38:
583:, it measures 26–28 cm (10–11 in) in length, 47–53 cm (19–21 in) in wingspan and weighs 100–156 g (3.5–5.5 oz). The European turtle dove may be recognised by its browner colour, and the black-and-white-striped patch on the side of its neck. The tail is notable as the bird flies from the observer; it is wedge shaped, with a dark centre and white borders and tips. When viewed from below, this pattern, owing to the white under-tail coverts obscuring the dark bases, is a blackish chevron on a white ground. This can be seen when the bird stoops to drink and raises its spread tail.
610:
745:
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It is a bird of open rather than dense woodlands, and frequently feeds on the ground. It will occasionally nest in large gardens, but is usually extremely timid, probably due to the heavy hunting pressure it faces during migration. The flight is often described as arrowy, but is not remarkably swift.
735:
A hunting ban was introduced in 2021 by the
European Commission in the western Mediterranean countries of France, Spain and Portugal; this has already by summer 2024 resulted in a 25% increase in the western European breeding population, showing that hunting was indeed a major contributor to the
692:
countries. According to a 2001 study cited by the
European Commission, between two and four million birds are shot annually in Malta, Cyprus, France, Italy, Spain and Greece. Environmentalists have described spring hunting in Malta as particularly problematic as it is the only country with an EU
586:
The mature bird has the head, neck, flanks, and rump blue grey, and the wings cinnamon, mottled with black. The breast is vinaceous, the abdomen and under tail coverts are white. The bill is black, the legs and eye rings are red. The black and white patch on the side of the neck is absent in the
47:
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Environmentalist groups have attributed the decline of turtle doves in Europe partly to changed farming practices which mean that the weed seeds and shoots on which it feeds, especially
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646:. It winters south of the Sahara. It is one of the latest migrants, rarely appearing in Northern Europe before the end of April and returning south again in September.
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657:, but the undulations are less decided; it is accompanied by the whip-crack of the downward flicked wings. The arrival in spring is heralded by its
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1262:
1843:
1523:
1473:
Handbook of the Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa. The Birds of the
Western Palearctic. Volume IV: Terns to Woodpeckers
1949:
948:
Systema
Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis
1765:
1804:
1535:
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Populations of turtle dove are in rapid decline across Europe and this species has red list conservation status globally. In the
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1252:. Technical Report – 007 – 2007. Directive 79/409/EEC on the conservation of wild birds. European Commission. p. 20.
1209:. Technical Report – 007 – 2007. Directive 79/409/EEC on the conservation of wild birds. European Commission. p. 22.
1984:
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is a sustained exploration of this symbolism. It was published along with other poems on the subject, including
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1969:
1959:
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781:"the voice of the turtle is heard in our land" – its mournful voice, and the fact that it forms strong
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hymn "In Yonder Valley", that "the turtledove is in our land" is seen as a good omen and sign of growth.
108:
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1269:. Operation Turtle Dove in partnership with the RSPB, Pensthorpe Conservation Trust and Natural England
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814:
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is the Latin word for a turtle dove. Linnaeus gave the locality as "India". This was an error and the
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1979:
1954:
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37:
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has also been given as a generic name to a less-closely related group of tropical
African doves:
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797:. In Renaissance Europe, the European turtle dove was envisaged as the devoted partner of the
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1822:
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1989:
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its numbers have declined by 93% since 1994 and across Europe numbers fell by 78% 1980–2013.
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8:
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839:", as the gift "my true love gave to me" on the second and subsequent days of Christmas.
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Despite the identical spelling, the "turtle" of the name, derived from Middle
English
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1835:
1752:
1739:
1220:"Malta votes in referendum on controversial spring shooting of migrating birds"
998:
951:(in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae:Laurentii Salvii. p. 164.
777:
Perhaps because of
Biblical references – especially verse 2: 12 from the
713:
678:
623:
1033:
983:. Vol. 3. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 89.
312:
including north Africa but migrates to northern sub-Saharan Africa to winter.
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704:, four currently identifiable potential threats to the turtle dove are (1)
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20:
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720:(partly unknown but overall medium impact), and (4) competition with the
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308:, the doves and pigeons. It breeds over a wide area of the south western
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1331: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1921:
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627:
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170:
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1406:"'12 days of Christmas' cost: How much is a partridge in a pear tree?"
