Bird migration - Knowledge

1723:, before being converted into agricultural land. 90% of North America's shorebirds utilize this migration path and the destruction of rest stops has had detrimental impacts on bird populations, as they cannot get adequate rest and food and can be unable to complete their migration. As a solution, conservationists and farmers in the United States are now working together to help provide stopover habitats for migrating birds. In the winter, when many of these birds are migrating, farmers are now flooding their fields in order to provide temporary wetlands for birds to rest and feed before continuing their journey. Rice is a major crop produced along this flyway, and flooded rice paddies have shown to be important areas for at least 169 different bird species. For example, in California, legislation changes have made it illegal for farmers to burn excess rice straw, so instead they have begun flooding their fields during the winter. Similar practices are now taking place across the nation, with the Mississippi Alluvial Valley being a primary area of interest due to its agricultural use and its importance for migration. 1008: 362: 195: 1532: 1610: 1731:, as well as various species of wading birds. The artificial nature of these temporary wetlands also greatly reduces the threat of predation from other wild animals. This practice requires extremely low investment on behalf of the farmers, and researchers believe that mutually beneficial approaches such as this are key to wildlife conservation moving forward. Economic incentives are key to getting more farmers to participate in this practice. However, issues can arise if bird populations are too high with their large amounts of droppings decreasing water quality and potentially leading to 236:, quoted a man's story about swallows being found in a chalk cliff collapse "while he was a schoolboy at Brighthelmstone", though the man denied being an eyewitness. However, he writes that "as to swallows being found in a torpid state during the winter in the Isle of Wight or any part of this country, I never heard any such account worth attending to", and that if early swallows "happen to find frost and snow they immediately withdraw for a time—a circumstance this much more in favour of hiding than migration", since he doubts they would "return for a week or two to warmer latitudes". 1146: 465:. These routes typically follow mountain ranges or coastlines, sometimes rivers, and may take advantage of updrafts and other wind patterns or avoid geographical barriers such as large stretches of open water. The specific routes may be genetically programmed or learned to varying degrees. The routes taken on forward and return migration are often different. A common pattern in North America is clockwise migration, where birds flying North tend to be further West, and flying South tend to shift Eastwards. 350: 7462: 40: 1046: 261: 9386: 9410: 338: 52: 742: 484: 9422: 930: 1578: 9398: 819: 1417:

timing of this moult – usually once a year but sometimes twice – varies with some species moulting prior to moving to their winter grounds and others molting prior to returning to their breeding grounds. Apart from physiological adaptations, migration sometimes requires behavioral changes such as flying in flocks to reduce the energy used in migration or the risk of predation.

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food availability, habitat, or weather. Sometimes, journeys are not termed "true migration" because they are irregular (nomadism, invasions, irruptions) or in only one direction (dispersal, movement of young away from natal area). Non-migratory birds are said to be resident or sedentary. Approximately 1,800 of the world's 10,000 bird species are long-distance migrants.

1235:) across multiple migrations showed that this species uses the local temperature to time their spring migration departure. Notably, departure responses to temperature varied between individuals but were individually repeatable (when tracked over multiple years). This suggests that individual use of temperature is a cue that allows for population-level 1735:. Increasing participation in this practice would allow migratory birds to spread out and rest on a wider variety of locations, decreasing the negative impacts of having too many birds congregated in a small area. Using this practice in areas with close proximity to natural wetlands could also greatly increase their positive impact. 1259: 294:, of Vienna ... and the result clearly proves, what is in fact now admitted on all hands, that Swallows do not in any material instance differ from other birds in their nature and propensities ; but that they leave us when this country can no longer furnish them with a supply of their proper and natural food ... 1703:

Other significant areas include stop-over sites between the wintering and breeding territories. A capture-recapture study of passerine migrants with high fidelity for breeding and wintering sites did not show similar strict association with stop-over sites. Unfortunately, many historic stopover sites

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Human activities have threatened many migratory bird species. The distances involved in bird migration mean that they often cross political boundaries of countries and conservation measures require international cooperation. Several international treaties have been signed to protect migratory species

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Stable isotopes of hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, and sulphur can establish avian migratory connectivity between wintering sites and breeding grounds. Stable isotopic methods to establish migratory linkage rely on spatial isotopic differences in bird diet that are incorporated into inert tissues

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Birds need to alter their metabolism to meet the demands of migration. The storage of energy through the accumulation of fat and the control of sleep in nocturnal migrants require special physiological adaptations. In addition, the feathers of a bird suffer from wear-and-tear and must be moulted. The

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The ability of birds to navigate during migrations cannot be fully explained by endogenous programming, even with the help of responses to environmental cues. The ability to successfully perform long-distance migrations can probably only be fully explained with an accounting for the cognitive ability

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Plant debris provides food sources for the birds while the newly formed wetland serves as a habitat for bird prey species such as insects and other invertebrates. In turn, bird foraging assists in breaking down plant matter. Droppings then help to fertilize the field, helping the farmers and in turn

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A migration route often does not follow the most direct line between breeding and wintering grounds. Rather, it could follow a hooked or arched line, with detours around geographical barriers or towards suitable stopover habitat. For most land birds, such barriers could consist of large water bodies

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Within a species not all populations may be migratory; this is known as "partial migration". Partial migration is very common in the southern continents; in Australia, 44% of non-passerine birds and 32% of passerine species are partially migratory. In some species, the population at higher latitudes

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Migration is the regular seasonal movement, often north and south, undertaken by many species of birds. Migration is marked by its annual seasonality and movement between breeding and non-breeding areas. Nonmigratory bird movements include those made in response to environmental changes including in

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Migrating birds can lose their way and appear outside their normal ranges. This can be due to flying past their destinations as in the "spring overshoot" in which birds returning to their breeding areas overshoot and end up further north than intended. Certain areas, because of their location, have

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During nocturnal migration ("nocmig"), many birds give nocturnal flight calls, which are short, contact-type calls. These likely serve to maintain the composition of a migrating flock, and can sometimes encode the sex of a migrating individual, and to avoid collision in the air. Nocturnal migration

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have been recorded by GPS flying at up to 6,540 m (21,460 ft) while crossing the Himalayas, at the same time engaging in the highest rates of climb to altitude for any bird. Anecdotal reports of them flying much higher have yet to be corroborated with any direct evidence. Seabirds fly low

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Bird migration is primarily, but not entirely, a Northern Hemisphere phenomenon. This is because continental landmasses of the northern hemisphere are almost entirely temperate and subject to winter food shortages driving bird populations south (including the Southern Hemisphere) to overwinter; In

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bottleneck in the Caucasus is one of the heaviest migratory funnels on earth, created when hundreds of thousands of soaring birds avoid flying over the Black Sea surface and across high mountains. Birds of prey such as honey buzzards which migrate using thermals lose only 10 to 20% of their weight

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The control of migration, its timing and response are genetically controlled and appear to be a primitive trait that is present even in non-migratory species of birds. The ability to navigate and orient themselves during migration is a much more complex phenomenon that may include both endogenous

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Orientation behavior studies have been traditionally carried out using variants of a setup known as the Emlen funnel, which consists of a circular cage with the top covered by glass or wire-screen so that either the sky is visible or the setup is placed in a planetarium or with other controls on

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A related phenomenon called "abmigration" involves birds from one region joining similar birds from a different breeding region in the common winter grounds and then migrating back along with the new population. This is especially common in some waterfowl, which shift from one flyway to another.

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and Polynesians suggest that bird migration was observed and interpreted for more than 3,000 years. In Samoan tradition, for example, Tagaloa sent his daughter Sina to Earth in the form of a bird, Tuli, to find dry land, the word tuli referring specifically to land-finding waders, often to the

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environmental cues. The orientation behavior of the bird inside the cage is studied quantitatively using the distribution of marks that the bird leaves on the walls of the cage. Other approaches used in pigeon homing studies make use of the direction in which the bird vanishes on the horizon.

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let it interpret the radical pair mechanism more accurately and let it know when it has reached its destination. There is a neural connection between the eye and "Cluster N", the part of the forebrain that is active during migrational orientation, suggesting that birds may actually be able to

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Migration in birds is highly labile and is believed to have developed independently in many avian lineages. While it is agreed that the behavioral and physiological adaptations necessary for migration are under genetic control, some authors have argued that no genetic change is necessary for

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is based on a variety of senses. Many birds have been shown to use a sun compass. Using the Sun for direction involves the need for making compensation based on the time. Navigation has been shown to be based on a combination of other abilities including the ability to detect magnetic fields

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In the tropics there is little variation in the length of day throughout the year, and it is always warm enough for a food supply, but altitudinal migration occurs in some tropical birds. There is evidence that this enables the migrants to obtain more of their preferred foods such as fruits.

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grounds – a bird that loads itself with food to cross a long barrier flies less efficiently. However some species show circuitous migratory routes that reflect historical range expansions and are far from optimal in ecological terms. An example is the migration of continental populations of

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For some species of waders, migration success depends on the availability of certain key food resources at stopover points along the migration route. This gives the migrants an opportunity to refuel for the next leg of the voyage. Some examples of important stopover locations are the

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Many long-distance migrants appear to be genetically programmed to respond to changing day length. Species that move short distances, however, may not need such a timing mechanism, instead moving in response to local weather conditions. Thus mountain and moorland breeders, such as

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Farnsworth, Andrew; Van Doren, Benjamin M.; Hochachka, Wesley M.; Sheldon, Daniel; Winner, Kevin; Irvine, Jed; Geevarghese, Jeffrey; Kelling, Steve (1 April 2016). "A characterization of autumn nocturnal migration detected by weather surveillance radars in the northeastern USA".

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do this same journey in reverse. As they are long-lived birds, they may cover enormous distances during their lives; one record-breaking Manx shearwater is calculated to have flown 8 million kilometres (4.5 million nautical miles) during its over-50-year lifespan.

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Many bird species in arid regions across southern Australia are nomadic; they follow water and food supply around the country in an irregular pattern, unrelated to season but related to rainfall. Several years may pass between visits to an area by a particular species.

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can be monitored using weather radar data, allowing ornithologists to estimate the number of birds migrating on a given night, and the direction of the migration. Future research includes the automatic detection and identification of nocturnally calling migrant birds.

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programs in controlling bird migrations. Caged birds display a preferential flight direction that corresponds with the migratory direction they would take in nature, changing their preferential direction at roughly the same time their wild conspecifics change course.

1566:. The rate of bird migration over the Alps (up to a height of 150 m) was found to be highly comparable between fixed-beam radar measurements and visual bird counts, highlighting the potential use of this technique as an objective way of quantifying bird migration. 436:. Many fully migratory species show leap-frog migration (birds that nest at higher latitudes spend the winter at lower latitudes), and many show the alternative, chain migration, where populations 'slide' more evenly north and south without reversing the order. 1295:

Long-distance migrants are believed to disperse as young birds and form attachments to potential breeding sites and to favorite wintering sites. Once the site attachment is made they show high site-fidelity, visiting the same wintering sites year after year.

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are expected to have an effect on the timing of migration. Studies have shown a variety of effects including timing changes in migration, breeding as well as population declines. Many species have been expanding their range as a likely consequence of

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of day migrating raptors such as ospreys and honey buzzards has shown that older individuals are better at making corrections for wind drift. Birds rely for navigation on a combination of innate biological senses and experience, as with the two

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in 1795, as well as physiological changes such as increased fat deposition. The occurrence of Zugunruhe even in cage-raised birds with no environmental cues (e.g. shortening of day and falling temperature) has pointed to the role of circannual

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migratory behavior to develop in a sedentary species because the genetic framework for migratory behavior exists in nearly all avian lineages. This explains the rapid appearance of migratory behavior after the most recent glacial maximum.

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summer and returning in the autumn to wintering grounds in warmer regions to the south. Of course, in the southern hemisphere, the directions are reversed, but there is less land area in the far south to support long-distance migration.

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significantly decreasing their need for artificial fertilizers by at least 13 percent. Recent studies have shown that the implementation of these temporary wetlands has had significant positive impacts on bird populations, such as the

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sensitive to short wavelengths are affected by the field. Although this only works during daylight hours, it does not use the position of the Sun in any way. With experience, it learns various landmarks and this "mapping" is done by

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An approach to identify migration intensity makes use of upward pointing microphones to record the nocturnal contact calls of flocks flying overhead. These are then analyzed in a laboratory to measure time, frequency and species.

964:. These birds migrate in the daytime. Migratory species in these groups have great difficulty crossing large bodies of water, since thermals only form over land, and these birds cannot maintain active flight for long distances. 432:

tends to be migratory and will often winter at lower latitude. The migrating birds bypass the latitudes where other populations may be sedentary, where suitable wintering habitats may already be occupied. This is an example of

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Nocturnal migrants minimize depredation, avoid overheating, and can feed during the day. One cost of nocturnal migration is the loss of sleep. Migrants may be able to alter their quality of sleep to compensate for the loss.

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contrast, among (pelagic) seabirds, species of the Southern Hemisphere are more likely to migrate. This is because there is a large area of ocean in the Southern Hemisphere, and more islands suitable for seabirds to nest.

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Reynolds, Mark D.; Sullivan, Brian L.; Hallstein, Eric; Matsumoto, Sandra; Kelling, Steve; Merrifield, Matthew; Fink, Daniel; Johnston, Alison; Hochachka, Wesley M.; Bruns, Nicholas E.; Reiter, Matthew E. (August 2017).

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The primary motivation for migration appears to be food; for example, some hummingbirds choose not to migrate if fed through the winter. In addition, the longer days of the northern summer provide extended time for

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wrote that birds transmuted into other birds or species like fish and animals, which explained their disappearance and reappearance. Aristotle thought many birds disappeared during cold weather because they were

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Lindström, Åke; Alerstam, Thomas; Andersson, Arne; Bäckman, Johan; Bahlenberg, Peter; Bom, Roeland; Ekblom, Robert; Klaassen, Raymond H.G.; Korniluk, Michał; Sjöberg, Sissel; Weber, Julia K.M. (August 2021).

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The primary physiological cue for migration is the changes in the day length. These changes are related to hormonal changes in the birds. In the period before migration, many birds display higher activity or

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From observing the migration of eleven soaring bird species over the Strait of Gibraltar, species which did not advance their autumn migration dates were those with declining breeding populations in Europe.

133:, undetected in unseen environments like tree hollows or burrowing down in mud found at the bottom of ponds, then reemerging months later. Still, Aristotle recorded that cranes traveled from the steppes of 4938:

Rohwer, S.; Butler, L. K. & DR Froehlich (2005). "Ecology and Demography of East-West Differences in Molt Scheduling of Neotropical Migrant Passerines". In R., Greenberg & Marra, P. P. (eds.).

1453:; this route is believed to be the consequence of a range expansion that occurred about 10,000 years ago. Detours may also be caused by differential wind conditions, predation risk, or other factors. 112:

The timing of migration seems to be controlled primarily by changes in day length. Migrating birds navigate using celestial cues from the Sun and stars, the Earth's magnetic field, and mental maps.

428:, which preys on nocturnal passerine migrants. The higher concentrations of migrating birds at stopover sites make them prone to parasites and pathogens, which require a heightened immune response. 1165:

Sometimes circumstances such as a good breeding season followed by a food source failure the following year lead to irruptions in which large numbers of a species move far beyond the normal range.

1504:, bird migration has been studied as a possible mechanism of disease transmission, but it has been found not to present a special risk; import of pet and domestic birds is a greater threat. Some 733:

make non-stop flights of 4,000–7,000 km, lasting 60–90 h, during which they change their average cruising heights from 2,000 m (above sea level) at night to around 4,000 m during daytime.

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than related non-migratory species that remain in the tropics. As the days shorten in autumn, the birds return to warmer regions where the available food supply varies little with the season.

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Swallows frequently roost at night, after they begin to congregate, by the sides of rivers and pools, from which circumstance it has been erroneously supposed that they retire into the water.

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migrate 14,000 km (8,700 mi) between their northern breeding grounds and the southern ocean. Shorter migrations are common, while longer ones are not. The shorter migrations include

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in just three months from fledging, a sea journey of over 22,000 km (12,000 nmi). Many tubenosed birds breed in the southern hemisphere and migrate north in the southern winter.

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over water but gain altitude when crossing land, and the reverse pattern is seen in land birds. However most bird migration is in the range of 150 to 600 m (490–2,000 ft).

