the border town of
1090:
766:
544:
329:
114:
2909:
2883:
2235:
From Antagonism to Partnership: The Uneasy Path of the U.S.-Russian Cooperative Threat Reduction
4861:
4639:
4231:
4169:
3556:
3431:
1769:
1066:
995:
954:
910:
778:
662:
169:
149:
3063:
2556:
2517:
2233:
1460:). Built in 1958, it is China's biggest nuclear industry base. China built its first military
156:
Chelyabinsk‑65. The actual settlement can be rather distant from its namesakes; for instance,
4758:
3730:
3496:
3446:
3001:
2937:
2436:"A Look Inside the 'Closed Cities,' the Radioactive Ruins on Russia's Border With Kazakhstan"
1809:
1748:
1282:
1265:, a former Soviet communications base. Currently used by the Latvian Armed Forces as of 2022.
1222:
1216:
271:), which were closed for security purposes. Comparable closed areas existed elsewhere in the
78:
1638:
is strictly closed to non-Muslims. Similar restrictions are in place for the city center of
4845:
4520:
4383:
4203:
4001:
3715:
3388:
1785:
1759:
1732:
1538:
1061:
478:
253:
4607:
922:
8:
4821:
4747:
4476:
4281:
4210:
4018:
3867:
3745:
3667:
3640:
3215:
3200:
2770:
2104:
1206:
1175:
1150:
935:
927:
576:), home to the 129th Directorate of strategic subjects' technical supply and maintenance.
521:
504:
276:
259:
The second category consisted of border cities (and some whole border areas, such as the
203:
173:
2851:
2647:
461:
and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by
4614:
4525:
3842:
3755:
3645:
3635:
3233:
3102:
2902:
2544:
2032:
Nadezhda Kutepova & Olga Tsepilova, "A short history of the ZATO", pp. 148–149, in
1863:
1736:
1705:) was kept intact and the village is occasionally opened to the public during holidays.
1622:
1409:
260:
240:
97:
1926:
248:, a center for Soviet artillery, munitions, and also aircraft engines production, and
4722:
4662:
4441:
4227:
3923:
3725:
3710:
3652:
3275:
3179:
3069:
2947:
2913:
2734:
2523:
2239:
2057:
2037:
2016:
1976:
1853:
1834:
prominently features a fictional Soviet-era closed city in Siberia called Stalsk-12.
1795:
1763:
1484:
1326: – former closed town, a Soviet military space mission control center.
1239:
1161:
824: – closed administrative-territorial formation, includes the towns of
38:
2348:"Russian Nuclear-Powered Submarine Dismantlement and Related Activities: A Critique"
1412:
which requires permits for access to non-Aboriginal individuals beyond public roads.
1289:
internationally recognized as part of Moldova. The village, on the left bank of the
4797:
2296:
1843:
1779:
1607:
1492:
1488:
1419:
1367:
1342:, Crimea – former closed town, a central storage of nuclear weapons.
320:
220:
141:
105:
4634:
3847:
3799:
3705:
3374:
2796:
2468:
2264:
2077:
1775:
1708:
1603:
1461:
873:
869:
373:
31:
3292:
2826:
2034:
Cultures of Contamination, Volume 14: Legacies of Pollution in Russia and the US
4809:
4785:
4654:
4582:
3862:
3852:
3328:
2691:
2595:
2490:
1858:
1848:
1618:
1473:
1171:
1154:
1121:
642:), site of development of parts and machinery for atomic stations and weaponry.
377:
284:
3229:"The Closed Cities Of 'Tenet' Are A Real Relic Of The Soviet Union And Beyond"
3153:
3126:
2387:
1370:– former closed town, the location of the transmission unit of the Duga radar.
585:
4855:
4833:
4515:
3059:
2933:
2189:
1868:
1698:
1656:
1569:
1529:
1389:
1316:
192:
74:
3345:
National Nuclear Security Administration, U.S. Department of Energy website.
3154:"Lost in the Pandemic: Inside New York City's Mass Graveyard on Hart Island"
4398:
4219:
3613:
2867:
2324:
1830:
1744:
1694:
1286:
548:
364:
280:
272:
245:
212:
85:
53:
4261:
4223:
4215:
3837:
3735:
3677:
3546:
3536:
3511:
2351:
1803:
1791:
1565:
1561:
1545:
1445:
1415:
1405:
1393:
1356:
1158:
843:
652:
633:
598:
369:
348:
308:
249:
228:
184:
3068:(2005 paperback ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 112.
2056:, editors David J. Diamond, Samuel Apikyan, Greg Kaser. Springer, 2006.
1138:
236:
4251:
3471:
3436:
1806:, AIDS, and COVID-19 victims. Some visitors may be allowed after 2023.
1799:
1614:) can be considered closed towns; because Guadalupe Island is within a
1360:
1349:
1235:
1210:
1195:
1013:
973:
825:
500:
188:
3582:
3383:
3033:. United States Army, Dugway Proving Ground. p. 9. Archived from
4471:
4466:
4288:
4181:
4011:
3672:
3551:
3526:
3476:
3065:
109 East Palace: Robert Oppenheimer and the Secret City of Los Alamos
1873:
1673:
1615:
1590:
1472:) was used for secrecy. In 2007, most residents were moved to nearby
1345:
1329:
1262:
1035:
858:
853:
621:
590:
421:
232:
44:
1693:, has been closed since 1943 when its residents were evicted by the
4461:
4006:
3740:
3700:
3521:
2974:[Fårö and northern Gotland were forbidden for foreigners].
2440:
1290:
1202:
1191:
1146:
1142:
990:
440:
264:
161:
89:
4780:
2414:"FORMER CLOSED CITIES IN THE SOVIET BALTIC SEA REGION / LANDSCAPE"
2350:. James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies. Archived from
2320:"Zarechny: a rare glimpse into one of Russia's last closed cities"
503:
of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, also called
183:
Closed cities were sometimes guarded by a security perimeter with
4353:
3857:
3516:
3466:
1677:
1500:
1305:
1278:
1274:
1256:
1243:
1134:
1109:
1048:
1040:
655: – formerly known as Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky-50 (
444:
436:
432:
401:
296:
268:
165:
49:
3353:
2411:
2373:
1999:
1359:– former closed town, the location of the receiving unit of the
630:), site of one of the two major Russian Federal Nuclear Centers.