1700:
821:
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120:
64:
1783:
1551:
1166:
British Trust for
Ornithology - Turtle Dove Population in a Tailspin
785:, European turtle doves have become emblems of devoted love. In the
1705:
1692:
1574:
1524:
Ageing and sexing by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze
1003:
Comptes Rendus
Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences
685:
396:, 1758) – Europe, Madeira and the Canary Islands to western Siberia
274:
140:
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to shoot birds during their spring migration to breeding grounds.
1263:"Big news – Turtle Dove numbers in Western Europe are on the up!"
854:
763:
717:
709:
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browner and duller juvenile bird, which also has the legs brown.
365:
has been designated as
England. The species is now placed in the
58:
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range covering most of Europe and the Middle East and including
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1178:"Scientists warn of impending turtle dove British extinction"
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The nuptial flight, high and circling, is like that of the
580:
301:
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1132:
1519:
Xeno-canto: audio recordings of the European turtle dove
527:
are also commonly called "turtle doves", while the name
374:
that was introduced in 1855 by the French ornithologist
1120:
876:
688:, are scarcer, and partly due to shooting of birds in
1475:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 353–363.
1351:
Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology
955:
846:"Turtledove Done Drooped His Wings" from the Georgia
484:; in the present case, "turtle" came originally from
1403:
1144:
1024:
406:, 1894) – Northwest Africa to Iran and western China
1300:
1288:"DEMETER ESTATE & ATTRIBUTES – Greek Mythology"
842:Turtle doves appear in the title and lyrics of the
1093:
1059:
902:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22690419A154373407.en
1377:Kennedy, Michael; William, Ralph Vaughan (1992).
1092:
1058:
338:. He placed it with all the other pigeons in the
1941:
999:"Coup d'oeil sur les pigeons (quatrième partie)"
474:(female turtle dove), and ultimately from Latin
1376:
579:Smaller and slighter in build than many other
300:) is a threatened or vulnerable member of the
835:Turtle doves are also featured in the song, "
817:", where "turtle" refers to the turtle dove.
1493:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
770:, the turtle dove was one of the emblems of
716:(mostly unknown but likely low impact), (3)
497:, imitating the bird's song. The genus name
1429:"Origin: Turtledove Done Drooped His Wings"
1307:Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities
820:The turtle dove is featured in a number of
617:
488:
475:
19:For other species called turtle doves, see
1449:, Shoe Band, GK and Andra Suchy, 2/20/2010
1404:The Associated Press (November 26, 2012).
1161:
1159:
708:/modification (medium to low impact), (2)
229:
82:
45:
36:
993:
900:
732:parasite as a threat to the turtle dove.
1383:. Oxford University Press. p. 178.
1358:
941:
789:, two turtle doves are mentioned as the
743:
16:Threatened or vulnerable species of bird
1489:
1336:
1156:
1126:
961:
774:, the goddess of trust and good faith.
1942:
973:
872:
870:
1556:
1555:
1463:
1367:Rocketswag.com. Rocketswag.com, 2012.
1320:
1150:
1138:
1040:. International Ornithologists' Union
1020:
1018:
1016:
922:
1758:cc617ca1-7597-4215-8e0a-43407f3b248c
1294:
1114:participating institution membership
1080:participating institution membership
462:), derived in turn from Old English
1426:
1380:The Works of Ralph Vaughan Williams
1255:
1086:
888:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
867:
795:Presentation of Jesus at the Temple
13:
1052:
1013:
638:, although it is rare in northern
434:, 1845) – Egypt and northern Sudan
14:
2006:
1512:
1246:MANAGEMENT PLAN for TURTLE DOVE (
1203:MANAGEMENT PLAN for TURTLE DOVE (
700:According to a 2007 study by the
1950:IUCN Red List vulnerable species
1326:
1038:IOC World Bird List Version 10.1
980:Check-List of Birds of the World
828:". One of these is a setting by
824:about love and loss, including "
762:, the turtle dove was sacred to
665:song, a rather deep, vibrating "
608:
592:
107:
1435:
1420:
1408:. The Christian Science Monitor
1397:
1370:
1309:. New York: Harper and Brothers
1280:
1238:
1212:
1195:
1170:
877:BirdLife International (2019).
519:A few other doves in the genus
987:
967:
935:
916:
574:
1:
860:
826:There Is a Tavern in the Town
739:
726:British Trust for Ornithology
480:, has no connection with the
320:The European turtle dove was
1496:. London: Christopher Helm.