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Bird migration routes have been studied by a variety of techniques including the oldest, marking. Swans have been marked with a nick on the beak since about 1560 in England. Scientific

894:" outside the breeding season. The tubenoses spread widely over large areas of open ocean, but congregate when food becomes available. Many are among the longest-distance migrants; 859:

has the longest-distance migration of any bird, and sees more daylight than any other, moving from its Arctic breeding grounds to the Antarctic non-breeding areas. One Arctic tern,

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Frias-Soler, Roberto Carlos; Pildaín, Lilian Villarín; Pârâu, Liviu G.; Wink, Michael; Bairlein, Franz (2020). "Transcriptome signatures in the brain of a migratory songbird".

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Panuccio, M.; Martín, B.; Onrubia, A.; Ferrer, M. (2017). "Long-term changes in autumn migration dates at the Strait of Gibraltar reflect population trends of soaring birds".

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Bewick then describes an experiment that succeeded in keeping swallows alive in Britain for several years, where they remained warm and dry through the winters. He concludes:

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Migration routes and wintering grounds are both genetically and traditionally determined depending on the social system of the species. In long-lived, social species such as

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have been destroyed or drastically reduced due to human agricultural development, leading to an increased risk of bird extinction, especially in the face of climate change.

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Hobson, Keith; Wassenaar, Leonard (1997). "Linking breeding and wintering grounds of neotropical migrant songbirds using stable hydrogen isotopic analysis of feathers".

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in Colorado migrate less than a kilometer away from their summer grounds to winter sites which may be higher or lower by about 400 m in altitude than the summer sites.

995:, can be counted in hundreds of thousands in autumn. Other barriers, such as mountain ranges, can cause funnelling, particularly of large diurnal migrants, as in the 3727:"Crossing the ultimate ecological barrier: evidence for an 11,000 km-long nonstop flight from Alaska to New Zealand and Eastern Australia by Bar-tailed Godwits" 1591:

and others to quantify migration involves observing the face of the full moon with a telescope and counting the silhouettes of flocks of birds as they fly at night.

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well show this unpredictable variation in annual numbers, with five major arrivals in Britain during the nineteenth century, but 18 between the years 1937 and 2000.

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during migration, which may explain why they forage less during migration than do smaller birds of prey with more active flight such as falcons, hawks and harriers.

6782:"Increased rice flooding during winter explains the recent increase in the Pacific Flyway White-fronted Goose Anser albifrons frontalis population in North America" 3956: 319:

with an arrow made from central African hardwood, which provided some of the earliest evidence of long-distance stork migration. This bird was referred to as a

6733:"Low external input sustainable agriculture: Winter flooding in rice fields increases bird use, fecal matter and soil health, reducing fertilizer requirements" 5980: 4106: 696:, large areas of land without wetlands offering suitable feeding sites may present a barrier, and detours avoiding such barriers are observed. For example, 4880:

Guillemain, M.; Sadoul, N.; Simon, G. (2005). "European flyway permeability and abmigration in Teal Anas crecca, an analysis based on ringing recoveries".

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flocks are often led by the oldest members and young storks learn the route on their first journey. In short-lived species that migrate alone, such as the

6404: 1662:) migration the enormous flocks were 1.5 kilometres (1 mi) wide, darkening the sky, and 500 km (300 mi) long, taking several days to pass. 2010:"From "arrow storks" to search engine data: Google Trends reveals seasonality in search interest for migratory white storks (Ciconia ciconia) in Germany" 1372:, where the genetic programming of young birds fails to work properly, can lead to rarities turning up as vagrants thousands of kilometres out of range. 528:

Aviation records from the United States show most collisions occur below 600 m (2,000 ft) and almost none above 1,800 m (5,900 ft).

7804: 3896: 1330:, which tell the bird how strong the field is. Because birds migrate between northern and southern regions, the magnetic field strengths at different 385:

Many bird populations migrate long distances along a flyway. The most common pattern involves flying north in the spring to breed in the temperate or

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Early studies on the timing of migration began in 1749 in Finland, with Johannes Leche of Turku collecting the dates of arrivals of spring migrants.

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include pollution, storms, wildfires, and habitat destruction along migration routes, denying migrants food at stopover points. For example, in the

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Acosta, Martín; Mugica, Lourdes; Blanco, Daniel; López-Lanús, Bernabé; Dias, Rafael Antunes; Doodnath, Lester W.; Hurtado, Joanna (December 2010).

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has expanded to cover the entire Northern Hemisphere, but the species still migrates up to 14,500 km to reach ancestral wintering grounds in

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Edwards, Darryl B.; Forbes, Mark R. (2007). "Absence of protandry in the spring migration of a population of Song Sparrows Melospiza melodia".

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Maanen, E. van; Goradze, I.; Gavashelishvili, A.; Goradze, R. (2001). "Opinion: Trapping and hunting of migratory raptors in western Georgia".

1649: 1239:. In other words, in a warming world, many migratory birds are predicted to depart earlier in the year for their summer or winter destination. 239:

Only at the end of the eighteenth century was migration accepted as an explanation for the winter disappearance of birds from northern climes.

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IUCN situation analysis on East and Southeast Asian intertidal habitats, with particular reference to the Yellow Sea (including the Bohai Sea)

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Schmidt, M.; Aschwanden, J.; Liechti, F.; Wichmann, G.; Nemeth, E. (2017). "Comparison of visual bird migration counts with radar estimates".

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These advantages offset the high stress, physical exertion costs, and other risks of migration. Predation can be heightened during migration:

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Bowen, Gabriel; Wassenaar, Leonard; Hobson, Keith (2005). "Global application of stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopes to wildlife forensics".

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Conversely, so-called "ship-assisted migration" may be a modern benefit to migrating birds by giving them a mid-ocean rest stop on ships.

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Short-distance passerine migrants have two evolutionary origins. Those that have long-distance migrants in the same family, such as the

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Most migrations begin with the birds starting off in a broad front. Often, this front narrows into one or more preferred routes termed

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Salamon, Justin; Bello, Juan Pablo; Farnsworth, Andrew; Robbins, Matt; Keen, Sara; Klinck, Holger; Kelling, Steve (23 November 2016).

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Ketterson, E. D., and V. Nolan. 1985. Intraspecific variation in avian migration: evolutionary and regulatory aspects, Pages 553–579

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The concentration of birds during migration can put species at risk. Some spectacular migrants have already gone extinct; during the

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Nocturnal migrants land in the morning and may feed for a few days before resuming their migration. These birds are referred to as

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Cruden, R. W. (1966). "Birds as Agents of Long-Distance Dispersal for Disjunct Plant Groups of the Temperate Western Hemisphere".

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Firth, Alexandra G.; Baker, Beth H.; Brooks, John P.; Smith, Renotta; Iglay, Raymond Bruce; Brian Davis, J. (15 September 2020).

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Berthold, P.; Helbig, A. J.; Mohr, G.; Querner, U. (1992). "Rapid microevolution of migratory behaviour in a wild bird species".

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J. Rappole; B. Helm; M. Ramos (2003). "An integrative framework for understanding the origin and evolution of avian migration".

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in 2002. Structures such as power lines, wind farms and offshore oil-rigs have also been known to affect migratory birds. Other

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It has been possible to teach a migration route to a flock of birds, for example in re-introduction schemes. After a trial with

7673: 7200: 6459:"Welcome aboard: are birds migrating across the Mediterranean Sea using ships as stopovers during adverse weather conditions?" 3652:"Site Safety and Food Affect Movements of Semipalmated Sandpipers (Calidris pusilla) Migrating Through the Upper Bay of Fundy" 7412: 7126: 7086: 7062: 6293: 5278:"Timing of autumn bird migration under climate change: advances in long-distance migrants, delays in short-distance migrants" 4947: 4236: 4131: 3783: 2327:

Popa-Lisseanu, A. G.; Delgado-Huertas, A.; Forero, M. G.; Rodriguez, A.; Arlettaz, R.; Ibanez, C. (2007). Rands, Sean (ed.).

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and other seas present a major obstacle to soaring birds, which must cross at the narrowest points. Massive numbers of large

773:, undertake long movements from their Arctic breeding grounds to warmer locations in the same hemisphere, but others such as 66:

between breeding and wintering grounds that occurs twice a year. It is typically from north to south or from south to north.

5802: 4585:"Site attachment and site fidelity in migratory birds: experimental evidence from the field and analogies from neurobiology" 4121: 2846:"Can Nocturnal Flight Calls of the Migrating Songbird, American Redstart, Encode Sexual Dimorphism and Individual Identity?" 1007: 810:

non-breeding areas. Prior to migration, 55 percent of their bodyweight is stored as fat to fuel this uninterrupted journey.

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Within a population, it is common for different ages and/or sexes to have different patterns of timing and distance. Female

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Sieges, Mason L.; Smolinsky, Jaclyn A.; Baldwin, Michael J.; Barrow, Wylie C.; Randall, Lori A.; Buler, Jeffrey J. (2014).

6288:, Occasional Paper of the IUCN Species Survival Commission No. 47, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN, p. 70, 6138: 1952: 4504:

Diego Rubolini; Fernando Spina; Nicola Saino (2004). "Protandry and sexual dimorphism in trans-Saharan migratory birds".

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Many migration routes of long-distance migratory birds are circuitous due to evolutionary history: the breeding range of

6898:"Estimation of nutrient input by a migratory bird, the Tundra Swan (Cygnus columbianus), to winter-flooded paddy fields" 3830: 7422: 7309: 7217: 7189: 5705: 5282: 4672: 4621: 3960: 3101: 2971:

Dokter, Adriaan M.; Liechti, Felix; Stark, Herbert; Delobbe, Laurent; Tabary, Pierre; Holleman, Iwan (6 January 2011).

2272:"Environmental Impact Assessment of the National Large Solar Telescope Project and its Ecological Impact in Merak Area" 1697: 1555: 1369: 7178: 361: 7615: 6896:

Somura, Hiroaki; Masunaga, Tsugiyuki; Mori, Yasushi; Takeda, Ikuo; Ide, Jun’ichiro; Sato, Hirokazu (1 January 2015).

6679:"The impact of waterfowl foraging on the decomposition of rice straw: mutual benefits for rice growers and waterfowl" 1749: 3372:

Bairlein, F.; Norris, D. R.; Nagel, R.; Bulte, M.; Voigt, C. C.; Fox, J. W.; Hussell, D. J. T.; et al. (2012).

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listed the titles of no fewer than 182 papers dealing with the hibernation of swallows. Even the "highly observant"

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Many, if not most, birds migrate in flocks. For larger birds, flying in flocks reduces the energy cost. Geese in a

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Aristotle, however, suggested that swallows and other birds hibernated. This belief persisted as late as 1878 when

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may however be spread by migrating birds. Birds may also have a role in the dispersal of propagules of plants and

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notes migrations with the inquiry: "Is it by your insight that the hawk hovers, spreads its wings southward?" The

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tools that they use. A young bird on its first migration flies in the correct direction according to the Earth's

232: 6430: 4348:"Stopover decision during migration: physiological conditions predict nocturnal restlessness in wild passerines" 2813: 2796: 480:

were found in radar studies to fly 5 km/h (2.5 kn) faster in flocks than when they were flying alone.

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to the contiguous United States and the American goldfinch from taiga to wintering grounds extending from the

6354: 4004: 1270:. This species has the longest known non-stop migration of any species, up to 10,200 km (5,500 nmi). 5092: 2770: 249:(Volume 1, 1797) mentions a report from "a very intelligent master of a vessel" who, "between the islands of 17: 4005:"Why do some, but not all, tropical birds migrate? A comparative study of diet breadth and fruit preference" 1429:

Theoretical analyses show that detours that increase flight distance by up to 20% will often be adaptive on

7383: 7334: 6048: 5604:"Dispersal of aquatic organisms by waterbirds: a review of past research and priorities for future studies" 1828: 1378:

of birds blown off course by the wind can result in "falls" of large numbers of migrants at coastal sites.

9426: 8283: 7630: 7583: 6328: 5981:"A comparison of nocturnal call counts of migrating birds and reflectivity measurements on Doppler radar" 2539:"Overlap between moult and autumn migration in passerines in northern taiga zone of Eastern Fennoscandia" 1728: 1716: 209: 7252:

Fostering greater understanding, appreciation, and protection of the grand phenomenon of bird migration.

5828: 2008:

Kaatz, Martin; Kaatz, Michael; Meinzenbach, Anne; Springer, Steffen; Zieger, Michael (1 November 2023).

852:

breeding in the temperate northern hemisphere, move varying distances south in the northern winter. The

8065: 7339: 6945:"Assessment of Bird Response to the Migratory Bird Habitat Initiative Using Weather-Surveillance Radar" 6218: 4719:"A Visual Pathway Links Brain Structures Active during Magnetic Compass Orientation in Migratory Birds" 2576:

Hummel, D.; Beukenberg, M. (1989). "Aerodynamische Interferenzeffekte beim Formationsflug von Vogeln".

1090:

move further, to the coast or towards the south. Species like the chaffinch are much less migratory in

670:, first-year migrants follow a genetically determined route that is alterable with selective breeding. 245: 6897: 6519: 5136:"Postglacial population expansion drives the evolution of long-distance avian migration in a songbird" 3752: 2009: 1145: 7980: 7970: 7517: 7488: 7388: 7326: 7190:

Canadian Migration Monitoring Network (Co-ordinates bird migration monitoring stations across Canada)

4855: 1645: 1355: 1236: 1034: 271:, found in 1822, demonstrated that birds migrated rather than hibernating or changing form in winter. 4595: 4518: 446:

in Eastern Fennoscandia migrate earlier in the autumn than males do and the European tits of genera

8306: 8288: 7668: 6362: 6033: 3628: 3602: 3576: 1462: 1250:, males tend to return earlier to the breeding sites than their females. This is termed protandry. 1214: 640: 257:, saw great numbers of Swallows flying northward", and states the situation in Britain as follows: 5698:"Western sandpipers have altered migration tactics as peregrine falcon populations have recovered" 3449: 2706:

Eastwood, E. & Rider, G. C. (1965). "Some radar measurements of the altitude of bird flight".

1803: 9448: 8311: 7749: 7534: 6353:

Catry, P.; Encarnacao, V.; Araujo, A.; Fearon, P.; Fearon, A.; Armelin, M.; Delaloye, P. (2004).

6241: 5695: 5241: 4079:

Cade, Brian S.; Hoffman, Richard W. (1993). "Differential Migration of Blue Grouse in Colorado".

3853: 3800: 1179:

too are irruptive, with widespread invasions across England noted in 1251, 1593, 1757, and 1791.

147: 7985: 2653:

Geroudet, P. (1954). "Des oiseaux migrateurs trouvés sur la glacier de Khumbu dans l'Himalaya".

1853:

Manu narratives of Polynesia: a comparative study of birds in 300 traditional Polynesian stories

1531: 1348: 9402: 8278: 8090: 8040: 7769: 7429: 7302: 5697: 4513: 2566:

M. A. Rankin, ed. Migration: mechanisms and adaptive significance, University of Texas, Austin.

2329:"Bats' Conquest of a Formidable Foraging Niche: The Myriads of Nocturnally Migrating Songbirds" 1744: 1689: 1609: 1314: 989: 774: 625: 370: 5013: 4224: 535:(Spheniscidae) migrate by swimming. These routes can cover over 1,000 km (550 nmi). 8115: 7578: 7483: 6458: 5696:

Ydenberg, Ronald C.; Butler, Robert W.; Lank, David B.; Smith, Barry D.; Ireland, J. (2004).

4100: 3890: 1693: 1604: 1476:. This is sometimes in the form of former vagrants becoming established or regular migrants. 1231: 1070: 1056: 194: 102: 7240: 7163: 6781: 3223: 2766: 420:

islands, has a very late breeding season, coordinated with the autumn passage of southbound

9458: 9453: 8743: 7789: 7754: 7592: 7539: 7446: 7018: 6909: 6841: 6744: 6690: 6581: 6531: 6256: 5937: 5886: 5615: 5343: 5242:"Shifts in crane migration phenology associated with climate change in southwestern Europe" 5199: 4965:"Adaptations to migration in birds: behavioural strategies, morphology and scaling effects" 4831: 4730: 4450: 4177: 4019: 3725:

Gill, Robert E. Jr.; Theunis Piersma; Gary Hufford; Rene Servranckx; Adrian Riegen (2005).

3528: 3472: 3338: 3041: 2921: 2857: 2538: 2446: 2340: 2129: 2021: 1523:

feed on nocturnal migrating passerines. Some birds of prey specialize on migrating waders.

1435: 1289: 664: 597: 410: 395: 167: 7194: 5328: 3294:

Sutherland, W. J. (1998). "Evidence for flexibility and constraint in migration systems".

