2162:
1167:, pp. 149–153: "During the first half of the first millennium B.C., c. 3,000 to 2,500 years ago, the southern part of Eastern Europe was occupied mainly by peoples of Iranian stock The main Iranian-speaking peoples of the region at that period were the Scyths and the Sarmatians he population of ancient Scythia was far from being homogeneous, nor were the Scyths themselves a homogeneous people. The country called after them was ruled by their principal tribe, the "Royal Scyths" (Her. iv. 20), who were of Iranian stock and called themselves "Skolotoi" (iv. 6); they were nomads who lived in the steppe east of the Dnieper up to the Don, and in the Crimean steppe The eastern neighbours of the "Royal Scyths," the Sauromatians, were also Iranian; their country extended over the steppe east of the Don and the Volga."
196:
1179:, pp. 437–440: "Ordinary Greek (and later Latin) usage could designate as Scythian any northern barbarian from the general area of the Eurasian steppe, the virtually treeless corridor of drought-resistant perennial grassland extending from the Danube to Manchuria. Herodotus seeks greater precision, and this essay is focussed on his Scythians, who belong to the North Pontic steppe These true Scyths seems to be those whom he calls Royal Scyths, that is, the group who claimed hegemony apparently warrior-pastoralists. It is generally agreed, from what we know of their names, that these were people of Iranian stock "
495:. Bartatua's marriage to Šērūʾa-ēṭirat required that he would pledge allegiance to Assyria as a vassal, and in accordance to Assyrian law, the territories ruled by him would be his fief granted by the Assyrian king, which made the Scythian presence in West Asia a nominal extension of the Neo-Assyrian Empire and Bartatua himself an Assyrian viceroy. Under this arrangement, the power of the Scythians in West Asia heavily depended on their cooperation with the Assyrian Empire; a fact which ensured the Scythians remained allied to the Assyrian Empire for many decades.
1149:, p. 3: "The Scythians lived in the Early Iron Age, and inhabited the northern areas of the Black Sea (Pontic) steppes. Though the 'Scythian period' in the history of Eastern Europe lasted little more than 400 years, from the 7th to the 3rd centuries BC, the impression these horsemen made upon the history of their times was such that a thousand years after they had ceased to exist as a sovereign people, their heartland and the territories which they dominated far beyond it continued to be known as 'greater Scythia'."
1155:, pp. 97–98: "From the end of the 7th century B.C. to the 4th century B.C. the Central- Eurasian steppes were inhabited by two large groups of kin Iranian-speaking tribes – the Scythians and Sarmatians "t may be confidently stated that from the end of the 7th century to the 3rd century B.C. the Scythians occupied the steppe expanses of the north Black Sea area, from the Don in the east to the Danube in the West."
1185:, pp. 36–37: "When we speak of Scythians, we refer to those Scytho-Siberians who inhabited the Kuban Valley, the Taman and Kerch peninsulas, Crimea, the northern and northeastern littoral of the Black Sea, and the steppe and lower forest steppe regions now shared between Ukraine and Russia, from the seventh century down to the first century B.C They almost certainly spoke an Iranian language "
514:"), which could normally belong only to the Neo-Assyrian King. However, this state of affairs was ephemeral and in 635 BC the Scythians, with the approval of Assyria, would conduct an invasion of Cimmerian territory in conjunction with the Lydians, a Kingdom in western Anatolia, ultimately defeating the Cimmerians and opening up Anatolian territory to Scythian settlement.
1143:, p. 37: "In modern scholarship the name 'Sakas' is reserved for the ancient tribes of northern and eastern Central Asia and Eastern Turkestan to distinguish them from the related Massagetae of the Aral region and the Scythians of the Pontic steppes. These tribes spoke Iranian languages, and their chief occupation was nomadic pastoralism."
