543:
306:
129:
105:
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properties. Most nests are built during the breeding season by the male swiftlet over a period of 35 days. They take the shape of a shallow cup stuck to the cave wall. The nests are composed of interwoven strands of salivary cement and contain high levels of calcium, iron, potassium, and magnesium.
571:
in these developmental factors. Young birds reach a maximum weight heavier than their parents; they can cope with not being fed for long periods of time, and delay their feather growth when undernourished. Swifts and seabirds have generally secure nest sites, but their food sources are unreliable,
473:
The wingtip bones of swiftlets are of proportionately greater length than those of most other birds. Changing the angle between the bones of the wingtips and forelimbs allows swifts to alter the shape and area of their wings to increase their efficiency and maneuverability at various speeds. They
478:
a unique ability to rotate their wings from the base, allowing the wing to remain rigid and fully extended and derive power on both the upstroke and downstroke. The downstroke produces both lift and thrust, while the upstroke produces a negative thrust (drag) that is 60% of the thrust generated
479:
during the downstrokes, but simultaneously it contributes lift that is also 60% of what is produced during the downstroke. This flight arrangement might benefit the bird's control and maneuverability in the air.
560:. Other swifts select holes and small cavities in walls. The eggs hatch after 19 to 23 days, and the young leave the nest after a further six to eight weeks. Both parents assist in raising the young.
293:), meaning "footless", a reference to the small, weak legs of these most aerial of birds. The tradition of depicting swifts without feet continued into the Middle Ages, as seen in the heraldic
580:
All swifts eat insects, such as dragonflies, flies, ants, aphids, wasps and bees as well as aerial spiders. Prey is typically caught in flight using the beak. Some species, like the
360:, at the end of which the extant families were present; fossil genera are known from all over temperate Europe, between today's Denmark and France, such as the primitive swift-like
789:
753:
Thomassen, Henri A.; Tex, Robert-Jan; de Bakker, Merijn A.G.; Povel, G. David E. (2005). "Phylogenetic relationships amongst swifts and swiftlets: A multi locus approach".
502:
Swifts occur on all the continents except
Antarctica, but not in the far north, in large deserts, or on many oceanic islands. The swifts of temperate regions are strongly
652:. Over-harvesting of this expensive delicacy has led to a decline in the numbers of these swiftlets, especially as the nests are also thought to have health benefits and
517:. The flight of some species is characterised by a distinctive "flicking" action quite different from swallows. Swifts range in size from the pygmy swiftlet (
470:(112 km/h; 70 mph). In a single year the common swift can cover at least 200,000 km, and in a lifetime, about two million kilometers.
913:
368:
321:
1635:
330:. Traditional taxonomies place the hummingbird family (Trochilidae) in the same order as the swifts and treeswifts (and no other birds); the
1727:
1583:
812:
1609:
1360:
1144:
1614:
542:
1722:
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Many have a characteristic shape, with a short forked tail and very long swept-back wings that resemble a crescent or a
1197:
1379:
1339:
991:
952:
666:
337:
The taxonomy of the swifts is complicated, with genus and species boundaries widely disputed, especially amongst the
1258:
Gausset, Quentin (2004). "Chronicle of a
Foreseeable Tragedy: Birds' Nests Management in the Niah Caves (Sarawak)".
1684:
1552:
563:
Swifts as a family have smaller egg clutches and much longer and more variable incubation and fledging times than
1640:
1565:
1223:
Hobbs, Joseph J (2004). "Problems in the harvest of edible birds' nests in
Sarawak and Sabah, Malaysian Borneo".
885:
676:
1622:
671:
1495:
1472:
871:
1403:
Swift
Conservation.Org free advice on the natural history and conservation of Apus apus the Common Swift
1500:
846:
305:
1689:
1650:
902:
459:
128:
331:
698:"Convergent evolution of the tradeoff between egg size and tail fork depth in swallows and swifts"
1168:
del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David A.; de Juana, Eduardo (eds.).
983:
970:
1676:
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597:
400:
There are around 100 species of swifts, normally grouped into two subfamilies and four tribes.
506:
and winter in the tropics. Some species can survive short periods of cold weather by entering
1671:
649:
395:
1663:
697:
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1459:
641:
346:
275:
8:
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491:
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1115:
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1041:
625:
605:
342:
334:
treated this group as a superorder in which the swift order was called
Trochiliformes.
271:
are closely related to the true swifts, but form a separate family, the
Hemiprocnidae.
123:
494:, has recently been found to use this navigation at night outside its cave roost too.
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1658:
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1356:
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529:), which weighs 184 g (6.5 oz) and measures 25 cm (9.8 in) long.