2797:"Flight calls and their value for future ornithological studies and conservation research" 2326: 8: 8273: 8165: 8105: 8050: 7830: 7799: 7774: 7764: 7354: 5412:"Hopeful Monsters-In Defense of Quests to Rediscover Long-Lost Species: Hopeful monsters" 5014:"The physiology of long-distance migration: extending the limits of endurance metabolism" 4396: 3197: 2844:

Griffiths, Emily T.; Keen, Sara C.; Lanzone, Michael; Farnsworth, Andrew (10 June 2016).

1787: 1520: 1243: 506: 425: 7602: 7022: 6913: 6845: 6748: 6694: 6585: 6535: 6260: 5941: 5890: 5619: 5347: 5203: 4835: 4734: 4454: 4437:

Burnside, Robert J.; Salliss, Daniel; Collar, Nigel J.; Dolman, Paul M. (13 July 2021).

4181: 4023: 3532: 3517:"Extreme altitude changes between night and day during marathon flights of great snipes" 3476: 3342: 3148:"Migratory Sleeplessness in the White-Crowned Sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii)" 3045: 2925: 2861: 2450: 2344: 2133: 2025: 1094:

than those of continental Europe, mostly not moving more than 5 km in their lives.

833:

migration is similar in pattern to those of the waders and waterfowl. Some, such as the

9056: 8120: 8080: 8045: 7779: 7640: 7635: 6980: 6972: 6870: 6829: 6809: 6652: 6605: 6490: 6093: 5961: 5910: 5767: 5727: 5670: 5579: 5546: 5522: 5489: 5375: 5304: 5277: 5165: 5152: 5135: 5046: 4989: 4964: 4847: 4753: 4718: 4694: 4667: 4643: 4616: 4481: 4438: 4372: 4347: 4328: 4280: 4253: 4200: 4165: 4035: 3756: 3707: 3488: 3398: 3373: 3354: 3311: 3123: 3096: 3072: 3030:"Towards the Automatic Classification of Avian Flight Calls for Bioacoustic Monitoring" 3029: 3005: 2972: 2953: 2888: 2845: 2826: 2748: 2593: 2504: 2462: 2385: 2363: 2328: 2310: 2191: 2166: 2045: 1856: 1318: 681: 569:

in the regions where they occur for a short period between the origin and destination.

6543: 6240:

Murray, N. J.; Clemens, R. S.; Phinn, S. R.; Possingham, H. P.; Fuller, R. A. (2014).

4668:"Bird navigation: what type of information does the magnetite-based receptor provide?" 4439:"Birds use individually consistent temperature cues to time their migration departure" 3682: 3174: 3147: 3146:

Rattenborg, N. C.; Mandt, B. H.; Obermeyer, W. H.; Winsauer, P. J.; Huber, R. (2004).

2612: 1076:, may move only altitudinally to escape the cold higher ground. Other species such as 600:, in regions with milder winters than their summer breeding grounds. For example, the 9409: 9182: 9129: 9079: 8222: 8212: 8155: 7955: 7950: 7890: 7744: 7663: 7650: 7610: 7451: 7295: 7223: 7122: 7082: 7058: 7034: 6964: 6925: 6875: 6857: 6813: 6801: 6762: 6708: 6703: 6678: 6644: 6597: 6593: 6547: 6494: 6375: 6289: 6283: 6196: 6160: 5999: 5953: 5902: 5732: 5678: 5628: 5603: 5584: 5527: 5470: 5367: 5359: 5309: 5215: 5169: 5157: 5120: 5038: 4994: 4943: 4893: 4797: 4758: 4699: 4648: 4617:"Bird orientation: compensation for wind drift in migrating raptors is age dependent" 4554: 4486: 4468: 4419: 4377: 4332: 4320: 4285: 4232: 4205: 4137: 4127: 4054: 3779: 3554: 3546: 3403: 3276: 3179: 3145: 3128: 3077: 3059: 3010: 2992: 2945: 2937: 2893: 2875: 2818: 2635: 2419: 2414: 2387: 2368: 2271: 2228: 2196: 2147: 2096: 2049: 2037: 1883: 1860: 1327: 1280: 1275: 1263: 1247: 1098: 1012: 973: 965: 883: 796: 767: 745: 674: 657: 617: 601: 417: 90: 6984: 6656: 6609: 6310:"Migration routes and important stopover sites of endangered oriental white storks ( 5914: 5771: 5050: 4851: 4397:"Migratory directions of free-flying birds versus orientation in registration cages" 3760: 2973:"Bird migration flight altitudes studied by a network of operational weather radars" 2957: 2830: 2482:"Leapfrog migration in North American shorebirds: intra- and interspecific examples" 2466: 2075:

edition of the local student association's magazine containing an article about the

585:(Hirundinidae) and birds of prey, making long flights to the tropics. However, many 9048: 8190: 7862: 7625: 7573: 7556: 7478: 7470: 7026: 6956: 6917: 6865: 6849: 6793: 6752: 6698: 6636: 6589: 6539: 6520:"Conservation implications of flooding rice fields on winter waterbird communities" 6480: 6472: 6379: 6371: 6264: 6182: 6083: 5995: 5965: 5945: 5894: 5859: 5759: 5722: 5714: 5662: 5633: 5623: 5574: 5566: 5558: 5517: 5509: 5501: 5460: 5423: 5379: 5351: 5299: 5291: 5256: 5207: 5147: 5116: 5087: 5077: 5028: 4984: 4976: 4889: 4839: 4789: 4748: 4738: 4689: 4681: 4638: 4630: 4614: 4550: 4523: 4476: 4458: 4411: 4367: 4359: 4312: 4275: 4265: 4195: 4185: 4088: 4039: 4027: 3936: 3928: 3876: 3748: 3738: 3699: 3663: 3536: 3492: 3480: 3393: 3385: 3358: 3346: 3303: 3266: 3169: 3159: 3118: 3110: 3067: 3049: 3000: 2984: 2929: 2883: 2865: 2808: 2738: 2627: 2585: 2496: 2454: 2409: 2399: 2358: 2348: 2306: 2186: 2178: 2137: 2029: 1755: 1655: 1484:

The migration of birds also aids the movement of other species, including those of

1306: 1285: 1166: 1084: 902: 895: 704: 646:

follows this migratory trend, breeding in Asia and Europe and wintering in Africa.

517: 499: 487: 440: 159: 98: 67: 5327:

Both, Christiaan; Sandra Bouwhuis; C. M. Lessells; Marcel E. Visser (4 May 2006).

4777: 2597: 802:

have the longest known non-stop flight of any migrant, flying 11,000 km from

9280: 9108: 8578: 8100: 8085: 8023: 7922: 7850: 7441: 7318: 7258:

The Secrets of Bird Migration: The How, Why, And Where of Flying Across the World

7247: 6307: 6120: 5806: 5326: 4921: 4743: 4270: 4190: 3909:

Gensbol, B; (1984) Collins Guide to the Birds of Prey of Britain and Europe, p.28

3164: 3054: 2870: 2353: 2069: 1988: 1509: 1501: 1375: 1206: 996: 933: 914: 891: 834: 613: 586: 553:

have been observed to undertake long-distance movements on foot during droughts.

342: 291: 142: 9463: 9390: 9320: 9272: 9206: 9145: 9100: 9087: 8961: 8924: 8775: 8549: 8386: 8140: 8135: 8130: 8110: 8095: 7990: 7965: 7942: 7823: 7784: 7718: 7695: 7529: 7524: 7500: 7393: 6921: 6757: 6732: 6463: 6435: 6142: 5465: 5444: 5240:

Orellana, J.M.; Bautista, L.M.; Merchán, D.; Causapé, J.; Alonso, J.C. (2020).

4907: 3866: 1960: 1810:. Tudor Studios LLC which owns and operates Birds at First Sight. 20 March 2023 1732: 1669: 1497: 1473: 1468: 1402: 1310: 906: 789: 689: 629: 621: 513: 349: 121: 44: 7461: 5949: 5763: 4843: 4316: 4031: 3881: 3724: 3541: 3516: 2142: 2117: 2033: 1519:

Some predators take advantage of the concentration of birds during migration.

1258: 9442: 9328: 9312: 9235: 9227: 9061: 8859: 8709: 8596: 8554: 8354: 8346: 8268: 8232: 8150: 8074: 7902: 7658: 7400: 7371: 7349: 7145: 7096: 6968: 6929: 6861: 6805: 6766: 6712: 6648: 6601: 6570:"Functional Equivalency between Rice Fields and Seminatural Wetland Habitats" 6551: 5363: 5261: 4472: 4141: 3668: 3651: 3550: 3063: 2996: 2941: 2879: 2822: 2248: 2041: 1875: 1588: 1563: 1450: 1442: 1173: 1158: 1150: 1091: 1077: 1049: 868: 864: 697: 609: 495: 403: 240: 227: 223: 7284:– Interactive database with real-time information on bird migration (France) 5849: 5443:

Smith RP Jr; Rand PW; Lacombe EH; Morris SR; Holmes DW; Caporale DA (1996).

4527: 4463: 4415: 2090: 1401:

aircraft were used in the US to teach safe migration routes to reintroduced

905:

migrate 14,000 km (7,600 nmi) between the breeding colony and the

424:

migrants, which it feeds to its young. A similar strategy is adopted by the

9414: 9158: 9003: 8819: 8657: 8605: 8477: 8438: 8207: 8195: 8185: 8175: 7872: 7739: 7713: 7703: 7680: 7561: 7220:– follow the annual migration of ospreys from Cape Cod to Cuba to Venezuela 7038: 7030: 6879: 6853: 6352: 5978: 5957: 5906: 5750:

Greenwood, Jeremy J. D. (2007). "Citizens, science and bird conservation".

5736: 5718: 5682: 5588: 5562: 5531: 5505: 5371: 5313: 5295: 5219: 5211: 5161: 5042: 4998: 4980: 4801: 4762: 4703: 4685: 4652: 4634: 4490: 4423: 4381: 4363: 4324: 4289: 4209: 4092: 3558: 3407: 3389: 3280: 3183: 3132: 3114: 3081: 3014: 2988: 2949: 2897: 2423: 2404: 2372: 2200: 2182: 2151: 1685: 1581: 1551: 1485: 1430: 1391: 1130: 969: 945: 860: 785: 720: 688:

or high mountain ranges, a lack of stopover or feeding sites, or a lack of

593: 536: 366: 182: 175: 171: 39: 7278:– Count data and site profiles for over 300 North American Hawkwatch sites 7172: 5898: 5474: 5329:"Climate change and population declines in a long-distance migratory bird" 4793: 3484: 2639: 2631: 2386:

Ibáñez, C.; Juste, J.; García-Mudarra, J. L.; Agirre-Mendi, P. T. (2001).

2177:(1784). Jiguet, F.; Jønsson, K.A.; Condamine, F.L.; Morlon, H.: 20140473. 1570:

like feathers, or into growing tissues such as claws and muscle or blood.

472:

may conserve 12–20% of the energy they would need to fly alone. Red knots

97:, circle the Earth, flying over the southern oceans, while others such as 9219: 9066: 8872: 8851: 8840: 8805: 8672: 8662: 8620: 8511: 8378: 8180: 8005: 8000: 7932: 7917: 7885: 7759: 7708: 7549: 7405: 7231:– features not only birds, but other migratory vertebrates such as fishes 6960: 6640: 6384: 5547:"Migratory birds and spread of West Nile virus in the Western Hemisphere" 4002: 3097:"Songbird migration across the Sahara: the non-stop hypothesis rejected!" 2437:

Chan, K. (2001). "Partial migration in Australian land birds: a review".

2118:"Conservation ecology: area trumps mobility in fragment bird extinctions" 1681: 1267: 1063: 853: 823: 807: 730: 724: 693: 650: 525: 469: 374: 354: 321: 316: 312: 267: 155: 78: 7272:– Live bird migration counts and ringing records from all over the world 6976: 6944: 6485: 6355:"Are long-distance migrant passerines faithful to their stopover sites?" 6030:

Instructions to count nocturnal bird migration by watching the full moon

5544: 5355: 4503: 4345: 3941: 3328: 2293:

Dondini, G.; Vergari, S. (2000). "Carnivory in the greater noctule bat (

1500:

including those of concern to human health. Due to the global spread of

1313:, but does not know how far the journey will be. It does this through a 1045: 260: 9336: 9198: 9137: 9116: 8948: 8932: 8867: 8812: 8784: 8716: 8681: 8559: 8407: 8242: 8217: 7975: 7566: 7544: 7237:– Occurrence maps of migrations of various species in the United States 6097: 5674: 5638: 5428: 5411: 5033: 4775: 4305:

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part D: Genomics and Proteomics

3918: 3711: 3371: 3315: 3094: 2752: 2589: 2508: 1719:

was once a massive stopover site for birds traveling along the Pacific

1668:

along migration routes threatens some bird species. The populations of

1398: 1219: 1121:

Altitudinal migration is common on mountains worldwide, such as in the

1016: 716: 708: 399: 198: 81:

holds the long-distance migration record for birds, travelling between

7815: 6797: 6476: 5863: 3932: 3271: 3250: 684:

rather than establish new wintering grounds closer to breeding areas.

9296: 9251: 9040: 8833: 8750: 8734: 8723: 8633: 8569: 8528: 8227: 8028: 8015: 7995: 7895: 7794: 7434: 5570: 5513: 5490:"Birds and Influenza H5N1 Virus Movement to and within North America" 5442: 5396:

Bird Species and Climate Change: The Global Status Report version 1.0

4394: 3426: 3350: 1323: 1226: 1202: 1122: 1030: 985: 981: 977: 944:

columns of rising hot air to enable them to soar. These include many

887: 876: 872: 712: 550: 531:

Bird migration is not limited to birds that can fly. Most species of

454: 421: 125: 106: 94: 86: 71: 7175:

Olango Wildlife Sanctuary as a refuelling station of migratory birds

6088: 6071: 5927: 5666: 5082: 5065: 4665: 3703: 3307: 2933: 2743: 2726: 2500: 2458: 1107:

Species that have no long-distance migratory relatives, such as the

741: 337: 9264: 8994: 8969: 8915: 8826: 8798: 8688: 8652: 8644: 8626: 8521: 8506: 8490: 8237: 8200: 8033: 7723: 7685: 7417: 7359: 6308:

Shimazaki, Hiroto; Masayuki Tamura & Hiroyoshi Higuchi (2004).

6268: 2910: 1513: 1331: 780:

travel longer distances to the tropics in the Southern Hemisphere.

633: 589: 483: 7186:– Migration Interest Group: Research Applied Toward Education, USA 6826: 6072:"A technique for recording migratory orientation of captive birds" 6053:

University of Kansas Publications of the Museum of Natural History

4615:

Thorup, Kasper; Thomas Alerstam; Mikael Hake; Nils Kjelle (2003).

4123:

Finding Australian Birds : a Field Guide to Birding Locations

3854:"European Birding Hot Spot: The Strait of Messina, southern Italy" 3685:"Abundance and Distribution of Migrant Shorebirds in Delaware Bay" 3649: 3504:(breeding and wintering ranges with subspecies' flyway maps; diet) 2167:"Settling down of seasonal migrants promotes bird diversification" 924: 581:

The typical image of migration is of northern land birds, such as

494:

Birds fly at varying altitudes during migration. An expedition to

51: 9174: 9027: 8906: 8791: 8757: 8695: 8516: 8370: 8362: 8055: 7927: 7912: 7344: 5805:. Clemson University Radar Ornithology Laboratory. Archived from 4540: 4078: 3743: 3513: 1665: 1540: 1508:

that are maintained in birds without lethal effects, such as the

1446: 1363: 1108: 957: 949: 941: 830: 605: 582: 532: 341:

Flocks of birds assembling before migration southwards (probably

290:

These experiments have since been amply confirmed by ... M.

254: 250: 205: 134: 6780:

Cunningham, Stephanie A.; Zhao, Qing; Weegman, Mitch D. (2021).

2091:

Berthold, Peter; Bauer, Hans-Günther; Westhead, Valerie (2001).

929: 9304: 9243: 9019: 9011: 8940: 8880: 8764: 8702: 8585: 8252: 8247: 8125: 7378: 7205: 4937: 3683:

Kathleen E. Clark, Lawrence J. Niles and Joanna Burger (1993).

1950: 1720: 1688:. Birds were last seen in their favourite wintering grounds in 1020: 1000: 910: 818: 803: 760: 462: 386: 201: 130: 82: 7138:

Living On the Wind: Across the Hemisphere With Migratory Birds

5239: 4778:"The case for light-dependent magnetic orientation in animals" 2843: 1613:

Migration routes and countries with illegal hunting in Europe.

