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44:
830:
778:
419:
907:
675:
4658:
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151:
946:, and privileged individuals. Roman religious rituals and sacrifices were conducted on an altar, consecrated to the temple's deity, that was always located outside at the front of the aedes where worshipers gathered. This arrangement reflects the public nature of Roman religious offices, contrasting with the private character of modern religious services. In the temple yard, worshipers would face the aedes' doorway, within sight of the deity's image.
3612:
4540:
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158:
934:. The adyton is the innermost chamber of the temple, located at the back of the cella. The temple of Bziza is an aedes that follows this arrangement; its elevated adyton was reached through a flight of steps. Roman worship was not conducted within the aedes itself as the building did not have a congregational function like the places of worship of modern
962:
altar with offerings or sacrifices to face the direction of the sunrise in facing the statue in the temple, and thus those who are undertaking vows look toward the quarter from which the sun comes forth, and likewise the statues themselves appear to be coming forth out of the east to look upon them as they pray and sacrifice.
658:, 83 kilometres (52 mi) north of Beirut. The towns sits at an altitude of 410 metres (1,350 ft), at the southern tip of the Koura (Amioun) plain. The temple is located 350 metres (0.22 mi) to the south of the town center, and is a mere 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) away from the large Roman temple complex of
401:
The temple of Bziza was converted into a church during the early
Byzantine period between the fifth and sixth century and underwent further structural modifications during the Middle Ages between the twelfth and the thirteenth century. It is colloquially known as the Church of Our Lady of the Pillars
841:
times a church was built within the temple walls. The building's orientation was changed from the northwest to the east; the main door of the temple was walled, and a new doorway was opened in the southwest wall of the cella. The adyton's platform and back wall were dismantled and the northeast wall
2825:
Garreau
Forrest, Sophie (January 1, 2011). "Réhabilitation et réaménagements des sanctuaires païens dans les provinces maritime et Libanaise de la Phénicie à l'époque protobyzantine (IVe–VIIIe siècles)" [Rehabilitation and redevelopment of pagan shrines in the maritime and Lebanese provinces of
796:
The cella consists of two chambers, the first of which is roughly square followed by an adyton to the back of the building. On either side of the temple's cella walls are niches once used to house statues. The two niches of the right cella wall remain. The first niche is surmounted by the form of a
353:
in the first century AD, at a time when Roman hegemony over the region was still being consolidated. The
Phoenicians perpetuated the ancient tradition of building high-altitude sanctuaries and sacred precincts. Temples were situated on or overlooking mountain summits that were believed to be sacred
961:
The quarter toward which temples of the immortal gods ought to face is to be determined on the principle that, if there is no reason to hinder and the choice is free, the temple and the statue placed in the cella should face the western quarter of the sky. This will enable those who approach the
809:
with three fasciae. Traces of the adyton's platform are visible at the back of the temple. The adyton is recognizable by the remains of two pilasters with Attic style bases in the southwestern wall. The bases of the pilasters are situated 1.66 metres (5.4 ft) above the cella's ground level
865:
Further modifications were made to the church in the Middle Ages. A 4.33-metre (14.2 ft) rectangular masonry pillar was added to the adjoining wall of the two apses. There were three other similar pillars in the north, west and south corners of the cella that were removed during the 1990s
307:
maintained that the gods and goddesses venerated in
Phoenicia were Hellenized Phoenician deities. The wave of cultural Hellenization created pan-Phoenician patriotism and a deeper attachment to pre-Hellenic religious traditions. Phoenician devotion to ancient gods continued under Roman rule as
817:
Kalayan noted that the exterior of the southwest cella wall bears marks of an architectural sketch for the assembly of the temple's pronaos half-pediment. Another engraved sketch shows the plan of the temple's entablature. The now lost pediment measured 8.5 metres (28 ft) by 3 metres
874:
of the medieval chapel. Two 1838 paintings of the facade of the temple depict a gate arranged in the central intercolumnation of the pronaos. At the beginning of the twentieth century, only the left-hand side of the gate remained as demonstrated by a photograph taken during that period.
714:
that extends over three of the four columns. The space between the central columns is wider than that between the distal columns. The colonnade was added at a later stage of the temple's construction as indicated by the style of the ionic capitals that adheres to the model found in
2630:
Dentzer-Feydy, Jacqueline (1999). "Les temples de l'Hermon, de la Bekaa et de la vallée du Barada dessinés par W. J. Bankes (1786–1855)" [The temples of Hermon, the Bekaa and the Barada Valley as painted by W. J. Bankes (1786–1855)].
3406:
The
Ecclesiastical History of Sozomen, Comprising a History of the Church, from A.D. 324 to A.D. 440: Tr. from the Greek: with a Memoir of the Author. Also: The Ecclesiastical History of Philostorgius, as Epitomised by Photius, Patriarch of
472:
at the time, also visited the site in 1894 and took a photograph of the temple ruins. Nineteenth-century paintings and early twentieth-century photographs show the removed chapel remains and the oak tree that took root inside of the temple.
818:(9.8 ft). Excavations undertaken by Kalayan revealed an elevated podium that was not noted in Krencker's survey. The uncompleted podium spans the southwestern side of the temple and is structurally independent from the temple's
3522:
Yasmine, Jean (2009). "Transformations monumentales de sanctuaires et de temples antiques. Les cas de Niha et
Hardine" [Monumental transformations of sanctuaries and ancient temples. The cases of Niha and Hardine].
2883:
A History of the Church: The church and the world in which the church was founded. 2d ed. 1949. v. 2. The church and the world the church created. 2d ed. 1949. v. 3. The revolt against the church. pt. 1: Aquinas to Luther.
262:. The church, colloquially known until modern times as the Lady of the Pillars, fell into disrepair. Despite the church's condition, Christian devotion was still maintained in the nineteenth century in one of the temple's
5044:
976:
The temple of Bziza is one of the few Roman temples in
Lebanon to adhere to this rule as the temple is oriented to the northwest; in Bziza, the cult image was lit by the setting sun through the temple entrance.
709:
pronaos columns still stand, the fourth, found on the temple's northern corner was broken in two parts and was re-erected during restoration works. The columns are crowned with Ionic capitals supporting a
513:
The temple ruins of Bziza were featured on the 35 Lebanese piasters postage stamp in 1971, and on the 200 Lebanese piasters postage stamp in 1985. It appeared again on a 2002 Lebanese postage stamp.
846:
and are horseshoe-shaped with an aperture of 3.2 metres (10 ft) for the north apse and 3.57 metres (11.7 ft) for the south apse. A whole section of the latter is preserved up to the apse
495:("Roman Temples in Syria"). According to Krencker the chapel had been in ruins for a long time and a Christian devotion was still maintained in the nineteenth century in the "niche near the door".
325:
where numerous mountain sanctuaries were spreading all over the countryside. Temple building, urbanization and monumentalization of cities was financed by generous endowments of client kings and
2921:
2699:
Dussaud, René (1921). "Le peintre montfort en syrie (1837–1838): III. Le Liban et la Terre Sainte" [The painter
Montfort in Syria (1837–1838): III. Lebanon and the Holy Land].
4584:
2603:. Fifth Workshop of the International Network Impact of Empire (Roman Empire, 200 B.C. – A.D. 476). Impact of Empire. Vol. 5. Münster: Brill (published September 1, 2006).
358:
powers, Phoenician temples were
Hellenized then Romanized while maintaining balance between foreign elements and Semitic architectural archetypes, among which are tower altars,
502:
archaeologist
Harutune Kalayan, uncovering the podium and an architectural plan of half of the front pediment etched on one of the temple walls. In the 1990s, the Lebanese
3371:
3600:
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of the apses is comparable to that of the ancient reused temple blocks; the apses date, according to Krencker and Zschietzschmann, to the early Byzantine period.
481:
2864:
596:
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variant were found in the temple. Some of the bifid crosses are enclosed in circles. Subterranean rock-carved tombs were found to the south of the temple.
435:
4577:
1256:
3578:
4570:
375:
3593:
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333:. The prosperity of Roman Phoenicia was in turn fueled by maritime export and the elevation of numerous Phoenician cities to the status of
1932:
394:
issued a series of decrees that enforced the formal persecution of pagans; he ordered the closing of all pagan temples and forbade pagan
77:
1075:
Le B initial est sans doute le reste de Beth, conservé dans Bziza= Beth-Aziz, Beschtoudar= Beth-Aschtar, Derbaschtar= Deir Beth-Aschtar.