522:
1244:
1119:
1045:
324:(apparently swift-like hummingbird-relatives) and of primitive hummingbirds such as
1309:
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1232:
1099:
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1031:
1023:
924:
804:
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The nest of many species is glued to a vertical surface with saliva, and the genus
467:
458:
Swifts are among the fastest of birds in level flight, and larger species like the
1575:
1313:
1717:
1513:
1464:
629:
621:
584:, hunt in mixed species flocks with other aerial insectivores such as members of
1627:
1477:
1395:
1027:
925:
Vortex wake and flight kinematics of a swift in cruising flight in a wind tunnel
766:
1560:
1547:
503:
362:
286:
462:
have been reported travelling at up to 169 km/h (105 mph). Even the
1706:
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609:
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whereas passerines are vulnerable in the nest but food is usually plentiful.
404:
350:
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62:
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for navigating through dark cave systems where they roost. One species, the
1435:
1296:
Marcone, Massimo F (2005). "Characterization of the edible bird's nest the
774:
463:
316:
Taxonomists have long classified swifts and treeswifts as relatives of the
112:
1009:"Hole selection by nesting swifts in medieval city-walls of central Spain"
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1134:
653:
475:
317:
264:
260:
193:
37:
1487:
1059:
Lack, David; Lack, Elizabeth (1951). "The breeding biology of the Swift
521:), which weighs 5.4 g and measures 9 cm (3.5 in) long, to the
1111:
1036:
863:
552:
82:
47:
714:
1534:
868:
Extraordinary
Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals
564:
514:
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373:
268:
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183:
140:
87:
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1401:
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have been used in
Chinese cooking for over 400 years, most often as
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1429:
1103:
483:
420:
382:
338:
229:
160:
77:
72:
57:
52:
42:
386:(Early Eocene of England), might also be a more distant ancestor.
341:. Analysis of behavior and vocalizations is complicated by common
585:
377:
294:
252:
92:
67:
1090:
Boersma, P Dee (1982). "Why some birds take so long to hatch".
507:
357:
279:
150:
104:
30:
1007:
Corrales, L.; Bautista, L.M.; SantaMaría, T.; Mas, P. (2013).
1526:
1006:
1167:
967:
248:
170:
752:
1332:
Swifts: A Guide to the Swifts and
Treeswifts of the World
1329:
790:"A new Eocene swift-like bird with a peculiar feathering"
380:). A prehistoric genus sometimes assigned to the swifts,
353:
have yielded equivocal and partly contradictory results.
596:
No swift species has become extinct since 1600, but
274:
Resemblances between swifts and swallows are due to
1058:
943:Collins, Charles T. (1991). Forshaw, Joseph (ed.).
942:
278:, reflecting similar life styles based on catching
1169:
969:
696:
320:, a judgment corroborated by the discovery of the
1190:
1704:
556:use only that substance, which is the basis for
285:The family name, Apodidae, is derived from the
1330:Chantler, Phillip; Driessens, Gerald (2000).
968:Martins, Thais; Mead, Christopher J. (2003).
947:. London: Merehurst Press. pp. 134–136.
1352:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
1161:
1136:Pete Dunne's essential field guide companion
1000:
695:Hasegawa, Masaru; Arai, Emi (12 June 2018).
694:
632:or lack sufficient data for classification.
1291:
1289:
497:
486:or cave swiftlets have developed a form of
366:(Early–Middle Eocene) and the more modern
103:
1035:
903:On Swift Wings | Natural History Magazine
835:Chantler & Driessens (2000) pp. 19–20
829:
635:
1286:
1176:Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive
1052:
541:
304:
259:species. Swifts are placed in the order
1369:
1348:
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1251:
1089:
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883:
844:
356:The Apodiformes diversified during the
1705:
938:
936:
934:
932:
884:Rundell, Katherine (August 15, 2019).
838:
737:
567:with similarly sized eggs, resembling
1411:
1410:
1374:. Oxford: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
1222:
1216:
1132:
755:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
255:, but are not closely related to any
1651:1c712bec-8d68-4793-9acb-bbb23bfe1b15
1566:ad2eeac1-2787-47eb-903e-54e32556f546
914:Birds of Venezuela – Steven L. Hilty
787:
728:
466:can cruise at a maximum speed of 31
251:. They are superficially similar to
929:
781:
13:
1272:10.1023/b:huec.0000043517.23277.54
1237:10.1023/b:bioc.0000047905.79709.7f
1077:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1951.tb05457.x
510:, a state similar to hibernation.
14:
1739:
1389:
980:The Firefly Encyclopedia of Birds
847:"Supercharged swifts fly fastest"
667:List of Apodiformes by population
640:The hardened saliva nests of the
809:10.1046/j.1474-919x.2003.00168.x
127:
35:
1728:Extant Eocene first appearances
1323:
1139:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co.
1126:
945:Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds
918:
907:
896:
474:share with their relatives the
877:
857:
845:Bourton, Jody (2 March 2010).
746:
688:
677:International Swift Conference
453:
345:, while analyses of different
1:
1372:Lives of North American Birds
1314:10.1016/j.foodres.2005.02.008
1225:Biodiversity and Conservation
682:
672:List of birds by flight speed
1355:. London: Christopher Helm.