1577: 1354:

become famous as watchpoints for such birds. Examples are the

890:

of the southern oceans may circle the globe as they ride the "

9190: 8977: 8540: 7620: 7281: 7269: 7183: 6622: 6242:"Tracking the rapid loss of tidal wetlands in the Yellow Sea" 4927:. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 6 December 2006. 3027: 2007: 1677: 1559: 1536: 1505: 1489: 1359: 1126: 961: 953: 752: 448: 163: 63: 7275: 6942: 6239: 5979:

Farnsworth, A.; Gauthreaux, S. A.; van Blaricom, D. (2004).

5487: 4055:"The Fourth Dimension: An Overview of Altitudinal Migration" 3625:"Species factsheet: Semipalmated Sandpiper Calidris pusilla" 1804:"What Is Bird Migration? Fascinating Facts Uncovered (2024)" 181:

In the Pacific, traditional land-finding techniques used by

9166: 8533: 8496: 8466: 7880: 7846: 7366: 7287: 4940:

Birds of two worlds: the ecology and evolution of migration

4776:

Deutschlander, M. E.; Phillips, J. B.; Borland, SC (1999).

4436: 4346:

Fusani, L.; Cardinale, L.; Carere, C.; Goymann, W. (2009).

4302: 4254:"Migratory Restlessness in an Equatorial Nonmigratory Bird" 3095:

Schmaljohann, Heiko; Felix Liechti; Bruno Bruderer (2007).

2814:

10.1642/0004-8038(2005)122[0733:FCATVF]2.0.CO;2

1493: 1040: 845: 841: 138: 6049:"A quantitative study of the nocturnal migration of birds" 5445:"Role of bird migration in the long-distance dispersal of 9288: 8145: 7907: 5106: 4176:(8). Manica A.; Butchart S. H.; Rodrigues A. S.: e70907. 3248: 2970: 2613:"Energy savings in formation flight of Pink-footed Geese" 1680:

declined due to hunting along the route, particularly in

1300:

of the birds to recognize habitats and form mental maps.

882:

The most pelagic species, mainly in the 'tubenose' order

849: 543: 154:

Two books of the Bible may address avian migration. The

6895: 5876: 5601: 5133: 2610: 7228: 5392: 4666:

Wiltschko, W.; U. Munro; H. Ford; R. Wiltschko (2006).

4166:"Mapping Global Diversity Patterns for Migratory Birds" 189: 6281: 6197:"Fish and Wildlife Service- Bird Mortality Fact sheet" 4003:

Boyle, W. A.; Conway, C. J.; Bronstein, J. L. (2011).

3650:

Sprague, A. J.; D. J. Hamilton; A. W. Diamond (2008).

1982:

Flyer for the Rostock University Zoological Collection

1420: 377:

to rest and prepare for the long journey to the south.

30:"Bird of passage" redirects here. For other uses, see 6779: 6730: 6677:

Bird, J. A.; Pettygrove, G. S.; Eadie, J. M. (2000).

5792:. British Ornithologists' Union. London, pp. 338–341. 5545:

Rappole, J.H.; Derrickson, S.R.; Hubalek, Z. (2000).

4879: 4717:

Heyers, D.; Manns, M. (2007). Iwaniuk, Andrew (ed.).

3599:"Species factsheet: Western Sandpiper Calidris mauri" 1710: 988:

at migration times. More common species, such as the

639:, move completely or partially into the tropics. The 124:

recognized the seasonal comings and goings of birds.