1301:Harry Thurston Peck (1898).
837:The Twelve Days of Christmas
7:
1995:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1965:Birds of the Canary Islands
315:
10:
2011:
1490:Jobling, James A. (2010).
1456:
1365:"Meaning Of Turtle Doves."
815:The Phoenix and the Turtle
324:by the Swedish naturalist
18:
1564:
1536:Feathers of turtle dove (
1101:Oxford English Dictionary
1067:Oxford English Dictionary
995:Bonaparte, Charles Lucien
931:(in German). Vol. 2.
895:: e.T22690419A154373407.
753:Sophie Gengembre Anderson
672:
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209:
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104:Scientific classification
102:
80:
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56:
44:
35:
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618:Distribution and habitat
482:reptile of the same name
376:Charles Lucien Bonaparte
254: non-breeding
252:
245:
1985:Birds described in 1758
1106:Oxford University Press
1072:Oxford University Press
626:species with a western
559:Streptopelia hypopyrrha
541:Streptopelia orientalis
512:
506:
470:
464:
458:
452:
446:
440:
1443:Lafayette/ Turtle Dove
830:Ralph Vaughan Williams
755:
724:(unknown impact). The
523:and the related genus
489:
476:
414:Geyr von Schweppenburg
1970:Birds of Central Asia
1960:Birds of North Africa
1883:Paleobiology Database
1267:Operation Turtle Dove
747:
728:has also highlighted
622:The turtle dove is a
510:meaning "collar" and
31:European turtle dove
1753:Fauna Europaea (new)
1141:, pp. 353, 362.
565:Malagasy turtle dove
538:Oriental turtle dove
468:(male turtle dove),
292:European turtle dove
247: breeding
1927:Streptopelia-turtur
1596:Streptopelia turtur
1566:Streptopelia turtur
1538:Streptopelia turtur
1469:Streptopelia turtur
1248:Streptopelia turtur
1205:Streptopelia turtur
1104:(Online ed.).
1070:(Online ed.).
881:Streptopelia turtur
811:William Shakespeare
702:European Commission
568:Nesoenas picturatus
556:Adamawa turtle dove
550:Streptopelia lugens
297:Streptopelia turtur
213:Streptopelia turtur
74:Conservation status
1975:Birds of West Asia
1545:2018-03-04 at the
1529:2021-07-20 at the
1244:Lutz, Marc (2007)
1201:Lutz, Marc (2007)
1028:; Donsker, David;
791:customary offering
756:
655:common wood pigeon
322:formally described
249:
1937:
1936:
1870:Open Tree of Life
1558:Taxon identifiers
1503:978-1-4081-2501-4
1482:978-0-19-857507-8
1338:Schmitz, Leonhard
1112:(Subscription or
1078:(Subscription or
1030:Rasmussen, Pamela
975:Peters, James Lee
547:Dusky turtle dove
424:(southern Sahara)
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516:meaning "dove".
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422:Hoggar Mountains
385:are recognised:
356:specific epithet
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1531:Wayback Machine
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1467:, ed. (1985). "
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768:Roman mythology
749:The Turtle Dove
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675:
620:
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597:
577:
428:S. t. rufescens
400:S. t. arenicola
347:and coined the
335:Systema Naturae
328:in 1758 in the
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281:Turtur communis
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1471:Turtle dove".
1465:Cramp, Stanley
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1427:Spiegel, Max.
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1346:Smith, William
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1153:, p. 356.
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1129:, p. 367.
1119:
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1012:
986:
977:, ed. (1937).
966:
964:, p. 393.
954:
943:Linnaeus, Carl
934:
923:Brehm (1891).
915:
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864:
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803:Robert Chester
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738:
714:climate change
679:United Kingdom
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570:in Madagascar.
