34:
447:
persons living in Russia or a Union
Republic that had remained part of the Soviet Union on 1 September 1991 could register as Russian citizens by 6 February 1993. Spouses, children, and other lineal descendants of Russian citizens were eligible for citizenship by registration without time limit. Children of former Russian citizens who were born after their parents' loss of citizenship had a right to register as Russian citizens within five years of reaching age 18.
1354:
2769:
410:
1366:
321:. No specific procedures were required to become a Soviet citizen during this time other than obtaining local authority approval. While this model of citizenship acquisition was quite simple and expeditious, contemporary regulations also allowed for citizenship deprivation at any time at the sole discretion of the central government as a deterrence against "the enemies of Soviet power".
616:, married to a Russian citizen for at least three years, a disabled person with an adult child who is a Russian citizen, a person with a Russian citizen child but a Russian spouse who is deceased or has been declared missing or otherwise unable to hold parental rights, or a person with a Russian citizen child over the age of 18 who has been declared mentally unfit by court order.
432:. Under this law, citizenship could no longer be deprived at the sole discretion of the government and holding multiple citizenships ceased to be strictly prohibited, though this was only explicitly allowed in cases where the RSFSR had a bilateral agreement on dual citizenship. This law was adopted on 28 November 1991 but did not come into force until 6 February 1992, after the
497:
ancestors had previously lived in Russia, although this had no practical effect on existing citizenship legislation. However, the
Russian government had no wider initiative to resettle overseas Russians during this time and the agreement on CIS-wide free movement expired by 2000. Although there were several attempts at negotiating a dual citizenship arrangement with
612:
resident in a post-Soviet state but have not acquired citizenship in that country, and citizens of a former Soviet state who have been educated in
Russian secondary schools or universities since 1 July 2002. Foreign and stateless individuals already resident in Russia may also be eligible for this simplified process if they are: former Soviet citizens born in the
522:
citizen could obtain
Russian citizenship by simple registration under the 1991 law, the 2002 changes required such individuals to fulfill a language requirement, prove a legal income, and renounce their previous citizenship. They also became required to establish permanent residence in Russia before they could naturalize, even if they previously held
267:. The residence requirement could be reduced for individuals who performed an extraordinary service for the Russian state, were especially talented or highly skilled in a scientific field, or made significant investments in the empire. The term "citizenship" became introduced in this reform as a different name for the concept of subjecthood.
533:. Regulations were again relaxed for citizens of some post-Soviet countries beginning in the late 2010s as a way for the Russian state to exert greater influence on neighboring states. Ukrainian citizens seeking to acquire Russian citizenship have not been required to prove renunciation of Ukrainian citizenship since 2017 and residents of
349:
Soviet citizens as anybody who had been a
Russian subject at the time of the founding of the RSFSR in 1917 and had not subsequently lost Soviet citizenship, as well as those who had lawfully obtained citizenship. All other people resident in the USSR who neither held Soviet citizenship nor could prove foreign citizenship were treated as
345:
international norm and allowed Soviet women who married foreign men to retain their Soviet citizenship after marriage. Any imperial
Russian subjects who had permanently departed Russia before 7 November 1917 and had acquired foreign citizenship or applied for such status were deprived of Russian/Soviet citizenship by decree in 1933.