2984:. Vol. L013: Volume I. Orations 1–5. Translated by Wright, Emily Wilmer Cave. Harvard: Harvard University Press (published 1913).
5034:
3586:
2993:[The temple hidden under the church Saint Charbel in Maad. An attempt to trace the plan of the underlying ancient temple]
1356:
1049:
Dans le Liban, le B initial (Bteda, Bteddin, Bhadidat, etc.) est en général une abréviation pour Beth. De même, dans la Gémare, "
738:
by two entrances: a massive, richly decorated central door and a smaller side door located to the left of the main entrance. The
1669:
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3247:
3201:
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2608:
2539:
2462:
2441:
2408:
2381:
923:
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1082:, Berbaschtar = Deir Beth-Aschtar.] (Renan 1864). This toponymy and temple attribution was upheld by later historians and
4622:
3545:
2598:
2475:
Key to the Acts of the Apostles; or, The Acts of the Apostles historically, chronologically and geographically considered
150:
2991:"Le temple caché sous l'église Saint-Charbel de Maad. Une tentative pour retracer le plan du temple antique sous-jacent"
5029:
3608:
1901:
705:. The columns measure 5.93 metres (19.5 ft) tall and 0.67 metres (2.2 ft) in diameter. Three of the temple's
503:
2522:
1677:
833:
Architectural etches uncovered by Kalayan on the southwestern wall of the temple showing the plan for half a pediment.
618:
Evidence that Aziz, and more frequently Azizu, was used as a common and royal given name is abundant in Palmyrene and
607:, the god of trade and travelers. According to the Julian, the cult of Azizos and Monimos was associated with that of
2856:
2815:
2414:
859:
2430:
Aliquot, Julien (2019). "Chapter 9: Phoenicia in the Roman Empire". In Lopez-Ruiz, Carolina; Doak, Brian R. (eds.).
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996:
774:. The temple's smaller door has only two fasciae. The lintel is decorated with a frieze and a Corinthian dripstone.
506:
cleared away parts of the chapel during restoration works to highlight the remains of the ancient temple; only the
1871:
5039:
5006:
4729:
3717:
3548:[Jean-Baptiste Yon & Julien Aliquot, Greek and Latin Inscriptions at the National Museum of Beirut].
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under pain of death. Under his reign ordinary Christians began to vandalise pagan temples, tombs and monuments.
4472:
801:; the other one is plain and rectangular. Small columns stood in front of the niches; these supported a simple
526:
1252:
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that are repeated at the rear of the building. The temple was accessible from a stairway that was dismantled.
4945:
986:
639:
3173:]. Translated by Strong, Herbert Augustus. Robarts – University of Toronto. London: London Constable.
2403:]. Bibliothèque archéologique et historique (in French). Beirut: Presses de l’IFPO. pp. 233–271.
5054:
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4694:
4684:
4642:
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Lebanese-Armenian archaeologist Levon Nordiguian suggests that the pronaos could have served as a church
3546:"Jean-Baptiste Yon & Julien Aliquot, Inscriptions grecques et latines du Musée national de Beyrouth"
4955:
4895:
4530:
4900:
4657:
4407:
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587:(also called Monimos in later writings). Arsu is believed by Teixidor to be a personification of the
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431:
423:
189:
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3777:
530:
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conducted a survey of the site, later publishing his findings with the assistance of archaeologist
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Drijvers, H. J. W. (1972). "The cult of Azizos and Monimos at Edessa". In Layton, Bentley (ed.).
954:
847:
469:
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visited and painted the temple ruins. In 1860, French Semitic languages and civilizations expert
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dwellings of the gods and giants, guarded by archaic men and wild beasts. Under the influence of
288:
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is oriented to the northwest; it is fronted by unfluted columns standing on bases carved in the
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4925:
4839:
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4087:
3616:
3027:"Notes on Assembly Marks, Drawings and Models Concerning the Roman Period Monuments in Lebanon"
1924:
366:. The temple of Bziza adheres to this model, which characterized Romanized Phoenician temples.
350:
296:
243:
2903:
Tracciati di cantiere incisi nel Mausoleo di Augusto e sul Pantheon a Roma: ipotesi di lettura
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or may have been reserved exclusively for women worshipers through this separate access door.
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and underwent architectural modification during two phases of Christianization; in the Early
440:
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4647:
4487:
3867:
3468:
3372:"Creating civic space through religious innovation? The case of post-Seleucid Beqaa Valley"
2552:(April 1, 1980). "Newly Found Inscriptions in Old Canaanite and Early Phoenician Scripts".
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Phoenican cities that became Roman colonies: Beirut (colonia Iulia Augusta Felix Berytus),
851:
782:
763:
263:
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8:
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Uebersicht über die im Aramäischen, Arabischen und Hebräischen übliche Bildung der Nomina
724:
454:
330:
4562:
3037:. Damascus: Direction générale des antiquités et des musées, République Arabe Syrienne.
43:
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3727:
2716:
2600:
The Impact of Imperial Rome on Religions, Ritual and Religious Life in the Roman Empire
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547:
426:. The image shows modifications made to the temple and a tree growing within its walls.
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822:. This addition indicates an unfinished plan to transform the prostyle temple into a
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539:
499:
338:
251:
65:
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rectangular temple measures 8.5 metres (28 ft) by 14 metres (46 ft). The
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4062:
4002:
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3812:
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2734:. New York City: Britannica Educational Publishing, Rosen group. pp. 117–159.
2708:
2640:
2561:
2504:
991:
895:
838:
771:
266:. The temple of Bziza is featured on multiple stamps issued by the Lebanese state.
255:
3279:
3239:
The Formation of Nabataean Art: Prohibition of a Graven Image Among the Nabataeans
930:
of the divinity, which was typically placed in the adyton of the Roman temples in
754:
is finely realized with three fasciae adorned with a rich vegetal decoration. The
723:
as of the second century AD. The pronaos is well preserved, it is framed by short
4874:
4477:
4372:
4322:
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4272:
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1661:
1101:
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883:
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403:
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31:
3260:
Creating Shapes in Civil and Naval Architecture: A Cross-Disciplinary Comparison
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4232:
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4037:
3947:
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3687:
2801:
2670:
The Palmyrenes of Dura-Europos: A Study of Religious Interaction in Roman Syria
1442:
1430:
906:
887:
651:
638:, who was worshiped by Semites and was one of the three chief goddesses of the
623:
592:
464:) Azizo and attributed the town's temple to Azizos. Flemish Jesuit orientalist
391:
217:
3129:
3053:
God Against the Gods: The History of the War Between Monotheism and Polytheism
2908:
Construction Site Plans Engraved in the Mausoleum of Augustus and the Pantheon
2597:
De Blois, Lukas; Funke, Peter; Hahn, Johannes, eds. (June 30 – July 4, 2004).
2495:[The sketches of the theater of Miletus: practices of ancient sites].
2483:
634:
means "mighty" or "powerful". The female counterpart of ʿAziz is the goddess ʿ
5023:
4935:
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4412:
4347:
4302:
4267:
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3415:
3293:
3178:
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3042:
2892:
2847:
2749:
2573:
2518:
2349:
2335:
1025:
922:. The word templum, however, designates the sacred precinct within which the
911:
465:
379:
322:
92:
79:
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Conversion of non-Christian religious buildings and structures into churches
3536:
2947:
2712:
2644:
1893:
850:, located at 3.3 metres (11 ft) from the current floor of the cella. A
4824:
4437:
4427:
4397:
4387:
4352:
4342:
4337:
4312:
4297:
4287:
4262:
4237:
3992:
3977:
3907:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3767:
3757:
3362:
3155:
2839:
2492:
1021:
935:
446:
387:
334:
292:
197:
134:
3438:
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provide information on different stages of the site's Christianization. A
242:
where images of the deity once stood. The ancient temple functioned as an
4940:
4497:
4432:
4402:
4332:
4282:
4102:
4032:
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2662:] (in Arabic). Vol. 2. Beirut: المكتبة الكاثوليكية – دار المشرق.
2392:
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Lebanon and Its Provinces: a Study by the Governors of the Five Provinces
891:
867:
751:
702:
690:
663:
259:
130:
1365:, chapter "Let the curiosity of to know the future be silenced forever".