644:'s coastline, which was inhabited by nomadic pastoralists, as well as the fertile black-earth forest-steppe area to the north of the treeless steppe, which was inhabited by an agricultural population, and the northern border of this Scythian kingdom were the deciduous woodlands, while several rivers, including Don and
579:
Some splinter
Scythian groups nevertheless remained in West Asia and settled in Transcaucasia and the area corresponding to modern-day Azerbaijan. One such splinter group joined the Medes and participated in the Median conquest of Urartu, while other Transcaucasian Scythian splinter groups retreated
651:
Between the 9th and 5th centuries BC, the climate in the steppes was cool and dry, which was a catalyst for the emergence of equestrian nomadic pastoralism in the northern Pontic region. The climate became warmer and wetter during the 5th century BC, which allowed the steppe nomads to move into the
1217:
gold belt buckles, jewelry, and harness decorations display sheep, griffins, and other animal designs that are similar in style to those used by the
Scythians, a nomadic people living in the Kuban basin of the Caucasus region and the western section of the Eurasian plain during the greater part of
1266:
Alekseev, A Yu.; Bokovenko, N.A.; Boltrik, Yu; Chugunov, K.A.; Cook, G.; Dergachev, V.A.; Kovalyukh, N.; Possnert, G.; van der Plicht, J.; Scott, E.M.; Semeetsov, A.; Skripkin, V.; Vasiliev, S.; Zaitseva, G. (2001), "Chronology of
Eurasian Scythian Antiquities Born by New Archaeological and C14
316:
sword and socketed bronze arrowheads with three edges, which, although they are considered as typically "Scythian weapons," were in fact of
Transcaucasian origin and had been adopted by the Scythians during their stay in the Caucasus. Further contacts with the civilisation of West Asia, and
733:, the Graeco-Romans also extended the designation "Scythia" to the southern Ukrainian, Russian and Kazakh steppes in general, and they also applied it to refer to the whole of the treeless steppe ranging from the Danubian plains in the west to the Chinese marches in the east.
591:
under Median overlordship, but eventually hostilities broke out between them and
Cyaxares, due to which they left Transcaucasia and fled to Lydia as refugees, although a section of these Scythians still remained in the southeast Caucasus, and were later mentioned by
533:. The Scythians' abandonment of their alliance with Assyria to instead side with the Babylonians and the Medes being a critical factor in worsening the position of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, and the Scythians participated in the Medo-Babylonian conquests of
706:
Beginning in the late 4th century BC, another related nomadic
Iranian people, the Sarmatians, moved from the east into the Pontic steppe, where they replaced the Scythians as the dominant power of the Pontic steppe by the Sarmatians, due to which
355:
Using the Pontic steppe as their base, the
Scythians over the course of the 7th to 6th centuries BC often raided into the adjacent regions, with Central Europe being a frequent target of their raids, and Scythian incursions reaching
486:
The
Scythians and their allies the Cimmerians would engage in repeated wars with the Assyrians during the first decades of the 7th century BC. Scythian-Assyrian hostilities were eventually brought to an end when the Scythian King
368:, due to which, beginning in this period, new objects, including weapons and horse-equipment, originating from the steppes and remains associated with the early Scythians started appearing within Central Europe, especially in the
1173:, p. 547: "The name 'Scythian' is met in the classical authors and has been taken to refer to an ethnic group or people, also mentioned in Near Eastern texts, who inhabited the northern Black Sea region."
259:
Under
Scythian pressure, the displaced Cimmerians migrated to the south along the coast of the Black Sea and reached Anatolia, and the Scythians in turn later expanded to the south, following the coast of the
552:. The inroads of the Cimmerians and the Scythians into West Asia over the course of the 8th to 6th centuries BC had destabilised the political balance which had prevailed in the region between the states of
1161:: "Scythians, a nomadic people of Iranian origin who flourished in the steppe lands north of the Black Sea during the 7th–4th centuries BC (Figure 1). For related groups in Central Asia and India, see "
655:
In these favourable climatic conditions grass grew abundantly on the treeless steppe and permitted the nomadic
Scythians to raise large herds of cattle and horses. The country which the Greeks named
307:, and, archaeologically, the Scythian movement into Transcaucasia is attested in the form of a migration of a section of the Srubnaya culture to the south along the western coast of the Caspian Sea.
619:
By the middle of the 6th century BC, the Scythians who had remained in West Asia had completely assimilated culturally and politically into Median society and no longer existed as a distinct group.
502:. During the first half of the seventh century the Cimmerians had amassed considerable power, to the extent that by 657 BC the Assyrian divinatory records were calling the Cimmerian king
568:
on one side and the mountaineer and tribal peoples on the other, resulting in the destruction of these former kingdoms and their replacement by new powers, including the kingdoms of the
232:, who were also a nomadic Iranian people closely related to the Scythians, and assimilated most of them while displacing the rest, before settling in the area between the Araxes, the
396:
were destroyed by Scythian attacks during this period, with the Scythian onslaught causing the destruction of the Lusatian culture itself. Attacks by the Scythians were directed at
329:
From their base in the Caucasian Steppe, during the period of the 8th to 7th centuries BC itself, the Scythians conquered the Pontic Steppe to the north of the Black Sea up to the
517:
Towards the end of the 7th century BC, Assyrian power began to ebb and the Scythians took advantage of the resulting vacuum, raiding into the Levant and even as far as Egypt.