1639:
1496:
1352:– former closed town, the location of a submarine repair plant.
1323:
1315: – former closed city, a major center of Soviet
1312:
448:
344:
101:
57:
1186:
4276:
4154:
3506:
3358:
Right to the city in former Soviet Union closed cities (ZATO)
3265: – Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science.
2884:
http://www.squalodivers.com/guadalupe-island-giants-fortress/
1690:
1655:. After diamonds were discovered along this coast in 1925 by
1635:
1517:
1449:
1167:
885:
877:
417:
390:
292:
157:
3418:
3271:"The Secret And Dangerous Life In Russia's Forbidden Cities"
2904:
The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places
4388:
4164:
1724:
1697:, who continue to use the village as a training ground for
1285:), which is under the control of the unrecognized state of
304:
2870:
Sdsharkdiving.com/isla-guadalupe. San Diego Shark Diving.
2591:"Transnistria's explosive inheritance from the Soviet era"
1568:
are two "peace villages" (one maintained by each nation):
1174:, was partially closed. Foreign academics could visit the
4373:
4193:
3213:
Restricting Soviet Travel in the U.S. During the Cold War
1334:
largest Uranium processing factory in former Soviet Union
340:
177:
665:, also involved in the production of nuclear submarines.
2612:"Cel mai mare depozit ilegal de arme din Europa de Est"
2464:"Photos: The Ruins of the USSR's Secret Nuclear Cities"
2345:
160:, designated Arzamas-16, is in the federal republic of
2972:"Fårö och norra Gotland var förbjudet för utlänningar"
2630:"Grappling with environmental risks in the fog of war"
2589:
Ciochină, Simion; Schwartz, Robert (1 December 2015).
2522:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 241.
2519:
Environment, Forced Migration and Social Vulnerability
1625:
requires special permits in order to visit the island.
121:
zakrytye administrativno-territorial'nye obrazovaniya
4769:
2852:
http://islas.org.mx/index.php?mod=proy&op=islagua
2753:
1533:
A signboard for the Frontier Closed Area in Hong Kong
334:
119:
110:закрытые административно-территориальные образования
2516:
Afifi, Tamer; Jäger, editors, Jill (5 August 2010).
1593:, thus the whole nation could be considered closed.
793: – formerly known as Shchyolkovo-14 (
781: – formerly known as Novopetrovsk-2 (
757: – formerly known as Naro-Fominsk-5 (
726: – formerly known as Krasnoyarsk-26 (
714: – formerly known as Krasnoyarsk-45 (
624: – formerly known as Chelyabinsk-70 (
606: – formerly known as Chelyabinsk-65 (
537: – formerly known as Kapustin Yar-1 (
3124:
2515:
618:), nuclear material processing and recycling plant.
96:in 1991, a number of them continue to exist in the
3198:Russians Were Once Banned From a Third of the U.S.
3004:/United States Army. March 2, 2016. Archived from
2901:
2664:. The Weekly Voice. 7 January 2011. Archived from
2231:
1418:is a restricted-access town in a military area in
37:For the community in the U.S. state of Texas, see
3337:(Original source requires paid subscription
2662:"China Boasts Breakthrough In Nuclear Technology"
2261:"Investment questions for Russia's closed cities"
1788:, was a closed city during the Manhattan Project.
1772:, was a closed city during the Manhattan Project.
1016: – formerly known as Sverdlovsk-44
1010: – formerly known as Sverdlovsk-45
957: – formerly known as Shkotovo-17 (
745: – formerly known as Golitsyno-2 (
636: – formerly known as Zlatoust-36 (
493: – formerly known as Svobodny-18 (
400:, with the remainder under the administration of
4853:
4462:Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences
3371:Secret / Closed cities in Google Earth Community
3268:
2588:
2412:Ramirez-de-la-Piscina Armendariz, Eneko (2014).
2317:
2289:
1548:remained as the sole settlement within the FCA.
148:Closed cities are sometimes represented only on
3293:"Visit to 'Closed' City Brings Quick Celebrity"
3290:
3052:
2461:
2433:
1794:in New York City: former military site, a city
48:Central entry checkpoint to the closed city of
3178:Hart Island; Melinda Hunt and Joel Sternfeld;
2292:"Former Closed Cities Host International Fair"
1948:"New Opportunities for Russia's Closed Cities"
1277:has one partially closed city: the village of
1093: – formerly known as Chita-46 (
888: – formerly known as Arzamas-16
3598:
3404:
3329:Russia's closed cities are open and shut case
2142:
2054:Countering Nuclear and Radiological Terrorism
1990:
1094:
958:
939:
938: – formerly known as Perm-76 (
794:
782:
770:
769: – formerly known as Gorky-2 (
758:
746:
727:
715:
703:
702: – formerly known as Uzhur-4 (
679:
678: – formerly known as Yurya-2 (
661:), base of a squadron of submarines from the
656:
637:
625:
613:
607:
571:
565:
564: – formerly known as Ufa-105 (
538:
494:
389:, all such entities have the status of urban
2958:Mecca, like Medina, is closed to non-Muslims
2258:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2215:
913: – formerly known as Penza-19
27:Settlements requiring authorization to visit
1680:were closed to foreign citizens until 1998.
1586:Yongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Center
1051: – formerly known as Tomsk-7
252:, the headquarters and primary base of the
127:
4887:Science and technology in the Soviet Union
3605:
3591:
3411:
3397:
2893:
2890:March 27, 2017. Retrieved August 17, 2018.
2238:. Columbia University Press. p. 244.
2097:
3257:Bukharin, Oleg (September/October 1998).
2719:
2283:
2212:
1259:, a former Russian and Soviet naval base.