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352:Columba turtur
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1990:Streptopelia
1565:
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1492:
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1468:
1441:audio clip:
1437:
1422:
1410:. Retrieved
1399:
1379:
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1311:. Retrieved
1306:
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1271:. Retrieved
1266:
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1181:
1172:
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1127:Jobling 2010
1122:
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1037:
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962:Jobling 2010
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906:. Retrieved
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706:habitat loss
699:
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667:turrr, turrr
666:
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636:north Africa
621:
599:Juvenile in
585:
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521:Streptopelia
520:
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499:Streptopelia
498:
495:onomatopoeic
437:
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390:S. t. turtur
389:
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371:Streptopelia
369:
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182:Streptopelia
181:
63:recorded in
57:An adult in
25:
21:Streptopelia
1779:iNaturalist
1590:Wikispecies
1303:"Fides (2)"
1250:) 2007–2009
1207:) 2007–2009
1182:Malta Today
1026:Gill, Frank
848:Sea Islands
793:during the
640:Scandinavia
575:Description
493:, which is
1944:Categories
1922:Xeno-canto
1313:2015-12-21
1273:2024-08-11
1151:Cramp 1985
1139:Cramp 1985
1116:required.)
1082:required.)
861:References
822:folk songs
783:pair bonds
740:In culture
695:derogation
628:Palearctic
561:in Africa.
552:in Africa.
418:Air Massif
416:, 1916) –
383:subspecies
310:Palearctic
306:Columbidae
171:Columbidae
89:Vulnerable
67:, England
1226:. Reuters
1034:"Pigeons"
1009:: 15–24 .
929:Die Vögel
844:spiritual
813:'s poem "
736:decline.
624:migratory
601:Nynäshamn
432:Brehm, CL
240:S. turtur
238:Range of
189:Species:
127:Kingdom:
121:Eukaryota
65:Hampshire
1896:Species+
1823:22690419
1797:10761832
1631:22690419
1626:BirdLife
1615:BioLib:
1575:Wikidata
1543:Archived
1527:Archived
1340:(1870).
1230:20 April
1187:20 April
1095:"Turtur"
1061:"Turtle"
1044:17 March
997:(1855).
945:(1758).
908:20 March
805:'s poem
710:droughts
686:fumitory
603:, Sweden
543:in Asia.
525:Nesoenas
507:streptos
501:is from
394:Linnaeus
316:Taxonomy
275:protonym
262:Synonyms
221:Linnaeus
167:Family:
141:Chordata
137:Phylum:
131:Animalia
117:Domain:
94:IUCN 3.1
61:and song
1771:2495708
1667:bob6870
1581:Q168514
1457:Sources
1348:(ed.).
1342:"Fides"
1335::
853:In the
799:Phoenix
764:Demeter
718:hunting
663:purring
404:Hartert
344:Columba
332:of his
304:family
223:, 1758)
177:Genus:
157:Order:
147:Class:
92: (
59:Hungary
1888:369526
1875:801237
1849:177155
1810:177149
1727:EURING
1706:STPETU
1693:eutdov
1654:eutdov
1609:eutudo
1500:
1479:
1387:
855:Shaker
766:. In
760:Aelian
673:Status
659:cooing
644:Russia
632:Turkey
530:Turtur
513:peleia
490:turtur
477:turtur
471:turtle
465:turtla
459:turtul
453:turtel
447:tortle
441:turtle
359:turtur
354:. The
1914:16939
1792:IRMNG
1745:97013
1714:EUNIS
1688:eBird
1680:6ZXPY
1651:BOW:
1644:52551
1412:8 May
1344:. In
1110:
1076:
772:Fides
581:doves
486:Latin
381:Four
367:genus
340:genus
1901:6533
1844:NCBI
1818:IUCN
1805:ITIS
1784:2938
1766:GBIF
1732:6870
1719:1286
1701:EPPO
1639:BOLD
1618:8738
1498:ISBN
1477:ISBN
1414:2014
1385:ISBN
1232:2015
1189:2015
1046:2020
910:2022
893:2019
712:and
642:and
634:and
420:and
302:bird
290:The
151:Aves
1909:TSA
1862:342
1831:NBN
1675:CoL
1662:BTO
1605:ABA
897:doi
751:by
669:".
661:or
1946::
1924::
1911::
1898::
1885::
1872::
1859::
1846::
1833::
1820::
1807::
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1768::
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1742::
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1716::
1703::
1690::
1677::
1664::
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1628::
1607::
1592::
1577::
1445:–
1305:.
1265:.
1222:.
1180:.
1158:^
1098:.
1064:.
1036:.
1015:^
1007:40
1001:.
927:.
891:.
885:.
869:^
850:.
832:.
801:.
456:,
450:,
378:.
1540:)
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912:.
899::
883:"
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444:(
430:(
412:(
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294:(
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273:(
219:(
96:)
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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