699:, who were nomadic Iranian people related to the Scythians. The Scythian migration pushed the Agathyrsi westwards, away from the steppes and from their original home around
212:
possibly around the 9th century BC, and they arrived in the Caucasian Steppe in the 8th and 7th centuries BC as part of a significant movement of the nomadic peoples of the
692:
and the valleys further north along the river, was covered with forests. Conditions in the southern lands near the shores of the Black Sea were propitious for agriculture.
300:
into their centre of operations in West Asia until the early 6th century BC, with this presence in West Asia being an extension of the Scythian kingdom of the steppes.
2161:
980:
The Neo-Hittite States in Syria and Anatolia. In Boardman, John; Edwards, I. E. S.; Hammond, N. G. L.; Sollberger, E. (eds.). The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 3
310:
During this period, the Scythian kings' headquarters were located in the Ciscaucasian steppes, and this presence in Transcaucasia influenced Scythian culture: the
813:
The Cambridge ancient history. Volume III, Part 1 The prehistory of the Balkans, and the Middle East and the Aegean world, tenth to eighth centuries B.C
744:
from the 7th century BC to the 3rd century BC, and the name "Scythia" is used to describe this region of the Pontic steppe inhabited by the Scythians.
498:
The Scythian alliance with Assyria ultimately led it into conflict with their former allies the Cimmerians, who were now primarily operating out of
1191:, p. 924: "The first historical steppe nomads, the Scythians, inhabited the steppe north of the Black Sea from about the eight century B.C."
530:
2340:
475:. During this time, the Scythians under Išpakaia, allied to Rusa II of Urartu, were raiding far in the south till the Assyrian province of
2316:
2272:
1290:
333:
river, which formed the western boundary of Scythian territory onwards, although the Scythians may also have had access to the
2320:
1795:
1706:
1648:
1606:
1541:
1328:
1256:
2374:
1348:
History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The Development of Sedentary and Nomadic Civilizations, 700 B. C. to A. D. 250
1436:
688:'the Woodland'), consisting of the region of the lower Dnipro river along the territory of what is modern-day
1886:
1502:
1470:
1404:
1300:
1204:
548:
The Scythians were finally expelled from West Asia by the Medes in the 600s BC, after which they retreated into the
251:, where they settled among the native populations of this region, and did not migrate to the south into West Asia.
2184:
1683:
The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries B.C
1662:
1360:
492:
228:
river, following which the Scythians moved into the Caspian Steppe, where they conquered the territory of the
2300:
1686:
1666:
1628:
671:
150:
164:
2369:
2364:
1598:
216:. This movement started when another nomadic Iranian tribe closely related to the Scythians, either the
1698:
1640:
1533:
1396:
538:
136:
2279:
549:
102:
1586:
195:
344:
Several smaller groups were likely also displaced by the Scythian expansion, such as the with the
2255:
1248:
1781:
1423:
1199:
2250:
2237:
2089:
662:
54:
1292:
Nomadic art of the eastern Eurasian steppes: the Eugene V. Thaw and other New York collections
2196:
1879:
1722:
1378:
1320:
526:
429:
20:
1519:
1458:
The Art of the Scythians: The Interpenetration of Cultures at the Edge of the Hellenic World
1731:
867:"The Scythian Domination in Western Asia: Its Record in History, Scripture and Archaeology"
695:
Before the arrival of the Scythians, this region of the Pontic Steppe was dominated by the
529:
records, around 615 BC the Scythians were operating as allies of Cyaxares and the Medes in
511:
459:
The first mention of the Scythians in the records of the then superpower of West Asia, the
369:
40:
448:
were allied with the Cimmerians, and are believed to have threatened the frontiers of the
8:
2002:
1338:
683:
553:
472:
460:
432:
bronze figurines depicting mounted Scythian archers as well as in Scythian influences in
19:
This article is about the region of the Pontic steppe. For kingdom of the Scythians, see
1735:
736:
In contemporary modern scholarship, the name "Scythian" generally refers to the nomadic
2201:
1823:
1752:
1717:
1658:
1616:
1566:
1195:
941:
894:
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640:
in the west, and covered the territory of the treeless steppe immediately north of the
233:
30:
2206:
1791:
1757:
1702:
1678:
1644:
1602:
1537:
1498:
1466:
1400:
1356:
1324:
1296:
1252:
933:
886:
405:
289:
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2325:
2305:
2260:
2191:
1872:
1787:
1747:
1739:
1718:"Ancestry and demography and descendants of Iron Age nomads of the Eurasian Steppe"
1674:
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1462:
1440:
1418:
1414:
1310:
1276:
925:
878:
710:
417:
397:
393:
334:
304:
1583:"Remarks on the Presence of Iranian Peoples in Europe and Their Asiatic Relations"
1384:
The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 BC
882:
648:, flowed southwards across this region and emptied themselves into the Black Sea.
