Jet engine - Knowledge

7987:. The sound power radiated from a jet varies with the jet velocity raised to the eighth power for velocities up to 600 m/s (2,000 ft/s) and varies with the velocity cubed above 600 m/s (2,000 ft/s). Thus, the lower speed exhaust jets emitted from engines such as high bypass turbofans are the quietest, whereas the fastest jets, such as rockets, turbojets, and ramjets, are the loudest. For commercial jet aircraft the jet noise has reduced from the turbojet through bypass engines to turbofans as a result of a progressive reduction in propelling jet velocities. For example, the JT8D, a bypass engine, has a jet velocity of 400 m/s (1,450 ft/s) whereas the JT9D, a turbofan, has jet velocities of 300 m/s (885 ft/s) (cold) and 400 m/s (1,190 ft/s)(hot). 2719: 2711: 154: 2740: 954:. Gas turbine and ram compression engines differ, however, in how they compress the incoming airflow. Whereas gas turbine engines use axial or centrifugal compressors to compress incoming air, ram engines rely only on air compressed in the inlet or diffuser. A ram engine thus requires a substantial initial forward airspeed before it can function. Ramjets are considered the simplest type of air breathing jet engine because they have no moving parts in the engine proper, only in the accessories. 424: 7948:) and great altitudes. At any given throttle, the thrust and efficiency of a rocket motor improves slightly with increasing altitude (because the back-pressure falls thus increasing net thrust at the nozzle exit plane), whereas with a turbojet (or turbofan) the falling density of the air entering the intake (and the hot gases leaving the nozzle) causes the net thrust to decrease with increasing altitude. Rocket engines are more efficient than even scramjets above roughly Mach 15. 880: 468: 10155: 614: 7609: 766:. These are used in electrical power generation, for powering water, natural gas, or oil pumps, and providing propulsion for ships and locomotives. Industrial gas turbines can create up to 50,000 shaft horsepower. Many of these engines are derived from older military turbojets such as the Pratt & Whitney J57 and J75 models. There is also a derivative of the P&W JT8D low-bypass turbofan that creates up to 35,000 horsepower (HP) . 31: 1076: 2238: 553:, an impressively short time for development. The He 178 was the world's first jet plane. Heinkel applied for a US patent covering the Aircraft Power Plant by Hans Joachim Pabst von Ohain on May 31, 1939; patent number US2256198, with M Hahn referenced as inventor. Von Ohain's design, an axial-flow engine, as opposed to Whittle's centrifugal flow engine, was eventually adopted by most manufacturers by the 1950s. 1700:

will be less efficient and this will show when the fuel produces less thrust. If a change is made to an internal part which allows the air/combustion gases to flow more smoothly the engine will be more efficient and use less fuel. A standard definition is used to assess how different things change engine efficiency and also to allow comparisons to be made between different engines. This definition is called

10143: 826: 693: 7971:, and this greatly heats the air. The upper limit is usually thought to be about Mach 5–8, as above about Mach 5.5, the atmospheric nitrogen tends to react due to the high temperatures at the inlet and this consumes significant energy. The exception to this is scramjets which may be able to achieve about Mach 15 or more, as they avoid slowing the air, and rockets again have no particular speed limit. 557: 10033: 1559: 2707:

developed for HP turbine blades, which run at the maximum cycle temperature. The efficiency is also limited by the overall pressure ratio that can be achieved. Cycle efficiency is highest in rocket engines (~60+%), as they can achieve extremely high combustion temperatures. Cycle efficiency in turbojet and similar is nearer to 30%, due to much lower peak cycle temperatures.

1704:, or how much fuel is needed to produce one unit of thrust. For example, it will be known for a particular engine design that if some bumps in a bypass duct are smoothed out the air will flow more smoothly giving a pressure loss reduction of x% and y% less fuel will be needed to get the take-off thrust, for example. This understanding comes under the engineering discipline 1403:) exhaust. Good cost/thrust ratio. Fairly easy to test. Works in a vacuum; indeed, works best outside the atmosphere, which is kinder on vehicle structure at high speed. Fairly small surface area to keep cool, and no turbine in hot exhaust stream. Very high-temperature combustion and high expansion-ratio nozzle gives very high efficiency, at very high speeds. 8015: 1930:

and to prevent oil escaping from bearings for example. Only some of this air taken from the compressors returns to the turbine flow to contribute to thrust production. Any reduction in the amount needed improves the engine efficiency. Again, it will be known for a particular engine design that a reduced requirement for cooling flow of x% will reduce the

861:. The compressor is powered by the turbine, which extracts energy from the expanding gas passing through it. The engine converts internal energy in the fuel to increased momentum of the gas flowing through the engine, producing thrust. All the air entering the compressor is passed through the combustor, and turbine, unlike the 7263:

such as turbojet and turbofan engines. This is primarily because rockets almost universally use dense liquid or solid reaction mass which gives a much smaller volume and hence the pressurization system that supplies the nozzle is much smaller and lighter for the same performance. Duct engines have to

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The engine needs compressed air for itself just to run successfully. This air comes from its own compressor and is called secondary air. It does not contribute to making thrust so makes the engine less efficient. It is used to preserve the mechanical integrity of the engine, to stop parts overheating

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The limit on maximum altitude for engines is set by flammability – at very high altitudes the air becomes too thin to burn, or after compression, too hot. For turbojet engines altitudes of about 40 km appear to be possible, whereas for ramjet engines 55 km may be achievable. Scramjets may

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The thrust-to-weight ratio of jet engines with similar configurations varies with scale, but is mostly a function of engine construction technology. For a given engine, the lighter the engine, the better the thrust-to-weight is, the less fuel is used to compensate for drag due to the lift needed to

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The term Advanced technology engine refers to the modern generation of jet engines. The principle is that a turbine engine will function more efficiently if the various sets of turbines can revolve at their individual optimum speeds, instead of at the same speed. The true advanced technology engine

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in July 1944. These were powered by turbojet engines from Power Jets Ltd., set up by Frank Whittle. The first two operational turbojet aircraft, the Messerschmitt Me 262 and then the Gloster Meteor entered service within three months of each other in 1944; the Me 262 in April and the Gloster Meteor

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started work on a similar design to Whittle's in Germany, both compressor and turbine being radial, on opposite sides of the same disc, initially unaware of Whittle's work. Von Ohain's first device was strictly experimental and could run only under external power, but he was able to demonstrate the

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All of the above considerations are basic to the engine running on its own and, at the same time, doing nothing useful, i.e. it is not moving an aircraft or supplying energy for the aircraft's electrical, hydraulic and air systems. In the aircraft the engine gives away some of its thrust-producing

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The efficiency is further modified by how smoothly the air and the combustion gases flow through the engine, how well the flow is aligned (known as incidence angle) with the moving and stationary passages in the compressors and turbines. Non-optimum angles, as well as non-optimum passage and blade

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A jet engine at rest, as on a test stand, sucks in fuel and generates thrust. How well it does this is judged by how much fuel it uses and what force is required to restrain it. This is a measure of its efficiency. If something deteriorates inside the engine (known as performance deterioration) it

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The engine thrust is highest if the static pressure of the gas reaches the ambient value as it leaves the nozzle. This only happens if the nozzle exit area is the correct value for the nozzle pressure ratio (npr). Since the npr changes with engine thrust setting and flight speed this is seldom the