1246:mining town, once known as "Mailbox 200".
1157:facilities, while Paldiski was home to a
1103:
416:, which involves, in part, the cities of
3151:
2969:
2932:
2868:http://sdsharkdiving.com/isla-guadalupe/
2609:
2346:Chuen, Cristina Hansell (May 24, 2007).
2026:
1723:
1528:
1185:
1034:
921:
868:
807:
584:
410:National Nuclear Security Administration
363:
223:sites. Examples are the modern towns of
202:
131:
43:
3612:
3095:
2939:What everyone needs to know about Islam
2569:
2427:
1308:had eighteen closed cities, including:
347:, aircraft, space technology, military
14:
4854:
3631:Index of Soviet Union–related articles
3058:
2998:"Tighter Security Checks for Visitors"
2908:. Princeton University Press. p.
2899:
2650:. eastarnhemland.com.au. 9 March 2023.
2622:
2434:Wofford, Taylor (September 28, 2014).
2138:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2122:
1332: – former closed city,
211:Closed cities were established in the
3586:
3392:
3263:The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
3193:
3191:
2854:Islas.org.mx. Conservación de Islas.
2824:
2791:
2610:Ciochină, Simion (27 November 2015).
2290:Zhigulsky, Anton (October 25, 1995).
1823:
1149:and nuclear materials for the Soviet
4872:Military history of the Soviet Union
3291:Sneider, Daniel (February 4, 1992).
2767:中央国家机关团工委2013年“根在基层·中国梦”（美丽中国）调研实践活动
2462:Slobig, Zaxhary (October 15, 2014).
2421:Estonian University of Life Sciences
2252:
2046:
2015:, Cambridge University Press, 1988.
1916:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1479:Some remote areas in China, such as
1452:, is a closed town often called the
499:), site of the second Russian trial
3259:"Retooling Russia's Nuclear Cities"
3226:
2388:"Norilsk: A Closed City in Siberia"
2119:
2013:The Soviet Union: Party and Society
1894:List of cities with defensive walls
1481:Datong Hui and Tu Autonomous County
1295:a large Soviet-era ammunition depot
136:A checkpoint in the closed city of
24:
3269:Feshbach, Murray (July 18, 1993).
3251:
3188:
3096:Slotnik, Daniel (March 25, 2021).
2874:- FAQs. Retrieved August 17, 2018.
2686:
2318:Mangione, Giulia (June 16, 2014).
2192:'s interview of Nadezhda Kutepova.
1434:China National Nuclear Corporation
1374:
311:fences monitored by armed guards.
84:Many closed cities existed in the
25:
4903:
3313:
3125:Hart Island Project, The (2021).
2888:Guadalupe Island, Giant Fortress.
2648:"East Arnhem Land Access Permits"
2634:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
1905:
1814:Plum Island Animal Disease Center
1684:
4882:Science and technology in Russia
4839:
4827:
4815:
4803:
4791:
4779:
4754:
4753:
4741:
2970:Ihreskog, Magnus (25 May 2022).
2570:Dulgher, Maria (9 August 2020).
1719:
1133:There were two closed cities in
3331: – article from
3220:
3206:
3172:
3152:Hennigan, W.J. (Nov 18, 2020).
3145:
3118:
3089:
3020:
2990:
2963:
2926:
2877:
2872:Isla Guadalupe White Shark Trip
2861:
2845:
2818:
2785:
2747:
2713:
2680:
2654:
2640:
2603:
2582:
2563:
2509:
2483:
2455:
2405:
2380:
2366:
2339:
2311:
2259:Gray, Nathan (April 15, 2013).
2203:Official website of Solnechny.
2197:
2162:
1762:, was a closed city during the
1646:
1629:
376:, Russia, which is home to the
275:; a substantial area along the
94:dissolution of the Soviet Union
3227:Pym, Olivia (29 August 2020).
2825:Bogle, Jacob (20 March 2020).
2765:. No. 25 September 2013.
2143:Sokova, Elena (June 1, 2002).
2091:
2066:
2005:
1961:
1940:
1798:and occasional site of crisis
1676:and the northernmost parts of
1579:
1551:
1408:is a historical region of the
1178:, but had to sleep elsewhere.
393:, as mandated by federal law.
354:
13:
1:
4294:Political abuse of psychiatry
4086:Congress of People's Deputies
3298:The Christian Science Monitor
2833:. The Henry L. Stimson Center
2145:"Russia's Ten Nuclear Cities"
1899:
1229:
1181:
1115:
198:
1975:. FOTOESCAPE. Archived from
1889:Propiska in the Soviet Union
1756:Gold Coast Historic District
1729:Gold Coast Historic District
1653:Alexander Bay, Northern Cape
1524:
1442:Ministry of Nuclear Industry
1422:, home to some 250 families.
1399:
7:
4457:Academy of Medical Sciences
2900:Peters, Francis E. (1994).
2232:Kassenova, Togzhan (2007).
1837:
658:Петропавловск-Камчатский-50
398:Russian Ministry of Defense
335:
120:
10:
4908:
3422:of the former Soviet Union
3377: (archived 2008-12-04)
2858:Retrieved August 17, 2018.
1536:
1511:
1379:
1300:
1269:
1128:
520: – site of
456:
351:, etc., were "mailboxes".
314:
36:
29:
4735:
4679:
4653:
4573:
4496:
4487:
4432:
4339:
4302:
4242:
4145:
4107:
4027:
3889:
3880:
3830:
3778:
3769:
3621:
3427:
2804:
2798:
2792:
2766:
2760:
2755:环保部西北核与辐射安全监督站驻四〇四厂监督点调研团
2754:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2699:
2693:
2687:
2149:Nuclear Threat Initiative
1884:Nuclear Cities Initiative
1667:
1596:
1558:Korean Demilitarized Zone
1504:
1483:(except Laoye Mountain),
1469:
1457:
1437:
1388:in Albania, the towns of
1250:
1095:
959:
940:
795:
783:
771:
759:
747:
728:
716:
704:
680:
657:
638:
626:
614:
608:
572:
566:
556:Republic of Bashkortostan
539:
495:
359:
324:
180:in Soviet closed cities.
