199:. Both were powered by the new P&W R-4360. The XF-12's first flight was made on 4 February 1946 and during flight testing, it reached an altitude of 45,000 ft (14,000 m) at 470 mph (760 km/h), and demonstrated a range of 4,500 mi (7,200 km), exceeding design criteria. The XF-12 could photograph in both daylight and night and under conditions of reduced visibility at high altitudes over long ranges and with great speed. This "flying photo lab" was capable of mapping broad stretches of the globe.
224:
322:
aircraft and reduce the risk of fire. The pilot landed on the left main gear and the nose wheel and despite losing as much speed as possible before the other wing dropped, the aircraft suffered significant damage. The wing spar was cracked, and engines and props needed to be replaced but it was repaired by
Republic, and returned to service. When the U.S. Army Air Forces became the U.S. Air Force the XF-12 was later re-designated
252:
prevent frost build-up. The XF-12 also carried complete darkroom facilities to permit developing and printing the film while still airborne augmented by adjustable storage racks to handle any size of film container and additional photo equipment. This allowed immediate access to the intelligence after landing without the usual processing delay.
29:
411:
made tentative orders, but without military F-12 orders to subsidize development and tooling costs, the RC-2's purchase price was higher than they would accept. The RC-2 also would have had higher operating costs per passenger than more capacious airliners with similar fuel consumption such as the
284:
boost for increased power at high speeds, and more effective cooling of the oil and intercoolers. The intakes made up 25% of the total wingspan and were extensively wind tunnel tested. After being used, the air was ducted toward the rear of the nacelle, to provide thrust. The entire engine nacelle
251:
K-17 camera. For night reconnaissance, the XF-12 had a belly hold which accommodated 18 high-intensity photo-flash bombs to be ejected over the target. All bays were equipped with electrically operated, inward retracting doors designed for minimum drag and camera lenses were electrically heated to
366:
from a photographic suitability test flight after the number 2 (port inner) engine exploded, causing violent buffeting. Five of the seven crew escaped safely while two crew members were killed. The first prototype continued flight testing after being returned to service in 1948 but with no orders
321:
The first prototype was damaged on 10 July 1947 while undergoing maximum landing weight tests when the right main gear was severed at the engine nacelle. After bouncing hard and staggering back into the air the test pilot climbed to a safe altitude where excess fuel was burnt off, to lighten the
176:, due to the range requirements of operating in the Pacific, existing fighters and bombers were being used but were poorly suited to the USAAF's needs. The requirement existed for dedicated photo-reconnaissance aircraft with speed, range, and altitude capabilities beyond what was then available.
167:
Air
Technical Service Command in late 1943 was for a 400 mph (640 km/h) reconnaissance aircraft with a range of 4,000 nmi (7,400 km; 4,600 mi) and a ceiling of 40,000 ft (12,000 m). Its primary objective was high-speed overflights of the
143:. The XF-12 was referred to as "flying on all fours" meaning: four engines, 400 mph (640 km/h) cruise, 4,000 mi (6,400 km) range, at 40,000 ft (12,000 m). The aircraft was designed to maximize aerodynamic efficiency. Although innovative, the
304:
similar to those used on the XF-11, However, due to delivery delays and reliability issues, they were never installed. They would have been twinned three-bladed propellers (rotating in opposite directions). As it was, the aircraft used standard four-bladed
340:
before heading east. It then photographed its entire flight path across the United States on 390 individual 10 in (250 mm) photos each covering 490 mi (790 km), which were jointed to form a continuous 325 ft (99 m) print.