2295:
2116:
1840:
1456:
1370:
1346:
1314:
737:
413:
392:, from the end of the 7th century onwards. Multiple fortified settlements of the
373:
365:
349:
338:
213:
155:), which were themselves derived from the ancient Greek names for the Scythians,
1991:
1853:
1769:
1694:
1636:
1562:
1529:
1511:
1392:
960:
542:
321:, would also have an important influence on the formation of Scythian culture.
297:
265:
244:
68:
1281:
2353:
2222:
2121:
1777:
1773:
1432:
1428:
1374:
937:
890:
741:
632:
The territory of the Scythian kingdom of the Pontic steppe extended from the
534:
421:
248:
48:
2179:
2104:
1971:
1761:
1373:(1999). "The Northern Frontier in Pre-Imperial China (1,500 – 221 BC)". In
581:
580:
northwards to join the West Asian Scythians who had already moved into the
381:
361:
348:
tribe from the North Caucasus region who were displaced westwards into the
277:
273:
269:
209:
116:
2141:
2007:
1515:
1342:
1236:
700:
633:
453:
425:
318:
293:
285:
261:
237:
224:, migrated westwards, forcing the Early Scythians to the west across the
1743:
464:
445:
243:
During this early migratory period, some groups of Scythians settled in
2057:
2027:
1998:
1986:
1949:
1929:
588:
499:
480:
433:
377:
281:
229:
217:
1018:
1016:
945:
913:
898:
866:
2310:
2094:
2074:
2037:
2032:
2022:
1981:
1966:
1914:
1690:
1632:
1525:
1388:
696:
641:
221:
170:
156:
142:
128:
98:
84:
62:
1594:
1582:
276:
rivers before further expanding into the region to the south of the
2267:
2232:
2042:
1944:
1934:
1554:
Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages
1552:
1382:
1045:
1013:
929:
753:
609:
605:
503:
488:
389:
345:
311:
1035:
1033:
1031:
831:
352:
in the 8th century BC by the westward migration of the Scythians.
2126:
2084:
2067:
2052:
1924:
1835:
1817:
854:. Fribourg , Gottingen : Editions Universitaires. pp. 57–94.
689:
645:
613:
573:
561:
468:
408:; these activities of the Scythians were not unlike those of the
385:
357:
1265:
991:
989:
914:"The Date of the Death of Gyges and Its Historical Implications"
545:
in 610 BC, which permanently destroyed the Neo-Assyrian Empire.
2242:
2227:
2131:
2062:
2047:
1939:
1919:
1909:
1830:
1558:
1352:
1244:
1108:
1081:
1028:
637:
557:
449:
330:
247:
and the foothills of the Caucasus Mountains to the east of the
819:
2151:
2136:
2109:
2099:
2017:
2012:
1959:
1954:
986:
569:
476:
225:
176:
162:
148:
134:
2146:
2079:
1976:
1812:
1241:
Rome and the Nomads: The Pontic-Danubian Realm in Antiquity
1098:
1096:
1001:
676:
593:
565:
409:
401:
1864:
1858:
Bibliothèque des Sciences de l'Antiquité, Université Lille
982:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 372–441.
463:, is from between 680/679 and 678/677 BC, when their king
1827:
about his exile in Tomis contain some details of Scythia.
479:. These allied forces were defeated by the Assyrian king
444:
During the 7th century BC the Scythians under their king
268:
steppes, from where they settled in the area between the
1093:
1069:
376:
plains, and in the regions corresponding to present-day
127:
are themselves Latinisations of the Ancient Greek names
1120:
770:
768:
520:
182:
1057:
792:
765:
1856:[An Introductory Bibliography on Scythia],
716:
708:
656:
122:
114:
199:Scythia at its maximum extent 7th–3rd centuries BC
2351:
1657:
1170:
1114:
1087:
1051:
1039:
1022:
837:
825:
780:
600:, while the country was called the “Land of the
1854:"Scythie : Une bibliographie introductive"
815:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 333–356.