109:
2100:"Secret Cities Revealed"
1426:
1386:period of communist rule
549:"4th Missile Test Range"
128:Structure and operations
30:Not to be confused with
4748:Soviet Union portal
2944:Oxford University Press
2188:See 25 minute video of
2002:. Accessed August 2011.
1572:(South) and (possibly)
1448:in the western part of
1392:and Qyteti Stalin (now
926:The cultural center in
545:Kapustin Yar (air base)
279:and the border between
4640:Stalinist architecture
4394:Science and technology
4304:Ideological repression
4232:Soviet Airborne Forces
4170:Destruction battalions
3354:www.globalsecurity.org
1770:Los Alamos, New Mexico
1740:
1534:
1205:, a town close to the
1198:
1104:Restricted territories
1044:
931:
881:
865:Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
817:
612:) and Chelyabinsk-40 (
594:
381:
235:production plant, and
208:
170:Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
145:
61:
4422:List of metro systems
3975:Collective leadership
3497:Priozersk, Kazakhstan
3447:Kurchatov, Kazakhstan
3127:"COVID-19 Initiative"
3002:Dugway Proving Ground
2799:未办手续进入限制区域 6名外国人被责令离开
1810:Plum Island, New York
1749:Dugway Proving Ground
1727:
1606:, the communities on
1532:
1189:
1038:
925:
872:
811:
663:Russian Pacific Fleet
588:
367:
206:
135:
47:
4384:Net material product
4327:Censorship of images
4244:Political repression
4204:Soviet Border Troops
4137:First Deputy Premier
3721:1965 economic reform
3716:Soviet space program
3040:on November 12, 2017
3028:"DPG Visitors Guide"
3008:on November 12, 2017
2733:. pp. 617–619.
2205:About the Settlement
1917:Sergeeva, Kristina.
1786:Oak Ridge, Tennessee
1760:Richland, Washington
1539:Frontier Closed Area
1242:, a formerly closed
1151:nuclear power plants
570:) and Beloretsk-15 (
463:adding missing items
254:Soviet Pacific Fleet
174:security checkpoints
4867:Geography of Russia
4452:Academy of Sciences
4267:Population transfer
4211:Soviet Armed Forces
4074:Congress of Soviets
4055:Presidium/Politburo
4019:Soviet anti-Zionism
3868:West Siberian Plain
3746:Revolutions of 1989
3683:Great Patriotic War
3668:New Economic Policy
3216:Library of Congress
3201:National Geographic
2690:(3 February 2015).
2354:on 24 February 2010
2105:The Washington Post
1713:Ministry of Defence
1432:No. 404 Factory of
1207:Baikonur Cosmodrome
1176:University of Tartu
522:Plesetsk Cosmodrome
505:Svobodny Cosmodrome
277:inner German border
18:Russian closed city
4892:Soviet phraseology
4097:Military Collegium
3965:Capital punishment
3843:Caucasus Mountains
3756:Post-Soviet states
3636:Russian Revolution
3103:The New York Times
2668:on 10 January 2016
2555:has generic name (
2000:GlobalSecurity.org
1864:Separation barrier
1824:In popular culture
1741:
1623:Mexican government
1535:
1466:mine area of Gansu
1410:Northern Territory
1317:aerospace industry
1199:
1190:An aerial view of
1045:
932:
882:
818:
595:
581:Chelyabinsk Oblast
512:Arkhangelsk Oblast
382:
336:Pochtovyy yashchik
261:Kaliningrad Oblast
241:uranium enrichment
209:
146:
98:post-Soviet states
62:
4877:Society of Russia
4767:
4766:
4731:
4730:
4723:Hammer and sickle
4665:and their groups
4663:Soviet dissidents
4442:Communist Academy
4359:Economic planning
4335:
4334:
4228:Soviet Air Forces
4147:Security services
4067:General Secretary
4050:Central Committee
3992:Political parties
3924:Brezhnev Doctrine
3919:Foreign relations
3876:
3875:
3817:Autonomous okrugs
3731:Soviet–Afghan War
3711:Sino-Soviet split
3653:Russian Civil War
3580:
3579:
3384:Closed cities map
3276:The Seattle Times
2934:Esposito, John L.
2795:(5 August 2013).
2636:. March 10, 2022.
1854:Internal passport
1764:Manhattan Project
1499:, the capital of
1485:Huangzhong County
1240:Jalal-Abad Region
1162:nuclear submarine
1002:Sverdlovsk Oblast
333:
118:
39:Close City, Texas
16:(Redirected from
4899:
4844:
4843:
4842:
4832:
4831:
4830:
4820:
4819:
4818:
4808:
4807:
4806:
4796:
4795:
4794:
4784:
4783:
4775:
4757:
4756:
4746:
4745:
4744:
4494:
4493:
4402:
4257:Collectivization
4002:Marxism–Leninism
3887:
3886:
3776:
3775:
3607:
3600:
3593:
3584:
3583:
3413:
3406:
3399:
3390:
3389:
3382:
3352:(article), from
3321:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3224:
3218:
3210:
3204:
3195:
3186:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3149:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3122:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3093:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3039:
3032:
3024:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3013:
2994:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2907:
2897:
2891:
2881:
2875:
2865:
2859:
2849:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2806:
2800:
2794:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2769:. Archived from
2768:
2762:
2756:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2701:
2695:
2689:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2607:
2601:
2600:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2554:
2550:
2548:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2497:. 29 August 2019
2487:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2418:
2409:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2399:
2392:TheProtoCity.com
2384:
2378:
2377:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2297:The Moscow Times
2287:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2267:. Archived from
2256:
2250:
2249:
2229:
2210:
2209:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2185:
2183:
2178:. 13 August 2019
2166:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2140:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2098:Nemtsova, Anna.
2095:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2085:
2076:. Archived from
2070:
2064:
2050:
2044:
2030:
2024:
2009:
2003:
1997:"Secret Cities".