279:
of each wing between the inboard and outboard engines. This reduced drag compared to using individual intakes for each component. In addition, because the air was taken from a high-pressure area at the front of the wing, this provided a
267:
hub. These refinements allowed the engines to be tightly cowled for aerodynamic efficiency, while still keeping the engines adequately cooled. When the sliding cowl ring was closed during flight, the cooling air was ducted through the
231:
Minimizing drag was a primary consideration throughout the design of the XF-12. Many features came from
Republic's experience with fighter aircraft. Unusually, no compromises to the aerodynamics were made in the shape of its
395:
each would replace the R-4360-31s, providing more power at lower altitudes, and fuel capacity would be increased. The airliner would carry a crew of seven, and the lavishly appointed cabin for 46 passengers would feature
367:
forthcoming and with the second prototype lost, flight testing was wound down and the remaining prototype was retired in June 1952, having flown just 117 hours from 1949 to 1952. It was later expended as a target at the
312:
The only visible external difference between the first and second prototypes was the addition of cooling gills on the upper engine cowlings. The second prototype was fitted with the full reconnaissance equipment suite.
202:
Only two prototypes were built each of the XF-11 and the XF-12 were ordered into service by the U.S. Army Air Forces, as the requirement evaporated after World War II ended, while the cheaper off-the-shelf
400:
to sea level with air conditioning, an electric galley providing hot meals, and an inflight lounge. The RC-2 would cruise above bad weather at 435 mph (700 km/h) at 40,000 feet (12,000 m).
289:. Research showed that a force roughly equivalent to 250 hp (190 kW) was generated by each engine exhaust during high speed cruise while at altitude. Each engine featured twin General Electric
352:, New York after six hours and 55 minutes at an average speed of 361 mph (581 km/h). A photo was taken approximately every 66 seconds. The flight was featured in the 29 November 1948 issue of
1825:
191:"recon" unit, recommended the acquisition of a dedicated high-performance photo reconnaissance aircraft to provide pre- and post-strike target analysis intelligence as well as
1815:
215:
entered service. The XF-12 was the fastest aircraft of its day to use four reciprocating engines, and the only one to exceed 450 mph (720 km/h) in level flight
1501:
240:
was quoted as saying "the sharp nose and cylindrical cigar shape of the XF-12 fulfills a designer's dream of a no compromise design with aerodynamic considerations."
359:
and the filmstrip exhibited at the 1948 U.S. Air Force
Association Convention in New York. The XF-12 program had already been canceled when this flight was made.
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424:
which could be readily converted into airliners for a fraction of the cost of new aircraft. Thus, the RC-2 program was cancelled before any were built.
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was conceived to demonstrate the XF-12's capabilities. On 1 September 1948, the second prototype departed the U.S. Air Force Flight Test Center at
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to facilitate engine cooling instead of cowling flaps, which caused too much drag. There was also a two-stage impeller fan directly behind the
1748:
921:
195:
to better allow commanders to make decisions for bombing raids. Republic
Aviation submitted the XF-12 and it was competing against the
243:
For its reconnaissance role, the XF-12 had three photographic compartments aft of the wing. One vertical, one split vertical, and one
1480:
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387:, which would be lengthened to 98 ft 9 in (30.10 m) with a fuselage plug ahead of the wing, and the
914:
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888:
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907:
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4-bladed
Curtiss, 16 ft 1 in (4.9 m) diameter reversible-pitch constant-speed propellers
301:
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nose replaced with a conventional nose. Pratt & Whitney R-4360-59s with only one
General Electric
1753:
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to the rear exhaust orifice increasing thrust, rather than adding drag as is usually the case.
60:
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8:
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World's
Fastest Four-Engine Piston-Powered Aircraft: Story of the Republic XR-12 Rainbow
1535:
1307:
1181:
1151:
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1095:
1090:
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838:
404:
392:
132:
65:
804:
336:, and climbed west to its 40,000 ft (12,000 m) cruising altitude over the
151:
made it obsolete, and it did not enter production. A proposed airliner variant, the
420:, and the end of the war created a glut of surplus military transports such as the
184:
1449:
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1354:
1043:
1033:
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353:
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1003:
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842:
531:
388:
345:
337:
136:
1689:
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1525:
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400 mph (640 km/h, 350 kn) at 40,000 ft (12,000 m)
417:
290:
276:
275:
Air for engine intakes, oil coolers and intercoolers was drawn through the
196:
173:
349:
244:
223:
148:
135:
Company in the late 1940s. Like most large aircraft of the era, it used
144:
895:. Vol. 47, no. 19. Albany, NY: McGraw-Hill. pp. 28–30.