619:
Russian citizenship can be relinquished by making a declaration of renunciation. Parents of
Russian citizen children may apply for renunciation on their behalf. In circumstances where the Russian Federation cedes territory to a foreign country, Russians living in affected territory are given a choice
496:
were granted
Russian citizenship under provisions of the 1991 law accommodating former Soviet citizens. Overseas Russians gained official status as "compatriots" in 1999 in Russian law, which defined them as any persons who lived outside the territory of the Russian Federation who themselves or their
455:
As a result of the Soviet Union's collapse, large numbers of ethnic
Russians became resident outside the boundaries of the Russian state. In order to give this population and other former Soviet citizens an opportunity to choose the country of their new affiliation, visa-free movement was established
400:
and greatly limited the circumstances in which this power would be exercised. Soviet citizenship could now only be deprived from individuals who enlisted in foreign militaries or other governmental bodies, permanently lived abroad and failed to register at a Soviet consulate for at least five years,
348:
The first piece of legislation governing solely on the issue of citizenship was the 1938 Soviet
Citizenship Law, which provided a redefinition for who held Soviet citizenship. Unlike previous regulations which automatically granted citizenship to virtually all residents of the USSR, this law defined
582:
Any person born in Russia automatically receives Russian citizenship by birth if at least one parent is a Russian citizen. Individuals born in the country to two foreign parents only receive Russian citizenship by birth if they cannot acquire the citizenship of either parent. Children born overseas
270:
Russian women who married foreign men automatically lost Russian subject status. A formerly Russian widow or divorcée who had lost her Russian subject status through marriage could petition a provincial authority for restoration of that status. Other Russian subjects could separately apply for the
569:
in 1999. Citizens of both countries automatically hold Union State citizenship, which grants eligibility to vote in Union State elections and stand for office in Union State institutions. Russian and Belarusian citizens may reside and work in either country under a freedom of movement for workers
344:
in which they were permanently resident, although republican citizenship was symbolic and held no substantive meaning. Standard regulations in other countries required wives and children to hold the same citizenship as the male head of the family. Soviet legislation deviated from the contemporary
446:
system. Any other former Soviet citizen could obtain Russian citizenship by registration if they migrated to Russia between 6 February 1992 and 31 December 2000, or before 6 February 1995 if they were resident in a former Union Republic and had not become citizens of that new country. Stateless
590:
Foreigners may become Russian citizens by admission after residing in the country for more than five years while possessing a residence permit. Individuals without permits who permanently settled in Russia before 1 July 2002 are treated as if they have had a permit since the date on which they
521:
in Russia on 6 February 1992. When the law "On Citizenship of the Russian Federation" was enacted in 2002, eligibility for simplified naturalization was limited only to those who had been born on Russian territory and requirements were raised for that process. While virtually any former Soviet
611:
Certain groups of foreign citizens and stateless persons qualify for a facilitated acquisition of Russian citizenship without needing to fulfill a minimum residence requirement. These include: persons with at least one Russian parent who lives within Russia, former Soviet citizens permanently
149:
Any person born in Russia to at least one Russian parent, or born overseas to two Russian parents receives Russian citizenship at birth. Foreign nationals may become citizens by admission after meeting a minimum residence requirement (usually five years), proving a legal source of income, and
512:
The dual citizenship agreements had been intended to ease the post-Soviet transition for ethnic Russians who found themselves living in foreign countries. However, most of the people utilizing this were not ethnically Russian at all and originated from areas of the CIS that were economically
504:
Part of Russia's objectives in pursuing dual citizenship agreements with CIS member states in the 1990s was to provide Russians residing in the former Soviet Union with some sense of security from the Russian state so that they would be less likely to resettle in Russia during that period of
262:
Provincial governments held wide discretion in determining who could be naturalized as Russian subjects until 10 February 1864, when the imperial government introduced a five-year residence requirement and shifted authority over naturalization from provincial authorities to the
595:
and have a legal source of income. The residence requirement is reduced to one year for individuals who have been granted asylum or refugee status, or who have made extraordinary scientific, technological, or cultural contributions. It may also be waived for citizens of other
439:
Former Soviet citizens who were permanently resident in Russia on 6 February 1992 automatically became Russian citizens unless they explicitly applied to refuse citizenship by 6 February 1993. Residence was based on a person's officially listed place of domicile in the
505:
prolonged economic crisis and restructuring. The other post-Soviet states were wary of Russia's intentions with extending citizenship to people within their borders and did not want to expose themselves to further Russian influence. Despite some support within the
193:
is not always clear in the English language and differs by country. Generally, nationality refers a person's legal belonging to a country and is the common term used in international treaties when referring to members of a
421:
259:. The oath used during this time required the subject to pledge themself as an "obedient slave and eternal subject with my family" of the sovereign and remained unchanged until 1796, when the word "slave" was removed.
381:. Citizenship was held to be a unique relationship between a citizen and country, and any deviation from that was considered a violation of loyalty to the state, which led to a potential deprivation of citizenship.
1204:
Pirker, Benedikt; Entin, Kirill (2020). "The Free Movement of Persons in the Eurasian Economic Union – between Civis Eurasiaticus and Homo Oeconomicus". In Cambien, Nathan; Kochenov, Dimitry; Muir, Elise (eds.).
205:
provides differing definitions for both terms; citizenship is the status given to an individual indicating the state which exercises jurisdiction over that particular person and nationality refers to a person's
424:, which reemphasized the role of republican citizenship within Soviet citizenship. This declaration restated that every citizen of the RSFSR also held citizenship of the USSR. As part of its preparations for a
1070:
372:
established the principle that all Soviet citizens would enjoy protection abroad by the Soviet government. Following its adoption, a new citizenship law was enacted on 1 December 1978 which prohibited the
653:
1125:
Bravi, Alessandra; Jureav, Alisher; Janjic, Aleksandra (2012). "The dynamics of labour mobility in Eastern Europe and Central Asia". In Werner, Jan; Sucky, Eric; Biethahn, Niels; Grube, Gerd (eds.).