324:
34:
1880:
1492:
2341:Category:Populated places in ancient Scythia
1295:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
1132:
1715:
1514:(1990). "The Scythians and Sarmatians". In
303:The earliest Scythians had belonged to the
1887:
1873:
1615:
1337:
1164:
1140:
995:
587:One group formed a kingdom in what is now
284:, where they settled around what is today
101:during the 6th to 3rd centuries BC in the
1751:
1521:The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia
1510:
1413:
1280:
1158:
1152:
1126:
1007:
911:
849:
798:
774:
254:
2160:
1580:
1479:
1454:
1369:
1341:(1994). "Media and Achaemenid Iran". In
1309:
1188:
1182:
1146:
1063:
918:Journal of the American Oriental Society
864:
810:
194:
21:Scythians § Pontic Scythian kingdom
1591:Collectanea Celto-Asiatica Cracoviensia
977:
471:and the Cimmerians in an attack on the
2352:
2273:Sarmatia Asiatica and Sarmatia Europea
1716:Unterländer, Martina (March 3, 2017).
1288:
1200:"Central Asian arts: Nomadic cultures"
16:Classical Latin name for Pontic steppe
1868:
1550:
1235:
1102:
1075:
958:
786:
181:), derived from the Scythian endonym
1768:
1176:
521:Decline and expulsion from West Asia
400:, and, from there, until as far as
13:
1806:
1625:The Median and Achaemenian Periods
724:
703:, and into the Carpathian region.
456:, who reigned from 714 to 680 BC.
14:
2386:
1846:
627:
439:
2165:Scythian and related populations
1841:Scythian friendship and heroism.
1493:Karyshkovskij, Pyotr O. (1988),
1194:
852:Les Cimmériens au Proche-Orient
715:" (European Sarmatia) replaced "
1437:Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation
971:
952:
97:, was a kingdom created by the
1783:Brill's Companion to Herodotus
1205:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
912:Spalinger, Anthony J. (1978).
905:
858:
843:
804:
721:" as the name for the region.
1:
2315:Iranian origin hypotheses of
2301:History of the western steppe
1687:The Cambridge Ancient History
1629:The Cambridge History of Iran
883:10.1080/00438243.1972.9979527
759:
452:during the reign of its king
1665:(1991). "The Scythians". In
1581:Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2000).
1171:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991
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1088:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991
1052:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991
1040:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991
1023:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991
838:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991
826:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991
677:
622:
467:joined an alliance with the
428:, and they were recorded in
325:Arrival in the Pontic steppe
208:The Scythians originated in
183:
171:
157:
143:
129:
108:
85:
63:
49:
7:
1894:
1681:; Walker, C. B. F. (eds.).
1486:Social history of Scythians
747:
717:
709:
657:
123:
115:
10:
2391:
2375:Ancient history of Ukraine
1699:Cambridge University Press
1641:Cambridge University Press
1534:Cambridge University Press
1397:Cambridge University Press
1228:
850:Ivantchik, Askold (1993).
666:
491:married Assyrian princess
203:
190:
177:
163:
149:
135:
80:
58:
44:
18:
2334:
2288:
2215:
2172:
2158:
1902:
1780:; van Wees, Hans (eds.).
1619:(1985). "The Scyths". In
1455:Jacobson, Esther (1995).
1282:10.1017/S0033822200041746
531:their war against Assyria
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1289:Bunker, Emma C. (2002).
865:Phillips, E. D. (1972).
317:especially with that of
1589:; Fear, Andrew (eds.).
1551:Novák, Ľubomír (2013).
1480:Khazanov, A.M. (1975),
1249:Oxford University Press
811:Boardman, John (1982).
280:in what is present-day
35:
2238:Parama Kamboja Kingdom
2166:
1379:Shaughnessy, Edward L.
1218:the 1st millennium bc.
255:Arrival into West Asia
200:
90:
72:
2280:Pontic–Caspian steppe
2164:
1723:Nature Communications
1599:Księgarnia Akademicka
1321:Bloomsbury Publishing
978:Hawkins, J.D (1991).
965:Encyclopaedia Iranica
296:, and turned eastern
198:
103:Pontic–Caspian steppe
1790:. pp. 437–456.