293:
at the rear of the nacelle and for brief bursts of additional power,
125:
757:, Fort Walton, Florida, 11 November 1948, Volume 3, Number 41, p. 1.
362:
On 7 November 1948, the second prototype crashed while returning to
259:
for maximum efficiency and squared tips. The engines used a sliding
372:
233:
477:
269:
260:
833:
Luce, Henry R., ed. (29 November 1948). "Speaking of pictures".
520:
5,000 US gal (4,200 imp gal; 19,000 L)
408:
169:
878:
Marrett, George (December 2005). "Flights Into the Future".
789:. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Co. pp. 282c–283c.
155:, was deemed uneconomical and cancelled before being built.
1826:
Cancelled military aircraft projects of the United States
850:
Machat, Mike (April 1994). "Somewhere, Under a
Rainbow".
28:
211:
could temporarily fill the role until the jet-powered
1816:
1940s United States military reconnaissance aircraft
837:. Vol. 25, no. 22. Time. pp. 12–13.
610:
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
929:
798:
796:
1802:
793:
643:List of military aircraft of the United States
1481:
915:
573:4,500 mi (7,200 km, 3,900 nmi)
753:"Seven Airmen Dead in Eglin Plane Crashes".
695:
693:
665:
663:
383:Republic proposed an airliner version, the
1488:
1474:
922:
908:
255:Its wing had a straight taper with a high
555:470 mph (760 km/h, 410 kn)
427:
300:The XF-12 was originally intended to use
886:
784:
778:
769:
760:
690:
660:
567:104 mph (167 km/h, 90 kn)
528:Pratt & Whitney R-4360-31 Wasp Major
222:
189:Lockheed F-5 (a modified P-38 Lightning)
877:
805:"The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage"
729:
720:
711:
681:
672:
591:61.8 lb/sq ft (302 kg/m)
124:was an American four-engine, all-metal
1803:
858:
849:
702:
316:
1469:
903:
887:Mclarren, Robert (10 November 1947).
534:, 3,250 hp (2,420 kW) each
247:each using a 6 in (150 mm)
141:Pratt & Whitney R-4360 Wasp Major
832:
802:
787:Jane's all the World's Aircraft 1947
626:Lockheed R7V-2/YC-121F Constellation
461:129 ft 2 in (39.36 m)
455:93 ft 10 in (28.59 m)
435:Jane's all the World's Aircraft 1947
172:and key enemy installations. During
13:
889:"F-12 Based on fighter experience"
473:1,640 sq ft (152 m)
467:28 ft 4 in (8.63 m)
14:
1857:
1658:Strategic reconnaissance sequence
1500:designations, Army/Air Force and
863:. St. Paul, MN: Specialty Press.
16:Prototype reconnaissance aircraft
514:101,400 lb (45,994 kg)
27:
826:
785:Bridgman, Leonard, ed. (1947).
747:
600:8.4 lb/hp (5.1 kg/kW)
585:5,000 ft/min (25 m/s)
508:65,000 lb (29,484 kg)
179:In August 1943, U.S. President
163:The original proposal from the
1635:Reconnaissance/strike sequence
738:
579:44,000 ft (13,000 m)
158:
1:
1821:Four-engined tractor aircraft
648:
84:United States Army Air Forces
1841:Four-engined piston aircraft
1836:Aircraft first flown in 1946
1510:Army/Air Force main sequence
882:. Vol. 35, no. 12.
653:
530:28-cyl. four-row air-cooled
165:United States Army Air Corps
7:
854:. Vol. 24, no. 2.