468:
in 1996. Simplified naturalization procedures through which applicants of a treaty CIS country could acquire Russian citizenship after three months of their application were separately signed with
574:(EAEU) founded in 2015. These movement rights are tied to a worker's contract of employment in another member state and do not grant automatic permanent residence rights anywhere in the EAEU.
177:
are no longer Soviet, they continue to be eligible for a facilitated acquisition of Russian citizenship in which they can be exempted from some requirements for admission as Russian citizens.
396:, Soviet citizenship law was revised for a final time in 1990. The modified legislation transferred responsibility for citizenship deprivation from the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet to the
255:
as having acquired subjecthood. Foreigners who wished to become Russian subjects were required to swear an oath of personal fealty to the Russian monarch beginning with the reign of
992:
325:
541:
became eligible for expedited acquisition of Russian citizenship in 2019. The five-year residence period for naturalization was later removed for citizens of Belarus, Kazakhstan,
583:
to two Russian parents are Russian citizens by descent, while those who are born to one Russian parent only receive Russian citizenship if they would otherwise be stateless.
2119:
2024:
340:. Every person living within the borders of the USSR was a Soviet citizen unless they declared themselves as foreign citizens. Soviet citizens also held citizenship of the
218:
since the 1990s have omitted this information completely. In the Russian context, the two terms are not interchangeable and cannot be used as a synonym for the other.
2034:
1852:
1062:
2159:
526:. The cumulative effect of these added conditions extended the time in which a former Soviet citizen could acquire Russian citizenship to as long as eight years.
2149:
509:
for automatically extending Russian citizenship to all former Soviet citizens, the legislature ultimately rejected this to prevent causing unnecessary friction.
305:
theory at the time considered communism to be an international movement, which became reflected in citizenship regulations in the new state. Under the
264:
247:. There were no general requirements for becoming a Russian subject until the 16th century, when it became customary to treat any person who had been
1488:
1179:
Molodikova, Irina (2017). "The Transformation of Russian Citizenship Policy in the Context of European or Eurasian Choice: Regional Prospects".
1794:
530:
275:. Any person who became a foreign subject or citizen without prior government approval could be punished by the deprivation of their rights or
545:, and Ukraine and the requirement to renounce foreign citizenships to naturalize as Russian was completely abolished in 2020. Following the
2538:
613:
298:
982:
2534:
1839:
1398:
1848:
1337:
513:
dependent on Russia. Beginning in 2000, facilitated naturalization pathways for former Soviet citizens began to be restricted. The
214:, determined by the nationality of their parents. If their parents' nationalities differed, they could choose either nationality.
358:
2380:
1824:
1726:
1653:
634:
2542:
1266:
1257:
1226:
1169:
1138:
587:
found in the country are presumed to have been Russian citizens by birth if their parents cannot be found within six months.
514:
429:
369:
337:
132:. The primary law governing citizenship requirements is the federal law "On Citizenship of the Russian Federation" (Russian:
1693:
211:
2410:
2079:
1766:
457:
306:
2586:
2505:
2176:
546:
2633:
2515:
2274:
1628:
1468:
433:
354:
313:
were empowered to directly grant foreigners Soviet citizenship, particularly intended for those belonging to the
166:
1663:
1643:
1543:
1391:
333:
2530:
2094:
1979:
1844:
1658:
1503:
1237:
397:
341:
174:
2400:
2751:
2104:
2064:
1829:
1463:
442:
2621:
2576:
2495:
2490:
2470:
2415:
2405:
2370:
2099:
2019:
1954:
1751:
1638:
1588:
1458:
517:
ceased issuing new Russian passports in that year to former Soviet citizens who did not have established
215:
69:
2571:
2548:
2485:
2465:
2425:
2309:
2284:
2279:
2109:
2084:
1989:
1924:
1914:
1904:
1894:
1834:
1819:
1814:
1789:
1771:
1703:
1633:
1603:
1493:
1344:
272:
353:
persons. Citizenship could be deprived under this law as part of a court decision or by decree of the
2440:
2324:
2299:
2254:
2249:
2199:
2124:
2074:
2049:
2044:
2014:
1969:
1959:
1919:
1889:
1879:
1869:
1784:
1761:
1736:
1673:
1593:
1518:
1483:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1384:
79:
41:
2795:
2772:
2525:
2395:
2385:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2314:
2224:
2204:
2189:
2039:
2009:
1964:
1949:
1909:
1899:
1874:
1804:
1799:
1746:
1741:
1731:
1683:
1678:
1668:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1598:
1578:
1573:
1563:
1533:
1523:
1513:
1508:
1498:
1478:
1438:
1428:
244:
2500:
2480:
2445:
2435:
2430:
2390:
2334:
2329:
2289:
2269:
2264:
2229:
2209:
2194:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2054:
2029:
2004:
1994:
1974:
1884:
1809:
1698:
1688:
1623:
1558:
1548:
1538:
1528:
1473:
1433:
571:
252:
2800:
2738:
2520:
2510:
2475:
2375:
2319:
2304:
2239:
2234:
2219:
2114:
2089:
2059:
1984:
1944:
1776:
1648:
1583:
1568:
1553:
288:
202:
162:
529:
Dual citizenship was actively discouraged by Russian government agencies until after the 2014
2581:
2339:
2294:
2259:
2244:
2214:
2069:
1999:
1756:
1130:
629:
620:
between retaining Russian citizenship or acquiring citizenship of the new controlling state.