1778:de Jong, Irene J. F.
1701:. pp. 547–590.
1643:. pp. 149–199.
1601:. pp. 101–140.
1587:Pstrusińska, Jadwiga
1424:Encyclopædia Iranica
1399:. pp. 885–996.
1339:Dandamayev, Muhammad
512:King of the Universe
2370:Classical geography
1744:10.1038/ncomms14615
1736:2017NatCo...814615U
1659:Sulimirski, Tadeusz
1536:. pp. 97–117.
1196:Rice, Tamara Talbot
998:, pp. 149–150.
959:Ivantchik, Askold.
840:, pp. 564–568.
729:Beginning with the
636:in the east to the
473:Neo-Assyrian Empire
461:Neo-Assyrian Empire
264:and arrived in the
2365:Historical regions
2167:
1824:Epistulae ex Ponto
1567:Charles University
1488:] (in Russian)
1355:. pp. 35–64.
1105:, p. 204-214.
1078:, p. 202-203.
1054:, p. 580-586.
1025:, p. 577-580.
1010:, pp. 97–110.
740:who dominated the
731:Hellenistic period
596:under the name of
234:Caucasus Mountains
201:
2347:
2346:
1839:tells stories of
1797:978-90-04-21758-4
1774:Bakker, Egbert J.
1708:978-1-139-05429-4
1675:Hammond, N. G. L.
1671:Edwards, I. E. S.
1650:978-1-139-05493-5
1608:978-8-371-88337-8
1543:978-0-521-24304-9
1497:, Наукова думка,
1415:Ivantchik, Askold
1330:978-1-78096-773-8
1275:(2B): 1085–1107,
1258:978-0-198-14936-1
871:World Archaeology
687:
675:
450:Kingdom of Urartu
406:Iberian Peninsula
398:southern Germania
93:), also known as
2382:
2337:Category:Scythia
2326:Scythian archers
2306:Bosporan Kingdom
2261:Bosporan Kingdom
1889:
1882:
1875:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1801:
1765:
1755:
1712:
1654:
1612:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1547:
1512:Melyukova, A. I.
1507:
1489:
1476:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1441:Brill Publishers
1410:
1371:Di Cosmo, Nicola
1366:
1334:
1306:
1285:
1284:
1262:
1223:
1220:
1214:
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1136:
1130:
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1112:
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1100:
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1085:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1055:
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993:
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835:
829:
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817:
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796:
790:
784:
778:
772:
720:
714:
711:Sarmatia Europea
682:
680:
670:
668:
660:
652:steppes proper.
506:by the title of
418:Migration Period
394:Lusatian culture
305:Srubnaya culture
186:
180:
179:
174:
168:
167:
160:
154:
153:
146:
140:
139:
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126:
120:
88:
82:
79:(Ancient Greek:
66:
60:
52:
46:
38:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2384:
2383:
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2379:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2330:
2296:Iranian peoples
2284:
2211:
2168:
2156:
2117:Pazyryk culture
1898:
1893:
1852:
1849:
1809:
1807:Further reading
1804:
1798:
1770:West, Stephanie
1709:
1689:. Vol. 3.
1651:
1631:. Vol. 2.
1621:Gershevitch, I.
1609:
1571:
1569:
1544:
1505:
1473:
1445:
1443:
1407:
1363:
1351:. Vol. 1.
1331:
1311:Cernenko, E. V.
1303:
1259:
1231:
1226:
1210:
1208:
1165:Sulimirski 1985
1141:Dandamayev 1994
1137:
1133:
1125:
1121:
1113:
1109:
1101:
1094:
1086:
1082:
1074:
1070:
1062:
1058:
1050:
1046:
1038:
1029:
1021:
1014:
1006:
1002:
996:Sulimirski 1985
994:
987:
976:
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910:
906:
863:
859:
848:
844:
836:
832:
824:
820:
809:
805:
797:
793:
785:
781:
773:
766:
762:
750:
727:
725:Greater Scythia
630:
625:
541:in 612 BC, and
523:
442:
366:Hungarian Plain
350:Pannonian Basin
327:
257:
214:Eurasian Steppe
206:
193:
111:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2388:
2378:
2377:
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2283:
2282:
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2275:
2265:
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2258:
2253:
2247:Scythia Minor
2245:
2240:
2235:
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2217:
2213:
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2204:
2199:
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2159:
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2155:
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2144:
2139:
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2102:
2097:
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2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1992:Indo-Scythians
1989:
1984:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1899:
1892:
1891:
1884:
1877:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1848:
1847:External links
1845:
1844:
1843:
1828:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1796:
1766:
1713:
1707:
1695:United Kingdom
1679:Sollberger, E.