6121:"Migratory bird Treaty 16 USC 703–711; 40 Stat. 755" 5829:"Tracking Cuckoos to Africa ... and back again" 2705: 2575: 1015:, point of transit of the migrations, seen from the 692:(important for broad-winged birds). Conversely, in 369:) gather in the northern federal states of Germany, 8437: 6676: 6518:Elphick, Chris S; Oring, Lewis W (1 January 2003). 6282:MacKinnon, J.; Verkuil, Y.I.; Murray, N.J. (2012), 4729:(9). Luksch. H; Güntürkün, O; Mouritsen, H.: e937. 3251:"Migratory orientation of first-year white storks ( 7805:Task allocation and partitioning of social insects 5011: 4395:Nievergelt, F.; Liechti, F.; Bruderer, B. (1999). 3249:Chernetsov, N.; Berthold, P.; Querner, U. (2004). 2292: 711:travel via low-lying coastal feeding-areas on the 325:, German for "Arrow stork". Since then, around 25 7166:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 5093:20.500.11755/8f0493ad-d3ff-48bf-b4ae-48c00e8a238a 4969:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 4105:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 3860: 3255:): inherited information and social interactions" 2270:Ramachandra, T. V.; et al. (February 2011). 1781: 1779: 1777: 1775: 1773: 542:perform altitudinal migration mostly by walking. 9440: 7214:– satellite tagging of light-bellied brent geese 7179:Migration Ecology Group, Lund University, Sweden 6431:"With Ships, Birds Find an Easier Way to Travel" 6139:"African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbird Agreement" 5410:Watson, David M.; Davis, Robert A. (July 2017). 5182: 4231:. Academic Press. pp. 396, and throughout. 3989: 3987: 1157:(1251) recording that year's major irruption of 7201:The Nature Conservancy's Migratory Bird Program 5275: 5066:"The genetics and evolution of avian migration" 4443:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3374:"Cross-hemisphere migration of a 25 g songbird" 2521: 1901: 1899: 1850: 925:Diurnal migration in large birds using thermals 556: 490:skeletons have been found high in the Himalayas 55:Examples of long-distance bird migration routes 7208:– a review from the Science Creative Quarterly 7119:Tracking Animal Migration with Stable Isotopes 7103:(1847 ed.). Newcastle: Beilby and Bewick. 4942:. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 94. 4814: 4582: 4113: 3895:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 ( 3627:. BirdLife International. 2014. Archived from 3601:. BirdLife International. 2014. Archived from 3575:. BirdLife International. 2014. Archived from 2672:Swan, L. W. (1970). "Goose of the Himalayas". 2388:"Bat predation on nocturnally migrating birds" 1953:"Zoologische Sammlung der Universität Rostock" 1770: 1650:African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbird Agreement 7831: 7303: 7197:- includes several articles on bird migration 5652: 4570:Avian Navigation: Pigeon Homing as a Paradigm 4561: 4052: 3984: 1796: 1253: 8345: 6830:"Dynamic conservation for migratory species" 6517: 4610: 4608: 4594:. Springer. pp. 117–129. Archived from 2695:. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston. p. 476. 1896: 1855:(Thesis). University of Otago. p. 118. 844:, are quite sedentary; others, such as most 6027: 5409: 4716: 4251: 3573:"Species factsheet: Dunlin Calidris alpina" 2671: 2269: 2115: 2086: 2084: 1873: 1598: 1140: 7838: 7824: 7310: 7296: 7117:Hobson, Keith; Wassenaar, Leonard (2008). 7110:Migration: The Biology of Life on The Move 6069: 4962: 4922:"Wisconsin Whooping Crane Management Plan" 4817:"Reverse migration as a cause of vagrancy" 3753:11370/531c931d-e4bd-427c-a6ad-1496c81d44c0 3441: 3293: 2794: 1951:Ragnar Kinzelbach; Stefan Richter (2010). 1229:tracking of 48 individual Asian houbaras ( 972:and storks pass through areas such as the 826:migrates the longest distance of any bird. 576: 166:in the heavens knows its seasons, and the 7081:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. 6902:Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 6869: 6756: 6737:Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 6702: 6524:Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 6484: 6383: 6159:. Smithsonian Institution. Archived from 6087: 5749: 5726: 5637: 5627: 5578: 5521: 5464: 5427: 5303: 5260: 5151: 5091: 5081: 5032: 4988: 4752: 4742: 4693: 4642: 4605: 4517: 4480: 4462: 4371: 4279: 4269: 4199: 4189: 4163: 3940: 3880: 3742: 3667: 3540: 3397: 3270: 3173: 3163: 3122: 3071: 3053: 3004: 2887: 2869: 2812: 2742: 2413: 2403: 2362: 2352: 2218: 2216: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2190: 2141: 1792:. Circular 16. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1385: 1186: 759:in North America). Many species, such as 6249:Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 5788:. In: Campbell. B. & Lack, E. 1985. 4583:Ketterson, E. D.; Nolan, V. Jr. (1990). 3957:"British Wildlife Recordings: Chaffinch" 2724: 2652: 2611:Cutts, C. J. & J R Speakman (1994). 2081: 1608: 1576: 1530: 1257: 1144: 1044: 1041:Short-distance and altitudinal migration 1029: 1006: 928: 817: 740: 512:at 5,000 m (16,000 ft) on the 482: 360: 348: 336: 259: 193: 50: 38: 7845: 6567: 6233: 5488:Rappole, J.H.; Hubálek, Zdenek (2006). 4567: 2322: 2320: 2164: 2158: 1785: 612:and neighbouring countries, whilst the 365:In autumn, gigantic numbers of cranes ( 14: 9441: 6891: 6889: 6726: 6724: 6722: 6672: 6670: 6668: 6666: 6625:"Birds of Rice Fields in the Americas" 6563: 6561: 6513: 6511: 6428: 6399: 6397: 6395: 6321:Mem Natl Inst. Polar Res., Spec. Issue 6046: 5063: 4222: 4119: 3447: 2977:Journal of the Royal Society Interface 2790: 2788: 2526:. Oxford University Press. p. 67. 2479: 2222: 2207: 1535:Radars for monitoring bird migration. 1317:whereby chemical reactions in special 940:Some large broad-winged birds rely on 596:(Fringillidae) species winters in the 398:birds to feed their young. This helps 8330: 7819: 7413:Patterns of self-organization in ants 7291: 7173:Route of East Asian Migratory Flyaway 5134:B. Mila; T. Smith; R. Wayne. (2006). 4060:. 25th Annual Bonn Convention, Berlin 3773: 3767: 3420: 2690: 2536: 2109: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1479: 230:, in his posthumously published 1789 9397: 7229:Global Register of Migratory Species 6456: 6314:) as revealed by satellite tracking" 3831:"Oldest bird clocks 5 million miles" 3828: 3798: 2436: 2317: 1882:. Chatto & Windus. p. 315. 190:Swallow migration versus hibernation 137:to marshes at the headwaters of the 9421: 7263: 6886: 6719: 6663: 6558: 6508: 6392: 6217:. About.com Birding. Archived from 6070:Emlen, S. T.; Emlen, J. T. (1966). 5602:Figuerola, O.; Green, A.J. (2002). 4225:"13. Large-Scale Movement Patterns" 3224:"American Goldfinch Identification" 2785: 2095:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1526: 1421:Evolutionary and ecological factors 1288:), use visual landmarks as well as 332: 115: 105:on mountains such as the Andes and 24: 7423:symmetry breaking of escaping ants 7168:on Adaptation to the Annual Cycle. 6995: 6212: 5706:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 5393:Wormworth, J.; Mallon, K. (2006). 5283:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 5153:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2006.tb01875.x 4673:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 4622:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 3102:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 2795:Farnsworth, Andrew (1 July 2005). 2311:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2000.tb00606.x 2171:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 1996: 1711:Stopover site conservation efforts 1558:in 1899. Other techniques include 1556:Hans Christian Cornelius Mortensen 1349:Vagrancy (biology) § In birds 25: 9475: 8299:Late Quaternary prehistoric birds 7241:Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center 7157: 6125:Legal Information Institute (LII) 5803:"Radar Ornithology: Introduction" 4126:. CSIRO Publishing. p. xiv. 3959:. British Library. Archived from 3851: 1851:Richter-Gravier, Raphael (2019). 1750:Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center 1456: 1339:the magnetic field of the Earth. 315:was found in the German state of 178:keep the time of their arrival." 9420: 9408: 9396: 9385: 9384: 9275:(New World vultures and condors) 7460: 7224:Bat predation on migrating birds 7079:Bird Migration: A General Survey 6936: 6820: 6773: 6704:10.1046/j.1365-2664.2000.00539.x 6616: 6594:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.98314.x 6450: 6422: 6376:10.1111/j.0908-8857.2004.03112.x 6346: 6301: 6275: 6206: 6189: 6175: 6149: 6131: 6113: 6104: 6063: 6040: 6021: 6000:10.1111/j.0908-8857.2004.03180.x 5972: 5921: 5870: 5843: 5821: 5795: 5778: 5743: 5689: 5646: 5629:10.1046/j.1365-2427.2002.00829.x 5595: 5538: 5481: 5436: 5403: 5386: 5320: 5269: 5233: 5176: 5121:10.1034/j.1600-048x.2003.03170.x 4894:10.1111/j.1474-919X.2005.00446.x 4555:10.1111/j.1474-919X.2007.00692.x 3198:"Dark-eyed Junco Identification" 2524:Bird Migration: A General Survey 2093:Bird Migration: A General Survey 1587:An older technique developed by 751:A similar situation occurs with 719:rather than directly across the 32:Bird of Passage (disambiguation) 7150:The Natural History of Selborne 6457:Sarà, Maurizio (21 July 2022). 6036:, CH-6204 Sempach, Switzerland. 5831:. British Trust for Ornithology 5276:Jenni L. & Kery M. (2003). 5127: 5100: 5057: 5021:Journal of Experimental Biology 5005: 4956: 4931: 4914: 4900: 4873: 4808: 4782:Journal of Experimental Biology 4769: 4710: 4659: 4576: 4534: 4497: 4430: 4404:Journal of Experimental Biology 4388: 4339: 4296: 4245: 4216: 4157: 4148: 4072: 4046: 3996: 3975: 3949: 3912: 3903: 3869:Bird Conservation International 3845: 3822: 3792: 3776:Birds of the Western Palearctic 3718: 3676: 3643: 3617: 3591: 3565: 3507: 3454:spp.) as food for brent geese ( 3414: 3365: 3322: 3287: 3259:Journal of Experimental Biology 3242: 3216: 3190: 3139: 3088: 3021: 2964: 2904: 2837: 2759: 2718: 2699: 2684: 2665: 2646: 2620:Journal of Experimental Biology 2604: 2569: 2556: 2530: 2515: 2473: 2430: 2379: 2286: 2263: 2241: 2056: 1975: 1944: 1935: 1926: 1262:The routes of satellite tagged 886:, are great wanderers, and the 458:only migrate their first year. 304: 233:The Natural History of Selborne 8331: 7195:Bird Research by Science Daily 7057:. Cambridge University Press. 7011:Journal of Theoretical Biology 5249:Avian Conservation and Ecology 5192:Journal of Theoretical Biology 4229:The Migration Ecology of Birds 4053:Kreft, Stefan (23 June 2004). 3656:Avian Conservation and Ecology 2727:"Weather and spring migration" 2225:The Migration Ecology of Birds 1917: 1908: 1867: 1844: 1833: 1822: 1698:East Asian–Australasian Flyway 1411: 1192:programs as well as learning. 813: 13: 1: 6544:10.1016/S0167-8809(02)00022-1 6429:Eberle, Ute (16 March 2023). 5449:, the vector of Lyme disease" 4095:(inactive 12 September 2024). 3423:"The Riddle of the White Sea" 2771:British Trust for Ornithology 1763: 213: 141:, an observation repeated by 7384:Mixed-species foraging flock 7335:Agent-based model in biology 7317: 6215:"Threats to Migrating Birds" 5551:Emerging Infectious Diseases 5494:Emerging Infectious Diseases 4744:10.1371/journal.pone.0000937 4271:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040110 4191:10.1371/journal.pone.0070907 3230:. Cornell Lab of Ornithology 3204:. Cornell Lab of Ornithology 3165:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020212 3055:10.1371/journal.pone.0166866 2871:10.1371/journal.pone.0156578 2767:"Nocmig: A beginner's guide" 2354:10.1371/journal.pone.0000205 1441:, which fly far east across 1237:adaptation to climate change 736: 557:Nocturnal migratory behavior 70:is inherently risky, due to 7: 9339:(woodpeckers and relatives) 7631:Particle swarm optimization 7004:"Detours in bird migration" 6183:"Siberian Crane fact sheet" 5185:"Detours in bird migration" 5012:Weber, Jean-Michel (2009). 3425:. Geese.org. Archived from 2546:Avian Ecology and Behaviour 2116:Sekercioglu, C. H. (2007). 1738: 1648:of 1918 of the US. and the 1342: 863:(banded) as a chick on the 89:each year. Some species of 10: 9480: 9201:(cormorants and relatives) 8294:Extinct species since 1500 7340:Collective animal behavior 7136:Weidensaul, Scott (1999). 7112:. Oxford University Press. 6922:10.1016/j.agee.2014.07.018 6758:10.1016/j.agee.2020.106962 6683:Journal of Applied Ecology 6568:Elphick, Chris S. (2000). 5758:(Supplement 1): S77–S124. 4252:Helm B, Gwinner E (2006). 3885:(inactive 21 August 2024). 1602: 1496:, which in turn may carry 1460: 1346: 1273: 1254:Orientation and navigation 1246:species with considerable 1054: 999:migratory bottleneck. The 632:. Some ducks, such as the 246:A History of British Birds 62:is a seasonal movement of 29: 27:Seasonal movement of birds 9380: 9331:(kingfishers and rollers) 9263: 9218: 9185:(albatrosses and petrels) 9157: 9128: 9099: 9078: 9069:(swifts and hummingbirds) 9051:(nightjars and relatives) 9039: 9002: 8993: 8960: 8923: 8914: 8905: 8901: 8875:(pheasants and relatives) 8850: 8774: 8733: 8671: 8643: 8619: 8595: 8568: 8489: 8476: 8433: 8406: 8402: 8341: 8337: 8326: 8322: 8261: 8164: 8064: 8014: 7941: 7871: 7858: 7732: 7694: 7649: 7601: 7469: 7458: 7325: 7235:eBird.com Occurrence Maps 7140:. Douglas & McIntyre. 7069:(first published 1982 as 7053:Alerstam, Thomas (1993). 7002:Alerstam, Thomas (2001). 6327:: 162–178. Archived from 6034:Schweizerische Vogelwarte 5950:10.1007/s00442-004-1813-y 5764:10.1007/s10336-007-0239-9 5183:Alerstam, Thomas (2001). 4844:10.1080/00063650409461358 4317:10.1016/j.cbd.2020.100681 4032:10.1007/s10682-010-9403-4 3882:10.1017/S095927090100017X 3542:10.1016/j.cub.2021.05.047 3465:Helgoland Marine Research 2143:10.1016/j.cub.2007.04.045 2034:10.1016/j.jcz.2023.09.005 1941:Bewick, 1797. pp. 302–303 1674:Leucogeranus leucogeranus 1646:Migratory Bird Treaty Act 1445:before turning south via 1356:Point Pelee National Park 1195: 1035:Ruby-throated hummingbird 85:breeding grounds and the 9230:(seriemas and relatives) 9209:(pelicans and relatives) 7669:Self-propelled particles 7101:History of British Birds 7077:Berthold, Peter (2001). 6363:Journal of Avian Biology 5988:Journal of Avian Biology 5713:(1545): 1263–1269 1263. 5466:10.1093/infdis/174.1.221 5262:10.5751/ACE-01565-150116 5109:Journal of Avian Biology 3733:(Submitted manuscript). 3669:10.5751/ACE-00252-030204 3448:Ganter, Barbara (2000). 3296:Journal of Avian Biology 2725:Williams, G. G. (1950). 2522:Berthold, Peter (2001). 1914:White, 1898. pp. 161–162 1599:Threats and conservation 1463:Climate change and birds 1215:Johann Friedrich Naumann 1141:Irruptions and dispersal 701:Branta bernicla bernicla 641:European pied flycatcher 547:Dromaius novaehollandiae 402:birds to produce larger 9323:(hornbills and hoopoes) 9238:(falcons and relatives) 7750:Collective intelligence 7616:Ant colony optimization 7246:4 February 2013 at the 6949:Southeastern Naturalist 4963:Hedenström, A. (2008). 4815:Thorup, Kasper (2004). 4590:. In E. Gwinner (ed.). 4568:Walraff, H. G. (2005). 4464:10.1073/pnas.2026378118 4416:10.1242/jeb.202.16.2225 4120:Rohan., Clarke (2014). 3774:Cramp, S., ed. (1985). 2914:Ecological Applications 2537:Panov, Ilya N. (2011). 1786:Lincoln, F. C. (1979). 1759:, 2001 documentary film 800:Limosa lapponica baueri 577:Long-distance migration 186:Pacific golden plover. 47:during autumn migration 9307:(trogons and quetzals) 9119:(cranes and relatives) 8389:(emus and cassowaries) 8279:Glossary of bird terms 8091:Confuciusornithiformes 7770:Microbial intelligence 7430:Shoaling and schooling 7206:The Compasses of Birds 7031:10.1006/jtbi.2001.2266 6854:10.1126/sciadv.1700707 6409:The Nature Conservancy 6157:"The Passenger Pigeon" 6047:Lowery, G. H. (1951). 5752:Journal of Ornithology 5719:10.1098/rspb.2004.2713 5563:10.3201/eid0604.000401 5506:10.3201/eid1210.051577 5296:10.1098/rspb.2003.2394 5212:10.1006/jtbi.2001.2266 4981:10.1098/rstb.2007.2140 4686:10.1098/rspb.2006.3651 4635:10.1098/rsbl.2003.0014 4364:10.1098/rsbl.2008.0755 4164:Somveille, M. (2013). 3829:Anon (18 April 2002). 3421:Green, Martin (1999). 3390:10.1098/rsbl.2011.1223 3115:10.1098/rspb.2006.0011 2989:10.1098/rsif.2010.0116 2693:The migration of birds 2480:Boland, J. M. (1990). 