2702:
2675:
2566:
2129:
1188:
601:
378:
51:
428:, the RSFSR drafted new citizenship legislation that brought regulations in line with the
8:
2692:
2611:
2154:
1291:
605:
570:
established by bilateral agreement, which was later expanded to all member states of the
550:
332:(USSR) in 1922, and citizenship regulations were restructured under the authority of the
271:
end of their subjecthood through the Ministry of Internal Affairs with approval from the
89:
33:
2591:
1321:
1308:
1153:
987:
597:
294:
170:
2733:
2685:
1222:
1165:
1134:
584:
232:
143:
591:
registered their place of residence. Applicants must demonstrate proficiency in the
422:
Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
2616:
1316:
1295:
1270:
1241:
1214:
1210:
1192:
1157:
592:
425:
413:
310:
198:; citizenship refers to the set of rights and duties a person has in that country.
151:
1309:"Russia in the Post-Soviet Space: Dual Citizenship as a Foreign Policy Instrument"
1282:
Shevel, Oxana (2012). "The Politics of Citizenship Policy in Post-Soviet Russia".
231:
Before the concept of citizenship was codified in legislation, inhabitants of the
2697:
1407:
256:
450:
2728:
2628:
1299:
554:
538:
534:
236:
195:
1218:
210:. Soviet regulations required a person's nationality to be indicated on their
2789:
2758:
2707:
2639:
2181:
1370:
489:
350:
318:
608:
has discretionary authority to directly grant citizenship to any foreigner.
460:(CIS) in 1992. Facilitating this were dual citizenship treaties signed with
2654:
1196:
493:
461:
377:
of Soviet citizens to any foreign jurisdiction and formally barred holding
329:
301:(RSFSR) government abolished all previous imperial legislation. Prevailing
207:
158:
1161:
2712:
2670:
654:"Russian Federation Federal Law on Citizenship of the Russian Federation"
566:
392:
374:
190:
186:
125:
1358:
506:
501:
during the 1990s and in 2004, they ultimately ended with no agreement.
481:
473:
469:
465:
302:
240:
173:
established separate citizenship laws. Although citizens of the former
1246:
1338:
Ministry of Internal Affairs - Main Directorate for Migration Affairs
1353:
1274:
409:
2680:
2646:
1376:
485:
386:
1236:
Salenko, Alexander (July 2012). Country report: Russia (Report).
1066:
542:
498:
477:
365:
were stripped of Soviet citizenship by decree beginning in 1967.
314:
276:
248:
1063:"Russia's Putin grants Russian citizenship to U.S. actor Seagal"
983:"Putin expands fast-track Russian citizenship to all of Ukraine"
891:
362:
129:
65:
61:
1019:
1007:
879:
451:
Dual citizenship arrangements with other former Soviet states
843:
1255:
Sandifer, Durward V. (October 1936). "Soviet Citizenship".
735:
549:, the expedited acquisition process was extended first to
951:
927:
1085:
1043:
963:
939:
915:
903:
867:
831:
282:
771:
557:
in May 2022, and later to all of Ukraine in July 2022.
420:
In the waning days of the Union, the RSFSR adopted the
795:
783:
577:
1342:
1097:
1031:
855:
819:
747:
711:
687:
137:
807:
759:
723:
699:
675:
476:in 1996, as well as a multilateral agreement with
265:Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Empire
1124:
897:
565:Russia and Belarus established the supranational
185:The distinction between the meaning of the terms
2787:
1315:(2). Foreign Policy Research Foundation: 10–37.
484:in 1999. Residents of the breakaway regions of
124:details the conditions by which a person holds
1392:
1181:Central and Eastern European Migration Review
23:
2539:Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands
614:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
604:for at least three years. Additionally, the
416:are a visible feature of Russian citizenship
299:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
1203:
1025:
1013:
1399:
1385:
1178:
885:
873:
401:or had fraudulently acquired citizenship.