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The velocity of the air entering the nozzle is low, about Mach 0.4, a prerequisite for minimizing pressure losses in the duct leading to the nozzle. The temperature entering the nozzle may be as low as sea level ambient for a fan nozzle in the cold air at cruise altitudes. It may be as high as the

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The efficiency of the engine is controlled primarily by the operating conditions inside the engine which are the pressure produced by the compressor and the temperature of the combustion gases at the first set of rotating turbine blades. The pressure is the highest air pressure in the engine. The

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turbojet. However, since energy is force times distance and the distance per second was greater for the Concorde, the actual power generated by the engine for the same amount of fuel was higher for the Concorde at Mach 2 than the CF6. Thus, the Concorde's engines were more efficient in terms of

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For air-breathing engines such as turbojets, energy efficiency and propellant (fuel) efficiency are much the same thing, since the propellant is a fuel and the source of energy. In rocketry, the propellant is also the exhaust, and this means that a high energy propellant gives better propellant

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Propeller engines handle larger air mass flows, and give them smaller acceleration, than jet engines. Since the increase in air speed is small, at high flight speeds the thrust available to propeller-driven aeroplanes is small. However, at low speeds, these engines benefit from relatively high

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is determined by the ratio of temperatures reached in the engine to that exhausted at the nozzle. This has improved constantly over time as new materials have been introduced to allow higher maximum cycle temperatures. For example, composite materials, combining metals with ceramics, have been

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at Mach 3 each had pressure recoveries of about 0.8, due to relatively low losses during the compression process, i.e. through systems of multiple shocks. During an 'unstart' the efficient shock system would be replaced by a very inefficient single shock beyond the inlet and an intake pressure

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In boats, can run in shallow water, high acceleration, no risk of engine overload (unlike propellers), less noise and vibration, highly maneuverable at all boat speeds, high speed efficiency, less vulnerable to damage from debris, very reliable, more load flexibility, less harmful to wildlife

1732:) when it travels through ducts connecting the different parts. How well the individual components contribute to turning fuel into thrust is quantified by measures like efficiencies for the compressors, turbines and combustor and pressure losses for the ducts. These are shown as lines on a 1506:

Easily tested on ground. Very high thrust/weight ratios are possible (~14) together with good fuel efficiency over a wide range of airspeeds, Mach 0–5.5+; this combination of efficiencies may permit launching to orbit, single stage, or very rapid, very long distance intercontinental travel.

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Although a bypass engine improves propulsive efficiency it incurs losses of its own inside the engine itself. Machinery has to be added to transfer energy from the gas generator to a bypass airflow. The low loss from the propelling nozzle of a turbojet is added to with extra losses due to

521:, one of the larger aircraft industrialists of the day, who immediately saw the promise of the design. Heinkel had recently purchased the Hirth engine company, and Ohain and his master machinist Max Hahn were set up there as a new division of the Hirth company. They had their first 7635:

Turbofans have a mixed exhaust consisting of the bypass air and the hot combustion product gas from the core engine. The amount of air that bypasses the core engine compared to the amount flowing into the engine determines what is called a turbofan's bypass ratio (BPR).

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to the air-fuel ratio, beyond which the flame is extinguished. The range of air-fuel ratio between the rich and weak limits is reduced with an increase of air velocity. If the increasing air mass flow reduces the fuel ratio below certain value, flame extinction occurs.

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case. Also at supersonic speeds the divergent area is less than required to give complete internal expansion to ambient pressure as a trade-off with external body drag. Whitford gives the F-16 as an example. Other underexpanded examples were the XB-70 and SR-71.

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The combustion efficiency of most aircraft gas turbine engines at sea level takeoff conditions is almost 100%. It decreases nonlinearly to 98% at altitude cruise conditions. Air-fuel ratio ranges from 50:1 to 130:1. For any type of combustion chamber there is a

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would be about twice as high). Although efficiency plummets with speed, greater distances are covered. Efficiency per unit distance (per km or mile) is roughly independent of speed for jet engines as a group; however, airframes become inefficient at supersonic

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By the 1950s, the jet engine was almost universal in combat aircraft, with the exception of cargo, liaison and other specialty types. By this point, some of the British designs were already cleared for civilian use, and had appeared on early models like the

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has a triple spool, meaning that instead of having a single drive shaft, there are three, in order that the three sets of blades may revolve at different speeds. An interim state is a twin-spool engine, allowing only two different speeds for the turbines.

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in a seminal paper in 1926 ("An Aerodynamic Theory of Turbine Design"). Whittle would later concentrate on the simpler centrifugal compressor only. Whittle was unable to interest the government in his invention, and development continued at a slow pace.

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for the Thermodynamic cycle. How well it does this is defined by its pressure recovery or measure of the losses in the intake. Mach 3 manned flight has provided an interesting illustration of how these losses can increase dramatically in an instant. The

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While a turbojet engine uses all of the engine's output to produce thrust in the form of a hot high-velocity exhaust gas jet, a turbofan's cool low-velocity bypass air yields between 30% and 70% of the total thrust produced by a turbofan system.

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at flight speed depends on how well the intake compresses the air before it is handed over to the engine compressors. The intake compression ratio, which can be as high as 32:1 at Mach 3, adds to that of the engine compressor to give the

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deal with air which is two to three orders of magnitude less dense and this gives pressures over much larger areas, which in turn results in more engineering materials being needed to hold the engine together and for the air compressor.

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turbofan) in the 1990s, and their reliability went from 40 in-flight shutdowns per 100,000 engine flight hours to less than 1 per 100,000 in the late 1990s. This, combined with greatly decreased fuel consumption, permitted routine

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formally submitted his ideas for a turbojet to his superiors. In October 1929, he developed his ideas further. On 16 January 1930, in England, Whittle submitted his first patent (granted in 1932). The patent showed a two-stage

378:. If aircraft performance were to increase beyond such a barrier, a different propulsion mechanism was necessary. This was the motivation behind the development of the gas turbine engine, the most common form of jet engine. 343:

Historians have further traced the theoretical origin of the principles of jet engines to traditional Chinese firework and rocket propulsion systems. Such devices' use for flight is documented in the story of Ottoman soldier

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differ from turbojets in that they have an additional fan at the front of the engine, which accelerates air in a duct bypassing the core gas turbine engine. Turbofans are the dominant engine type for medium and long-range

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Even before the start of World War II, engineers were beginning to realize that engines driving propellers were approaching limits due to issues related to propeller efficiency, which declined as blade tips approached the

7960:, jet engines, deprived of their inlet systems can only accept air at around half the speed of sound. The inlet system's job for transonic and supersonic aircraft is to slow the air and perform some of the compression. 311:

The principle of the jet engine is not new; however, the technical advances necessary to make the idea work did not come to fruition until the 20th century. A rudimentary demonstration of jet power dates back to the

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in July. The Meteor only saw around 15 aircraft enter World War II action, while up to 1400 Me 262 were produced, with 300 entering combat, delivering the first ground attacks and air combat victories of jet planes.