1994:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1984:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1934:
1925:. Archived from
1914:
1844:Coast Guard City
1780:Nevada Test Site
1778:, is within the
1608:Guadalupe Island
1506:
1493:Huangyuan County
1489:Kumbum Monastery
1471:
1459:
1439:
1368:Chernihiv Oblast
1293:river, contains
1283:Rîbnița District
1098:
1097:
1085:Zabaykalsky Krai
962:
961:
943:
942:
798:
797:
791:Zvyozdny gorodok
786:
785:
774:
773:
762:
761:
750:
749:
731:
730:
719:
718:
707:
706:
689:Krasnoyarsk Krai
683:
682:
660:
659:
641:
640:
629:
628:
617:
616:
611:
610:
575:
574:
569:
568:
542:
541:
529:Astrakhan Oblast
498:
497:
467:reliable sources
338:
328:
326:
239:, the site of a
221:nuclear research
142:Krasnoyarsk Krai
123:
113:
111:
100:, especially in
92:. Following the
21:
4907:
4906:
4902:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4897:
4896:
4852:
4851:
4850:
4840:
4838:
4828:
4826:
4816:
4814:
4804:
4802:
4792:
4790:
4778:
4770:
4768:
4763:
4742:
4740:
4727:
4675:
4649:
4569:
4483:
4428:
4400:
4374:Internet domain
4369:Five-year plans
4331:
4298:
4238:
4141:
4103:
4035:Communist Party
4023:
3982:Passport system
3872:
3848:European Russia
3826:
3765:
3706:Khrushchev Thaw
3685:(World War II)
3663:Creation treaty
3617:
3611:
3581:
3576:
3423:
3417:
3380:
3375:Wayback Machine
3350:"Secret Cities"
3319:
3316:
3303:
3301:
3281:
3279:
3254:
3252:Further reading
3249:
3239:
3237:
3225:
3221:
3211:
3207:
3196:
3189:
3177:
3173:
3163:
3161:
3150:
3146:
3136:
3134:
3123:
3119:
3109:
3107:
3094:
3090:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3057:
3053:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3030:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3011:
3009:
2996:
2995:
2991:
2981:
2979:
2968:
2964:
2954:
2931:
2927:
2920:
2898:
2894:
2886:Squalo Divers.
2882:
2878:
2866:
2862:
2856:Isla Guadalupe.
2850:
2846:
2836:
2834:
2823:
2819:
2809:
2807:
2790:
2786:
2776:
2774:
2752:
2748:
2741:
2718:
2714:
2704:
2702:
2685:
2681:
2671:
2669:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2628:
2627:
2623:
2608:
2604:
2587:
2583:
2568:
2564:
2552:
2551:
2542:
2541:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2514:
2510:
2500:
2498:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2474:
2472:
2460:
2456:
2446:
2444:
2432:
2428:
2416:
2410:
2406:
2397:
2395:
2386:
2385:
2381:
2372:
2371:
2367:
2357:
2355:
2344:
2340:
2330:
2328:
2316:
2312:
2302:
2300:
2288:
2284:
2274:
2272:
2265:The Moscow News
2257:
2253:
2246:
2230:
2213:
2207:
2202:
2198:
2181:
2179:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2153:
2151:
2141:
2120:
2110:
2108:
2096:
2092:
2083:
2081:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2051:
2047:
2031:
2027:
2010:
2006:
1995:
1991:
1982:
1980:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1932:
1930:
1915:
1906:
1902:
1840:
1826:
1776:Mercury, Nevada
1722:
1709:Foulness Island
1687:
1670:
1649:
1632:
1604:Baja California
1599:
1582:
1554:
1541:
1527:
1514:
1462:nuclear reactor
1429:
1402:
1382:
1377:
1375:Other countries
1322:Simferopol-28,
1303:
1272:
1253:
1232:
1184:
1131:
1118:
1106:
1073:Vladimir Oblast
893:Orenburg Oblast
880:, Russia (1904)
874:Sarov Monastery
804:Murmansk Oblast
543:), home to the
470:
374:Murmansk Oblast
362:
357:
317:
201:
130:
42:
35:
32:gated community
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4905:
4895:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4849:
4848:
4836:
4824:
4812:
4800:
4788:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4761:
4751:
4736:
4733:
4732:
4729:
4728:
4726:
4725:
4720:
4719:
4718:
4708:
4707:
4706:
4696:
4695:
4694:
4683:
4681:
4677:
4676:
4674:
4673:
4672:
4671:
4659:
4657:
4651:
4650:
4648:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4611:
4610:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4579:
4577:
4571:
4570:
4568:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4556:
4555:
4550:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4529:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4508:
4503:
4497:
4491:
4485:
4484:
4482:
4481:
4480:
4479:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4438:
4436:
4430:
4429:
4427:
4426:
4425:
4424:
4419:
4417:Rail transport
4414:
4412:Railway system
4404:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4345:
4343:
4337:
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4174:
4173:
4172:
4162:
4157:
4151:
4149:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4139:
4134:
4132:Deputy Premier
4129:
4124:
4123:
4122:
4115:Heads of state
4111:
4109:
4105:
4104:
4102:
4101:
4100:
4099:
4089:
4083:
4080:Supreme Soviet
4077:
4071:
4070:
4069:
4064:
4063:
4062:
4057:
4047:
4042:
4031:
4029:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4021:
4016:
4015:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3997:State ideology
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3978:
3977:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3956:
3955:
3945:
3944:
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3909:
3904:
3893:
3891:
3884:
3878:
3877:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3870:
3865:
3863:Ural Mountains
3860:
3855:
3853:North Caucasus
3850:
3845:
3840:
3834:
3832:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3824:
3819:
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3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3442:Krasnoznamensk
3439:
3434:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3416:
3415:
3408:
3401:
3393:
3387:
3386:
3378:
3367:
3366:
3362:
3361:
3347:
3342:
3333:Russia Journal
3326:
3315:
3314:External links
3312:
3311:
3310:
3288:
3266:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3219:
3205:
3187:
3171:
3144:
3117:
3088:
3074:
3060:Conant, Jennet
3051:
3019:
2989:
2962:
2952:
2946:. p. 25.