2405:10.1073/pnas.171140598 2183:10.1098/rspb.2014.0473 1905:White, 1898. pp. 27–28 1745:Human-guided migration 1690:Keoladeo National Park 1660:Ectopistes migratorius 1640: 1584: 1544: 1386:Migration conditioning 1315:radical pair mechanism 1271: 1232:Chlamydotis macqueenii 1213:), first described by 1211:migratory restlessness 1210: 1187:Physiology and control 1162: 1102:Phylloscopus collybita 1052: 1037: 1023: 1011:The bottleneck of the 990:European honey buzzard 937: 827: 775:semipalmated sandpiper 748: 703:migrating between the 491: 378: 371:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 358: 346: 329:have been documented. 302: 284: 272: 219: 103:altitudinal migrations 56: 48: 9148:(kagu and sunbittern) 9111:(gulls and relatives) 8116:Songlingornithiformes 8081:Omnivoropterygiformes 7108:Dingle, Hugh (1996). 7073:, Bokförlaget Signum) 6405:"Migration Moneyball" 6127:. Cornell Law School. 6110:Alerstam, 1993. p.352 5899:10.1007/s004420050068 5790:A dictionary of birds 4908:"Operation migration" 4794:10.1242/jeb.202.8.891 4528:10.1093/beheco/arh048 3485:10.1007/s101520050003 2632:10.1242/jeb.189.1.251 2014:Zoologischer Anzeiger 1923:Bewick, 1797. p. xvii 1615:Number of offenders: 1612: 1605:Bird migration perils 1580: 1534: 1266:migrating north from 1261: 1148: 1071:white-throated dipper 1057:Altitudinal migration 1048: 1033: 1010: 932: 821: 744: 486: 364: 352: 340: 288: 274: 263: 197: 54: 42: 8970:Phoenicopteriformes 7790:Spatial organization 7755:Decentralised system 7593:Sea turtle migration 7447:Swarming (honey bee) 6961:10.1656/058.013.0112 6641:10.1675/063.033.s108 6574:Conservation Biology 6145:on 16 December 2007. 6028:Liechti, F. (1996). 5416:Conservation Letters 4223:Newton, Ian (2010). 4154:Cocker, 2005. p. 455 4093:10.1093/auk/110.1.70 4012:Evolutionary Ecology 3993:Cocker, 2005. p. 326 3981:Cocker, 2005. p. 378 3799:Pyle, Peter (2001). 3527:(15): 3433–3439.e3. 2295:Nyctalus lasiopterus 2165:Rolland, J. (2014). 1932:Bewick, 1797. p. 300 1808:Birds at First Sight 1521:Greater noctule bats 1149:Mediaeval sketch by 907:North Atlantic Ocean 871:east coast, reached 665:yellow-billed cuckoo 598:North Temperate Zone 540:Dendragapus obscurus 353:Migrating waders in 162:comments: "Even the 8941:Mesitornithiformes 8935:(doves and pigeons) 8269:Families and orders 8131:Ichthyornithiformes 8106:Patagopterygiformes 7765:Group size measures 7327:Biological swarming 7164:Dedicated issue of 7023:2001JThBi.209..319A 6914:2015AgEE..199....1S 6846:2017SciA....3E0707R 6749:2020AgEE..30006962F 6695:2000JApEc..37..728B 6586:2000ConBi..14..181E 6536:2003AgEE...94...17E 6261:2014FrEE...12..267M 5942:2005Oecol.143..337B 5891:1997Oecol.109..142H 5784:Spencer, R. (1985) 5620:2002FrBio..47..483F 5356:10.1038/nature04539 5348:2006Natur.441...81B 5290:(1523): 1467–1471. 5204:2001JThBi.209..319A 5064:Pulido, F. (2007). 4910:. 7 September 2021. 4836:2004BirdS..51..228T 4735:2007PLoSO...2..937H 4629:(Suppl 1): S8–S11. 4455:2021PNAS..11826378B 4449:(28): e2026378118. 4182:2013PLoSO...870907S 4024:2011EvEco..25..219B 3810:. USGS. p. 154 3778:. pp. 87–100. 3533:2021CBio...31E3433L 3477:2000HMR....54...63G 3343:1992Natur.360..668B 3046:2016PLoSO..1166866S 2926:2016EcoAp..26..752F 2862:2016PLoSO..1156578G 2451:2001EmuAO.101..281C 2345:2007PLoSO...2..205P 2223:Newton, I. (2008). 2134:2007CBio...17..909S 2026:2023ZooAn.307...83K 1957:Universität Rostock 1729:White-fronted Goose 1676:) that wintered in 1170:Bombycilla garrulus 668:Coccyzus americanus 507:black-tailed godwit 498:found skeletons of 434:leap-frog migration 426:greater noctule bat 357:, Western Australia 9283:(eagles and hawks) 9183:Procellariiformes 9088:Opisthocomiformes 9057:Steatornithiformes 8284:List by population 8121:Hongshanornithidae 8046:Evolution of birds 7780:Predator satiation 7641:Swarm (simulation) 7636:Swarm intelligence 7611:Agent-based models 7442:Swarming behaviour 7218:Soaring with Fidel 7121:. Academic Press. 5608:Freshwater Biology 5429:10.1111/conl.12386 5034:10.1242/jeb.015024 4506:Behavioral Ecology 2691:Dorst, J. (1963). 2590:10.1007/BF01647158 2299:Journal of Zoology 2251:. Hummingbirds.net 2249:"Migration Basics" 2068:2014-11-25 at the 1987:2012-03-22 at the 1789:Migration of Birds 1641: 1585: 1564:satellite tracking 1545: 1480:Ecological effects 1449:to reach northern 1439:Catharus ustulatus 1302:Satellite tracking 1272: 1264:bar-tailed godwits 1163: 1067:Tichodroma muraria 1053: 1038: 1024: 938: 828: 797:bar-tailed godwits 749: 682:sub-Saharan Africa 675:Northern wheatears 661:Sylvia atricapilla 654:(Ciconia ciconia), 644:Ficedula hypoleuca 492: 416:, which breeds on 379: 359: 347: 273: 220: 148:Historia Naturalis 57: 49: 9436: 9435: 9376: 9375: 9372: 9371: 9368: 9367: 9364: 9363: 9360: 9359: 9356: 9355: 9352: 9351: 9348: 9347: 9169:(loons or divers) 9138:Phaethontiformes 9130:Phaethontimorphae 9080:Opisthocomiformes 9049:Caprimulgiformes 8989: 8988: 8978:Podicipediformes 8897: 8896: 8893: 8892: 8889: 8888: 8615: 8614: 8398: 8397: 8355:Struthioniformes 8223:Waterfowl hunting 8156:Gastornithiformes 8151:Aepyornithiformes 8141:Lithornithiformes 7813: 7812: 7800:Military swarming 7745:Animal navigation 7664:Collective motion 7651:Collective motion 7518:reverse migration 7452:Swarming motility 7128:978-0-12-373867-7 7088:978-0-19-850787-1 7064:978-0-521-44822-2 6798:10.1111/ibi.12851 6477:10.1111/ibi.13103 6334:on 21 August 2018 6295:978-2-8317-1255-0 6213:Mayntz, Melissa. 5864:10.1111/ibi.12473 5146:(11): 2403–2409. 5027:(Pt 5): 593–597. 4975:(1490): 287–299. 4949:978-0-8018-8107-7 4680:(1603): 2815–20. 4410:(16): 2225–2231. 4238:978-0-08-055483-9 4133:978-1-4863-0084-6 3933:10.1111/ibi.12420 3785:978-0-19-857507-8 3631:on 12 August 2014 3605:on 12 August 2014 3579:on 12 August 2014 3337:(6405): 668–670. 3272:10.1242/jeb.00853 3109:(1610): 735–739. 2773:. 3 December 2019 2398:(17): 9700–9702. 2234:978-0-12-517367-4 2102:978-0-19-850787-1 2063:Der Sproessling 3 1963:on 2 October 2011 1889:978-0-7011-6907-7 1694:migration hazards 1554:was pioneered by 1436:Swainson's thrush 1395:Branta canadensis 1370:Reverse migration 1328:trigeminal system 1276:Animal navigation 1248:sexual dimorphism 1177:Loxia curvirostra 1167:Bohemian waxwings 1099:common chiffchaff 1081:Falco columbarius 1013:Strait of Messina 974:Strait of Messina 918:Puffinus puffinus 896:sooty shearwaters 884:Procellariiformes 857:Sterna paradisaea 768:western sandpiper 746:Bar-tailed godwit 678:Oenanthe oenanthe 658:Eurasian blackcap 628:northwestward to 602:pink-footed goose 444:Fringilla coelebs 411:Eleonora's falcon 208:in springtime at 16:(Redirected from 9471: 9424: 9423: 9412: 9400: 9399: 9388: 9387: 9340: 9332: 9324: 9316: 9313:Leptosomiformes 9308: 9300: 9292: 9284: 9281:Accipitriformes 9276: 9255: 9254:(perching birds) 9247: 9239: 9231: 9210: 9202: 9194: 9186: 9178: 9175:Sphenisciformes 9170: 9149: 9141: 9120: 9112: 9109:Charadriiformes 9091: 9070: 9052: 9031: 9023: 9020:Musophagiformes 9015: 9000: 8999: 8981: 8973: 8952: 8944: 8936: 8921: 8920: 8912: 8911: 8903: 8902: 8876: 8863: 8641: 8640: 8637: 8630: 8543: 8536: 8500: 8487: 8486: 8483: 8474: 8473: 8470: 8435: 8434: 8431: 8430: 8404: 8403: 8390: 8382: 8374: 8366: 8358: 8343: 8342: 8339: 8338: 8328: 8327: 8324: 8323: 8191:Bird collections 8146:Dinornithiformes 8051:Darwin's finches 8041:Origin of flight 7981:Seabird breeding 7971:Sexual selection 7840: 7833: 7826: 7817: 7816: 7626:Crowd simulation 7603:Swarm algorithms 7574:Insect migration 7479:Animal migration 7471:Animal migration 7464: 7389:Mobbing behavior 7312: 7305: 7298: 7289: 7288: 7264:Online databases 7153: 7141: 7132: 7113: 7104: 7092: 7068: 7049: 7047: 7041:. Archived from 7008: 6989: 6988: 6940: 6934: 6933: 6893: 6884: 6883: 6873: 6834:Science Advances 6824: 6818: 6817: 6777: 6771: 6770: 6760: 6728: 6717: 6716: 6706: 6674: 6661: 6660: 6635:(sp1): 105–122. 6620: 6614: 6613: 6565: 6556: 6555: 6515: 6506: 6505: 6503: 6501: 6488: 6454: 6448: 6447: 6445: 6443: 6426: 6420: 6419: 6417: 6415: 6401: 6390: 6389: 6387: 6359: 6350: 6344: 6343: 6341: 6339: 6333: 6318: 6312:Ciconia boyciana 6305: 6299: 6298: 6279: 6273: 6272: 6246: 6237: 6231: 6230: 6228: 6226: 6210: 6204: 6203: 6201: 6193: 6187: 6186: 6179: 6173: 6172: 6170: 6168: 6163:on 13 March 2012 6153: 6147: 6146: 6141:. Archived from 6135: 6129: 6128: 6117: 6111: 6108: 6102: 6101: 6091: 6067: 6061: 6060: 6044: 6038: 6037: 6025: 6019: 6018: 6016: 6014: 6008: 6002:. Archived from 5985: 5976: 5970: 5969: 5925: 5919: 5918: 5874: 5868: 5867: 5847: 5841: 5840: 5838: 5836: 5825: 5819: 5818: 5816: 5814: 5799: 5793: 5782: 5776: 5775: 5747: 5741: 5740: 5730: 5702: 5693: 5687: 5686: 5650: 5644: 5643: 5641: 5631: 5599: 5593: 5592: 5582: 5542: 5536: 5535: 5525: 5485: 5479: 5478: 5468: 5440: 5434: 5433: 5431: 5407: 5401: 5400: 5390: 5384: 5383: 5333: 5324: 5318: 5317: 5307: 5273: 5267: 5266: 5264: 5246: 5237: 5231: 5230: 5228: 5222:. Archived from 5189: 5180: 5174: 5173: 5155: 5131: 5125: 5124: 5104: 5098: 5097: 5095: 5085: 5061: 5055: 5054: 5036: 5018: 5009: 5003: 5002: 4992: 4960: 4954: 4953: 4935: 4929: 4928: 4926: 4918: 4912: 4911: 4904: 4898: 4897: 4877: 4871: 4870: 4868: 4866: 4860: 4854:. Archived from 4821: 4812: 4806: 4805: 4773: 4767: 4766: 4756: 4746: 4714: 4708: 4707: 4697: 4663: 4657: 4656: 4646: 4612: 4603: 4602: 4601:on 14 June 2009. 4600: 4589: 4580: 4574: 4573: 4565: 4559: 4558: 4538: 4532: 4531: 4521: 4501: 4495: 4494: 4484: 4466: 4434: 4428: 4427: 4401: 4392: 4386: 4385: 4375: 4343: 4337: 4336: 4300: 4294: 4293: 4283: 4273: 4249: 4243: 4242: 4220: 4214: 4213: 4203: 4193: 4161: 4155: 4152: 4146: 4145: 4117: 4111: 4110: 4104: 4096: 4076: 4070: 4069: 4067: 4065: 4059: 4050: 4044: 4043: 4009: 4000: 3994: 3991: 3982: 3979: 3973: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3963:on 13 April 2014 3953: 3947: 3946: 3944: 3916: 3910: 3907: 3901: 3900: 3894: 3886: 3884: 3864: 3858: 3857: 3849: 3843: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3826: 3820: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3805: 3796: 3790: 3789: 3771: 3765: 3764: 3746: 3722: 3716: 3715: 3689: 3680: 3674: 3673: 3671: 3647: 3641: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3621: 3615: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3595: 3589: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3569: 3563: 3562: 3544: 3511: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3462: 3445: 3439: 3438: 3436: 3434: 3418: 3412: 3411: 3401: 3369: 3363: 3362: 3351:10.1038/360668a0 3326: 3320: 3319: 3291: 3285: 3284: 3274: 3246: 3240: 3239: 3237: 3235: 3220: 3214: 3213: 3211: 3209: 3194: 3188: 3187: 3177: 3167: 3143: 3137: 3136: 3126: 3092: 3086: 3085: 3075: 3057: 3040:(11): e0166866. 3025: 3019: 3018: 3008: 2968: 2962: 2961: 2908: 2902: 2901: 2891: 2873: 2841: 2835: 2834: 2816: 2792: 2783: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2763: 2757: 2756: 2746: 2722: 2716: 2715: 2703: 2697: 2696: 2688: 2682: 2681: 2669: 2663: 2662: 2650: 2644: 2643: 2617: 2608: 2602: 2601: 2573: 2567: 2560: 2554: 2553: 2543: 2534: 2528: 2527: 2519: 2513: 2512: 2486: 2477: 2471: 2470: 2434: 2428: 2427: 2417: 2407: 2383: 2377: 2376: 2366: 2356: 2324: 2315: 2314: 2290: 2284: 2283: 2281: 2279: 2267: 2261: 2260: 2258: 2256: 2245: 2239: 2238: 2220: 2205: 2204: 2194: 2162: 2156: 2155: 2145: 2113: 2107: 2106: 2088: 2079: 2074: 2060: 2054: 2053: 2005: 1994: 1993: 1979: 1973: 1972: 1970: 1968: 1959:. Archived from 1948: 1942: 1939: 1933: 1930: 1924: 1921: 1915: 1912: 1906: 1903: 1894: 1893: 1880:Birds Britannica 1871: 1865: 1864: 1848: 1842: 1837: 1831: 1826: 1820: 1819: 1817: 1815: 1800: 1794: 1793: 1783: 1756:Winged Migration 1656:passenger pigeon 1637: 1631: 1625: 1619: 1527:Study techniques 1469:climatic changes 1286:magnetoreception 1085:Eurasian skylark 997:Central American 915:Manx shearwaters 903:Falkland Islands 899:Puffinus griseus 705:Taymyr Peninsula 637:Anas querquedula 567:passage migrants 518:Bar-headed geese 500:northern pintail 488:Northern pintail 474:Calidris canutus 333:General patterns 300: 282: 218: 215: 160:Book of Jeremiah 116:Historical views 99:Manx shearwaters 21: 9479: 9478: 9474: 9473: 9472: 9470: 9469: 9468: 9439: 9438: 9437: 9432: 9344: 9338: 9330: 9322: 9321:Bucerotiformes 9315:(cuckoo-roller) 9314: 9306: 9298: 9290: 9282: 9274: 9273:Cathartiformes 9259: 9253: 9245: 9244:Psittaciformes 9237: 9229: 9214: 9208: 9207:Pelecaniformes 9200: 9192: 9184: 9176: 9168: 9153: 9147: 9146:Eurypygiformes 9139: 9124: 9118: 9110: 9095: 9089: 9074: 9068: 9050: 9035: 9029: 9021: 9013: 8985: 8979: 8971: 8956: 8950: 8949:Pterocliformes 8942: 8934: 8885: 8874: 8861: 8846: 8770: 8729: 8667: 8632: 8631: 8624: 8623: 8611: 8591: 8564: 8541: 8534: 8494: 8493: 8481: 8480: 8464: 8463: 8460: 8458: 8456: 8454: 8452: 8450: 8448: 8446: 8444: 8442: 8440: 8425: 8423: 8421: 8419: 8417: 8415: 8413: 8411: 8409: 8394: 8388: 8387:Casuariiformes 8380: 8379:Apterygiformes 8372: 8364: 8356: 8333: 8318: 8289:Lists by region 8257: 8167: 8160: 8101:Chaoyangiformes 8086:Jeholornithidae 8060: 8024:Origin of birds 8010: 7991:Brood parasites 7937: 7867: 7854: 7844: 7814: 7809: 7728: 7690: 7645: 7597: 7465: 7456: 7321: 7316: 7266: 7248:Wayback Machine 7160: 7152:. Walter Scott. 7144: 7135: 7129: 7116: 7107: 7095: 7089: 7076: 7065: 7052: 7045: 7006: 7001: 6998: 6996:Further reading 6993: 6992: 6941: 6937: 6894: 6887: 6840:(8): e1700707. 6825: 6821: 6778: 6774: 6729: 6720: 6675: 6664: 6621: 6617: 6566: 6559: 6516: 6509: 6499: 6497: 6455: 6451: 6441: 6439: 6427: 6423: 6413: 6411: 6403: 6402: 6393: 6357: 6351: 6347: 6337: 6335: 6331: 6316: 6306: 6302: 6296: 6280: 6276: 6244: 6238: 6234: 6224: 6222: 6221:on 12 July 2014 6211: 6207: 6199: 6195: 6194: 6190: 6181: 6180: 6176: 6166: 6164: 6155: 6154: 6150: 6137: 6136: 6132: 6119: 6118: 6114: 6109: 6105: 6089:10.2307/4083048 6068: 6064: 6045: 6041: 6026: 6022: 6012: 6010: 6006: 5983: 5977: 5973: 5926: 5922: 5875: 5871: 5848: 5844: 5834: 5832: 5827: 5826: 5822: 5812: 5810: 5809:on 11 June 2015 5801: 5800: 5796: 5783: 5779: 5748: 5744: 5700: 5694: 5690: 5667:10.2307/2406587 5651: 5647: 5600: 5596: 5543: 5539: 5500:(10): 1486–92. 5486: 5482: 5441: 5437: 5408: 5404: 5391: 5387: 5342:(7089): 81–83. 5331: 5325: 5321: 5274: 5270: 5244: 5238: 5234: 5226: 5187: 5181: 5177: 5132: 5128: 5105: 5101: 5083:10.1641/b570211 5062: 5058: 5016: 5010: 5006: 4961: 4957: 4950: 4936: 4932: 4924: 4920: 4919: 4915: 4906: 4905: 4901: 4878: 4874: 4864: 4862: 4858: 4819: 4813: 4809: 4774: 4770: 4715: 4711: 4664: 4660: 4613: 4606: 4598: 4587: 4581: 4577: 4566: 4562: 4539: 4535: 4519:10.1.1.498.7541 4502: 4498: 4435: 4431: 4399: 4393: 4389: 4352:Biology Letters 4344: 4340: 4301: 4297: 4250: 4246: 4239: 4221: 4217: 4162: 4158: 4153: 4149: 4134: 4118: 4114: 4098: 4097: 4077: 4073: 4063: 4061: 4057: 4051: 4047: 4007: 4001: 3997: 3992: 3985: 3980: 3976: 3966: 3964: 3955: 3954: 3950: 3917: 3913: 3908: 3904: 3888: 3887: 3865: 3861: 3852:Corso, Andrea. 3850: 3846: 3836: 3834: 3827: 3823: 3813: 3811: 3803: 3797: 3793: 3786: 3772: 3768: 3723: 3719: 3704:10.2307/1369612 3687: 3681: 3677: 3648: 3644: 3634: 3632: 3623: 3622: 3618: 3608: 3606: 3597: 3596: 3592: 3582: 3580: 3571: 3570: 3566: 3521:Current Biology 3512: 3508: 3497: 3495: 3460: 3458:): an overview" 3456:Branta bernicla 3446: 3442: 3432: 3430: 3429:on 29 July 2020 3419: 3415: 3378:Biology Letters 3370: 3366: 3327: 3323: 3308:10.2307/3677163 3292: 3288: 3253:Ciconia ciconia 3247: 3243: 3233: 3231: 3228:All About Birds 3222: 3221: 3217: 3207: 3205: 3202:All About Birds 3196: 3195: 3191: 3144: 3140: 3093: 3089: 3026: 3022: 2969: 2965: 2934:10.1890/15-0023 2909: 2905: 2856:(6): e0156578. 2842: 2838: 2793: 2786: 2776: 2774: 2765: 2764: 2760: 2744:10.2307/4080769 2723: 2719: 2704: 2700: 2689: 2685: 2670: 2666: 2651: 2647: 2615: 2609: 2605: 2574: 2570: 2561: 2557: 2541: 2535: 2531: 2520: 2516: 2501:10.2307/1368226 2484: 2478: 2474: 2459:10.1071/MU00034 2435: 2431: 2384: 2380: 2325: 2318: 2291: 2287: 2277: 2275: 2268: 2264: 2254: 2252: 2247: 2246: 2242: 2235: 2221: 2208: 2163: 2159: 2122:Current Biology 2114: 2110: 2103: 2089: 2082: 2072: 2070:Wayback Machine 2061: 2057: 2006: 1997: 1991: 1989:Wayback Machine 1980: 1976: 1966: 1964: 1949: 1945: 1940: 1936: 1931: 1927: 1922: 1918: 1913: 1909: 1904: 1897: 1890: 1872: 1868: 1849: 1845: 1838: 1834: 1827: 1823: 1813: 1811: 1802: 1801: 1797: 1784: 1771: 1766: 1741: 1713: 1670:Siberian cranes 1639: 1635: 1633: 1629: 1627: 1623: 1621: 1617: 1614: 1607: 1601: 1529: 1510:West Nile virus 1502:avian influenza 1498:micro-organisms 1482: 1465: 1459: 1423: 1414: 1403:whooping cranes 1388: 1376:Drift migration 1358:in Canada, and 1351: 1345: 1307:electromagnetic 1278: 1256: 1198: 1189: 1155:Chronica Majora 1143: 1088:Alauda arvensis 1074:Cinclus cinclus 1059: 1043: 993:Pernis apivorus 934:Griffon vulture 927: 901:nesting on the 892:Roaring Forties 835:black guillemot 816: 764:Calidris alpina 739: 690:thermal columns 622:arctic climates 614:dark-eyed junco 579: 559: 478:Calidris alpina 414:Falco eleonorae 343:common starling 335: 309: 301: 298: 283: 280: 216: 192: 143:Pliny the Elder 118: 74:and mortality. 