32:
1320:
1245:
1254:
777:
741:
408:
21:On Citizenship of the Russian Federation
1306:
1235:
1103:
1091:
1049:
1037:
969:
945:
921:
909:
861:
849:
837:
825:
813:
801:
789:
765:
753:
729:
717:
705:
693:
560:
2788:
1281:
957:
933:
635:Visa requirements for Russian citizens
1380:
1267:American Society of International Law
1258:American Journal of International Law
1147:
681:
430:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
404:
370:1977 Constitution of the Soviet Union
338:1924 Constitution of the Soviet Union
283:Revolutionary Russia and Soviet Union
1406:
157:Russia was previously a part of the
578:Acquisition and loss of citizenship
139:O grazhdanstve Rossiyskoy Federacii
13:
1322:10.31278/1810-6374-2021-19-2-10-37
1073:from the original on 17 April 2022
458:Commonwealth of Independent States
134:О гражданстве Российской Федерации
25:О гражданстве Российской Федерации
14:
2812:
1331:
1207:European Citizenship under Stress
995:from the original on 31 July 2022
226:
150:demonstrating proficiency in the
2768:
2767:
1489:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1364:
1352:
547:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
2634:Birth aboard aircraft and ships
1117:
1055:
975:
898:Bravi, Jureav & Janjic 2012
434:dissolution of the Soviet Union
355:Presidium of the Supreme Soviet
167:dissolution of the Soviet Union
70:occupied territories of Ukraine
2471:Federated States of Micronesia
1835:St. Vincent and the Grenadines
1127:Mobility in a Globalised World
646:
180:
1:
1238:European University Institute
1150:Citizenship in a Global World
640:
398:president of the Soviet Union
2752:British Overseas Territories
1148:Kondo, Atsushi, ed. (2001).
515:Ministry of Internal Affairs
384:During the reform period of
361:who permanently migrated to
7:
2622:Renunciation of citizenship
623:
138:
10:
2817:
1300:10.2747/1060-586X.28.1.111
1112:
336:following adoption of the
286:
221:
216:Russian internal passports
2747:
2721:
2663:
2604:
2557:
2458:
2348:
2175:
2168:
1937:
1862:
1719:
1712:
1421:
1414:
1307:Zevelev, Igor A. (2021).
1219:10.1163/9789004433076_021
307:1918 Russian constitution
133:
111:
103:
95:
85:
75:
57:
47:
40:
31:
24:
20:
1469:Central African Republic
1313:Russia in Global Affairs
2567:Commonwealth of Nations
1026:Pirker & Entin 2020
1014:Pirker & Entin 2020
600:who have served in the
572:Eurasian Economic Union
253:Russian Orthodox Church
161:and its residents were
122:Russian citizenship law
2381:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1197:10.17467/ceemr.2017.15
417:
289:Soviet nationality law
203:Constitution of Russia
2764:Partially recognized.
1629:São Tomé and Príncipe
1162:10.1057/9780333993880
1131:University of Bamberg
852:, pp. 10–11, 14.
630:Visa policy of Russia
426:reformed Soviet Union
412:
379:multiple citizenships
277:banishment to Siberia
2703:Second-class citizen
2676:Multiple citizenship
2145:United Arab Emirates
1779:(Kingdom of Denmark)
1292:Taylor & Francis
1213:. pp. 508–532.
1189:University of Warsaw
602:Russian Armed Forces
561:Eurasian integration
531:annexation of Crimea
334:All-Union government
2693:Permanent residency
2612:Loss of citizenship
2587:Caribbean Community
1840:Trinidad and Tobago
1825:St. Kitts and Nevis
1727:Antigua and Barbuda
1284:Post-Soviet Affairs
1069:. 2 November 2016.
1028:, pp. 516–519.
1016:, pp. 528–530.
960:, pp. 127–131.
936:, pp. 124–127.
888:, pp. 103–104.
744:, pp. 614–615.
606:president of Russia
551:Zaporizhzhia Oblast
324:The RSFSR became a
90:President of Russia
1767:Dominican Republic
1154:Palgrave Macmillan
598:post-Soviet states
585:Abandoned children
418:
405:Russian Federation
295:October Revolution
171:post-Soviet states
58:Territorial extent
2783:
2782:
2757:Open border with
2600:
2599:
2454:
2453:
1933:
1932:
1853:US Virgin Islands
1780:
1504:Equatorial Guinea
1228:978-90-04-43307-6
1171:978-0-333-80266-3
1140:978-3-86309-063-0
1094:, pp. 16–17.