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The propelling jet produces jet noise which is caused by the violent mixing action of the high speed jet with the surrounding air. In the subsonic case the noise is produced by eddies and in the supersonic case by

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turbine rotor temperature is not the highest in the engine but is the highest at which energy transfer takes place ( higher temperatures occur in the combustor). The above pressure and temperature are shown on a

1201: 9473:"Integration of turbofan engines into the preliminary design of a high-capacity short-and medium-haul passenger aircraft and fuel efficiency analysis with a further developed parametric aircraft design software" 1651:. Propelling nozzles turn internal and pressure energy into high velocity kinetic energy. The total pressure and temperature don't change through the nozzle but their static values drop as the gas speeds up. 2448:

is highest as the exhaust jet velocity gets closer to the vehicle speed as this gives the smallest residual kinetic energy. For an airbreathing engine an exhaust velocity equal to the vehicle velocity, or a

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The advent of the turbofan replaced the very distinctive jet noise with another sound known as "buzz saw" noise. The origin is the shockwaves originating at the supersonic fan blade tip at takeoff thrust.

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Similar efficiency to rockets at low speed or exoatmospheric, inlet difficulties, a relatively undeveloped and unexplored type, cooling difficulties, very noisy, thrust/weight ratio is similar to ramjets.

1087:, but is distinct from the jet engine in that it does not require atmospheric air to provide oxygen; the rocket carries all components of the reaction mass. However some definitions treat it as a form of 2586: 1968:

and may be reduced by redesigning the engine to give it bypass flow and a lower speed for the propelling jet, for example as a turboprop or turbofan engine. At the same time forward speed increases the

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Scramjets differ mainly in the fact that the air does not slow to subsonic speeds. Rather, they use supersonic combustion. They are efficient at even higher speed. Very few have been built or flown.

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gauge as well. Each engine section rotates at many thousands RPM. Their gauges therefore are calibrated in percent of a nominal speed rather than actual RPM, for ease of display and interpretation.

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The earliest attempts at airbreathing jet engines were hybrid designs in which an external power source first compressed air, which was then mixed with fuel and burned for jet thrust. The Italian

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potential, or fuel, to power these systems. These requirements, which cause installation losses, reduce its efficiency. It is using some fuel that does not contribute to the engine's thrust.

1410:– typically 100–450 seconds. Extreme thermal stresses of combustion chamber can make reuse harder. Typically requires carrying oxidizer on-board which increases risks. Extraordinarily noisy. 2171:

With the advent of turbofans with their loss-making machinery what goes on inside the engine has been separated by Bennett, for example, between gas generator and transfer machinery giving

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Finally, when the aircraft is flying the propelling jet itself contains wasted kinetic energy after it has left the engine. This is quantified by the term propulsive, or Froude, efficiency

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However, the high exhaust speed and the heavier, oxidizer-rich propellant results in far more propellant use than turbofans. Even so, at extremely high speeds they become energy-efficient.

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use such engines for long-distance travel. Early jet aircraft used turbojet engines that were relatively inefficient for subsonic flight. Most modern subsonic jet aircraft use more complex

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Very few moving parts. Mach 0 to Mach 25+; efficient at very high speed (> Mach 5.0 or so). Thrust/weight ratio over 100. No complex air inlet. High compression ratio. Very high-speed (

2778:. They all measure the same thing. Specific impulse and effective exhaust velocity are strictly proportional, whereas specific fuel consumption is inversely proportional to the others. 9528: 1611:

Can be less efficient than a propeller at low speed, more expensive, higher weight in boat due to entrained water, will not perform well if boat is heavier than the jet is sized for

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In a jet engine, each major rotating section usually has a separate gauge devoted to monitoring its speed of rotation. Depending on the make and model, a jet engine may have an N

2168:. However, these losses are more than made up by the improvement in propulsive efficiency. There are also extra pressure losses in the bypass duct and an extra propelling nozzle. 1666:

Convergent nozzles are only able to accelerate the gas up to local sonic (Mach 1) conditions. To reach high flight speeds, even greater exhaust velocities are required, and so a

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of fluid rearwards at relatively high speed. The forces on the inside of the engine needed to create this jet give a strong thrust on the engine which pushes the craft forwards.

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The propelling nozzle at speeds above about Mach 2 usually has extra internal thrust losses because the exit area is not big enough as a trade-off with external afterbody drag.

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lit. The pressure entering the nozzle may vary from 1.5 times the pressure outside the nozzle, for a single stage fan, to 30 times for the fastest manned aircraft at Mach 3+.

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It can be seen in the table (just below) that the subsonic turbofans such as General Electric's CF6 turbofan use a lot less fuel to generate thrust for a second than did the

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Bakken, Lars E.; Jordal, Kristin; Syverud, Elisabet; Veer, Timot (14 June 2004). "Centenary of the First Gas Turbine to Give Net Power Output: A Tribute to Ægidius Elling".

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The noise emitted by a jet engine has many sources. These include, in the case of gas turbine engines, the fan, compressor, combustor, turbine and propelling jet/s.

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Adequate heat transfer away from the working parts of the jet engine is critical to maintaining strength of engine materials and ensuring long life for the engine.

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A closely related (but different) concept to energy efficiency is the rate of consumption of propellant mass. Propellant consumption in jet engines is measured by

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Rocket engines are used for high altitude flights, or anywhere where very high accelerations are needed since rocket engines themselves have a very high

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Following the end of the war the German jet aircraft and jet engines were extensively studied by the victorious allies and contributed to work on early

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engine. After many lesser technical difficulties were solved, mass production of this engine started in 1944 as a powerplant for the world's first jet-

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On the other hand, turbojets accelerate a much smaller mass flow of intake air and burned fuel, but they then reject it at very high speed. When a

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Intake air is chilled to very low temperatures at inlet in a heat exchanger before passing through a ramjet and/or turbojet and/or rocket engine.

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gauge that monitors the low-pressure compressor section and/or fan speed in turbofan engines. The gas generator section may be monitored by an N

10969: 10003: 9670: 8232: 684:, at high speeds and high altitudes that seemed absurd to them), fuel efficiency was about the same as the best piston and propeller engines. 606:). A variety of reasons conspired to delay the engine's availability, causing the fighter to arrive too late to improve Germany's position in 8877:

Gas Turbine Performance Deterioration, Meher-Homji, Chaker and Motiwala, Proceedings Of The 30th Turbomachinery Symposium, ASME, pp. 139–175

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Aero engine development for the future, Bennett, Proc Instn Mech Engrs Vol 197A, IMechE July 1983, Fig.5 Overall spectrum of engine losses

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through two nozzles to cause a sphere to spin rapidly on its axis. It was seen as a curiosity. Meanwhile, practical applications of the

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In Newtonian mechanics kinetic energy is frame dependent. The kinetic energy is easiest to calculate when the speed is measured in the

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Turbofans are usually more efficient than turbojets at subsonic speeds, but at high speeds their large frontal area generates more

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B-70 Aircraft Study Final Report Volume IV, SD 72-SH-0003 April 1972, L.J.Taube, Space Division North American Rockwell, pp. iv–11

8569: 10613: 8019: 2529: 10761: 10586: 8691:"an engine, such as a jet or rocket engine, that ejects gas at high velocity and develops its thrust from the ensuing reaction" 5226: 10124: 10106: 10087: 10068: 9735: 9621: 9122: 8828: 8671: 8603: 8539: 8457: 8265: 4922: 4889: 3739: 3522: 401:. Such engines did not reach manufacture due to issues of safety, reliability, weight and, especially, sustained operation. 9980:'Quietening a Quiet Engine – The RB211 Demonstrator Programme" M.J.T. Smith SAE paper 760897 "Intake Noise Suppression" p. 5 2174: 1629:

Jet engines make their jet from propellant stored in tanks that are attached to the engine (as in a 'rocket') as well as in

8512: 4893: 3743: 10954: 10618: 10172: 10167: 505:. His plans, hidden from Francoists, were secretly given to the British embassy in Madrid a few years later by his wife, 9847: 1633:(those commonly used on aircraft) by ingesting an external fluid (very typically air) and expelling it at higher speed. 10899: 10194: 5657: 4614: 4065: 3350: 2829: 1773:. is dependent on the Thermodynamic cycle parameters, maximum pressure and temperature, and on component efficiencies, 9422: 4211: 1934:

by y%. In other words, less fuel will be required to give take-off thrust, for example. The engine is more efficient.