926:(shrine or temple) was built. The aedes' main function was to house the
4834:
4814:
4774:
4739:
4714:
4512:
4492:
4382:
4307:
4227:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4147:
4097:
3987:
3902:
3827:
3732:
3707:
3702:
3657:
3652:
3558:
3377:. In Kaizer, Ted; Leone, Anna; Thomas, Edmund; Witcher, Robert (eds.).
3196:] (in French). Beirut: PUSJ, Presses de l'Université Saint-Joseph.
2720:
2581:
2493:"Les épures du théâtre de Milet : pratiques de chantiers antiques"
1863:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1083:
927:
823:
802:
767:
683:
224:
2344:] (in Arabic). Tripoli, Lebanon: Jarrous press. pp. 225–226.
1582:
615:; he also recounts that Azizos precedes Helios in sacred processions.
4819:
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4764:
4317:
4247:
4192:
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4027:
4017:
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3937:
3917:
3832:
3752:
3742:
3073:"Henri Lammens (1862–1937) en de studie van de Islam en het Arabisch"
2793:
2728:
Etheredge, Laura S. (2011). "Chapter 10 – Lebanon past and present".
2614:
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was replaced by a double apse. The apses have a four-sided polygonal
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383:
284:
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3006:
2565:
2509:
1449:
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4502:
4007:
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3647:
2757:
Eusebius, (Eusebius of Caesarea) (2018). Horn, Apostle Arne (ed.).
811:
789:
728:
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and a rectangular masonry pillar from the Christian chapel remain.
450:
355:
227:
4517:
2826:
Phoenicia in the early Byzantine period (4th–8th centuries)].
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1805:
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temple, minus the adyton found at the back of the cella in Bziza.
4789:
4607:
4551:
4167:
4152:
4107:
4082:
4022:
4012:
3982:
3927:
3922:
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3847:
3762:
3737:
3722:
3662:
3627:
3611:
3257:
Pomey, Patrice (2009). Nowacki, Horst; Lefèvre, Wolfgang (eds.).
2977:
2781:Étude sur les emprunts syriaques dans les parlers arabes du Liban
1079:
1017:
931:
919:
876:
798:
786:
755:
698:
599:", Azizos is depicted as the counterpart of the Greek god of war
573:
559:
359:
326:
231:
201:
3075:[Henri Lammens (1862–1937), Arabic and Islamic studies]
1983:
1959:
1768:
1766:
635:
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meaning the house or temple of Azizos. Azizos was identified as
4849:
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3822:
3787:
3772:
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522:
476:
In the early twentieth century, German architectural historian
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300:
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239:
185:
120:
49:
3020:(in French). Vol. 18–19. Beirut: Musée National Libanais.
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2012:
2010:
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3632:
2433:
The Oxford Handbook of the Phoenician and Punic Mediterranean
2151:
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1509:
1507:
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Plan of the temple of Bziza with later modifications in gray.
577:
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247:
235:
205:
61:
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Ancient Building Technology, Volume 3: Construction (2 Vols)
3163:
Lucian, (Lucian of Samosata) (1913) . Garstang, John (ed.).
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1995:
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In a later chapter he affirmed his previous interpretation:
422:
An 1838 sketch of the temple of Bziza by the French painter
4769:
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4704:
3897:
3872:
3862:
3712:
3697:
2942:] (in French). Kaslik, Lebanon: Cedlusek. p. 143.
2940:
The Syriac Dimension in the Art and Architecture of Lebanon
2935:
La dimension Syriaque dans l'art et l'architecture au Liban
2007:
1494:
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1114:
1033:
871:
739:
622:
inscriptions. Another Latinized form, Azizus, was found in
600:
591:. Both gods were regarded as the protectors of traders. In
584:
580:
507:
321:. Lucian visited sacred cities of Syria, Phoenicia and the
213:
184:
is a well-preserved first century AD building dedicated to
2240:
2085:
1790:
1753:
1751:
1504:
1283:
4592:
4067:
3281:
Mission de Phénicie dirigée par Ernest Renan : Texte
2927:
from the original on August 9, 2017 – via Uniroma1.
2182:
2180:
2178:
2136:
2109:
2049:
1947:
1683:
1644:
1642:
1629:
1567:
1531:
1470:
1194:
2763:. Cayenne, French Guiana: New Apostolic Bible Covenant.
2707:(1). Beirut: Institut Francais du Proche-Orient: 63–72.
1834:
1832:
1736:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1519:
1489:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1184:
1182:
1157:
1155:
3304:
Handbuch der Orientalistik: Der Nahe und Mittlere Osten
3301:
Salles, Jean-Francois (1995). Krings, Véronique (ed.).
3103:
2694:. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Archive. pp. 355–371.
2288:
2252:
2204:
2027:
2025:
1971:
1748:
1712:
1588:
1464:
1235:
1233:
1140:
329:
citizens seeking to increase their power and sphere of
3433:] (in French). Beirut: Dar el-Machreq Publishers.
3309:
Handbook of Oriental Studies: The Near and Middle East
2192:
2175:
2097:
2037:
1724:
1639:
1096:
Bziza is pronounced Bzizo in the mountain villages of
1024:(colonia Claudia Stabilis Germanica Ptolemais Felix),
4528:
3148:
Survey of Aramaic, Arabic, and Hebrew Nouns Etymology
2554:
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research
2436:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 111–124.
2376:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group.
2372:
Daily Life in the Roman City: Rome, Pompeii and Ostia
2312:
2124:
1829:
1662:
Lebanese postage stamps featuring the temple of Bziza
1606:
1368:
1332:
1307:
1218:
1179:
1152:
1128:
3099:
on September 13, 2019 – via ResearchGate GmbH.
2788:] (in French). Paris: Editions Honoré Champion.
2228:
2216:
2061:
2022:
1778:
1700:
1680:
on September 18, 2019. Retrieved September 18, 2019.
1555:
1230:
3351:Smith, William Robertson; Goldziher, Ignác (1903).
3286:
Mission of Phoenicia Directed by Ernest Renan: Text
2300:
2264:
2073:
1844:
1817:
1594:
1543:
1295:
1271:
1206:
238:. To the back of the temple lie the remains of the
3104:Krencker, Daniel; Zschietzschmann, Willy (1978) .
2369:
918:The origin of the modern word temple is the Latin
2596:
2454:Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire
1989:
1668:. Colnect. September 18, 2019. Archived from the
866:restoration of the temple. The pillars supported
766:on either angle of the cornice. The large door's
5021:
3403:Sozomen, (Salminius Hermias Sozomenus) (1855) .
3288:] (in French). Paris: Imprimerie impériale.
2863:. Washington D.C.: Maronite research institute.
2401:Religious Life in Lebanon Under the Roman Empire
957:pronounced a rule for the alignment of temples:
654:within the administrative division of Lebanon's
572:. He is portrayed in the ancient Syrian city of
3543:
3379:Cities and Gods – Religious Space in Transition
3334:The Known and Unknown Lebanon: A Detailed Guide
3231:on September 13, 2019 – via Academia.edu.
3009:on September 13, 2019 – via Academia.edu.
2824:
2786:A Study of Syriac Borrowings in Lebanese Arabic
2397:La Vie religieuse au Liban sous l'Empire Romain
2282:
2169:
1811:
814:, once housing a statue of the temple's deity.
810:suggesting that they were part of the temple's
762:bearing images of two diagonally aligned small
669:
3544:Zellmann-Rohrer, Michael (December 15, 2017).
3381:. Leuven: Peeters Publishers. pp. 69–79.
3350:
2810:. California: University of California Press.
1772:
882:As well as architectural alterations, several
208:its current name, as Bziza is a corruption of
4578:
3594:
2988:
2629:
2001:
1965:
1032:(colonia Aurelia Pia metropolis Sidoniorum),
3466:
3325:
2356:
2016:
1513:
1410:
1398:
1073:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
938:religions; the aedes was only accessible to
170:Location of Roman temple of Bziza in Lebanon
16:Cultural heritage building in Bziza, Lebanon
3480:Winter, Frederick E.; Fedak, Janos (2006).
3479:
3242:. Ancient Near East. Leiden: Magnes Press.
2976:Julian, (Flavius Claudius Iulianus) (362).