2925:
2918:
2892:
2876:
2860:
2844:
2817:
2784:
2746:
2739:
2712:
2679:
2653:
2639:
2621:
2618:(in Romanian).
2616:Deutsche Welle
2602:
2596:Deutsche Welle
2581:
2562:
2528:
2508:
2482:
2454:
2426:
2404:
2379:
2365:
2338:
2310:
2282:
2271:on 5 July 2014
2251:
2245:978-3898217071
2244:
2211:
2196:
2161:
2118:
2090:
2065:
2045:
2025:
2004:
1989:
1960:
1939:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1859:Border barrier
1856:
1851:
1849:Exclusion zone
1846:
1839:
1836:
1828:The 2020 film
1825:
1822:
1817:
1816:
1812:, home of the
1807:
1802:including for
1796:potter's field
1789:
1783:
1773:
1767:
1752:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1706:
1691:Imber, England
1686:
1685:United Kingdom
1683:
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1669:
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1645:
1644:
1643:
1631:
1628:
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1598:
1595:
1581:
1578:
1553:
1550:
1537:Main article:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1518:Riems, Germany
1513:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1477:
1474:Jiayuguan City
1428:
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1214:
1183:
1180:
1172:Raadi Airfield
1155:nuclear weapon
1130:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1122:Agdam District
1117:
1114:
1105:
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1100:
1082:
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1070:
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1052:
1028:
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1017:
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999:
998:
993:
988:
980:Saratov Oblast
977:
976:
965:
964:
949:Primorsky Krai
946:
945:
915:
914:
902:
901:
890:
889:
862:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
801:
800:
788:
784:Новопетровск-2
776:
764:
760:Наро-Фоминск-5
752:
743:Krasnoznamensk
734:
733:
721:
709:
697:
686:
685:
667:
666:
647:Kamchatka Krai
644:
643:
631:
619:
601:
578:
577:
553:
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526:
525:
509:
508:
482:
481:
378:Northern Fleet
361:
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341:design bureaus
316:
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289:
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285:Czechoslovakia
257:
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197:
129:
126:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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4862:Closed cities
4860:
4859:
4857:
4847:
4846:United States
4837:
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4620:Printed media
4618:
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4606:
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4553:Cyrillisation
4551:
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4546:
4545:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
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4527:
4524:
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4521:Working class
4519:
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4516:Soviet people
4514:
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4509:
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4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
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4380:
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4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4364:Energy policy
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4344:
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4338:
4328:
4325:
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4121:
4118:
4117:
4116:
4113:
4112:
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4106:
4098:
4095:
4094:
4093:
4092:Supreme Court
4090:
4087:
4084:
4081:
4078:
4075:
4072:
4068:
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4017:
4013:
4010:
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4000:
3999:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
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3980:
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3808:
3807:
3806:
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3801:
3798:
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3790:
3789:
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3781:
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3772:
3768:
3762:
3759:
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3754:
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3747:
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3737:
3734:
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3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3695:
3694:The Holocaust
3692:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
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3664:
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3626:
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3620:
3615:
3608:
3603:
3601:
3596:
3594:
3589:
3588:
3585:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3567:Zheleznogorsk
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
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3523:
3520:
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3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3426:
3421:
3420:Closed cities
3414:
3409:
3407:
3402:
3400:
3395:
3394:
3391:
3385:
3379:
3376:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3364:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3334:
3330:
3327:
3324:
3318:
3317:
3300:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3255:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3223:
3217:
3214:
3209:
3202:
3199:
3194:
3192:
3185:
3184:3-931141-90-X
3181:
3175:
3159:
3158:Time magazine
3155:
3148:
3132:
3128:
3121:
3105:
3104:
3099:
3092:
3077:
3075:9781416585428
3071:
3067:
3066:
3061:
3055:
3036:
3029:
3023:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2993:
2977:
2973:
2966:
2959:
2955:
2953:9780199794133
2949:
2945:
2941:
2940:
2935:
2929:
2921:
2919:0-691-02619-X
2915:
2911:
2906:
2905:
2896:
2889:
2885:
2880:
2873:
2869:
2864:
2857:
2853:
2848:
2832:
2828:
2821:
2802:
2788:
2773:on 2 May 2019
2772:
2764:
2750:
2742:
2740:7-5423-0675-8
2736:
2728:
2716:
2697:
2694:404：与世隔绝的核城往事
2683:
2667:
2663:
2657:
2649:
2643:
2635:
2631:
2625:
2617:
2613:
2606:
2598:
2597:
2592:
2585:
2577:
2573:
2566:
2558:
2546:
2531:
2529:9783642124167
2525:
2521:
2520:
2512:
2496:
2492:
2486:
2471:
2470:
2465:
2458:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2430:
2422:
2415:
2408:
2393:
2389:
2383:
2375:
2369:
2353:
2349:
2342:
2327:
2326:
2321:
2314:
2299:
2298:
2293:
2286:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2255:
2247:
2241:
2237:
2236:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2206:
2200:
2193:
2191:
2190:Felicity Barr
2177:
2176:
2171:
2165:
2150:
2146:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2107:
2106:
2101:
2094:
2080:on 2017-06-13
2079:
2075:
2069:
2063:
2062:1-4020-4897-1
2059:
2055:
2049:
2043:
2042:0-7623-1371-4
2039:
2035:
2029:
2022:
2021:0-521-34460-3
2018:
2014:
2008:
2001:
1998:
1993:
1979:on 2013-11-15
1978:
1974:
1973:Photoarchives
1970:
1969:"City border"
1964:
1949:
1943:
1929:on 2023-03-27
1928:
1924:
1920:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1904:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1869:Military town
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1835:
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1801:
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1784:
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1774:
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1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1750:
1747:, inside the
1746:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1720:United States
1714:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1700:
1699:urban warfare
1696:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1662:
1661:Alexander Bay
1658:
1657:Hans Merensky
1654:
1651:
1650:
1641:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1624:
1620:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1600:
1594:
1592:
1587:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1570:Daeseong-dong
1567:
1563:
1559:
1549:
1547:
1540:
1531:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1502:
1498:
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1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1475:
1467:
1463:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1438:中国核工业总公司第四零四厂
1435:
1431:
1430:
1421:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1397:
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1369:
1365:
1362:
1358:
1355:Chernobyl-2,
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729:Красноярск-26
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724:Zheleznogorsk
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4822:Soviet Union
4739:
4511:Demographics
4501:Antisemitism
4354:Central Bank
4272:Forced labor
4220:Spetsnaz GRU
4040:organisation
3948:Human rights
3897:Constitution
3821:
3780:Subdivisions
3658:Russian SFSR
3614:Soviet Union
3532:Snezhnogorsk
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3079:. Retrieved
3064:
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3035:the original
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3006:the original
2992:
2980:. Retrieved
2978:(in Swedish)
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2666:the original
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2394:. 2012-04-27
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2352:the original
2341:
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2325:The Guardian
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2269:the original
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1977:the original
1972:
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1942:
1931:. Retrieved
1927:the original
1922:
1878:science city
1877:
1829:
1827:
1818:
1745:Dugway, Utah
1695:British Army
1647:South Africa
1630:Saudi Arabia
1611:
1583:
1555:
1542:
1465:
1454:nuclear town
1453:
1440:), then the
1383:
1304:
1287:Transnistria
1273:
1219:, Kazakhstan
1166:
1132:
1124:, Azerbaijan
1107:
1084:
1083:
1072:
1071:
1055:
1054:
1031:Tomsk Oblast
1030:
1029:
1001:
1000:
986:Mikhaylovsky
979:
978:
968:Pskov Oblast
967:
966:
948:
947:
917:
916:
905:Penza Oblast
904:
903:
892:
891:
864:
863:
849:Snezhnogorsk
834:Snezhnogorsk
822:Alexandrovsk
814:Snezhnogorsk
803:
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736:
735:
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687:
670:Kirov Oblast
669:
668:
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645:
627:Челябинск-70
615:Челябинск-40
609:Челябинск-65
589:A street in
580:
579:
555:
554:
528:
527:
511:
510:
496:Свободный-18
484:
483:
472:
471:
459:dynamic list
453:
430:
406:
395:
383:
318:
301:
290:
281:West Germany
273:Eastern bloc
231:-65) with a
213:Soviet Union
210:
193:salary bonus
182:
154:
147:
86:Soviet Union
83:
69:
65:
63:
54:Tomsk Oblast
4615:Phraseology
4560:Prohibition
4548:Linguistics
4533:Drug policy
4526:1989 census
4447:Cybernetics
4349:Agriculture
4262:Great Purge
4224:Soviet Navy
4216:Soviet Army
4088:(1989–1991)
4082:(1938–1991)
4076:(1922–1936)
4060:Secretariat
3931:Gun control
3838:Caspian Sea
3822:Closed city
3751:Dissolution
3736:Perestroika
3678:Great Purge
3562:Zelenogorsk
3547:Vilyuchinsk
3542:Tsiolkovsky
3537:Tryokhgorny
3512:Severomorsk
2982:25 November
2976:Helagotland
2810:31 December
2777:31 December
2761:静静地守候 默默地奉献
2705:31 December
2672:31 December
2576:Moldova.org
2535:30 December
1953:25 February
1919:"Mailbox44"
1876:(literally
1800:mass graves
1792:Hart Island
1612:Campo Oeste
1580:North Korea
1574:Kijŏng-dong
1566:South Korea
1562:North Korea
1556:Within the
1552:South Korea
1546:Sha Tau Kok
1446:Gobi desert
1416:Puckapunyal
1406:Arnhem Land
1384:During the
1366:Liubech-1,
1357:Kyiv Oblast
1340:Feodosia-13
1159:Soviet Navy
1056:Tver Oblast
844:Severomorsk
755:Molodyozhny
712:Zelenogorsk
676:Pervomaysky
653:Vilyuchinsk
639:Златоуст-36
634:Tryokhgorny
599:Lokomotivny
573:Белорецк-15
485:Amur Oblast
387:Municipally
370:Severomorsk
355:Post-Soviet
349:electronics
319:"Mailbox" (
309:barbed wire
250:Vladivostok
229:Chelyabinsk
185:barbed wire
88:during the
79:clandestine
66:closed city
4856:Categories
4655:Opposition
4645:Television
4625:Propaganda
4598:Literature
4472:Naukograds
4467:Sharashkas
4401:(currency)
4379:Inventions
4322:Censorship
4252:Red Terror
3936:Government
3810:Autonomous
3793:Autonomous
3726:Stagnation
3689:Evacuation
3472:Novouralsk
3437:Gadzhiyevo
3304:13 January
3282:13 January
3240:15 October
3160:. New York
3133:. New York
3106:. New York
2501:27 October
2475:13 January
2447:13 January
2398:2020-02-10
2358:14 January
2331:13 January
2303:13 January
2275:13 January
2182:17 October
2175:Al Jazeera
2154:13 January
2111:13 January
2084:2017-03-31
1983:2013-03-16
1933:2022-08-26
1900:References
1737:Washington
1361:Duga radar
1350:Sevastopol
1236:Mailuu-Suu
1230:Kyrgyzstan
1211:Kazakhstan
1196:Kazakhstan
1182:Kazakhstan
1170:, home to
1116:Azerbaijan
1039:A view of
1014:Novouralsk
974:Smuravyevo
960:Шкотово-17
899:Komarovsky
826:Gadzhiyevo
812:A view of
796:Щёлково-14
748:Голицыно-2
501:cosmodrome
473:Altai Krai
457:This is a
368:A view of
343:(OKB) for
199:Soviet-era
164:, whereas
150:classified
81:purposes.