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A water jet, or pump-jet, is a marine propulsion system that uses a jet of water. The mechanical arrangement may be a

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Extremely noisy, parts subject to extreme mechanical fatigue, hard to start detonation, not practical for current use

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There are a large number of different types of jet engines, all of which achieve forward thrust from the principle of

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in England in 1791. The first gas turbine to successfully run self-sustaining was built in 1903 by Norwegian engineer

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The nozzle size, together with the area of the turbine nozzles, determines the operating pressure of the compressor.

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Noisy, inefficient (low compression ratio), works poorly on a large scale, valves on valved designs wear out quickly

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The efficiency of turbojet engines was still rather worse than piston engines, but by the 1970s, with the advent of

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equal to one, gives zero thrust with no net momentum change. The formula for air-breathing engines moving at speed

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Ram compression jet engines are airbreathing engines similar to gas turbine engines in so far as they both use the

9261: 9078:"Jet Propulsion for Aerospace Applications' Second Edition, Hesse and Mumford, Piman Publishing Corporation 1964, 10365: 10041: 9645: 8756:

Jet Propulsion for Aerospace Applications Second Edition 1964, Hesse and Mumford, Pitman Publishing Corporation,

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As can be seen in the following table, rocket engines generally achieve much higher thrust-to-weight ratios than

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This overview highlights where energy losses occur in complete jet aircraft powerplants or engine installations.

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and US jet fighters. The legacy of the axial-flow engine is seen in the fact that practically all jet engines on

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Commonly aircraft are propelled by airbreathing jet engines. Most airbreathing jet engines that are in use are

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inefficiencies in the added turbine and fan. These may be included in a transmission, or transfer, efficiency

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Aero engine development for the future, Bennett, Proc Instn Mech Engrs Vol 197A, IMechE July 1983, p. 150

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by the turn of the century, where previously a similar journey would have required multiple fuel stops.

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Jet engines are also sometimes developed into, or share certain components such as engine cores, with

9764: 9601: 9343:"Turbofan Aero-Engine Efficiency Evaluation: An Integrated Approach Using VSBM Two-Stage Network DEA" 8344: 8057: 6587: 6557: 6299: 6198: 5341: 5312: 5255: 1884: 1094:

Because rockets do not breathe air, this allows them to operate at arbitrary altitudes and in space.

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Very close to existing designs, operates in very high altitude, wide range of altitude and airspeed

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Gamble, Eric; Terrell, Dwain; DeFrancesco, Richard (2004). "Nozzle Selection and Design Criteria".

8229: 8097: 7335: 6076: 5738: 3002: 2970: 2314:): how much of the energy of the jet ends up in the vehicle body rather than being carried away as 2130: 1522:. Requires liquid hydrogen fuel which has very low density and requires heavily insulated tankage. 345: 8323: 10959: 10949: 10515: 10302: 9740:[«Konstruktorskoe Buro Khimavtomatiky» - Scientific-Research Complex / RD0750.]. KBKhA - 9052:

Gas Turbine Theory Second Edition, Cohen, Rogers and Saravanamuttoo, Longman Group Limited 1972,

8180:"Flight Operations Briefing Notes – Supplementary Techniques : Handling Engine Malfunctions" 7389: 6826: 6797: 6655: 6498: 6410: 6361: 6188: 6124: 6095: 6037: 5789: 5417: 5370: 5245: 5196: 5060: 4971: 4760: 4240: 3464: 3111: 2875: 2710: 1498: 1034: 1019:

Air is compressed and combusted intermittently instead of continuously. Some designs use valves.

802: 717: 697: 483: 201: 36: 9944:"Softly, softly towards the quiet jet" Michael J. T. Smith New Scientist 19 February 1970 p. 350 2327: 2097: 1972: 1746: 1298: 10491: 10461: 10456: 10380: 10297: 7331: 7285: 7250: 7153: 7123: 7093: 7063: 6885: 5911: 5598: 5448: 4790: 4478: 3296: 2452: 2361: 2290: 2256: 2144: 2091: 2065: 2000: 1944: 1705: 1544: 1515: 1109: 846: 622: 586:

109-0xx numbering sequence for gas turbine aircraft powerplants, "004", and the result was the

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over long distances. A few air-breathing engines made for high-speed applications (ramjets and

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Combined-cycle engines simultaneously use two or more different principles of jet propulsion.

153: 10964: 10934: 10747: 10728: 10496: 10466: 10446: 9722: 8791: 8092: 8077: 8072: 8003: 7618: 7224: 7183: 7164: 7104: 7015: 7004: 6975: 6945: 6855: 6774: 6733: 6703: 6318: 6221: 6066: 5979: 5960: 5945: 5830: 5609: 5579: 5569: 5538: 5508: 5478: 5289: 5216: 5152: 5122: 5030: 4912: 4879: 4860: 4663: 4459: 3915: 3729: 3552: 3512: 3422: 2934: 2903: 1482:

Essentially a ramjet where intake air is compressed and burnt with the exhaust from a rocket

579: 306: 283: 9138: 8529: 8438: 10939: 10816: 10713: 10676: 10628: 10390: 8067: 8062: 6778: 6616: 6469: 6347: 6328: 6261: 5989: 5636: 5399: 5293: 5182: 4332: 4289: 4106: 3667: 3581: 3483: 2499: 1494: 1477: 1327: 1267: 1209: 910: 666: 662: 595: 460: 443: 409: 252: 2241:

Dependence of propulsion efficiency (η) upon the vehicle speed/exhaust velocity ratio (v/v

8: 10910: 10836: 10811: 9868: 9452: 7790:{\displaystyle F_{N}={\dot {m}}_{e}v_{he}-{\dot {m}}_{o}v_{o}+BPR\,({\dot {m}}_{c}v_{f})} 7529: 6391: 6018: 5429: 5089: 5041: 4644: 4604: 4492: 4488: 4449: 4415: 4145: 4019: 3611: 3542: 3433: 3271: 3233: 1733: 1713: 1102: 1006: 906: 650: 479: 352: 10222: 10177: 9953:"Silencing the sources of jet noise" Dr David Crighton New Scientist 27 July 1972 p. 185 8736: 10781: 10581: 10530: 9550: 8573: 7457: 6915: 6807: 6684: 6527: 6508: 6139: 6105: 5380: 4363: 4182: 4174: 3896: 3648: 3640: 2870: 2688:{\displaystyle \eta _{p}={\frac {2\,({\frac {v}{v_{e}}})}{1+({\frac {v}{v_{e}}})^{2}}}} 2479: 1740: 1354: 658: 583: 571: 506: 317: 279: 73: 10159: 529:

as fuel, supplied under external pressure. Their subsequent designs culminated in the

10608: 10400: 10120: 10102: 10083: 10064: 10022: 10012: 9554: 9472: 9380: 9118: 9096: 9079: 9053: 9027: 9026:

Gas Turbine Performance' Second Edition, Walsh and Fletcher, Blackwell Science Ltd.,

9010: 8980: 8938: 8921: 8920:

Gas Turbine Performance' Second Edition, Walsh and Fletcher, Blackwell Science Ltd.,

8904: 8887: 8861: 8844: 8824: 8774: 8757: 8667: 8633: 8599: 8535: 8508: 8261: 8210: 8052: 6439: 6280: 6158: 6135: 5001: 4942: 4178: 3644: 3391: 2703: 1686: 1642: 1098: 858: 752: 502: 240: 119: 9157:

Claire Soares, "Gas Turbines: A Handbook of Air, Land and Sea Applications", p. 140.