2760:The Life of the Blessed Emperor Constantine
1953:
567:
498:In 1965, the site was further excavated by
309:
250:. The temple of Bziza was converted into a
4585:
4571:
3601:
3587:
3215:[Three medieval chapels of Bziza]
3210:
3185:
3136:
3114:] (in German). Berlin: W. de Gruyter.
2157:
2145:
2118:
2055:
1742:
1576:
1483:
1020:(colonia Iulia Augusta Felix Heliopolis),
785:. At the bottom-left corner, it depicts a
449:visited the temple; he explained that the
42:
3557:
3336:] (in French). Beirut: GEO Projects.
3329:Le Liban connu et méconnu: guide détaillé
3150:] (in German). Göttingen: Dieterich.
2982:Loeb Classical Library – Julian, Volume I
2727:
2508:
1922:
1429:
1146:
894:and several bifid crosses similar to the
886:engravings were found in the temple. The
349:The temple of Bziza was built during the
299:. In his treatise on Phoenician history,
3486:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
3445:
2931:
2756:
2687:
2532:Drawings in Greek and Roman Architecture
2333:
2294:
2258:
1757:
1718:
1694:
1350:
910:Photograph of the Bziza temple taken by
905:
828:
776:
673:
562:was one of the god's appellations. In a
417:
274:
230:building has two doors that connect the
4946:List of Christian cathedrals in Lebanon
3521:
3402:
3235:
3024:
3013:
2899:
2867:from the original on September 13, 2019
2854:
2777:
2698:
2490:
2429:
2390:
2367:
2342:The Dictionary of Semitic Civilizations
2318:
2246:
2198:
2186:
2130:
2103:
2067:
2043:
1904:from the original on September 22, 2019
1874:from the original on September 22, 2019
1730:
1648:
1633:
1600:
1549:
1525:
1386:
1326:
1289:
1224:
1200:
1188:
1161:
1134:
566:inscription, Azizos is given the title
157:
5022:
3500:
3475:from the original on 2 September 2023.
3471:[Theodosian Code] (in Latin).
3422:
3369:
3300:
3162:
3049:
2954:
2879:
2666:
2525:from the original on 13 December 2020.
2417:from the original on September 5, 2019
2234:
2222:
2210:
2031:
1977:
1935:from the original on September 4, 2019
1838:
1784:
1706:
1654:
1374:
1362:
1338:
1259:from the original on November 28, 2019
1239:
1212:
1173:
1078:Bziza = Beth-Aziz, Beschtoudar = Beth-
5003:UNESCO World Heritage Sites Proposed
4961:Saint George Greek Orthodox Cathedral
4593:Roman archaeological sites in Lebanon
4566:
3582:
3326:Skeels, Frank; Skeels, Laure (2001).
3277:
3256:
3221:Mélanges de l'Université Saint-Joseph
3213:"Trois chapelles médiévales de Bziza"
3194:Temples From the Roman Era in Lebanon
3070:
2975:
2548:
2529:
2497:Bulletin de correspondance hellénique
2471:
2306:
2091:
2079:
1923:Lendering, Jona (September 4, 2019).
1823:
1799:
1561:
1537:
1498:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1245:
682:The Bziza temple is a well-preserved
430:In 1838, French orientalist painters
3354:Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia
3189:Temples de l'époque romaine au Liban
2800:
2651:
2450:
2270:
1850:
1301:
1277:
630:. In the Semitic language, the root
3552:(in French) (94). Beirut: 349–362.
3550:Syria. Archéologie, Art et Histoire
3483:Studies in Hellenistic Architecture
2910:] (in Italian). Rome: Gangemi.
2691:Studies in the History of Religions
2478:. London: Oxford University Press.
1589:Krencker & Zschietzschmann 1978
1465:Krencker & Zschietzschmann 1978
1063:
1053:
407:
35:
13:
3357:. London: Adam and Charles Black.
3311:] (in French). Leiden: Brill.
2978:"Oration IV – Hymn to King Helios"
2334:ʿAbboudi, Henriette Saʿid (1988).
1925:"Ain Akrine (Qasr Naous) – Livius"
1416:
742:of the main door are adorned with
576:as a horseman, accompanied by his
504:Directorate General of Antiquities
378:was initiated during the reign of
14:
5066:
4880:Roman temple to Venus in Yammoune
2961:. New York: Infobase Publishing.
2807:Roman Military Records on Papyrus
2357:Abu-Izzeddin, Halim Said (1963).
854:separates the apse wall from the
413:
4656:
4550:
4538:
3610:
2958:Dictionary of Gods and Goddesses
997:Phoenician Sanctuary of Kharayeb
734:The pronaos is connected to the
453:of Bziza as a corruption of the
156:
149:
5035:Archaeological sites in Lebanon
5007:Category:Roman sites in Lebanon
3617:Archaeological sites in Lebanon
2861:The Journal of Maronite Studies
2327:
1990:De Blois, Funke & Hahn 2004
1916:
1886:
1856:
1046:Renan explained in his report:
650:The town of Bziza falls in the
603:, and Monimos was equated with
344:
4780:Khirbet El-Knese roman temples
4473:Tripolis (region of Phoenicia)
2932:Iskandar, Amine Jules (2001).
2857:"Frescoes of Saint Theodore's"
2673:. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill.
1107:
1089:
1039:
1036:(colonia Caesarea ad Libanum).
1009:
527:Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia
314:treatise by second century AD
1:
3017:Bulletin du Musée de Beyrouth
1122:
987:List of Ancient Roman temples
3426:Les Temples Romains au Liban
2989:Kahwagi-Janho, Hany (2016).
2887:. London: Sheed & Ward.
2457:. New York City: Routledge.
2368:Aldrete, Gregory S. (2004).
1900:. Localiban. July 25, 2015.
670:Architecture and description
640:pre-Islamic Arabian religion
279:In 64 BC, the Roman general
246:, the dwelling place of the
7:
4936:Saint Barbara of Heliopolis
4916:Stone of the Pregnant Woman
4855:Colonia Aurelia Pia "Sidon"
4695:Temples of the Beqaa Valley
4685:Temple of Jupiter (Baalbek)
4648:Roman Law school of Berytus
4643:Roman hippodrome of Berytus
4158:Stone of the Pregnant Woman
4118:Roman hippodrome of Berytus
3056:. London: Penguin compass.
3025:Kalayan, Haroutune (1971).
3014:Kalayan, Haroutune (1965).
2778:Feghali, Michel T. (1918).
1870:. Localiban. July 2, 2015.
1100:due to the survival of the
980:
969:De Architectura Libri Decem
901:
645:
374:A policy of repression and
188:, a personification of the
10:
5071:
4956:Catholic Church in Lebanon
3211:Nordiguian, Lévon (2016).
3186:Nordiguian, Lévon (2005).
2731:Syria, Lebanon, and Jordan
1773:Smith & Goldziher 1903
1109:
1091:
1041:
1028:(colonia Septimia Tyrus),
1011:
858:above. The quality of the
569:Deus bonus puer Phosphorus
554:; German biblical scholar
520:
369:
291:after years of disorderly
269:
5030:1st-century Roman temples
4999:
4901:Phoenice (Roman province)
4888:
4760:Mansourieh Roman aqueduct
4665:
4654:
4633:Berytus Colonnaded street
4623:Cisterns of Berytus Baths
4598:
4408:Tell Shaikh Hassan al Rai
4058:Phoenician port of Beirut
3978:Lake Qaraoun (Ain Jaouze)
3623:
3501:Wright, G. R. H. (2009).
3452:. Leiden: Brill Archive.
3446:Teixidor, Javier (1979).
3410:. London: Henry G. Bohn.
3107:Römische Tempel in Syrien
3050:Kirsch, Jonathan (2005).
1894:"Ain Aakrine – Localiban"
1068:
516:
493:Römische Tempel in Syrien
468:, who taught at Beirut's
432:Antoine-Alphonse Montfort
424:Antoine-Alphonse Montfort
362:and cellas with elevated
337:, giving the inhabitants
144:
140:
126:
116:
108:
71:
57:
41:
26:
21:
4860:Temnin el-Foka nymphaeum
4800:Monastery of Saint Maron
4750:Canalizations of Zenobia
3778:Canalizations of Zenobia
3431:Roman Temples in Lebanon
3370:Sommer, Michael (2013).
3227:. Beirut. Archived from
3005:. Beirut. Archived from
2955:Jordan, Michael (2014).