546:Nesting mossy-nest swiftlets
532:
7:
1723:Taxa named by Ernst Hartert
1302:Food Research International
1028:10.13157/arla.60.2.2013.291
767:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.05.010
660:
628:; twelve other species are
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300:
10:
1746:
982:. Firefly Books. pp.
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393:
389:
1419:
1349:Jobling, James A (2010).
734:Jobling (2010) pp. 50–51.
591:
460:white-throated needletail
221:
216:
124:Scientific classification
122:
111:
102:
23:
1204:. BirdLife International
703:Journal of Avian Biology
498:Distribution and habitat
332:Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy
1092:The American Naturalist
586:Hirundinidae (swallows)
1370:Kaufman, Kenn (2001).
1334:. London: Pica Press.
890:London Review of Books
743:Kaufman (2001) p. 329.
636:Exploitation by humans
598:BirdLife International
547:
519:Collocalia troglodytes
313:
1672:Paleobiology Database
788:Mayr, Gerald (2003).
545:
527:Hirundapus celebensis
396:List of swift species
308:
1561:Fauna Europaea (new)
1133:Dunne, Pete (2006).
976:Perrins, Christopher
886:"Consider the Swift"
642:edible-nest swiftlet
347:morphological traits
276:convergent evolution
646:black-nest swiftlet
492:Three-toed swiftlet
429:Tribe Collocaliini
372:(Late Eocene/Early
247:, of highly aerial
1298:Caviar of the East
548:
413:Tribe Cypseloidini
343:parallel evolution
314:
1700:
1699:
1659:Open Tree of Life
1413:Taxon identifiers
1398:on xeno-canto.org
1362:978-1-4081-2501-4
1308:(10): 1125–1134.
1231:(12): 2209–2226.
1146:978-0-618-23648-0
715:10.1111/jav.01684
600:has assessed the
523:purple needletail
468:metres per second
438:Tribe Chaeturini
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650:bird's nest soup
622:Tahiti swiftlets
558:bird's nest soup
446:– typical swifts
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27:Temporal range:
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630:near threatened
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349:and of various
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16:Family of birds
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369:Procypseloides
363:Scaniacypselus
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310:Scaniacypselus
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440:– needletails
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1597:iNaturalist
1445:Wikispecies
1037:10261/96963
864:Piper, Ross
720:12 February
654:aphrodisiac
614:dark-rumped
454:Description
282:in flight.
261:Apodiformes
194:Apodiformes
1707:Categories
1208:27 October
1198:"Apodidae"
1171:"Apodidae"
822:2013-10-27
683:References
626:vulnerable
618:Seychelles
606:endangered
565:passerines
553:Aerodramus
269:treeswifts
33:to present
1280:154898420
1061:Apus apus
569:tubenoses
533:Behaviour
515:boomerang
504:migratory
484:swiftlets
433:swiftlets
374:Oligocene
339:swiftlets
257:passerine
184:Strisores
147:Kingdom:
141:Eukaryota
117:Apus apus
1713:Apodidae
1576:apodidae
1485:BioLib:
1478:Apodidae
1465:Apodidae
1451:Apodidae
1430:Wikidata
1421:Apodidae
1245:34483704
1155:61169710
1120:83600491
1046:84894013
971:"Swifts"
866:(2007),
851:BBC News
775:16006151
709:(8): 1.
661:See also
644:and the
538:Breeding
421:Apodinae
383:Primapus
376:– Early
301:Taxonomy
253:swallows
245:Apodidae
230:Apodinae
204:Apodidae
200:Family:
161:Chordata
157:Phylum:
151:Animalia
137:Domain:
1202:Species
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1016:Ardeola
984:346–350
978:(ed.).
576:Feeding
390:Species
378:Miocene
295:martlet
289:ἄπους (
280:insects
209:Hartert
190:Order:
167:Class:
1718:Swifts
1690:196042
1664:609796
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592:Status
508:torpor
358:Eocene
312:fossil
267:. The
241:swifts
211:, 1897
31:Eocene
1685:WoRMS
1677:39423
1553:10816
1276:S2CID
1241:S2CID
1116:S2CID
1108:JSTOR
1042:S2CID
1012:(PDF)
974:. In
816:(PDF)
793:(PDF)
291:ápous
287:Greek
263:with
249:birds
178:Clade
24:Swift
1641:8893
1636:NCBI
1610:ITIS
1602:6544
1589:2993
1584:GBIF
1535:EPPO
1527:8023
1501:1470
1496:BOLD
1488:8780
1376:ISBN
1357:ISBN
1336:ISBN
1210:2013
1184:2013
1151:OCLC
1141:ISBN
1065:Ibis
988:ISBN
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797:Ibis
771:PMID
722:2021
610:Atiu
482:The
239:The
171:Aves
38:PreꞒ
1623:NBN
1522:EoL
1514:6L5
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1473:AFD
1460:ADW
1310:doi
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