8410:"El Museo del Aire acoge una réplica del motor a reacción que diseñó Virgilio Leret" 2714:

Typical combustion efficiency of an aircraft gas turbine over the operational range.

398: 10708: 10501: 10471: 10441: 10375: 9349: 9282: 8816: 8810: 8253: 7968: 7632:. Turbojets are particularly suitable for aircraft travelling at very high speeds. 7629: 5818: 5662: 4850: 4070: 3355: 2978: 2834: 2768: 2743: 1540: 1407: 1292: 1261: 899: 842: 681: 591: 587: 452: 405: 404:

The first patent for using a gas turbine to power an aircraft was filed in 1921 by

268: 232: 217: 9745: 9737:"Конструкторское бюро химавтоматики" - Научно-исследовательский комплекс / РД0750. 9631: 8472:

Experimental & Prototype US Air Force Jet Fighters, Jenkins & Landis, 2008

8451: 7260: 1485:

Mach 0 to Mach 4.5+ (can also run exoatmospheric), good efficiency at Mach 2 to 4

525:

centrifugal engine running by September 1937. Unlike Whittle's design, Ohain used

10858: 10786: 10666: 10360: 10288: 10257: 9145: 8461: 8236: 8082: 8047: 7625: 6381: 6295: 6169: 5823: 5011: 4952: 4693: 4555: 4426: 3989: 3944: 3403: 1721: 1659:

exhaust gas temperature for a supersonic afterburning engine or 2200 K with

1449: 1084: 1083:

The rocket engine uses the same basic physical principles of thrust as a form of

1023: 811:

jet engines, which give good efficiency at speeds just below the speed of sound.

777:

engines, which are forms of gas turbine engines that are typically used to power

501:

troops after unsuccessfully defending his seaplane base on the first days of the

495: 432: 256: 173: 10061:

Vikings at Waterloo: Wartime Work on the Whittle Jet Engine by the Rover Company

9760: 9597: 9353: 8666:. Cambridge Aerospace Series. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 16. 905:

Because of these distinctions, turbofan engine designs are often categorized as

537:

of 5 kN (1,100 lbf), which was fitted to Heinkel's simple and compact

487: 10796: 10273: 9795: 9711:

With afterburner, reverser and nozzle ... 3,175 kg ... Afterburner ... 169.2 kN

9137:

S. Walston, A. Cetel, R. MacKay, K. O’Hara, D. Duhl, and R. Dreshfield (2004).

7964:

theoretically manage 75 km. Rocket engines of course have no upper limit.

7944:

have extremely high exhaust velocity and thus are best suited for high speeds (

7628:

is used to accelerate a hot engine exhaust, the outlet velocity may be locally

7134: 6896: 6763: 6537: 6479: 6008: 5892: 5863: 5859: 5409: 5278: 4737: 4704: 4585: 4393: 3959: 3955: 3837: 3773: 2804: 2739: 2315: 1088: 1002:

Higher exhaust velocity than a propeller, offering better thrust at high speed

725: 713: 665:. By the 1960s, all large civilian aircraft were also jet powered, leaving the 634: 630: 618: 538: 513: 471: 436: 386: 375: 185: 137: 103: 9825: 9783: 9181: 9167: 9009:"Design For Air Combat" Ray Whitford, Jane's Publishing Company Limited 1987, 7612:

Propulsive efficiency comparison for various gas turbine engine configurations

1728:. It is important to slow the flow (lower speed means less pressure losses or 10923: 10868: 10846: 10831: 10633: 10431: 10405: 10337: 10026: 7941: 7274: 6202: 5882: 5849: 5259: 4727: 4633: 4230: 4008: 3763: 3452: 3229: 3009: 2965: 2945: 2914: 2883: 2746:

as a function of speed for different jet types with kerosene fuel (hydrogen I

1729: 1548: 1070: 996: 951: 883:

Schematic diagram illustrating the operation of a low-bypass turbofan engine.

763: 758:

Jet engine designs are frequently modified for non-aircraft applications, as

721: 542: 534: 522: 518: 491: 447: 244: 189: 133: 107: 9814: 9490:"Purdue School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Propulsion Web Page - TFE731" 8437:

Ohain said that he had not read Whittle's patent and Whittle believed him. (

849:, or both), mixing fuel with the compressed air, burning the mixture in the 423: 10881: 10841: 10687: 10661: 10651: 10481: 10436: 10207:

The Aircraft Gas Turbine Engine and Its Operation: Installation Engineering

9990:

Transpiration Cooling Systems for Jet Engine Turbines and Hypersonic Flight

9626:[RD0410. Nuclear Rocket Engine. Advanced launch vehicles]. KBKhA - 9426: 9373: 9265: 7923:= the velocity of the total air intake = the true airspeed of the aircraft 6291: 6047: 5163: 4830: 4820: 4801: 4741: 4574: 4525: 4515: 4396: 4269: 4259: 4116: 3866: 3856: 3826: 3806: 3796: 3777: 3710: 3700: 3493: 1597: 1044: 914: 709: 646: 607: 603: 567: 494:

aircraft factory in Madrid in 1936, but Leret was executed months later by

467: 367: 248: 1468:

Airspeed limited to same range as turbojet engine, carrying oxidizer like

613: 10886: 10806: 10791: 10770: 10556: 10551: 10370: 10268: 10260: 8843:

Design For Air Combat" Ray Whitford Jane's Publishing Company Ltd. 1987,

8696: 8257: 7608: 7194: 7044: 6956: 6926: 6866: 6836: 6714: 6357: 6231: 5707: 5549: 5458: 5425: 5421: 5192: 4430: 4201: 4164: 4135: 3630: 3601: 3325: 3321: 3040: 1725: 1660: 1648: 1623: 1552: 879: 838: 759: 729: 428: 390: 382: 333: 325: 321: 177: 161: 158: 10210:. East Hartford, Connecticut: United Aircraft Corporation. February 1958 10154: 8820: 8366:"Improvements relating to the propulsion of aircraft and other vehicles" 2237: 1622:

All jet engines are reaction engines that generate thrust by emitting a

1396:

Carries all propellants and oxidants on board, emits jet for propulsion

10826: 10327: 8504:

The Me 262 Stormbird: From the Pilots Who Flew, Fought, and Survived It

7945: 7074: 6985: 6744: 6626: 6597: 6567: 6450: 6250: 5926: 5799: 5518: 5488: 5413: 5351: 4544: 4352: 4322: 3978: 3885: 3571: 3291: 3082: 3044: 1547:

and nozzle. The pump-jet must be driven by a separate engine such as a

1400: 1040: 778: 770: 744: 740: 701: 393:

was not a new idea: the patent for a stationary turbine was granted to

260: 47: 43: 9649: 9623:РД0410. Ядерный ракетный двигатель. Перспективные космические аппараты 8501:

Heaton, Colin D.; Lewis, Anne-Marien; Tillman, Barrett (15 May 2012).