1052:, pp. 15–16.
972:, pp. 23–25.
948:, pp. 21–22.
924:, pp. 19–20.
912:, pp. 20–21.
840:, pp. 10–11.
414:Russian passports
297:in 1917, the new
233:Tsardom of Russia
212:internal passport
119:
118:
2808:
2771:
2770:
2617:Denaturalization
2506:Papua New Guinea
2491:Marshall Islands
2173:
2172:
1778:
1717:
1716:
1419:
1418:
1408:Nationality laws
1401:
1394:
1387:
1378:
1377:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1357:
1356:
1348:
1326:
1324:
1303:
1278:
1251:
1249:
1232:
1200:
1175:
1144:
1107:
1101:
1095:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1059:
1053:
1047:
1041:
1035:
1029:
1023:
1017:
1011:
1005:
1004:
1002:
1000:
991:. 11 July 2022.
979:
973:
967:
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949:
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937:
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925:
919:
913:
907:
901:
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871:
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859:
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835:
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769:
763:
757:
751:
745:
739:
733:
727:
721:
715:
709:
703:
697:
691:
685:
679:
673:
672:
670:
668:
658:
650:
593:Russian language
239:personally owed
165:. Following the
152:Russian language
146:on 1 July 2002.
141:
135:
80:Federal Assembly
42:Federal Assembly
36:
27:
26:
18:
17:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2796:Nationality law
2786:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2743:
2717:
2698:Right of return
2659:
2596:
2559:
2553:
2516:Solomon Islands
2450:
2416:Northern Cyprus
2411:North Macedonia
2344:
2179:
2164:
1929:
1858:
1708:
1410:
1405:
1375:
1365:
1363:
1351:
1343:
1334:
1329:
1275:10.2307/2191124
1229:
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1120:
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1090:
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981:
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956:
952:
944:
940:
932:
928:
920:
916:
908:
904:
896:
892:
886:Molodikova 2017
884:
880:
874:Molodikova 2017
872:
868:
860:
856:
848:
844:
836:
832:
824:
820:
812:
808:
804:, pp. 6–7.
800:
796:
792:, pp. 5–6.
788:
784:
776:
772:
764:
760:
756:, pp. 4–5.
752:
748:
740:
736:
728:
724:
720:, pp. 3–4.
716:
712:
704:
700:
696:, pp. 1–3.
692:
688:
684:, pp. 2–3.
680:
676:
666:
664:
656:
652:
651:
647:
643:
626:
580:
563:
456:throughout the
453:
407:
326:founding member
319:working classes
291:
285:
257:Peter the Great
245:Russian monarch
229:
224:
183:
175:Union Republics
163:Soviet citizens
144:came into force
76:Enacted by
22:
12:
11:
5:
2814:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2777:
2765:
2762:
2755:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2689:
2688:
2678:
2673:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2652:
2651:
2650:
2643:
2636:
2629:Naturalization
2626:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2582:Nordic Council
2579:
2574:
2572:European Union
2569:
2563:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2535:American Samoa
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2446:United Kingdom
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2352:
2350:
2349:Rest of Europe
2346:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2215:Czech Republic
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2186:
2184:
2177:European Union
2170:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1723:
1721:
1714:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1694:Western Sahara
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1484:Congo Republic
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1425:
1423:
1416:
1412:
1411:
1404:
1403:
1396:
1389:
1381:
1374:
1373:
1361:
1341:
1340:
1333:
1332:External links
1330:
1328:
1327:
1304:
1279:
1252:
1233:
1227:
1201:
1176:
1170:
1145:
1139:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
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1109:
1108:
1096:
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902:
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866:
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780:, p. 617.
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555:Kherson Oblast
539:Luhansk Oblast
535:Donetsk Oblast
452:
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406:
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342:Union Republic
284:
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237:Russian Empire
228:
227:Romanov Russia
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86:Signed by
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29:
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2:
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2801:Law of Russia
2799:
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2766:
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2759:Schengen Area
2756:
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2740:
2737:
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2732:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2720:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2708:Statelessness
2706:
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2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2687:
2684:
2683:
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2679:
2677:
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2669:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2656:
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2649:
2648:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2640:Ius sanguinis
2637:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2627:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2593:
2592:African Union
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2560:organizations
2558:International
2556:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2531:United States
2529:
2527:
2524:
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2301:
2298:
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2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2275:Liechtenstein
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
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2251:
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2206:
2203:
2201:
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2187:
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2182:Schengen Area
2178:
2174:
2171:
2167:
2161:
2158:
2156:
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2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
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2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
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2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
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2061:
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2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1845:United States
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
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1808:
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1803:
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1725:
1724:
1722:
1718:
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1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
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1687:
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1672:
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1667:
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1660:
1657:
1655:
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1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
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1600:
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1595:
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1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1544:Guinea-Bissau
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1402:
1397:
1395:
1390:
1388:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1372:
1362:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1323:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1259:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1230:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1173:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1122:
1106:, p. 21.