4798:Geography
4716:Republics
4704:Republics
4692:Republics
4543:Languages
4407:Transport
4289:Holodomor
4182:Militsiya
4120:President
4012:Stalinism
3914:Elections
3788:Republics
3771:Geography
3761:Nostalgia
3673:Stalinism
3552:Zaozyorsk
3527:Snezhinsk
3482:Ostrovnoy
3477:Omutninsk
3457:Mezhgorye
3081:August 3,
2721:吴廷桢，郭厚安主编
2545:cite book
2376:. GARANT.
1874:Naukograd
1703:St Giles'
1616:Biosphere
1610:(such as
1591:Pyongyang
1589:entry to
1525:Hong Kong
1444:, in the
1400:Australia
1346:Balaklava
1330:Kamianske
1263:Skrunda-1
1223:Kurchatov
1217:Priozersk
1147:fuel rods
1067:Solnechny
918:Perm Krai
859:Zaozyorsk
854:Vidyayevo
839:Ostrovnoy
772:Горький-2
700:Solnechny
622:Snezhinsk
591:Snezhinsk
562:Mezhgorye
491:Uglegorsk
422:Snezhinsk
330:romanized
233:plutonium
115:romanized
4759:Category
4312:Religion
4199:Chairmen
4045:Congress
4007:Leninism
3987:Propiska
3882:Politics
3741:Glasnost
3701:Cold War
3641:February
3572:Znamensk
3557:Zarechny
3522:Shikhany
3502:Raduzhny
3492:Polyarny
3062:(2005).
2936:(2011).
2831:38 North
2723:(1996).
2441:Newsweek
1923:Point.51
1838:See also
1804:1918 flu
1733:Richland
1560:between
1487:(except
1420:Victoria
1390:Çorovodë
1291:Dniester
1203:Baikonur
1192:Baikonur
1143:Paldiski
1139:Sillamäe
1079:Raduzhny
1043:, Russia
1020:Svobodny
991:Shikhany
941:Пермь-76
936:Zvyozdny
930:, Russia
928:Zvyozdny
911:Zarechny
830:Polyarny
816:, Russia
767:Vlasikha
593:, Russia
547:and the
535:Znamensk
479:Sibirsky
441:Kayerkan
265:Saaremaa
237:Sillamäe
162:Mordovia
144:, Russia
90:Cold War
4810:History
4786:Society
4772:Portals
4680:Symbols
4593:Fashion
4575:Culture
4489:Society
4434:Science
4399:Rouble
4341:Economy
4317:Science
4127:Premier
4108:Offices
3970:Leaders
3890:General
3858:Siberia
3831:Regions
3805:Oblasts
3646:October
3623:History
3517:Seversk
3487:Ozyorsk
3467:Norilsk
3373:at the
3234:Esquire
3164:Oct 29,
3137:Oct 10,
3131:website
3110:Oct 10,
2837:1 April
2731:甘肃教育出版社
2726:河西开发史研究
2495:UN News
1678:Gotland
1619:Reserve
1512:Germany
1501:Qinghai
1495:around
1491:), and
1380:Albania
1306:Ukraine
1301:Ukraine
1279:Cobasna
1275:Moldova
1270:Moldova
1257:Karosta
1244:uranium
1135:Estonia
1129:Estonia
1110:Norilsk
1096:Чита-46
1062:Ozyorny
1049:Seversk
1041:Seversk
1025:Uralsky
779:Voskhod
604:Ozyorsk
567:Уфа-105
445:Dudinka
437:Talnakh
433:Norilsk
414:Minatom
402:Rosatom
345:weapons
332::
321:Russian
315:Mailbox
297:Siberia
269:Hiiumaa
225:Ozyorsk
166:Arzamas
117::
106:Russian
50:Seversk
4834:Russia
4699:Emblem
4687:Anthem
4635:Sports
4588:Cinema
4583:Ballet
4565:Racism
4538:Family
4028:Bodies
3616:topics
3452:Lesnoy
3432:Fokino
3182:
3072:
2950:
2916:
2737:
2526:
2242:
2060:
2040:
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1668:Sweden
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1621:, the
1597:Mexico
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1497:Xining
1394:Kuçovë
1324:Crimea
1313:Dnipro
1251:Latvia
1008:Lesnoy
996:Svetly
955:Fokino
832:, and
705:Ужур-4
695:Dikson
681:Юрья-2
518:Mirnyy
449:Igarka
447:, and
424:, and
391:okrugs
360:Russia
267:, and
189:towers
168:is in
102:Russia
58:Russia
4630:Radio
4608:Opera
4603:Music
4506:Crime
4277:Gulag
4155:Cheka
3800:Krais
3507:Sarov
3462:Mirny
3038:(pdf)
3031:(PDF)
2805:青海法制报
2793:施翔、苏丽
2700:GEO杂志
2469:Wired
2417:(PDF)
1831:Tenet
1731:, in
1636:Mecca
1450:Gansu
1427:China
1168:Tartu
1091:Gorny
886:Sarov
878:Sarov
465:with
418:Sarov
293:Urals
158:Sarov
140:, in
4711:Flag
4669:List
4477:List
4389:OGAS
4282:List
4165:NKVD
3953:LGBT
3941:List
3907:1977
3902:1936
3365:Maps
3306:2015
3284:2015
3242:2022
3180:ISBN
3166:2023
3139:2023
3112:2023
3083:2023
3070:ISBN
3046:2017
3014:2017
2984:2022
2948:ISBN
2914:ISBN
2839:2020
2812:2015
2779:2015
2735:ISBN
2707:2015
2674:2015
2557:help
2537:2017
2524:ISBN
2503:2019
2477:2015
2449:2015
2360:2015
2333:2015
2305:2015
2277:2015
2240:ISBN
2184:2019
2156:2015
2113:2015
2058:ISBN
2038:ISBN
2017:ISBN
1955:2024
1754:The
1739:, US
1674:Fårö
1584:The
1564:and
1470:甘肃矿区
1153:and
1141:and
412:and
305:NKVD
295:and
283:and
246:Perm
187:and
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4177:MVD
4160:GPU
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