10851: 10718: 10576: 10426: 10385: 10322: 10080:

Genesis of the Jet: Frank Whittle and the Invention of the Jet Engine

9836: 8158:

15 per cent fuel consumption advantage over the original Trent engine

7984: 7579: 6674: 6645: 5922: 3329: 3263: 3078: 1691: 1196:{\displaystyle F_{N}={\dot {m}}\,g_{0}\,I_{\text{sp,vac}}-A_{e}\,p\;} 850: 841:

engine that works by compressing air with an inlet and a compressor (

774: 748: 582:

in their jet engine. Jumo was assigned the next engine number in the

550: 348:, who reportedly achieved flight using a cone-shaped rocket in 1633. 313: 111: 9083: 8937:"Jet Propulsion' Nicholas Cumpsty, Cambridge University Press 2001, 8903:"Jet Propulsion' Nicholas Cumpsty, Cambridge University Press 2001, 8886:"Jet Propulsion' Nicholas Cumpsty, Cambridge University Press 2001, 8860:"Jet Propulsion" Nicholas Cumpsty 1997, Cambridge University Press, 8773:"Jet Propulsion" Nicholas Cumpsty 1997, Cambridge University Press, 8761: 7816:= the mass rate of hot combustion exhaust flow from the core engine 435:, the first British aircraft to fly with a turbojet engine, and the 10692: 10451: 10395: 10317: 10312: 10293: 7957: 7533: 7366: 7362: 5769: 3457: 3396: 3267: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3086: 3074: 2790: 2006:

The overall efficiency of the engine at flight speed is defined as

1591: 1534: 1455: 1351:

is the cross-sectional area at the exit of the exhaust nozzle, and

1014: 990: 945: 892: 887: 874: 862: 834: 820: 808: 625:

only jet aircraft to achieve combat operations during World War II.

556: 530: 526: 363: 337: 275: 264: 221: 209: 205: 193: 93: 83: 39: 30: 9139:

Joint Development of a Fourth Generation Single Crystal Superalloy

9112: 8453:

The First Jet Pilot – The Story of German Test Pilot Erich Warsitz

8435:

The History of the Jet Engine – Sir Frank Whittle – Hans Von Ohain

7256:

carry the engine weight, or to accelerate the mass of the engine.

1118:

An approximate equation for the net thrust of a rocket engine is:

10307: 7434: 7308: 1601: 854: 733: 564: 546: 329: 236: 115: 9962:"Noise" I.C. Cheeseman Flight International 16 April 1970 p. 639 9673:. National Museum of the United States Air Force. Archived from 9148:. NASA TM – 2004-213062. December 2004. Retrieved: 16 June 2010. 2280:) of jet engines installed in vehicles has two main components: 2134:

recovery of about 0.3 and a correspondingly low pressure ratio.

1075: 10739: 10476: 10332: 10142: 8812:

40th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit

8713:, Collins online dictionary definition. (retrieved 1 July 2018) 7893:= the velocity of the air flow bypassed around the core engine 7506: 7483: 5700: 4708: 3064: 2997: 2808: 2722:

Typical combustion stability limits of an aircraft gas turbine.

1656: 1459: 1391: 941: 610:, however this was the first jet engine to be used in service. 599: 459:. Practical axial compressors were made possible by ideas from 356: 213: 181: 8206:

The Encyclopedia of the Industrial Revolution in World History

692: 680:(an innovation not foreseen by the early commentators such as 10656: 7556: 7460: 3218: 3198: 3194: 3122: 3118: 3029: 1519: 1511: 825: 670: 288: 18:

Aircraft engine that produces thrust by emitting a jet of gas

9505: 9341:

Kottas, Angelos T.; Bozoudis, Michail N.; Madas, Michael A.

8484:"Frank Whittle, 89, Dies; His Jet Engine Propelled Progress" 7878:= the mass rate of intake air that bypasses the core engine 7863:= the mass rate of intake air that flows to the core engine 482:

was granted a patent for a jet engine design in March 1935.

474:, the world's first aircraft to fly purely on turbojet power 9579:"Aviadvigatel Mulls Higher-thrust PD-14s To Replace PS-90A" 7908:= the velocity of the hot exhaust gas from the core engine 5727: 3253: 3184: 3142: 3106: 2581:{\displaystyle \eta _{p}={\frac {2}{1+{\frac {v_{e}}{v}}}}} 1558: 1510:

Exists only at the lab prototyping stage. Examples include

360: 271:

of the vehicle's speed instead of a mechanical compressor.

7831:= the mass rate of total air flow entering the turbofan = 282:

turbojet) in the 1950s to 115,000 lbf (510 kN) (

10252: 10173:

How Stuff Works article on how a Gas Turbine Engine works

9438: 9436: 8556:"The Day Germany's First Jet Fighter Soared into History" 1469: 739:

Jet engines have propelled high speed cars, particularly

638: 8808: 2698:

In addition to propulsive efficiency, another factor is

853:, and then passing the hot, high pressure air through a 157:

Jet engine during take-off showing visible hot exhaust (

9117:(7th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. pp. 37–38. 8247: 8014: 1462:

is added to the airstream to increase maximum altitude

385:, extracting power from the engine itself to drive the 239:, with the leftover power providing thrust through the 9433: 8815:. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. 8002:

After 2016, research is ongoing in the development of

2227:{\displaystyle \eta _{o}=\eta _{p}\eta _{th}\eta _{T}} 1097:

This type of engine is used for launching satellites,

10178:

Influence of the Jet Engine on the Aerospace Industry

7661: 2600: 2532: 2502: 2482: 2455: 2394: 2364: 2330: 2293: 2259: 2177: 2147: 2100: 2068: 2012: 1975: 1947: 1887: 1833: 1779: 1749: 1647:

A propelling nozzle produces a high velocity exhaust

1357: 1330: 1301: 1270: 1239: 1212: 1127: 9696:"Rolls-Royce SNECMA Olympus - Jane's Transport News" 9671:"Factsheets : Pratt & Whitney J58 Turbojet" 2755: 2354:): how efficiently the engine can accelerate the jet 1472:

can be dangerous. Much heavier than simple rockets.