2667:Dirven, Lucinda (1999).
2491:Capelle, Jeanne (2017).
2391:Aliquot, Julien (2012).
2017:Skeels & Skeels 2001
1441:. Livius. Archived from
1104:of the vowel (ā) to (ō).
1002:
951:treatise on architecture
746:. The decoration of the
531:Ancient Semitic religion
258:period and later in the
4951:Christianity in Lebanon
4715:Ain Harcha roman temple
4690:Temples of Mount Hermon
4628:Berytus Cardo Decumanus
3963:Kouachra megalith field
3853:Heliopolis in Phoenicia
3537:10.3406/topoi.2009.2297
3449:The Pantheon of Palmyra
3423:Taylor, George (1971).
2900:Inglese, Carlo (1999).
2880:Hughes, Philip (1947).
2855:Hourani, Guita (1997).
2713:10.3406/syria.1921.8763
2645:10.3406/topoi.1999.1850
2534:. Oxford: Archeopress.
2530:Corso, Antonio (2016).
2472:Bowen, Francis (1869).
1954:Winter & Fedak 2006
955:Marcus Vitruvius Pollio
611:in the ancient city of
470:Saint Joseph University
376:persecution of paganism
289:Roman province of Syria
5040:Roman sites in Lebanon
4986:6th century in Lebanon
4981:5th century in Lebanon
4976:4th century in Lebanon
4971:3rd century in Lebanon
4966:2nd century in Lebanon
4926:Marcus Valerius Probus
4613:Roman Forum of Berytus
4463:Temple of the Obelisks
4113:Roman Forum of Berytus
4013:Mdoukha (Jebel Kassir)
3763:Berytus (Roman Beirut)
3574:on September 13, 2019.
3525:Topoi. Orient-Occident
3278:Renan, Ernest (1864).
3112:Roman Temples in Syria
3071:Knuts, Stijen (2008).
2840:10.1484/J.SEC.1.102514
2633:Topoi. Orient-Occident
2503:(2). Athens: 769–820.
2451:Ball, Warwick (2002).
1074:
1058:
1048:
974:
953:, the Roman architect
915:
834:
793:
679:
568:
427:
351:Julio-Claudian dynasty
310:
297:Seleucid dynastic wars
127:Architectural style(s)
4991:551 Beirut earthquake
4931:Eudokia of Heliopolis
4865:Tripolis in Phoenicia
4123:Roman temple of Bziza
3668:Akkar plain foothills
3467:Theodosius II (438).
3398:on September 5, 2019.
3171:On the Syrian Goddess
2834:. Turnhout: 193–214.
2337:معجم الحضارات السامية
2094:, pp. 43, 75–76.
1433:(November 23, 2018).
959:
909:
832:
780:
677:
482:Willy Zschietzschmann
421:
275:Historical background
182:Roman temple of Bziza
22:Roman temple of Bziza
4850:Schleem roman temple
4830:Qal'at Bustra temple
4795:Monastery of Qozhaya
4790:Libbaya roman temple
3469:"Codex Theodosianus"
3236:Patrich, J. (1990).
2828:Semitica et Classica
2660:The History of Syria
2652:Dibs, Yūsuf (1902).
2639:(2). Lyon: 527–568.
2283:Garreau Forrest 2011
2170:Garreau Forrest 2011
1812:Zellmann-Rohrer 2017
1670:original [1]
1540:, pp. 134, 238.
1353:, Book 3, Chapter 1.
727:ending with angular
390:. Constantine's son
382:when he ordered the
4911:Phoenice Libanensis
4785:Labweh Roman temple
4618:Berytus Roman Baths
4378:Tell Rasm El Hadeth
2802:Fink, Robert Orwill
2249:, pp. 114–115.
2172:, pp. 193–214.
2160:, pp. 395–396.
1968:, pp. 530–531.
1864:"Bziza – Localiban"
1814:, pp. 349–362.
1501:, pp. 134–135.
1292:, pp. 120–121.
1203:, pp. 113–115.
783:typology of temples
597:Hymn to King Helios
408:كنيسة سيدة العواميد
386:and destruction of
93:34.2699°N 35.8216°E
89: /
5055:Phoenician temples
5050:Temples in Lebanon
4906:Palaestina Secunda
4805:Nahle roman temple
4775:Kafr Zabad temples
4418:Tell Sultan Yakoub
4368:Tell Neba'a Litani
4363:Tell Neba'a Chaate
3728:Baidar ech Chamout
3559:10.4000/syria.5621
2617:on 4 December 2023
2550:Cross, Frank Moore
2363:. Beirut: Khayats.
2002:Kahwagi-Janho 2016
1966:Dentzer-Feydy 1999
1445:on March 31, 2018.
916:
835:
794:
680:
428:
319:Lucian of Samosata
5015:
5014:
4845:Saraain El Faouqa
4680:Temple of Bacchus
4638:Byzantine mosaics
4526:
4525:
4458:Temple of Jupiter
4448:Temple of Bacchus
4208:Tell Ain Ghessali
4203:Tell Ain el Meten
4133:Saraain El Faouqa
3514:978-90-04177-45-1
3507:. Leiden: Brill.
3493:978-08-02039-14-9
3459:978-90-04059-87-0
3388:978-90-42929-05-0
3343:978-18-59641-65-1
3318:978-90-04-10068-8
3270:978-90-04173-45-3
3263:. Leiden: Brill.
3249:978-90-04-09285-3
3203:978-99-53455-62-4
3121:978-31-10049-89-3
3063:978-14-40626-58-6
2968:978-09-65510-25-7
2917:978-88-74489-08-4
2770:978-02-44723-99-6
2741:978-16-15303-29-8
2680:978-90-04115-89-7
2610:978-90-47411-34-5
2541:978-17-84913-71-7
2464:978-11-34823-87-1
2443:978-01-90058-38-8
2410:978-23-51591-60-4
2383:978-03-13331-74-9
2213:, pp. 13–14.
1898:www.localiban.org
1868:www.localiban.org
1697:, pp. 68–71.
1528:, pp. 67–68.
1514:Abu-Izzeddin 1963
1411:Theodosius II 438
1399:Theodosius II 438
870:covering the two
781:A diagram of the
656:North Governorate
500:Lebanese-Armenian
339:Roman citizenship
308:described in the
200:lends the modern
178:
177:
5062:
4810:Nebi Safa temple
4765:Hebbariye temple
4720:Amioun Monastery
4668:(actual Lebanon)
4660:
4587:
4580:
4573:
4564:
4563:
4555:
4554:
4543:
4542:
4541:
4534:
4453:Temple of Eshmun
4063:Plain of Zgharta
4003:Maronite mummies
3958:Khirbet El-Knese
3913:Kamouh el Hermel
3843:Haret ech Cheikh
3813:Douris (Baalbek)
3793:Deir El Aachayer
3615:
3614:
3603:
3596:
3589:
3580:
3579:
3575:
3570:. Archived from
3561:
3540:
3518:
3497:
3476:
3463:
3442:
3419:
3399:
3397:
3391:. Archived from
3376:
3366:
3347:
3322:
3297:
3274:
3253:
3232:
3218:
3207:
3182:
3159:
3138:de Lagarde, Paul
3133:
3100:
3095:. Archived from
3078:
3067:
3046:
3021:
3010:
2996:
2985:
2972:
2951:
2928:
2926:
2896:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2851:
2821:
2797:
2794:10.7282/T3M0474W
2774:
2753:
2724:
2695:
2684:
2663:
2655:كتاب تاريخ سورية
2648:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2613:. Archived from
2593:
2545:
2526:
2512:
2487:
2468:
2447:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2387:
2375:
2364:
2353:
2322:
2316:
2310:
2304:
2298:
2292:
2286:
2280:
2274:
2268:
2262:
2256:
2250:
2244:
2238:
2232:
2226:
2220:
2214:
2208:
2202:
2196:
2190:
2184:
2173:
2167:
2161:
2155:
2149:
2143:
2134:
2128:
2122:
2116:
2107:
2101:
2095:
2089:
2083:
2077:
2071:
2065:
2059:
2053:
2047:
2041:
2035:
2029:
2020:
2014:
2005:
1999:
1993:
1987:
1981:
1980:, p. xlvii.