1105:
1100:
1093:
1088:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1058:
1051:
1046:
1040:, p. 15.
1039:
1034:
1027:
1022:
1015:
1010:
994:
990:
989:
984:
978:
971:
966:
959:
954:
947:
942:
935:
930:
923:
918:
911:
906:
900:, p. 14.
899:
894:
887:
882:
876:, p. 99.
875:
870:
864:, p. 14.
863:
858:
851:
846:
839:
834:
828:, p. 10.
827:
822:
815:
810:
803:
798:
791:
786:
779:
778:Sandifer 1936
774:
767:
762:
755:
750:
743:
742:Sandifer 1936
738:
731:
726:
719:
714:
707:
702:
695:
690:
683:
678:
662:
655:
649:
645:
636:
633:
631:
628:
627:
621:
617:
615:
609:
607:
603:
599:
594:
588:
586:
575:
573:
568:
558:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
527:
525:
520:
516:
510:
508:
502:
500:
495:
491:
490:South Ossetia
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
448:
445:
444:
437:
435:
431:
427:
423:
415:
411:
402:
399:
395:
394:
389:
388:
382:
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376:
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366:
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360:
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274:
268:
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147:
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91:
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84:
81:
78:
74:
71:
67:
63:
60:
56:
53:
50:
46:
43:
39:
35:
30:
19:
16:
2773:
2739:Soviet Union
2734:Ancient Rome
2729:Nazi Germany
2655:Repatriation
2645:
2638:
2605:By procedure
2420:
2140:Turkmenistan
2095:Saudi Arabia
1659:South Africa
1644:Sierra Leone
1449:Burkina Faso
1415:By continent
1312:
1287:
1283:
1262:
1256:
1206:
1184:
1180:
1149:
1126:
1118:Publications
1104:Salenko 2012
1099:
1092:Salenko 2012
1087:
1075:. Retrieved
1057:
1050:Salenko 2012
1045:
1038:Salenko 2012
1033:
1021:
1009:
997:. Retrieved
986:
977:
970:Zevelev 2021
965:
953:
946:Zevelev 2021
941:
929:
922:Zevelev 2021
917:
910:Zevelev 2021
905:
893:
881:
869:
862:Salenko 2012
857:
850:Salenko 2012
845:
838:Salenko 2012
833:
826:Salenko 2012
821:
816:, p. 7.
814:Salenko 2012
809:
802:Salenko 2012
797:
790:Salenko 2012
785:
773:
768:, p. 5.
766:Salenko 2012
761:
754:Salenko 2012
749:
737:
732:, p. 4.
730:Salenko 2012
725:
718:Salenko 2012
713:
708:, p. 3.
706:Salenko 2012
701:
694:Salenko 2012
689:
677:
665:. Retrieved
661:globalcit.eu
660:
648:
618:
610:
589:
581:
564:
528:
523:
518:
511:
503:
494:Transnistria
464:in 1993 and
462:Turkmenistan
454:
441:
438:
419:
391:
385:
383:
367:
347:
330:Soviet Union
323:
292:
269:
261:
230:
208:ethnic group
200:
184:
159:Soviet Union
156:
148:
121:
120:
112:
15:
2713:Travel visa
2671:Citizenship
2496:New Zealand
2340:Switzerland
2295:Netherlands
2105:South Korea
2085:Philippines
2065:North Korea
1945:Afghanistan
1849:Puerto Rico
1772:El Salvador
1664:South Sudan
1549:Ivory Coast
1294:: 111–147.
1269:: 614–631.
958:Shevel 2012
934:Shevel 2012
567:Union State
393:perestroika
375:extradition
359:Soviet Jews
191:nationality
187:citizenship
181:Terminology
126:citizenship
107:1 July 2002
99:31 May 2002
64:(including
2790:Categories
2426:San Marino
2406:Montenegro
2371:Azerbaijan
2285:Luxembourg
2150:Uzbekistan
2120:Tajikistan
2025:Kyrgyzstan
2020:Kazakhstan
1980:East Timor
1955:Bangladesh
1777:Greenland
1752:Costa Rica
1654:Somaliland
1639:Seychelles
1604:Mozambique
1589:Mauritania
1574:Madagascar
1529:The Gambia
1464:Cape Verde
1247:1814/60230
1191:: 98–119.