9416: 7652:) generated by a turbofan can also be expanded as: 10624:Engine-indicating and crew-alerting system (EICAS) 9551:"Turbofan and Turbojet Engines: Database Handbook" 9523: 9521: 9519: 9517: 9414: 9412: 9410: 9408: 9406: 9404: 9402: 9400: 9398: 9396: 9374:"Turbofan and Turbojet Engines: Database Handbook" 8500: 7789: 2687: 2580: 2515: 2488: 2468: 2433: 2377: 2346: 2306: 2272: 2226: 2160: 2116: 2081: 2051: 1991: 1960: 1918: 1873: 1819: 1765: 1692:Energy efficiency relating to aircraft jet engines 1363: 1343: 1316: 1283: 1252: 1225: 1195: 1039:Similar to a pulsejet, but combustion occurs as a 10657:Full Authority Digital Engine/Electronics (FADEC) 9846:. Federal Aviation Administration. Archived from 9576: 8455:(p. 125), Pen and Sword Books Ltd., England, 2009 10921: 9255: 9253: 9251: 9249: 9247: 9245: 9243: 9241: 9239: 9237: 9235: 9233: 9231: 9229: 9227: 9225: 9223: 9221: 9219: 9217: 9215: 9213: 9211: 8664:Fundamentals of Jet Propulsion with Applications 8596:Elements of Propulsion: Gas Turbines and Rockets 1059: 9923:. Orbitalvector.com. 2002-07-30. Archived from 9840:FAA-H-8083-3B Airplane Flying Handbook Handbook 9572: 9570: 9514: 9393: 9340: 9209: 9207: 9205: 9203: 9201: 9199: 9197: 9195: 9193: 9191: 8127: / air (i.e., the stationary frame 8034:gauge, while triple spool engines may have an N 2782:efficiency but can in some cases actually give 10614:Electronic centralised aircraft monitor (ECAM) 10119:(2nd ed.). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. 9837:Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) (2004). 8020:Electronic centralised aircraft monitor (ECAM) 1720:shapes can cause thickening and separation of 1617: 1604:; squirts water out the back through a nozzle 1005:Heavy, inefficient and underpowered. Example: 545:in the early morning of August 27, 1939, from 289:transatlantic flight by twin-engined airliners 278:engine went from 5,000 lbf (22 kN) ( 231:Air-breathing jet engines typically feature a 10755: 10238: 9508:"Civil Jet Aircraft Design: Engine Data File" 7969:compresses the air at the front of the engine 2434:{\displaystyle \eta _{o}=\eta _{p}\eta _{th}} 2052:{\displaystyle \eta _{o}=\eta _{p}\eta _{th}} 920: 633:had its maiden flight on 15 May 1941 and the 10096: 9752: 9728: 9614: 9589: 9567: 9506:Lloyd R. Jenkinson & al. (30 Jul 1999). 9501: 9499: 9470: 9420: 9259: 9188: 999:drives the compressor instead of a turbine. 960: 653:have had some inspiration from this design. 517:basic concept. Ohain was then introduced to 416:in 1926 leading to experimental work at the 10195:Basic jet engine tutorial (QuickTime Video) 9983: 9548: 9371: 9262:"Military Turbojet/Turbofan Specifications" 9113:George P. Sutton and Oscar Biblarz (2001). 9017:, p. 203 'Area ratio for optimum expansion' 8202: 7802: 2245:) for air-breathing jet and rocket engines. 200:typically refers to an internal combustion 180:of heated gas (usually air) that generates 10762: 10748: 10619:Electronic flight instrument system (EFIS) 10245: 10231: 10184:An Overview of Military Jet Engine History 10114: 10101:(2nd ed.), New York: Addison-Wesley, 10099:Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Propulsion 9890:"Microsoft PowerPoint – KTHhigspeed08.ppt" 9542: 9277: 9275: 8196: 1192: 621:was the first British jet fighter and the 381:The key to a practical jet engine was the 188:. While this broad definition may include 29: 9496: 9367: 9365: 9363: 9336: 8593: 8527: 8209:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 488. 7751: 7244: 2702:; a jet engine is a form of heat engine. 2620: 1188: 1164: 1153: 490:arranged for initial construction at the 10168:Media about jet engines from Rolls-Royce 9466: 9464: 9462: 9423:"Civil Turbojet/Turbofan Specifications" 9334: 9332: 9330: 9328: 9326: 9324: 9322: 9320: 9318: 9316: 8894:, Figure 9.1 shows losses with incidence 8481: 8382: 8123:of the vehicle and (less obviously) its 8013: 7967:At more modest altitudes, flying faster 7607: 2738: 2717: 2709: 2236: 1557: 1074: 878: 824: 691: 612: 560:A cutaway of the Junkers Jumo 004 engine 555: 466: 422: 152: 10200:An article on how reaction engine works 9449:Aircraft Design: Synthesis and Analysis 9272: 8726:, 8th Edition, Pitman 1972, pp. 128–31. 8689:definition, Collins online dictionary: 8528:Listemann, Phil H. (6 September 2016). 414:An Aerodynamic Theory of Turbine Design 10922: 10077: 10058: 9482: 9360: 9298: 9296: 8985:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 7603: 2358:Even though overall energy efficiency 1050:Maximum theoretical engine efficiency 784: 255:. They give higher speed and greater 10970:Discovery and invention controversies 10743: 10226: 10097:Hill, Philip; Peterson, Carl (1992), 9646:"Aircraft: Lockheed SR-71A Blackbird" 9577:Vladimir Karnozov (August 19, 2019). 9459: 9451:. Stanford University. Archived from 9442: 9313: 8661: 8632:(first ed.). Osprey. p. 4. 8627: 8562: 8385:"Spain's forgotten jet-engine genius" 8345:"History – Frank Whittle (1907–1996)" 8300:"Who really invented the jet engine?" 8006:techniques to jet engine components. 7951: 7414:rocket engine, three-propellant mode 743:, with the all-time record held by a 9819: 9538:. 28 January 2008. pp. 137–138. 8482:Foderaro, Lisa W. (10 August 1996). 1636: 1026:and more recently on model aircraft 781:and some propeller-driven aircraft. 9293: 9106: 8646: 8282:"Propulseur par réaction sur l'air" 7582:rocket engine, full-thrust version 1406:Needs lots of propellant. Very low 700:turbofan jet engine installed on a 13: 10900:Timeline of heat engine technology 10187:, Appendix B, pp. 97–120, in 10040:from websites or documents of the 9095:"Jet Propulsion" Nicholas Cumpsty 8531:The Gloster Meteor F.I & F.III 1874:{\displaystyle \eta _{combustion}} 1820:{\displaystyle \eta _{compressor}} 1670:is needed on high-speed aircraft. 935: 196:, and hybrid propulsion, the term 14: 10986: 10135: 10117:Aircraft Engines and Gas Turbines 10002:"15 - Operating the Jet Engine". 9742:Chemical Automatics Design Bureau 9628:Chemical Automatics Design Bureau 9510:. Elsevier/Butterworth-Heinemann. 8991:Figure 22 Inlet Pressure Recovery 8383:Junquera, Natalia (29 May 2014). 8324:"Chasing the Sun – Frank Whittle" 2756:Consumption of fuel or propellant 1253:{\displaystyle I_{\text{sp,vac}}} 1101:and crewed access, and permitted 1022:Very simple design, used for the 637:finally entered service with the 598:(and later the world's first jet- 509:, upon her release from prison. 