1667:Boardman, John
1655:
1649:
1637:United Kingdom
1617:Sulimirski, T.
1613:
1607:
1578:
1563:Czech Republic
1548:
1542:
1530:United Kingdom
1508:
1503:
1490:
1477:
1471:
1452:
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1393:United Kingdom
1375:Loewe, Michael
1367:
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1159:Ivantchik 2018
1156:
1153:Melyukova 1990
1150:
1144:
1131:
1129:, pp. 98.
1127:Melyukova 1990
1119:
1117:, p. 555.
1107:
1092:
1090:, p. 554.
1080:
1068:
1056:
1044:
1042:, p. 552.
1027:
1012:
1008:Melyukova 1990
1000:
985:
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951:
930:10.2307/599752
924:(4): 400–409.
904:
877:(2): 129–138.
857:
842:
830:
828:, p. 564.
818:
803:
799:Melyukova 1990
791:
779:
775:Ivantchik 2018
763:
761:
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749:
746:
738:Iranian people
726:
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628:Scythia proper
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519:
441:
440:7th Century BC
438:
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95:Pontic Scythia
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2223:Kazakh Steppe
2221:
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2198:
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2122:Tagar culture
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1506:
1504:5-12-000104-1
1500:
1496:
1495:Монеты Ольвии
1491:
1487:
1483:
1482:Золото скифов
1478:
1474:
1472:90-04-09856-9
1468:
1464:
1460:
1459:
1453:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1433:United States
1430:
1429:New York City
1426:
1425:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1406:0-521-47030-7
1402:
1398:
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1302:9780300096880
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1234:
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1219:
1207:
1206:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1189:Di Cosmo 1999
1187:
1184:
1183:Jacobson 1995
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1147:Cernenko 2012
1145:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1128:
1123:
1116:
1111:
1104:
1099:
1097:
1089:
1084:
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1072:
1065:
1064:Olbrycht 2000
1060:
1053:
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1019:
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827:
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807:
800:
795:
788:
783:
776:
771:
769:
764:
755:
752:
751:
745:
743:
742:Pontic steppe
739:
734:
732:
722:
719:
713:
712:
704:
702:
698:
693:
691:
685:
679:
673:
664:
663:Ancient Greek
659:
653:
649:
647:
643:
639:
635:
620:
617:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
590:
585:
583:
577:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
550:Pontic Steppe
546:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
525:According to
518:
515:
513:
509:
505:
501:
496:
494:
493:Šērūʾa-ēṭirat
490:
484:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
457:
455:
451:
447:
437:
435:
431:
427:
426:mediaeval era
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
404:and even the
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
353:
351:
347:
342:
340:
336:
332:
322:
320:
315:
314:
308:
306:
301:
299:
298:Transcaucasia
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
252:
250:
246:
241:
239:
235:
231:
227:
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188:
185:
173:
166:
159:
152:
145:
138:
131:
125:
119:
118:
106:
104:
100:
96:
92:
87:
78:
74:
70:
65:
56:
55:Ancient Greek
51:
42:
37:
32:
28:
22:
2256:Lower Danube
2003:Sauromatians
1972:Melanchlaeni
1895:
1857:
1834:
1822:
1816:
1782:
1727:
1721:
1682:
1624:
1590:
1570:. Retrieved
1553:
1520:
1516:Sinor, Denis
1494:
1485:
1481:
1457:
1444:. Retrieved
1422:
1383:
1347:
1315:
1291:
1272:
1268:
1240:
1237:Batty, Roger
1216:
1209:. Retrieved
1203:
1134:
1122:
1110:
1083:
1071:
1059:
1047:
1003:
979:
973:
964:
954:
921:
917:
907:
874:
870:
860:
851:
845:
833:
821:
812:
806:
794:
782:
735:
728:
705:
701:Lake Maeotis
694:
654:
650:
638:Danube river
631:
618:
601:
597:
594:Titus Livius
586:
584:previously.