988:Al Jazeera
682:Kondo 2001
641:References
507:State Duma
482:Kyrgyzstan
474:Kazakhstan
470:Kyrgyzstan
466:Tajikistan
293:After the
287:See also:
249:christened
241:allegiance
2664:By result
2466:Australia
2280:Lithuania
2110:Sri Lanka
2100:Singapore
2080:Palestine
1990:Indonesia
1925:Venezuela
1870:Argentina
1830:St. Lucia
1815:Nicaragua
1790:Guatemala
1594:Mauritius
1077:15 August
999:12 August
667:April 14,
351:stateless
303:Bolshevik
142:), which
104:Commenced
2774:Category
2686:Internal
2681:Passport
2647:Ius soli
2577:Mercosur
2486:Kiribati
2325:Slovenia
2320:Slovakia
2310:Portugal
2200:Bulgaria
2130:Thailand
2075:Pakistan
2050:Mongolia
2045:Malaysia
1970:Cambodia
1915:Suriname
1905:Paraguay
1890:Colombia
1800:Honduras
1762:Dominica
1737:Barbados
1713:Americas
1704:Zimbabwe
1674:Tanzania
1519:Ethiopia
1514:Eswatini
1494:Djibouti
1459:Cameroon
1444:Botswana
1071:Archived
993:Archived
624:See also
524:propiska
519:propiska
486:Abkhazia
443:propiska
387:glasnost
309:, local
235:and the
48:Citation
2722:Defunct
2549:Vanuatu
2459:Oceania
2441:Ukraine
2396:Moldova
2386:Georgia
2376:Belarus
2366:Andorra
2361:Armenia
2356:Albania
2315:Romania
2260:Ireland
2255:Iceland
2250:Hungary
2240:Germany
2230:Finland
2225:Estonia
2220:Denmark
2205:Croatia
2195:Belgium
2190:Austria
2155:Vietnam
2055:Myanmar
2040:Lebanon
1950:Bahrain
1920:Uruguay
1895:Ecuador
1875:Bolivia
1805:Jamaica
1785:Grenada
1732:Bahamas
1684:Tunisia
1649:Somalia
1634:Senegal
1619:Nigeria
1609:Namibia
1599:Morocco
1564:Liberia
1559:Lesotho
1509:Eritrea
1479:Comoros
1454:Burundi
1429:Algeria
1345:Portals
1113:Sources
1067:Reuters
543:Moldova
499:Ukraine
478:Belarus
328:of the
315:peasant
311:soviets
273:emperor
251:by the
243:to the
222:History
115:Amended
113:Status:
52:N 62-ФЗ
2526:Tuvalu
2436:Turkey
2431:Serbia
2421:Russia
2401:Monaco
2391:Kosovo
2335:Sweden
2305:Poland
2300:Norway
2270:Latvia
2245:Greece
2235:France
2210:Cyprus
2169:Europe
2135:Turkey
2125:Taiwan
2030:Kuwait
2015:Jordan
2005:Israel
1965:Brunei
1960:Bhutan
1900:Guyana
1880:Brazil
1820:Panama
1810:Mexico
1747:Canada
1742:Belize
1699:Zambia
1689:Uganda
1624:Rwanda
1579:Malawi
1539:Guinea
1434:Angola
1422:Africa
1371:Russia
1225:
1168:
1137:
663:. 2003
492:, and
363:Israel
357:. All
169:, all
130:Russia
96:Signed
66:Crimea
62:Russia
2521:Tonga
2511:Samoa
2501:Palau
2481:Nauru
2330:Spain
2290:Malta
2265:Italy
2160:Yemen
2115:Syria
2090:Qatar
2060:Nepal
2010:Japan
1985:India
1975:China
1885:Chile
1863:South
1795:Haiti
1720:North
1669:Sudan
1614:Niger
1569:Libya
1554:Kenya
1534:Ghana
1524:Gabon
1499:Egypt
1439:Benin
1290:(1).
1265:(4).
1211:Brill
1187:(1).
657:(PDF)
196:state
2543:Guam
2476:Fiji
2180:and
2070:Oman
2035:Laos
2000:Iraq
1995:Iran
1938:Asia
1910:Peru
1757:Cuba
1679:Togo
1584:Mali
1474:Chad
1223:ISBN
1166:ISBN
1135:ISBN
1079:2022
1001:2022
669:2024
553:and
537:and
480:and
472:and
390:and
368:The
317:and
201:The
189:and
1359:Law
1317:doi
1296:doi
1271:doi
1242:hdl
1215:doi
1193:doi
1158:doi
128:of
68:),
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2541:,
2537:,
1851:,
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