1975:
1969:
1963:
1957:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1860:
1854:
1848:
1842:
1836:
1827:
1821:
1815:
1809:
1803:
1797:
1788:
1782:
1776:
1770:
1761:
1755:
1746:
1740:
1734:
1728:
1722:
1716:
1710:
1704:
1698:
1692:
1681:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1637:
1631:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1574:
1565:
1559:
1553:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1529:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1502:
1496:
1487:
1481:
1468:
1462:
1447:
1446:
1427:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1396:
1390:
1384:
1378:
1372:
1366:
1360:
1354:
1348:
1342:
1336:
1330:
1324:
1305:
1299:
1293:
1287:
1281:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1253:"2 Kings 16:3–4"
1249:
1243:
1237:
1228:
1222:
1216:
1210:
1204:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1177:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1150:
1144:
1138:
1132:
1113:
1095:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1045:
1015:
992:Temple of Eshmun
972:
772:Corinthian order
571:
490:
444:
409:
313:
160:
159:
153:
104:
103:
101:
100:
99:
98:34.2699; 35.8216
94:
90:
87:
86:
85:
82:
46:
37:
19:
18:
5070:
5069:
5065:
5064:
5063:
5061:
5060:
5059:
5020:
5019:
5016:
5011:
4995:
4884:
4875:Tyre Necropolis
4840:Castra El Banat
4710:Ain Aata temple
4667:
4666:Roman Phoenicia
4661:
4652:
4601:(actual Beirut)
4600:
4594:
4591:
4561:
4549:
4539:
4537:
4529:
4527:
4522:
4478:Tyre Necropolis
4373:Tell Qasr Labwe
4323:Tell Kabb Elias
4293:Tell Hoch Rafqa
4273:Tell El Ghassil
4243:Tell Bir Dakoue
4218:Tell Ain Saouda
4213:Tell Ain Nfaikh
4163:Tahun ben Aissa
4128:Sands of Beirut
3868:Jabal es Saaïdé
3818:Elaea (Lebanon)
3803:Deir Mar Maroun
3619:
3609:
3607:
3515:
3494:
3460:
3395:
3389:
3374:
3344:
3319:
3271:
3250:
3216:
3204:
3122:
3076:
3064:
2994:
2969:
2924:
2918:
2870:
2868:
2818:
2771:
2742:
2681:
2620:
2618:
2611:
2566:10.2307/1356511
2542:
2510:10.4000/bch.583
2465:
2444:
2420:
2418:
2411:
2384:
2330:
2325:
2317:
2313:
2305:
2301:
2293:
2289:
2281:
2277:
2269:
2265:
2257:
2253:
2245:
2241:
2233:
2229:
2221:
2217:
2209:
2205:
2197:
2193:
2185:
2176:
2168:
2164:
2158:Nordiguian 2016
2156:
2152:
2146:Nordiguian 2016
2144:
2137:
2129:
2125:
2119:Nordiguian 2005
2117:
2110:
2102:
2098:
2090:
2086:
2078:
2074:
2066:
2062:
2056:Nordiguian 2016
2054:
2050:
2042:
2038:
2030:
2023:
2015:
2008:
2000:
1996:
1988:
1984:
1976:
1972:
1964:
1960:
1952:
1948:
1938:
1936:
1921:
1917:
1907:
1905:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1877:
1875:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1849:
1845:
1837:
1830:
1822:
1818:
1810:
1806:
1798:
1791:
1783:
1779:
1771:
1764:
1756:
1749:
1743:de Lagarde 1889
1741:
1737:
1729:
1725:
1717:
1713:
1705:
1701:
1693:
1684:
1659:
1655:
1647:
1640:
1632:
1607:
1599:
1595:
1591:, pp. 3–7.
1587:
1583:
1577:Nordiguian 2016
1575:
1568:
1560:
1556:
1548:
1544:
1536:
1532:
1524:
1520:
1512:
1505:
1497:
1490:
1484:Nordiguian 2016
1482:
1471:
1463:
1450:
1431:Lendering, Jona
1428:
1417:
1409:
1405:
1397:
1393:
1385:
1381:
1373:
1369:
1361:
1357:
1349:
1345:
1337:
1333:
1325:
1308:
1300:
1296:
1288:
1284:
1276:
1272:
1262:
1260:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1238:
1231:
1223:
1219:
1211:
1207:
1199:
1195:
1187:
1180:
1172:
1168:
1160:
1153:
1145:
1141:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1102:Canaanite shift
1005:
983:
973:
966:
904:
884:Christian cross
693:detailing. The
672:
662:in the town of
648:
626:parchments and
556:Paul de Lagarde
533:
521:Main articles:
519:
484:
478:Daniel Krencker
438:
436:François Lehoux
416:
372:
347:
277:
272:
194:Arab polytheism
174:
173:
172:
171:
168:
167:
166:
165:
164:Temple of Bziza
161:
97:
95:
91:
88:
83:
80:
78:
76:
75:
53:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5068:
5058:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5013:
5012:
5010:
5009:
5004:
5000:
4997:
4996:
4994:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4892:
4890:
4886:
4885:
4883:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4671:
4669:
4663:
4662:
4655:
4653:
4651:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4604:
4602:
4596:
4595:
4590:
4589:
4582:
4575:
4567:
4560:
4559:
4547:
4524:
4523:
4521:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4443:Temnin el-Foka
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4423:Tell Taalabaya
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4358:Tell Nahariyah
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4328:Tell Majdaloun
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4278:Tell El Hadeth
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4258:Tell Derzenoun
4255:
4253:Tell Delhamieh
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4233:Tell Bar Elias
4230:
4225:
4223:Tell Ain Sofar
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4198:Tell Ain Cerif
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4078:Qalaat Tannour
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4038:Nahle, Lebanon
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3948:Khallet Michte
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3688:Anjar, Lebanon
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3606:
3605:
3598:
3591:
3583:
3577:
3576:
3541:
3531:(1): 121–152.
3519:
3513:
3498:
3492:
3477:
3464:
3458:
3443:
3420:
3407:Constantinople
3400:
3387:
3367:
3348:
3342:
3323:
3317:
3298:
3275:
3269:
3254:
3248:
3233:
3208:
3202:
3183:
3160:
3134:
3120:
3101:
3068:
3062:
3047:
3022:
3011:
2986:
2973:
2967:
2952:
2929:
2916:
2897:
2877:
2852:
2822:
2816:
2798:
2775:
2769:
2754:
2740:
2725:
2696:
2685:
2679:
2664:
2649:
2627:
2609:
2594:
2546:
2540:
2527:
2488:
2469:
2463:
2448:
2442:
2427:
2409:
2388:
2382:
2365:
2354:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2311:
2299:
2297:, p. 143.
2287:
2285:, p. 197.
2275:
2273:, p. 224.
2263:
2261:, p. 226.
2251:
2239:
2227:
2215:
2203:
2201:, p. 129.
2191:
2189:, p. 150.
2174:
2162:
2150:
2148:, p. 394.
2135:
2123:
2121:, p. 192.
2108:
2106:, p. 796.
2096:
2084:
2072:
2060:
2058:, p. 391.
2048:
2046:, p. 271.
2036:
2021:
2019:, p. 239.
2006:
2004:, p. 192.
1994:
1992:, p. 134.
1982:
1970:
1958:
1946:
1929:www.livius.org
1915:
1885:
1855:
1853:, p. 462.
1843:
1841:, p. 237.
1828:
1816:
1804:
1789:
1777:
1775:, p. 302.
1762:
1760:, p. 370.
1747:
1735:
1733:, p. 113.
1723:
1721:, p. 359.
1711:
1699:
1682:
1653:
1651:, p. 269.
1638:
1605:
1593:
1581:
1579:, p. 395.
1566:
1564:, p. 413.
1554:
1542:
1530:
1518:
1503:
1488:
1486:, p. 396.
1469:
1448:
1439:www.livius.org
1415:
1403:
1391:
1379:
1377:, p. 172.
1367:
1355:
1343:
1341:, p. 173.
1331:
1306:
1304:, p. 334.
1294:
1282:
1280:, p. 322.
1270:
1244:
1242:, p. 571.
1229:
1227:, p. 121.
1217:
1205:
1193:
1191:, p. 120.
1178:
1176:, verses 9–10.
1166:
1164:, p. 117.
1151:
1149:, p. 130.
1147:Etheredge 2011
1139:
1137:, p. 112.