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9477: 9467: 9466: 9461: 9456: 9451: 9449:Bird migration 9434: 9433: 9431: 9430: 9418: 9406: 9394: 9381: 9378: 9377: 9374: 9373: 9370: 9369: 9366: 9365: 9362: 9361: 9358: 9357: 9354: 9353: 9350: 9349: 9346: 9345: 9343: 9342: 9334: 9329:Coraciiformes 9326: 9318: 9310: 9305:Trogoniformes 9302: 9294: 9286: 9278: 9269: 9267: 9261: 9260: 9258: 9257: 9252:Passeriformes 9249: 9241: 9236:Falconiformes 9233: 9228:Cariamiformes 9224: 9222: 9216: 9215: 9213: 9212: 9204: 9196: 9191:Ciconiiformes 9188: 9180: 9172: 9163: 9161: 9155: 9154: 9152: 9151: 9143: 9134: 9132: 9126: 9125: 9123: 9122: 9114: 9105: 9103: 9101:Cursorimorphae 9097: 9096: 9094: 9093: 9084: 9082: 9076: 9075: 9073: 9072: 9064: 9059: 9054: 9045: 9043: 9037: 9036: 9034: 9033: 9025: 9017: 9008: 9006: 8997: 8991: 8990: 8987: 8986: 8984: 8983: 8975: 8966: 8964: 8962:Mirandornithes 8958: 8957: 8955: 8954: 8946: 8938: 8933:Columbiformes 8929: 8927: 8925:Columbimorphae 8918: 8909: 8899: 8898: 8895: 8894: 8891: 8890: 8887: 8886: 8884: 8883: 8878: 8870: 8865: 8860:Meleagridinae 8856: 8854: 8848: 8847: 8845: 8844: 8837: 8830: 8823: 8816: 8809: 8802: 8795: 8788: 8780: 8778: 8776:Odontophoridae 8772: 8771: 8769: 8768: 8761: 8754: 8747: 8739: 8737: 8731: 8730: 8728: 8727: 8720: 8713: 8706: 8699: 8692: 8685: 8677: 8675: 8669: 8668: 8666: 8665: 8660: 8655: 8649: 8647: 8638: 8617: 8616: 8613: 8612: 8610: 8609: 8601: 8599: 8593: 8592: 8590: 8589: 8582: 8574: 8572: 8566: 8565: 8563: 8562: 8557: 8555:Stictonettinae 8552: 8550:Dendrocygninae 8547: 8546: 8545: 8538: 8526: 8525: 8524: 8519: 8514: 8503: 8501: 8484: 8471: 8428: 8400: 8399: 8396: 8395: 8393: 8392: 8384: 8376: 8368: 8360: 8351: 8349: 8335: 8334: 8320: 8319: 8317: 8316: 8315: 8314: 8309: 8303:Notable birds 8301: 8296: 8291: 8286: 8281: 8276: 8271: 8265: 8263: 8259: 8258: 8256: 8255: 8253:Egg collecting 8250: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8220: 8215: 8210: 8205: 8204: 8203: 8193: 8188: 8183: 8178: 8172: 8170: 8162: 8161: 8159: 8158: 8153: 8148: 8143: 8138: 8136:Hesperornithes 8133: 8128: 8123: 8118: 8113: 8111:Ambiortiformes 8108: 8103: 8098: 8096:Enantiornithes 8093: 8088: 8083: 8078: 8070: 8068: 8062: 8061: 8059: 8058: 8053: 8048: 8043: 8038: 8037: 8036: 8031: 8020: 8018: 8012: 8011: 8009: 8008: 8003: 7998: 7993: 7988: 7983: 7978: 7973: 7968: 7963: 7958: 7953: 7947: 7945: 7939: 7938: 7936: 7935: 7930: 7925: 7920: 7915: 7910: 7905: 7900: 7899: 7898: 7888: 7883: 7877: 7875: 7869: 7868: 7866: 7865: 7859: 7856: 7855: 7843: 7842: 7835: 7828: 7820: 7811: 7810: 7808: 7807: 7802: 7797: 7792: 7787: 7785:Quorum sensing 7782: 7777: 7772: 7767: 7762: 7757: 7752: 7747: 7742: 7736: 7734: 7733:Related topics 7730: 7729: 7727: 7726: 7721: 7719:Swarm robotics 7716: 7711: 7706: 7700: 7698: 7696:Swarm robotics 7692: 7691: 7689: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7677: 7676: 7666: 7661: 7655: 7653: 7647: 7646: 7644: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7607: 7605: 7599: 7598: 7596: 7595: 7590: 7589: 7588: 7587: 7586: 7571: 7570: 7569: 7564: 7554: 7553: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7530:Fish migration 7527: 7525:Cell migration 7522: 7521: 7520: 7515: 7508:Bird migration 7505: 7504: 7503: 7501:coded wire tag 7498: 7497: 7496: 7486: 7475: 7473: 7467: 7466: 7459: 7457: 7455: 7454: 7449: 7444: 7439: 7438: 7437: 7427: 7426: 7425: 7420: 7410: 7409: 7408: 7398: 7397: 7396: 7394:feeding frenzy 7386: 7381: 7376: 7375: 7374: 7364: 7363: 7362: 7357: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7331: 7329: 7323: 7322: 7315: 7314: 7307: 7300: 7292: 7286: 7285: 7282:Migraction.net 7279: 7273: 7270:Trektellen.org 7265: 7262: 7261: 7260: 7255: 7238: 7232: 7226: 7221: 7215: 7212:BBC Supergoose 7209: 7203: 7198: 7192: 7187: 7184:Migrate.ou.edu 7181: 7176: 7170: 7159: 7158:External links 7156: 7155: 7154: 7146:White, Gilbert 7142: 7133: 7127: 7114: 7105: 7097:Bewick, Thomas 7093: 7087: 7074: 7071:Fågelflyttning 7063: 7055:Bird Migration 7050: 7048:on 2 May 2015. 7017:(3): 319–331. 6997: 6994: 6991: 6990: 6955:(1): G36–G65. 6935: 6885: 6819: 6792:(1): 231–246. 6772: 6718: 6689:(5): 728–741. 6662: 6615: 6580:(1): 181–191. 6557: 6507: 6471:(1): 328–339. 6449: 6436:Hakai Magazine 6421: 6391: 6370:(2): 170–181. 6345: 6300: 6294: 6274: 6269:10.1890/130260 6232: 6205: 6188: 6174: 6148: 6130: 6112: 6103: 6082:(3): 361–367. 6062: 6039: 6020: 6009:on 25 May 2017 5994:(4): 365–369. 5971: 5936:(3): 337–348. 5920: 5885:(1): 142–148. 5869: 5858:(3): 491–497. 5842: 5820: 5794: 5777: 5742: 5688: 5661:(4): 517–532. 5645: 5614:(3): 483–494. 5594: 5557:(4): 319–328. 5537: 5480: 5453:J. Infect. Dis 5447:Ixodes dammini 5435: 5422:(4): 382–383. 5402: 5385: 5319: 5268: 5232: 5229:on 2 May 2015. 5198:(3): 319–331. 5175: 5126: 5099: 5076:(2): 165–174. 5056: 5004: 4955: 4948: 4930: 4913: 4899: 4888:(4): 688–696. 4872: 4861:on 25 May 2017 4830:(3): 228–238. 4807: 4788:(8): 891–908. 4768: 4709: 4658: 4604: 4592:Bird Migration 4575: 4560: 4549:(4): 715–720. 4533: 4512:(4): 592–601. 4496: 4429: 4387: 4358:(3): 302–305. 4338: 4295: 4244: 4237: 4215: 4156: 4147: 4132: 4112: 4071: 4045: 4018:(1): 219–236. 3995: 3983: 3974: 3948: 3911: 3902: 3859: 3844: 3821: 3791: 3784: 3766: 3717: 3698:(3): 694–705. 3675: 3642: 3616: 3590: 3564: 3506: 3471:(2–3): 63–70. 3440: 3413: 3384:(4): 505–507. 3364: 3321: 3302:(4): 441–446. 3286: 3265:(6): 937–943. 3241: 3215: 3189: 3138: 3087: 3020: 2963: 2920:(3): 752–770. 2903: 2836: 2807:(3): 733–746. 2784: 2758: 2717: 2698: 2683: 2664: 2645: 2626:(1): 251–261. 2603: 2568: 2555: 2529: 2514: 2495:(2): 284–290. 2472: 2445:(4): 281–292. 2429: 2378: 2316: 2305:(2): 233–236. 2285: 2262: 2240: 2233: 2206: 2157: 2128:(8): 283–286. 2108: 2101: 2080: 2055: 1995: 1974: 1943: 1934: 1925: 1916: 1907: 1895: 1888: 1876:Mabey, Richard 1874:Cocker, Mark; 1866: 1843: 1832: 1821: 1795: 1768: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1761: 1760: 1752: 1747: 1740: 1737: 1733:eutrophication 1717:Central Valley 1712: 1709: 1644:including the 1634: 1628: 1626: moderate 1622: 1616: 1603:Main article: 1600: 1597: 1528: 1525: 1481: 1478: 1474:climate change 1461:Main article: 1458: 1457:Climate change 1455: 1422: 1419: 1413: 1410: 1406:Grus americana 1387: 1384: 1344: 1341: 1319:photo pigments 1311:magnetic field 1290:olfactory cues 1274:Main article: 1255: 1252: 1197: 1194: 1188: 1185: 1174:Red crossbills 1159:red crossbills 1142: 1139: 1055:Main article: 1042: 1039: 926: 923: 838:Cepphus grylle 815: 812: 771:Calidris mauri 738: 735: 630:Western Oregon 626:American South 616:migrates from 604:migrates from 578: 575: 558: 555: 514:Khumbu Glacier 334: 331: 308: 303: 296: 278: 217: 1500 BC 191: 188: 122:ancient Greeks 117: 114: 60:Bird migration 45:barnacle geese 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9476: 9465: 9462: 9460: 9457: 9455: 9452: 9450: 9447: 9446: 9444: 9429: 9428: 9419: 9417: 9416: 9411: 9407: 9405: 9404: 9395: 9393: 9392: 9383: 9382: 9379: 9341: 9335: 9333: 9327: 9325: 9319: 9317: 9311: 9309: 9303: 9301: 9295: 9293: 9289:Strigiformes 9287: 9285: 9279: 9277: 9271: 9270: 9268: 9266: 9262: 9256: 9250: 9248: 9242: 9240: 9234: 9232: 9226: 9225: 9223: 9221: 9217: 9211: 9205: 9203: 9197: 9195: 9189: 9187: 9181: 9179: 9173: 9171: 9165: 9164: 9162: 9160: 9156: 9150: 9144: 9142: 9140:(tropicbirds) 9136: 9135: 9133: 9131: 9127: 9121: 9115: 9113: 9107: 9106: 9104: 9102: 9098: 9092: 9086: 9085: 9083: 9081: 9077: 9071: 9065: 9063: 9062:Podargiformes 9060: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9047: 9046: 9044: 9042: 9038: 9032: 9026: 9024: 9018: 9016: 9012:Cuculiformes 9010: 9009: 9007: 9005: 9001: 8998: 8996: 8992: 8982: 8976: 8974: 8968: 8967: 8965: 8963: 8959: 8953: 8947: 8945: 8939: 8937: 8931: 8930: 8928: 8926: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8913: 8910: 8908: 8904: 8900: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8871: 8869: 8866: 8864: 8858: 8857: 8855: 8853: 8849: 8843: 8842: 8838: 8836: 8835: 8831: 8829: 8828: 8824: 8822: 8821: 8817: 8815: 8814: 8810: 8808: 8807: 8803: 8801: 8800: 8796: 8794: 8793: 8789: 8787: 8786: 8782: 8781: 8779: 8777: 8773: 8767: 8766: 8762: 8760: 8759: 8755: 8753: 8752: 8748: 8746: 8745: 8741: 8740: 8738: 8736: 8732: 8726: 8725: 8721: 8719: 8718: 8714: 8712: 8711: 8710:Macrocephalon 8707: 8705: 8704: 8700: 8698: 8697: 8693: 8691: 8690: 8686: 8684: 8683: 8679: 8678: 8676: 8674: 8670: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8651: 8650: 8648: 8646: 8642: 8639: 8635: 8628: 8622: 8618: 8608: 8607: 8603: 8602: 8600: 8598: 8597:Anseranatidae 8594: 8588: 8587: 8583: 8581: 8580: 8576: 8575: 8573: 8571: 8567: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8544: 8539: 8537: 8532: 8531: 8530: 8527: 8523: 8520: 8518: 8515: 8513: 8510: 8509: 8508: 8505: 8504: 8502: 8498: 8492: 8488: 8485: 8479: 8475: 8472: 8468: 8462: 8436: 8432: 8429: 8427: 8405: 8401: 8391: 8385: 8383: 8377: 8375: 8371:Tinamiformes 8369: 8367: 8361: 8359: 8353: 8352: 8350: 8348: 8347:Palaeognathae 8344: 8340: 8336: 8329: 8325: 8321: 8313: 8310: 8308: 8305: 8304: 8302: 8300: 8297: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8266: 8264: 8260: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8233:Pigeon racing 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8202: 8199: 8198: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8173: 8171: 8169: 8163: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8076: 8075:Archaeopteryx 8072: 8071: 8069: 8067: 8063: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8026: 8025: 8022: 8021: 8019: 8017: 8013: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7948: 7946: 7944: 7940: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7897: 7894: 7893: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7878: 7876: 7874: 7870: 7864: 7861: 7860: 7857: 7852: 7848: 7841: 7836: 7834: 7829: 7827: 7822: 7821: 7818: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7798: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7738: 7737: 7735: 7731: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7701: 7699: 7697: 7693: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7675: 7672: 7671: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7659:Active matter 7657: 7656: 7654: 7652: 7648: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7608: 7606: 7604: 7600: 7594: 7591: 7585: 7582: 7581: 7580: 7577: 7576: 7575: 7572: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7559: 7558: 7555: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7535:diel vertical 7533: 7532: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7510: 7509: 7506: 7502: 7499: 7495: 7492: 7491: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7481: 7480: 7477: 7476: 7474: 7472: 7468: 7463: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7436: 7433: 7432: 7431: 7428: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7415: 7414: 7411: 7407: 7404: 7403: 7402: 7399: 7395: 7392: 7391: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7373: 7372:herd behavior 7370: 7369: 7368: 7365: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7352: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7332: 7330: 7328: 7324: 7320: 7313: 7308: 7306: 7301: 7299: 7294: 7293: 7290: 7283: 7280: 7277: 7276:Hawkcount.org 7274: 7271: 7268: 7267: 7259: 7256: 7253: 7249: 7245: 7242: 7239: 7236: 7233: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7219: 7216: 7213: 7210: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7167: 7162: 7161: 7151: 7147: 7143: 7139: 7134: 7130: 7124: 7120: 7115: 7111: 7106: 7102: 7099:(1797–1804). 7098: 7094: 7090: 7084: 7080: 7075: 7072: 7066: 7060: 7056: 7051: 7044: 7040: 7036: 7032: 7028: 7024: 7020: 7016: 7012: 7005: 7000: 6999: 6986: 6982: 6978: 6974: 6970: 6966: 6962: 6958: 6954: 6950: 6946: 6939: 6931: 6927: 6923: 6919: 6915: 6911: 6907: 6903: 6899: 6892: 6890: 6881: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6863: 6859: 6855: 6851: 6847: 6843: 6839: 6835: 6831: 6823: 6815: 6811: 6807: 6803: 6799: 6795: 6791: 6787: 6783: 6776: 6768: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6750: 6746: 6742: 6738: 6734: 6727: 6725: 6723: 6714: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6696: 6692: 6688: 6684: 6680: 6673: 6671: 6669: 6667: 6658: 6654: 6650: 6646: 6642: 6638: 6634: 6630: 6626: 6619: 6611: 6607: 6603: 6599: 6595: 6591: 6587: 6583: 6579: 6575: 6571: 6564: 6562: 6553: 6549: 6545: 6541: 6537: 6533: 6529: 6525: 6521: 6514: 6512: 6496: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6478: 6474: 6470: 6466: 6465: 6460: 6453: 6438: 6437: 6432: 6425: 6410: 6406: 6400: 6398: 6396: 6386: 6385:10400.12/1447 6381: 6377: 6373: 6369: 6365: 6364: 6356: 6349: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6315: 6313: 6304: 6297: 6291: 6287: 6286: 6278: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6255:(5): 267–72. 6254: 6250: 6243: 6236: 6220: 6216: 6209: 6198: 6192: 6184: 6178: 6162: 6158: 6152: 6144: 6140: 6134: 6126: 6122: 6116: 6107: 6099: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6073: 6066: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6043: 6035: 6031: 6024: 6005: 6001: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5982: 5975: 5967: 5963: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5924: 5916: 5912: 5908: 5904: 5900: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5873: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5846: 5830: 5824: 5808: 5804: 5798: 5791: 5787: 5781: 5773: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5753: 5746: 5738: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5708: 5707: 5699: 5692: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5649: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5598: 5590: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5541: 5533: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5484: 5476: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5448: 5439: 5430: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5406: 5398: 5397: 5389: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5330: 5323: 5315: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5284: 5279: 5272: 5263: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5243: 5236: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5186: 5179: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5130: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5103: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5060: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5015: 5008: 5000: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4959: 4951: 4945: 4941: 4934: 4923: 4917: 4909: 4903: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4876: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4818: 4811: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4772: 4764: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4713: 4705: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4674: 4669: 4662: 4654: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4623: 4618: 4611: 4609: 4597: 4593: 4586: 4579: 4571: 4564: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4537: 4529: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4500: 4492: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4433: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4398: 4391: 4383: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4342: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4299: 4291: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4248: 4240: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4219: 4211: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4160: 4151: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4129: 4125: 4124: 4116: 4108: 4102: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4075: 4056: 4049: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4006: 3999: 3990: 3988: 3978: 3962: 3958: 3952: 3943: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3915: 3906: 3898: 3892: 3883: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3863: 3855: 3848: 3832: 3825: 3809: 3808:Circular 1198 3802: 3795: 3787: 3781: 3777: 3770: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3745: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3721: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3686: 3679: 3670: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3646: 3630: 3626: 3620: 3604: 3600: 3594: 3578: 3574: 3568: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3543: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3510: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3459: 3457: 3453: 3444: 3428: 3424: 3417: 3409: 3405: 3400: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3368: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3325: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3290: 3282: 3278: 3273: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3254: 3245: 3229: 3225: 3219: 3203: 3199: 3193: 3185: 3181: 3176: 3171: 3166: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3142: 3134: 3130: 3125: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3103: 3098: 3091: 3083: 3079: 3074: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3056: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3024: 3016: 3012: 3007: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2983:(54): 30–43. 