604:
307:Curtiss Electric propellers
10:
1862:
616:Boeing RB-29 Superfortress
302:contra-rotating propellers
1741:
1705:
1698:
1681:Tri-Service main sequence
1680:
1657:
1634:
1604:
1518:
1509:
1225:
1139:
1109:
1083:
1052:
981:
974:
938:
287:Republic P-47 Thunderbolt
218:
209:Boeing B-50 Superfortress
205:Boeing B-29 Superfortress
110:
102:
97:
89:
79:
71:
59:
51:
40:
35:
26:
21:
678:McLarren, 1947, pp.28-30
295:water-methanol injection
285:was nearly as long as a
227:XF-12 Rainbow circa 1946
1699:Reconnaissance subtypes
1498:reconnaissance aircraft
1496:United States military
809:m-selig.ae.illinois.edu
440:General characteristics
378:
369:Aberdeen Proving Ground
129:reconnaissance aircraft
766:Machat, 1994, pp.50–51
498:Republic R-4,40-413-.6
428:Specifications (XF-12)
422:Douglas C-54 Skymaster
414:Lockheed Constellation
228:
213:Boeing RB-47 Stratojet
122:Republic XF-12 Rainbow
933:and Seversky aircraft
859:Machat, Mike (2011).
532:radial piston engines
492:Republic R-4,40-318-1
226:
181:Franklin D. Roosevelt
46:aerial reconnaissance
1605:Prefix R-, 1947–1962
1519:Prefix F-, 1930–1947
364:Eglin Air Force Base
193:photo interpretation
699:Marrett, 2005, p.26
669:Marrett, 2005, p.23
330:Operation Birds Eye
317:Operational history
139:, specifically the
36:General information
1706:Converted fighters
775:Machat, 1994, p.51
744:Machat, 1994, p.50
735:Machat, 1994, p.10
726:Machat, 1994, p.14
717:Machat, 1994, p.16
687:Machat, 1994, p.12
229:
1846:Mid-wing aircraft
1831:Low-wing aircraft
1811:Republic aircraft
1798:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1742:Converted bombers
1630:
1629:
1463:
1462:
1135:
1134:
975:Republic aircraft
939:Seversky aircraft
803:Lednicer, David.
708:Machat, 1994, p.9
405:American Airlines
393:turbosupercharger
334:Muroc, California
187:, commander of a
170:Japanese homeland
133:Republic Aviation
118:
117:
66:Republic Aviation
1853:
1703:
1702:
1516:
1515:
1502:1962 Tri-Service
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577:Service ceiling:
548:
442:
185:Elliot Roosevelt
183:'s son, Colonel
131:designed by the
31:
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1226:Project numbers
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755:Playground News
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344:They landed at
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147:and the end of
106:4 February 1946
52:National origin
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1683:(1962–present)
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631:SNCASE SE-1010
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1217:Thunderstreak
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1192:Thunderceptor
1190:
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893:Aviation Week
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637:Related lists
632:
629:
627:
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622:
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599:
597:
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589:Wing loading:
587:
584:
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578:
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569:
566:
563:
560:
559:Cruise speed:
557:
554:
551:
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516:
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512:Gross weight:
510:
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506:Empty weight:
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346:Mitchel Field
342:
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314:
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298:
296:
292:
291:turbochargers
288:
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238:Aviation Week
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55:United States
54:
50:
47:
43:
39:
34:
30:
25:
22:XF-12 Rainbow
20:
1616:
1580:
1404:
1339:
1202:Thunderflash
1197:Thunderchief
1156:
1121:
1074:
892:
879:
860:
851:
834:
827:Bibliography
812:. Retrieved
808:
786:
780:
771:
762:
754:
749:
740:
731:
722:
713:
704:
683:
674:
636:
635:
621:Hughes XF-11
609:
608:
594:
588:
582:
576:
570:
565:Stall speed:
564:
558:
552:
545:
543:
537:
523:
517:
511:
505:
495:
489:
476:
470:
464:
458:
452:
446:
439:
437:
432:
431:
418:Douglas DC-6
403:
384:
382:
361:
354:
343:
329:
328:
323:
320:
311:
299:
277:leading edge
274:
257:aspect ratio
254:
242:
230:
201:
197:Hughes XF-11
178:
174:World War II
162:
152:
121:
119:
103:First flight
90:Number built
80:Primary user
61:Manufacturer
1637:(1960–1962)
1512:(1930–1962)
1187:Thunderbolt
546:Performance
538:Propellers:
524:Powerplant:
350:Long Island
245:trimetrogon
159:Development
149:World War 2
1805:Categories
1207:Thunderjet
1182:Thunderbug
649:References
596:Power/mass
471:Wing area:
145:jet engine
44:Strategic
843:0024-3019
654:Citations
459:Wingspan:
433:Data from
389:Plexiglas
265:propeller
249:Fairchild
126:prototype
114:June 1952
75:Cancelled
1084:Missiles
982:Fighters
931:Republic
605:See also
416:and the
373:Maryland
357:magazine
234:fuselage
1504:systems
1177:Swallow
1172:Snooper
1157:Rainbow
814:7 April
478:Airfoil
465:Height:
453:Length:
338:Pacific
282:ram air
270:nacelle
111:Retired
98:History
1779:RB-57F
1774:RB-57D
1733:RF-104
1728:RF-101
1455:AP-106
1450:AP-100
1167:Seabee
1162:Rocket
1147:Lancer
1060:RF-84F
1044:AP-100
1034:XF-103
1024:XF-84H
867:
841:
571:Range:
409:Pan Am
219:Design
72:Status
1786:RB-66
1769:RB-57
1764:RB-52
1759:RB-47
1754:RB-29
1749:RB-17
1723:RF-80
1672:SR-72
1667:SR-71
1649:RS-71
1644:RS-70
1445:AP-96
1440:AP-95
1435:AP-90
1425:AP-76
1420:AP-75
1415:AP-71
1410:AP-63
1405:AP-60
1400:AP-57
1395:AP-55
1390:AP-54
1385:NP-52
1380:NP-50
1375:NP-49
1370:NP-48
1365:AP-47
1360:AP-46
1355:AP-44
1350:AP-43
1345:AP-42
1340:AP-41
1335:AP-38
1330:AP-31
1325:AP-24
1313:AP-23
1308:AP-22
1303:AP-21
1298:AP-19
1293:AP-18
1288:AP-16
1283:AP-12
1278:AP-10
1140:Names
1075:XF-12
1039:F-105
1029:XF-91
1019:F-84F
1009:XP-72
1004:XP-69
966:XP-41
946:SEV-3
880:Wings
852:Wings
490:Root:
447:Crew:
324:XR-12
1718:RF-8
1713:RF-4
1622:R-16
1617:R-12
1612:R-11
1596:F-15
1591:F-14
1586:F-13
1581:F-12
1576:F-11
1571:F-10
1273:AP-9
1268:AP-8
1263:AP-7
1258:AP-6
1253:AP-5
1248:AP-4
1243:AP-3
1238:AP-2
1233:AP-1
1152:Loon
1127:RC-3
1122:RC-2
1117:RC-1
1091:JB-2
1070:SD-4
1065:SD-3
1014:F-84
999:P-47
994:P-44
989:P-43
961:A8V1
956:P-35
951:BT-8
865:ISBN
839:ISSN
835:Life
816:2021
526:4 ×
496:Tip:
407:and
385:RC-2
379:RC-2
355:Life
261:cowl
207:and
153:RC-2
120:The
41:Type
1690:R-1
1566:F-9
1561:F-8
1556:F-7
1551:F-6
1546:F-5
1541:F-4
1536:F-3
1531:F-2
1526:F-1
1318:M/X
1101:KUW
1096:KGW
348:on
1807::
1430:85
891:.
807:.
795:^
692:^
662:^
375:.
371:,
326:.
309:.
297:.
236:.
1489:e
1482:t
1475:v
923:e
916:t
909:v
873:.
845:.
818:.
598::
480::
449:7
93:2
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