582:Kuban Steppe
578:
547:
524:
516:
507:
497:
485:
458:
443:
382:Transylvania
362:Transylvania
354:
343:
328:
312:
309:
302:
266:Ciscaucasian
258:
242:
238:Lake Maeotis
210:Central Asia
207:
112:
94:
76:
26:
25:
2142:Thyssagetae
2008:Agaragantes
1860:(in French)
1419:"Scythians"
1269:Radiocarbon
961:"Scythians"
572:and of the
537:in 614 BC,
508:šar-kiššati
454:Argishti II
420:and of the
416:during the
319:Mesopotamia
294:Muğan plain
278:Kuros river
262:Caspian Sea
249:Kuban river
245:Ciscaucasia
41:Old Persian
2354:Categories
2058:Spondolici
2028:Limigantes
1999:Sarmatians
1987:Massagetae
1950:Cimmerians
1930:Androphagi
1362:9231028464
1103:Batty 2007
1076:Batty 2007
787:Novák 2013
760:References
589:Azerbaijan
527:Babylonian
500:Asia Minor
481:Esarhaddon
434:Celtic art
378:Bessarabia
364:, and the
335:Wallachian
286:Mingəçevir
282:Azerbaijan
230:Cimmerians
218:Massagetae
113:The names
45:𐎿𐎤𐎢𐎭𐎼
2311:Sarmatism
2202:Languages
2185:Jewellery
2095:Hamaxobii
2075:Scythians
2038:Rimphaces
2033:Phoristae
2023:Cissianti
1982:Amyrgians
1967:Gelonians
1915:Agathyrsi
1815:'s poems
1730:: 14615.
1691:Cambridge
1633:Cambridge
1572:14 August
1526:Cambridge
1389:Cambridge
1211:4 October
1177:West 2002
938:0003-0279
891:0043-8243
697:Agathyrsi
672:romanized
642:Black Sea
634:Don river
623:Geography
602:Skythēnoi
598:Sacassani
469:Mannaeans
374:Hungarian
339:Moldavian
222:Issedones
109:Etymology
99:Scythians
89:; Latin:
2268:Sarmatia
2233:Sakasene
2207:Religion
2043:Roxolani
1945:Cercetae
1935:Arimaspi
1762:28256537
1446:8 August
1417:(2018).
1381:(eds.).
1313:(2012).
1239:(2007).
754:Sarmatia
748:See also
610:Sakasēnē
606:Xenophon
504:Tugdammi
489:Bartatua
465:Išpakaia
446:Išpakaia
430:Etruscan
412:and the
390:Slovakia
370:Thracian
346:Sigynnae
341:plains.
313:akīnakēs
292:and the
236:and the
144:Skuthikē
124:Scythica
91:Scythica
86:Skuthikē
77:Scythica
31:Scythian
2360:Scythia
2289:Related
2216:Regions
2197:Horizon
2192:Culture
2173:Culture
2127:Tapurei
2085:Cadusii
2068:Iazyges
2053:Siraces
1925:Amazons
1903:Peoples
1896:Scythia
1836:Toxaris
1818:Tristia
1753:5337992
1732:Bibcode
1623:(ed.).
1518:(ed.).
1345:(ed.).
1267:Data",
1229:Sources
718:Scythia
690:Kherson
686:
674::
614:Ptolemy
574:Lydians
562:Mannaea
554:Assyria
539:Nineveh
424:in the
422:Mongols
386:Hungary
358:Podolia
220:or the
204:Origins
191:History
184:Skuδatā
172:Skuthoi
158:Skuthēs
151:Σκυθική
130:Skuthia
117:Scythia
81:Σκυθική
73:Scythia
64:Skuthia
36:Skulatā
27:Scythia
2317:Croats
2251:Crimea
2243:Alania
2228:Sistan
2132:Tapuri
2063:Yancai
2048:Serboi
1940:Budini
1920:Amardi
1910:Achaei
1831:Lucian
1794:
1760:
1750:
1705:
1647:
1605:
1595:Kraków
1559:Prague
1540:
1501:
1469:
1403:
1359:
1353:UNESCO
1327:
1299:
1255:
1245:Oxford
946:599752
944:
936:
899:123971
897:
889:
678:Hulaia
658:Hylaea
646:Dnipro
558:Urartu
543:Ḫarran
388:, and
331:Danube
270:Araxes
226:Araxes
178:Σκυθοι
169:) and
165:Σκυθης
141:) and
137:Σκυθία
59:Σκυθία
50:Skudra
2321:Serbs
2152:Zygii
2137:Tauri
2110:Spali
2105:Sindi
2100:Legae
2090:Gelae
2018:Aorsi
2013:Alans
1960:Parni
1955:Dahae
1788:Brill
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