2982: 2978: 2974: 2967: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2907: 2899: 2895: 2890: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2872: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2840: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2815: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2791: 2789: 2772: 2768: 2762: 2754: 2750: 2745: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2721: 2713: 2709: 2708:British Birds 2702: 2694: 2687: 2679: 2675: 2668: 2660: 2656: 2649: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2614: 2607: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2572: 2565: 2559: 2551: 2547: 2540: 2533: 2525: 2518: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2483: 2476: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2433: 2425: 2421: 2416: 2411: 2406: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2382: 2374: 2370: 2365: 2360: 2355: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2323: 2321: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2297:) in Italy". 2296: 2289: 2273: 2266: 2250: 2244: 2236: 2230: 2226: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2213: 2211: 2202: 2198: 2193: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2161: 2153: 2149: 2144: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2112: 2104: 2098: 2094: 2087: 2085: 2078: 2071: 2067: 2064: 2059: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1990: 1986: 1983: 1978: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1947: 1938: 1929: 1920: 1911: 1902: 1900: 1891: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1870: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1847: 1841: 1836: 1830: 1825: 1809: 1805: 1799: 1791: 1790: 1782: 1780: 1778: 1776: 1774: 1769: 1758: 1757: 1753: 1751: 1748: 1746: 1743: 1742: 1736: 1734: 1730: 1724: 1722: 1718: 1715:California's 1708: 1705: 1701: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1661: 1657: 1652: 1651: 1647: 1638: unknown 1611: 1606: 1596: 1592: 1590: 1589:George Lowery 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1548: 1542: 1538: 1533: 1524: 1522: 1517: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1486:ectoparasites 1477: 1475: 1470: 1464: 1454: 1452: 1451:South America 1448: 1444: 1443:North America 1440: 1437: 1432: 1427: 1418: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1393: 1383: 1379: 1377: 1373: 1371: 1367: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1350: 1340: 1338: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1303: 1297: 1293: 1291: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1269: 1265: 1260: 1251: 1249: 1245: 1240: 1238: 1234: 1233: 1228: 1224: 1221: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1193: 1184: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1171: 1168: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1151:Matthew Paris 1147: 1138: 1134: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1119: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1095: 1093: 1089: 1086: 1082: 1079: 1075: 1072: 1068: 1065: 1058: 1051: 1050:Cedar waxwing 1047: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1009: 1005: 1002: 998: 994: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 966:Mediterranean 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 946:birds of prey 943: 935: 931: 922: 919: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 897: 893: 889: 885: 880: 878: 874: 870: 866: 865:Farne Islands 862: 858: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 836: 832: 825: 820: 811: 809: 805: 801: 798: 793: 791: 787: 781: 779: 776: 772: 769: 765: 762: 758: 754: 747: 743: 734: 732: 728: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 699: 695: 691: 685: 683: 679: 676: 671: 669: 666: 662: 659: 655: 652: 647: 645: 642: 638: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 588: 584: 574: 570: 568: 563: 554: 552: 548: 545: 541: 538: 534: 529: 527: 522: 521:Anser indicus 519: 515: 511: 510:Limosa limosa 508: 504: 501: 497: 489: 485: 481: 479: 475: 471: 466: 464: 459: 457: 456: 451: 450: 445: 442: 437: 435: 429: 427: 423: 419: 418:Mediterranean 415: 412: 407: 405: 401: 397: 391: 388: 383: 376: 372: 368: 363: 356: 351: 344: 339: 330: 328: 324: 323: 318: 314: 307: 295: 293: 287: 277: 270: 269: 262: 258: 256: 252: 248: 247: 242: 241:Thomas Bewick 237: 235: 234: 229: 228:Gilbert White 225: 224:Elliott Coues 211: 207: 203: 200: 196: 187: 184: 179: 177: 173: 169: 165: 161: 157: 152: 150: 149: 144: 140: 136: 132: 127: 123: 113: 110: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 75: 73: 69: 65: 61: 53: 46: 41: 37: 33: 19: 18:Resident bird 9425: 9413: 9401: 9389: 9299:(mousebirds) 9297:Coliiformes 9167:Gaviiformes 9159:Aequornithes 9067:Apodiformes 9028:Otidiformes 9004:Otidimorphae 8951:(sandgrouse) 8873:Phasianinae 8839: 8832: 8825: 8820:Odontophorus 8818: 8811: 8804: 8797: 8790: 8783: 8763: 8756: 8749: 8742: 8722: 8715: 8708: 8701: 8694: 8687: 8680: 8658:Oreophasinae 8604: 8584: 8577: 8482:(waterfowls) 8478:Anseriformes 8228:Cockfighting 8213:Conservation 8208:Bird feeding 8196:Birdwatching 8186:Ornithomancy 8126:Gansuiformes 8073: 8066:Fossil birds 7960: 7956:Intelligence 7740:Allee effect 7714:Nanorobotics 7704:Ant robotics 7681:Vicsek model 7507: 7251: 7165: 7149: 7137: 7118: 7109: 7100: 7078: 7070: 7054: 7043:the original 7014: 7010: 6952: 6948: 6938: 6905: 6901: 6837: 6833: 6822: 6789: 6785: 6775: 6740: 6736: 6686: 6682: 6632: 6628: 6618: 6577: 6573: 6530:(1): 17–29. 6527: 6523: 6498:. 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Retrieved 1807: 1798: 1788: 1754: 1725: 1714: 1706: 1702: 1686:Central Asia 1673: 1664: 1659: 1653: 1642: 1593: 1586: 1582:Emlen funnel 1572: 1568: 1549: 1546: 1518: 1483: 1467:Large scale 1466: 1438: 1428: 1424: 1415: 1405: 1394: 1392:Canada geese 1389: 1380: 1374: 1368: 1352: 1336: 1298: 1294: 1279: 1241: 1230: 1225: 1199: 1190: 1181: 1176: 1169: 1164: 1161:into England 1154: 1135: 1131:Dusky grouse 1120: 1116: 1111: 1106: 1101: 1096: 1087: 1080: 1073: 1066: 1060: 1025: 992: 939: 917: 898: 881: 856: 837: 829: 799: 794: 790:Delaware Bay 786:Bay of Fundy 782: 777: 770: 763: 756: 750: 731:Great snipes 729: 725:Scandinavian 721:Arctic Ocean 700: 686: 677: 672: 667: 660: 653: 651:white storks 648: 643: 636: 580: 571: 566: 564: 560: 546: 539: 537:Dusky grouse 530: 520: 509: 502: 493: 477: 476:and dunlins 473: 467: 460: 453: 447: 443: 438: 433: 430: 413: 408: 392: 384: 380: 327:Pfeilstörche 326: 320: 310: 306:Pfeilstörche 305: 289: 285: 275: 265: 244: 238: 231: 221: 183:Micronesians 180: 153: 146: 120:Writings of 119: 111: 76: 59: 58: 36: 9459:Bird flight 9454:Ornithology 9427:WikiProject 9337:Piciformes 9220:Australaves 9199:Suliformes 9117:Gruiformes 8972:(flamingos) 8881:Tetraoninae 8852:Phasianidae 8841:Rhynchortyx 8806:Dactylortyx 8673:Megapodidae 8663:Penelopinae 8621:Galliformes 8363:Rheiformes 8357:(ostriches) 8307:individuals 8181:Ornithology 8168:interaction 7923:Preen gland 7760:Eusociality 7709:Microbotics 7579:butterflies 7550:sardine run 7484:altitudinal 7406:pack hunter 5639:10261/43045 4572:. Springer. 4264:(4): e110. 3737:(1): 1–20. 3450:"Seagrass ( 3234:20 February 3208:20 February 3158:(7): e212. 2655:Nos Oiseaux 2578:J. Ornithol 2339:(2): e205. 2077:Pfeilstorch 2073:(in German) 1967:20 February 1682:Afghanistan 1431:aerodynamic 1412:Adaptations 1268:New Zealand 1064:wallcreeper 1019:mountains, 960:, but also 888:albatrosses 854:Arctic tern 824:Arctic tern 814:In seabirds 808:New Zealand 698:brent geese 694:water-birds 526:Bird strike 496:Mt. Everest 470:V formation 441:chaffinches 375:Brandenburg 355:Roebuck Bay 322:Pfeilstorch 317:Mecklenburg 313:white stork 311:In 1822, a 268:Pfeilstorch 168:turtle dove 156:Book of Job 95:albatrosses 79:Arctic tern 43:A flock of 9443:Categories 9177:(penguins) 9030:(bustards) 8868:Perdicinae 8813:Dendrortyx 8785:Callipepla 8717:Megapodius 8682:Aepypodius 8560:Tadorninae 8542:true geese 8373:(tinamous) 8332:Neornithes 8243:Pheasantry 8218:Aviculture 7986:Incubation 7976:Lek mating 7674:clustering 7567:philopatry 7545:salmon run 7540:Lessepsian 6743:: 106962. 6629:Waterbirds 6059:: 361–472. 6013:2 February 5115:(1): 125. 5070:BioScience 4824:Bird Study 4311:: 100681. 3801:"Seabirds" 3731:The Condor 3692:The Condor 3498:8 December 2714:: 393–426. 2489:The Condor 1764:References 1620: high 1399:microlight 1347:See also: 1324:magnetites 1281:Navigation 1244:polygynous 1220:endogenous 1112:Bombycilla 1017:Peloritani 984:, and the 778:C. pusilla 757:shorebirds 727:mainland. 717:Baltic Sea 709:Wadden Sea 503:Anas acuta 266:Rostocker 93:, such as 9246:(parrots) 9090:(hoatzin) 9041:Strisores 9022:(turacos) 9014:(cuckoos) 8943:(mesites) 8862:(turkeys) 8834:Philortyx 8751:Agelastes 8744:Acryllium 8735:Numididae 8724:Talegalla 8634:gamebirds 8627:landfowls 8606:Anseranas 8570:Anhimidae 8529:Anserinae 8312:fictional 8034:dinosaurs 8029:Theropoda 8016:Evolution 7961:Migration 7943:Behaviour 7795:Stigmergy 7775:Mutualism 7435:bait ball 7148:(1898) . 6969:1528-7092 6930:0167-8809 6862:2375-2548 6814:219454237 6806:1474-919X 6767:0167-8809 6713:1365-2664 6649:1524-4695 6602:1523-1739 6552:0167-8809 6495:250998574 6338:11 August 5930:Oecologia 5879:Oecologia 5655:Evolution 5571:10088/364 5514:10088/875 5364:0028-0836 5255:(1): 16. 5170:221736334 5140:Evolution 4514:CiteSeerX 4473:0027-8424 4333:214716503 4258:PLOS Biol 4142:880410149 3833:. CNN.com 3551:0960-9822 3152:PLOS Biol 3064:1932-6203 2997:1742-5689 2942:1939-5582 2880:1932-6203 2823:0004-8038 2674:Nat. Hist 2050:262028097 2042:0044-5231 2020:: 83–88. 1861:213586571 1632: low 1332:latitudes 1227:Satellite 1203:Zugunruhe 1123:Himalayas 986:Bosphorus 982:Falsterbo 978:Gibraltar 877:Australia 873:Melbourne 840:and some 806:to their 737:In waders 713:White Sea 618:subarctic 587:Holarctic 551:Australia 455:Cyanistes 422:passerine 367:Grus grus 126:Aristotle 107:Himalayas 91:tubenoses 87:Antarctic 72:predation 68:Migration 9391:Category 9265:Afroaves 9193:(storks) 8995:Passerea 8980:(grebes) 8916:Columbea 8827:Oreortyx 8799:Cyrtonyx 8689:Alectura 8653:Cracinae 8645:Cracidae 8522:Oxyurini 8512:Aythyini 8507:Anatinae 8491:Anatidae 8238:Falconry 8201:big year 8056:Seabirds 7966:Foraging 7913:Feathers 7724:Symbrion 7686:BIO-LGCA 7489:tracking 7418:ant mill 7360:sort sol 7355:flocking 7319:Swarming 7244:Archived 7039:11312592 6985:86729094 6977:26454386 6880:28845449 6657:85816253 6610:53423304 6500:21 March 6442:21 March 6414:10 March 5958:15726429 5915:20345396 5907:28307604 5772:21914046 5737:15306350 5683:28562914 5589:10905964 5532:17176561 5372:16672969 5314:12965011 5220:11312592 5162:17236431 5051:12520138 5043:19218508 4999:17638691 4852:51681037 4802:10085262 4763:17895978 4723:PLOS ONE 4704:17015316 4653:12952622 4491:34260383 4424:10409493 4382:19324648 4325:32222683 4290:16555925 4210:23951037 4170:PLOS ONE 4064:27 March 3967:10 April 3837:31 March 3761:84878931 3559:34197730 3433:10 April 3408:22337504 3281:14766952 3184:15252455 3133:17254999 3082:27880836 3034:PLOS ONE 3015:20519212 2958:44942398 2950:27411248 2898:27284697 2850:PLOS ONE 2831:85954703 2552:: 33–64. 2467:82259620 2424:11493689 2373:17299585 2333:PLOS ONE 2278:10 April 2255:10 April 2201:24759866 2152:17437705 2066:Archived 1985:Archived 1878:(2005). 1739:See also 1514:plankton 1488:such as 1343:Vagrancy 1125:and the 1109:waxwings 958:buzzards 950:vultures 948:such as 867:off the 755:(called 723:and the 715:and the 707:and the 634:garganey 590:wildfowl 583:swallows 404:clutches 396:breeding 297:— 292:Natterer 279:— 210:Akrotiri 206:swallows 174:and the 9403:Commons 8907:Neoaves 8792:Colinus 8758:Guttera 8696:Eulipoa 8517:Mergini 8381:(kiwis) 8365:(rheas) 8176:Ringing 8001:Hybrids 7996:Nesting 7951:Singing 7928:Plumage 7903:Dactyly 7873:Anatomy 7863:Outline 7853:: Aves) 7584:monarch 7513:flyways 7494:history 7345:Droving 7019:Bibcode 6910:Bibcode 6908:: 1–9. 6871:5567756 6842:Bibcode 6745:Bibcode 6691:Bibcode 6582:Bibcode 6532:Bibcode 6257:Bibcode 6225:19 June 6098:4083048 5966:1762342 5938:Bibcode 5887:Bibcode 5835:15 June 5813:15 June 5786:Marking 5728:1691718 5675:2406587 5616:Bibcode 5580:2640881 5523:3290932 5475:8656000 5380:4414217 5344:Bibcode 5305:1691393 5200:Bibcode 4990:2606751 4865:15 June 4832:Bibcode 4754:1976598 4731:Bibcode 4695:1664630 4644:1698035 4482:8285904 4451:Bibcode 4373:2679912 4281:1420642 4201:3737225 4178:Bibcode 4081:The Auk 4040:7516649 4020:Bibcode 3814:19 June 3712:1369612 3635:19 June 3609:19 June 3583:19 June 3529:Bibcode 3493:3832705 3473:Bibcode 3452:Zostera 3399:3391447 3359:4372637 3339:Bibcode 3316:3677163 3124:2197203 3073:5120805 3042:Bibcode 3006:3024816 2922:Bibcode 2889:4902225 2858:Bibcode 2801:The Auk 2777:8 March 2753:4080769 2640:9317742 2509:1368226 2447:Bibcode 2364:1784064 2341:Bibcode 2192:4043101 2130:Bibcode 2022:Bibcode 1666:Hunting 1552:ringing 1541:Estonia 1506:viruses 1447:Florida 1364:England 1326:in the 1153:in his 1092:Britain 970:raptors 942:thermal 936:soaring 913:. Some 869:British 831:Seabird 663:or the 610:Britain 606:Iceland 533:penguin 463:flyways 400:diurnal 255:Majorca 251:Menorca 145:in his 135:Scythia 9415:Portal 9291:(owls) 8765:Numida 8703:Leipoa 8586:Chauna 8579:Anhima 8274:Genera 8248:Imping 8166:Human 8006:Colony 7933:Vision 7918:Flight 7557:Homing 7379:Locust 7125: 7085: 7061: 7037: 6983: 6975: 6967: 6928: 6878: 6868: 6860: 6812: 6804: 6765: 6711: 6655: 6647: 6608: 6600: 6550: 6493: 6292: 6167:24 May 6096: 5964: 5956: 5913: 5905: 5770: 5735: 5725: 5681: 5673: 5587: 5577: 5530: 5520: 5473: 5399:. WWF. 5378: 5370: 5362: 5336:Nature 5312: 5302: 5218: 5168: 5160: 5049: 5041: 4997: 4987: 4946: 4850: 4800: 4761: 4751: 4702: 4692: 4651: 4641: 4516: 4489: 4479: 4471: 4422: 4380: 4370: 4331: 4323: 4288: 4278: 4235: 4208: 4198: 4140: 4130: 4038: 3782: 3759: 3710: 3557: 3549: 3491: 3406: 3396: 3357: 3331:Nature 3314: 3279: 3182: 3175:449897 3172: 3131: 3121: 3080: 3070: 3062: 3013: 3003: 2995: 2956: 2948: 2940: 2896: 2886: 2878: 2829: 2821: 2751: 2661:: 254. 2638: 2598:823269 2596: 2507: 2465: 2422: 2412: 2371: 2361: 2231: 2199: 2189: 2150: 2099: 2048: 2040: 1886: 1859: 1814:7 June 1721:Flyway 1636: 1630: 1624: 1618: 1207:German 1196:Timing 1078:merlin 1021:Sicily 1001:Batumi 962:storks 956:, and 954:eagles 911:Norway 861:ringed 804:Alaska 761:dunlin 753:waders 387:Arctic 299:Bewick 281:Bewick 202:fresco 199:Minoan 170:, the 131:torpid 83:Arctic 9464:Birds 8535:swans 8497:ducks 8467:fowls 8262:Lists 7886:Brain 7851:class 7847:Birds 7621:Boids 7562:natal 7350:Flock 7046:(PDF) 7007:(PDF) 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