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1118:
1105:
1087:
1037:
1006:
1004:
1001:
1000:
999:
994:
989:
982:
979:
964:
903:
900:
888:cross variants
671:
668:
652:Koura district
647:
644:
624:Roman military
593:Emperor Julian
518:
515:
415:
414:Modern history
412:
392:Constantius II
371:
368:
346:
343:
295:caused by the
276:
273:
271:
268:
218:Emperor Julian
176:
175:
169:
163:
162:
155:
154:
148:
147:
146:
145:
142:
141:
138:
137:
128:
124:
123:
118:
114:
113:
112:1st century AD
110:
106:
105:
73:
69:
68:
59:
55:
54:
47:
39:
38:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5067:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5027:
5025:
5018:
5008:
5005:
5002:
5001:
4998:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4896:Roman Lebanon
4894:
4893:
4891:
4887:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4755:Dakoue temple
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4730:Augusti Pagus
4728:
4726:
4725:Arca Caesarea
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4672:
4670:
4664:
4659:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4599:Roman Berytus
4597:
4588:
4583:
4581:
4576:
4574:
4569:
4568:
4565:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4546:
4536:
4535:
4532:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4413:Tell Shamsine
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4348:Tell Mureibit
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4303:Tell Khardane
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4268:Tell el-Burak
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4093:Ras Baalbek I
4091:
4089:
4088:Qasr el Banat
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4073:Qal'at Bustra
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3858:Hermel plains
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3798:Deir Al-Ahmar
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3783:Dahr El Ahmar
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3718:Augusti Pagus
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3693:Antelias cave
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3625:
3622:
3618:
3613:
3604:
3599:
3597:
3592:
3590:
3585:
3584:
3581:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3520:
3516:
3510:
3506:
3505:
3499:
3495:
3489:
3485:
3484:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3465:
3461:
3455:
3451:
3450:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3427:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3408:
3401:
3394:
3390:
3384:
3380:
3373:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3355:
3349:
3345:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3330:
3324:
3320:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3305:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3282:
3276:
3272:
3266:
3262:
3261:
3255:
3251:
3245:
3241:
3240:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3223:(in French).
3222:
3214:
3209:
3205:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3190:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3167:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3144:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3108:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3087:. Amsterdam.
3086:
3082:
3074:
3069:
3065:
3059:
3055:
3054:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3023:
3019:
3018:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3001:(in French).
3000:
2992:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2974:
2970:
2964:
2960:
2959:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2936:
2930:
2923:
2919:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2904:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2885:
2878:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2823:
2819:
2817:9780829501742
2813:
2809:
2808:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2782:
2776:
2772:
2766:
2762:
2761:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2737:
2733:
2732:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2703:(in French).
2702:
2697:
2693:
2692:
2686:
2682:
2676:
2672:
2671:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2656:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2635:(in French).
2634:
2628:
2621:September 30,
2616:
2612:
2606:
2602:
2601:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2560:(238): 1–20.
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2537:
2533:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2502:
2499:(in French).
2498:
2494:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2476:
2470:
2466:
2460:
2456:
2455:
2449:
2445:
2439:
2435:
2434:
2428:
2416:
2412:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2389:
2385:
2379:
2374:
2373:
2366:
2362:
2361:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2321:, p. 21.
2320:
2315:
2309:, p. 14.
2308:
2303:
2296:
2295:Iskandar 2001
2291:
2284:
2279:
2272:
2267:
2260:
2259:ʿAbboudi 1988
2255:
2248:
2243:
2237:, p. 12.
2236:
2231:
2225:, p. 14.
2224:
2219:
2212:
2207:
2200:
2195:
2188:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2171:
2166:
2159:
2154:
2147:
2142:
2140:
2133:, p. 52.
2132:
2127:
2120:
2115:
2113:
2105:
2100:
2093:
2088:
2082:, p. 59.
2081:
2076:
2069:
2064:
2057:
2052:
2045:
2040:
2034:, p. 71.
2033:
2028:
2026:
2018:
2013:
2011:
2003:
1998:
1991:
1986:
1979:
1974:
1967:
1962:
1956:, p. 31.
1955:
1950:
1939:September 22,
1934:
1930:
1926:
1919:
1908:September 22,
1903:
1899:
1895:
1889:
1878:September 11,
1873:
1869:
1865:
1859:
1852:
1847:
1840:
1835:
1833:
1826:, p. 46.
1825:
1820:
1813:
1808:
1801:
1796:
1794:
1787:, p. 30.
1786:
1781:
1774:
1769:
1767:
1759:
1758:Drijvers 1972
1754:
1752:
1745:, p. 16.
1744:
1739:
1732:
1727:
1720:
1719:Drijvers 1972
1715:
1709:, p. 40.
1708:
1703:
1696:
1695:Teixidor 1979
1691:
1689:
1687:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1657:
1650:
1645:
1643:
1636:, p. 50.
1635:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1602:
1597:
1590:
1585:
1578:
1573:
1571:
1563:
1558:
1551:
1546:
1539:
1534:
1527:
1522:
1516:, p. 24.
1515:
1510:
1508:
1500:
1495:
1493:
1485:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1466:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1412:
1407:
1400:
1395:
1388:
1383:
1376:
1371:
1364:
1359:
1352:
1351:Eusebius 2018
1347:
1340:
1335:
1329:, p. 51.
1328:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1303:
1298:
1291:
1286:
1279:
1274:
1258:
1254:
1248:
1241:
1236:
1234:
1226:
1221:
1215:, p. 70.
1214:
1209:
1202:
1197:
1190:
1185:
1183:
1175:
1170:
1163:
1158:
1156:
1148:
1143:
1136:
1131:
1127:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1106:
1103:
1099:
1098:North Lebanon
1094:
1093:
1088:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1060:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1013:
1008:
1007:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
984:
978:
970:
963:
958:
956:
952:
947:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
913:
912:Henri Lammens
908:
899:
897:
893:
889:
885:
880:
878:
873:
869:
863:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
840:
831:
827:
825:
821:
815:
813:
808:
804:
800:
791:
788:
784:
779:
775:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
732:
730:
726:
722:
718:
713:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
685:
676:
667:
665:
661:
657:
653:
643:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
616:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
579:
575:
570:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
532:
528:
524:
514:
511:
509:
505:
501:
496:
494:
488:
483:
479:
474:
471:
467:
466:Henri Lammens
463:
459:
456:
452:
448:
442:
437:
433:
425:
420:
411:
405:
399:
397:
393:
389:
388:Roman temples
385:
381:
380:Constantine I
377:
367:
365:
361:
357:
352:
342:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
317:
312:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
267:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
226:
221:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
152:
143:
139:
136:
132:
129:
125:
122:
119:
115:
111:
107:
102:
74:
70:
67:
66:North Lebanon
63:
60:
56:
51:
45:
40:
33:
29:
25:
20:
5017:
4835:Castra Chbib
4825:Qalaat Faqra
4745:Bziza temple
4744:
4735:Bakka temple
4700:Aaqbe temple
4557:Christianity
4438:Tell Zeitoun
4428:Tell Wardeen
4398:Tell Saoudhi
4393:Tell Safiyeh
4388:Tell Saatiya
4353:Tell Murtafa
4343:Tell Meouchi
4338:Tell Mekhada
4313:Tell Jezireh
4298:Tell Karmita
4288:Tell Hazzine
4263:Tell Dibbine
4238:Tell Beshara
4122:
4043:Neba'a Faour
3993:Majdal Anjar
3908:Kamid el-Loz
3893:Joub Jannine
3888:Jeita Grotto
3883:Jebel Aabeby
3838:Hadeth south
3768:Bustan Birke
3758:Belat temple
3572:the original
3549:
3528:
3524:
3503:
3482:
3448:
3430:
3425:
3405:
3393:the original
3378:
3353:
3333:
3328:
3308:
3303:
3285:
3280:
3259:
3238:
3229:the original
3224:
3220:
3193:
3188:
3170:
3166:De dea Syria
3165:
3147:
3142:
3111:
3106:
3097:the original
3084:
3080:
3052:
3034:
3030:
3016:
3007:the original
3002:
2998:
2981:
2957:
2939:
2934:
2907:
2902:
2882:
2871:September 4,
2869:. Retrieved
2860:
2831:
2827:
2806:
2785:
2780:
2759:
2730:
2704:
2700:
2690:
2669:
2659:
2654:
2636:
2632:
2619:. Retrieved
2615:the original
2599:
2557:
2553:
2531:
2500:
2496:
2474:
2453:
2432:
2421:September 5,
2419:. Retrieved
2400:
2396:
2393:"Liban-Nord"
2371:
2359:
2341:
2336:
2328:Bibliography
2319:Feghali 1918
2314:
2302:
2290:
2278:
2266:
2254:
2247:Aliquot 2019
2242:
2230:
2218:
2206:
2199:Yasmine 2009
2194:
2187:Aldrete 2004
2165:
2153:
2131:Aliquot 2012
2126:
2104:Capelle 2017
2099:
2087:
2075:
2070:, p. 2.
2068:Inglese 1999
2063:
2051:
2044:Kalayan 1971
2039:
1997:
1985:
1973:
1961:
1949:
1937:. Retrieved
1928:
1918:
1906:. Retrieved
1897:
1888:
1876:. Retrieved
1867:
1858:
1846:
1819:
1807:
1802:, verse 150.
1780:
1738:
1731:Patrich 1990
1726:
1714:
1702:
1665:
1656:
1649:Kalayan 1971
1634:Aliquot 2012
1601:Kalayan 1965
1596:
1584:
1557:
1550:Hourani 1997
1545:
1533:
1526:Dussaud 1921
1521:
1467:, p. 5.
1443:the original
1438:
1406:
1394:
1389:, Chapter 5.
1387:Sozomen 1855
1382:
1370:
1358:
1346:
1334:
1327:Aliquot 2012
1297:
1290:Aliquot 2019
1285:
1273:
1263:November 28,
1261:. Retrieved
1247:
1225:Aliquot 2019
1220:
1208:
1201:Aliquot 2019
1196:
1189:Aliquot 2019
1169:
1162:Aliquot 2019
1142:
1135:Aliquot 2019
1130:
1117:coordinates.
1108:
1090:
1040:
1010:
975:
968:
960:
948:
936:monotheistic
917:
881:
868:groin vaults
864:
836:
816:
795:
733:
681:
659:
649:
631:
617:
589:evening star
558:showed that
552:morning star
543:
534:
512:
497:
492:
491:in the book
475:
461:
457:
447:Ernest Renan
429:
400:
373:
348:
345:Construction
335:Roman colony
311:De dea Syria
293:power vacuum
278:
234:to a square
222:
209:
198:Roman temple
190:morning star
181:
179:
27:
4941:Coele-Syria
4770:Iaat column
4498:Wadi Yaroun
4488:Umm al-Amad
4433:Tell Zenoub
4403:Tell Serhan
4333:Tell Masoud
4283:Tell Fadous
4103:Ras El Kelb
4033:Nachcharini
3933:Kafr Tebnit
3683:Amlaq Qatih
2235:Taylor 1971
2223:Taylor 1971
2211:Taylor 1971
2032:Sommer 2013
1978:Wright 2009
1839:Dirven 1999
1785:Jordan 2014
1707:Jordan 2014
1678:[3]
1674:[2]
1666:Colnect.com
1375:Hughes 1947
1363:Kirsch 2005
1339:Hughes 1947
1240:Salles 1995
1213:Sommer 2013
1174:Lucian 1913
1084:Onomastolgy
967:Vitruvius,
896:East Syriac
892:Latin cross
770:are in the
752:entablature
703:Attic style
691:Ionic order
664:Ain Aakrine
542:: 𐡰𐡦𐡩𐡦
485: [
439: [
260:Middle Ages
192:in ancient
131:Ionic order
96: /
72:Coordinates
28:Native name
5024:Categories
4740:Batroumine
4675:Heliopolis
4513:Ain W Zain
4493:Wadi Koura
4383:Tell Rayak
4308:Tell Kirri
4228:Tell Ayoub
4188:Tell Addus
4183:Tell Ablah
4178:Tell Aalaq
4148:Sin el Fil
4098:Ras Beirut
3998:Mansourieh
3988:Lion Tower
3903:Kafr Zabad
3828:Fadous Sud
3733:Batroumine
3708:Ard Tlaili
3703:Ard Saouda
3658:Ain Harcha
3653:Ain Choaab
3130:1072776246
2484:1202852243
2307:Cross 1980
2092:Corso 2016
2080:Pomey 2009
1931:. Livius.
1824:Bowen 1869
1800:Julian 362
1562:Knuts 2008
1538:Renan 1864
1499:Renan 1864
1413:, 16.10.3.
1123:References
928:cult image
860:stereotomy
824:peripteros
820:foundation
803:architrave
787:tetrastyle
768:dripstones
760:modillions
707:monolithic
684:tetrastyle
660:Qasr Naous
546:) was the
455:Phoenician
396:sacrifices
225:tetrastyle
210:Beth Azizo
84:35°49′18″E
81:34°16′12″N
48:Temple of
36:معبد بزيزا
4820:Hosn Niha
4318:Tell Jisr
4248:Tell Deir
4193:Tell Ahle
4053:Hosn Niha
4048:Nebi Safa
4028:Nabi Zair
4018:Moukhtara
3968:Ksar Akil
3938:Kfar Qouq
3918:Karak Nuh
3833:Hebbariye
3753:Beit Mery
3743:Bechamoun
3568:0039-7946
3416:931119707
3294:490085044
3179:938998722
3093:0778-8304
3043:941036518
2893:226658807
2848:2031-5937
2750:694831100
2590:222445150
2574:0003-097X
2519:0007-4217
2350:949513113
2271:Dibs 1902
1851:Fink 1931
1401:, 9.17.2.
1302:Ball 2002
1278:Ball 2002
856:semi-dome
839:Byzantine
807:archivolt
764:Victories
758:features
729:pilasters
595:'s work "
540:Palmyrene
384:pillaging
331:influence
285:Phoenicia
256:Byzantine
117:Built for
4921:Ulpianus
4503:Yammoune
4008:Mayrouba
3953:Kharayeb
3943:Kfarhata
3808:Dekwaneh
3673:Al-Bireh
3648:Ain Aata
3473:Archived
3140:(1889).
3081:Trajecta
2948:49912363
2922:Archived
2865:Archived
2804:(1931).
2523:Archived
2415:Archived
1933:Archived
1902:Archived
1872:Archived
1257:Archived
1086:experts.
1059:" pour "
981:See also
971:, IV:v:1
965:—
914:in 1894.
902:Function
790:prostyle
750:and the
721:Anatolia
687:prostyle
646:Location
583:brother
578:cameleer
548:Arab god
451:Toponymy
356:suzerain
283:annexed
228:prostyle
204:town of
202:Lebanese
58:Location
52:in Bziza
4889:Related
4608:Berytus
4545:Lebanon
4531:Portals
4153:Sarepta
4108:Rashaya
4083:Qaraoun
4023:Mtaileb
3983:Libbaya
3928:Kefraya
3923:Kaukaba
3878:Jdeideh
3848:Hashbai
3738:Batroun
3723:Baalbek
3663:Akbiyeh
3628:Aadloun
3363:2135752
3156:8528397
2999:Chronos
2721:4389703
2582:1356511
1435:"Bziza"
1080:Aschtar
1018:Baalbek
949:In his
940:priests
932:Lebanon
920:templum
877:narthex
852:molding
848:transom
812:edicule
805:and an
799:scallop
756:cornice
744:fasciae
699:pronaos
574:Palmyra
560:Lucifer
550:of the
370:Decline
364:adytons
360:temenoi
327:wealthy
323:Libanus
303:writer
301:Byblian
287:to the
270:History
232:pronaos
196:. This
4173:Tayibe
4138:Shheem
3973:Labweh
3823:Flaoui
3788:Dakoue
3773:Byblos
3748:Beirut
3698:Apheca
3678:Amioun
3638:Aammiq
3566:
3511:
3490:
3456:
3439:365828
3437:
3414:
3385:
3361:
3340:
3315:
3292:
3267:
3246:
3200:
3177:
3154:
3128:
3118:
3091:
3060:
3041:
2965:
2946:
2914:
2891:
2846:
2814:
2767:
2748:
2738:
2719:
2677:
2607:
2588:
2580:
2572:
2538:
2517:
2482:
2461:
2440:
2407:
2380:
2348:
944:augurs
844:chevet
748:lintel
712:frieze
695:ashlar
628:papyri
620:Emesan
613:Emesus
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