10769: 10487:Thrust specific fuel consumption 10153: 10141: 10036: This article incorporates 10031: 10011:. FAA. 25 July 2017. p. 3. 9758: 9595: 9445:"Data on Large Turbofan Engines" 8203:Hendrickson, Kenneth E. (2014). 2523:, and neglecting fuel flow, is: 1324:is the propellant flow in kg/s, 678:high-bypass turbofan jet engines 669:in low-cost niche roles such as 10189:Military Jet Engine Acquisition 10051: 10042:Federal Aviation Administration 9995: 9974: 9965: 9956: 9947: 9938: 9913: 9882: 9857: 9830: 9808: 9788: 9777: 9723:Military Jet Engine Acquisition 9716: 9688: 9663: 9638: 9309:. MTU Aero Engines. April 2016. 9174: 9160: 9151: 9131: 9089: 9072: 9063: 9046: 9037: 9020: 9003: 8994: 8948: 8931: 8914: 8897: 8880: 8871: 8854: 8837: 8802: 8784: 8767: 8750: 8729: 8716: 8704: 8680: 8655: 8621: 8612: 8587: 8548: 8521: 8494: 8475: 8466: 8444: 8428: 8402: 8376: 8152: 8143: 8134: 8110: 8088:Turbojet development at the RAE 1919:{\displaystyle \eta _{turbine}} 1454:A turbojet where an additional 796: 10536:Propeller speed reduction unit 10063:. Rolls-Royce Heritage Trust. 9815:Encyclopedia Astronautica: F-1 8358: 8337: 8316: 8292: 8274: 8241: 8223: 8172: 7784: 7752: 7359:Rolls-Royce/Snecma Olympus 593 2798:energy per distance traveled. 2795:Rolls-Royce/Snecma Olympus 593 2673: 2652: 2641: 2621: 243:—this process is known as the 224:. In general, jet engines are 1: 10158:The dictionary definition of 8701:(US) (retrieved 28 June 2018) 8572:. Hq.nasa.gov. Archived from 8165: 2127:North American XB-70 Valkyrie 1371:is the atmospheric pressure. 1060:Other types of jet propulsion 1047:, may or may not need valves 478:In Spain, pilot and engineer 10115:Kerrebrock, Jack L. (1992). 9260:Nathan Meier (21 Mar 2005). 9184:. Encyclopedia Astronautica. 9170:. Encyclopedia Astronautica. 8009: 1528: 995:Works like a turbojet but a 253:high-bypass turbofan engines 176:, discharging a fast-moving 7: 10447:Engine pressure ratio (EPR) 9992:, accessed 30 January 2019. 9421:Nathan Meier (3 Apr 2005). 9354:10.1016/j.omega.2019.102167 8594:Mattingly, Jack D. (2006). 8041: 7912: 7897: 7882: 7867: 7852: 7820: 7805: 7596: 7593: 7590: 7587: 7584: 7573: 7570: 7567: 7564: 7561: 7550: 7547: 7544: 7541: 7538: 7523: 7520: 7517: 7514: 7511: 7500: 7497: 7494: 7491: 7488: 7477: 7474: 7471: 7468: 7465: 7451: 7448: 7445: 7442: 7439: 7428: 7425: 7422: 7419: 7416: 7405: 7402: 7399: 7396: 7393: 7383: 7380: 7377: 7374: 7371: 7352: 7349: 7346: 7343: 7340: 7325: 7322: 7319: 7316: 7313: 3254:Aerojet Rocketdyne RL-10B-2 1668:convergent-divergent nozzle 1618:General physical principles 868: 814: 245:Brayton thermodynamic cycle 226:internal combustion engines 10: 10993: 10955:Engineering thermodynamics 10714:Auxiliary power unit (APU) 10343:Rotating detonation engine 9287:AIR International Magazine 9115:Rocket Propulsion Elements 8739:. Grc.nasa.gov. 2008-07-11 8534:. Philedition. p. 5. 8304:BBC Science Focus Magazine 7994: 7927: 7922: 7907: 7892: 7877: 7862: 7830: 7815: 7248: 2775:effective exhaust velocity 2347:{\displaystyle \eta _{th}} 2117:{\displaystyle \eta _{th}} 1992:{\displaystyle \eta _{th}} 1926:and duct pressure losses. 1766:{\displaystyle \eta _{th}} 1739:The engine efficiency, or 1684: 1640: 1532: 1317:{\displaystyle {\dot {m}}} 1068: 939: 927:Advanced Technology Engine 924: 921:Advanced technology engine 872: 818: 800: 747:. A turbofan powered car, 629:Meanwhile, in Britain the 578:or "Jumo") introduced the 366:planes towards the end of 304: 298: 294: 259:than piston and propeller 64:Internal combustion engine 52:Florida Air National Guard 10908: 10895: 10877: 10777: 10701: 10675: 10642: 10599: 10544: 10523: 10514: 10414: 10351: 10281: 10267: 10059:Brooks, David S. (1997). 9765:Encyclopedia Astronautica 9602:Encyclopedia Astronautica 8662:Flack, Ronald D. (2005). 8370:Espacenet – patent search 8286:Espacenet – patent search 8250:Volume 2: Turbo Expo 2004 8149:10% better than Trent 700 8140:10% better than Trent 700 8058:Components of jet engines 7284: 7281: 7278: 7269: 6348:General Electric CF6-50C2 5656: 5653: 5648: 5645: 5642: 5631: 5183:General Electric CF6-50C2 4064: 4061: 4056: 4053: 4050: 4041: 3349: 3346: 3341: 3338: 3335: 3320: 2828: 2825: 2820: 2817: 2814: 2803: 2763:specific fuel consumption 2496:with an exhaust velocity 2469:{\displaystyle \eta _{p}} 2378:{\displaystyle \eta _{o}} 2307:{\displaystyle \eta _{p}} 2273:{\displaystyle \eta _{o}} 2161:{\displaystyle \eta _{T}} 2082:{\displaystyle \eta _{o}} 1961:{\displaystyle \eta _{p}} 1932:specific fuel consumption 1702:specific fuel consumption 1680: 1416: 1064: 961:Non-continuous combustion 865:engine described below. 617:Gloster Meteor F.3s. The 359:engine intended to power 301:History of the jet engine 143: 125: 99: 89: 79: 69: 59: 28: 23: 10422:Aircraft engine starting 10191:(Rand Corp., 24 pp, PDF) 10005:Airplane flying handbook 9736: 9622: 8737:"Rocket Thrust Equation" 8630:A Dictionary of Aviation 8628:Wragg, David W. (1973). 8185:. Airbus. Archived from 8103: 8098:Water injection (engine) 7974: 7390:Pratt & Whitney F119 3219:Aerojet Rocketdyne RS-25 2444:for all jet engines the 2131:Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird 1079:Rocket engine propulsion 718:unmanned aerial vehicles 431:/700 engine flew in the 316:, a device described by 274:The thrust of a typical 202:air-breathing jet engine 37:Pratt & Whitney F100 10975:20th-century inventions 10303:Pulse detonation engine 9826:Astronautix NK-33 entry 9304:"EJ200 turbofan engine" 8439:Frank Whittle 1907–1996 1035:Pulse detonation engine 917:of around 2:1 or less. 803:Airbreathing jet engine 760:industrial gas turbines 687: 455:feeding a single-sided 324:. This device directed 233:rotating air compressor 10492:Thrust to weight ratio 10462:Overall pressure ratio 10457:Jet engine performance 10381:Centrifugal compressor 10298:Gluhareff Pressure Jet 10038:public domain material 8023: 7956:With the exception of 7791: 7613: 7311:nuclear rocket engine 7251:Thrust-to-weight ratio 7245:Thrust-to-weight ratio 3065:NPO Energomash RD-171M 2752: 2723: 2715: 2704:Heat engine efficiency 2689: 2582: 2517: 2490: 2470: 2435: 2379: 2348: 2308: 2274: 2246: 2228: 2162: 2118: 2092:Overall pressure ratio 2083: 2053: 2001:Overall pressure ratio 1993: 1962: 1920: 1875: 1821: 1767: 1706:Jet engine performance 1563: 1545:centrifugal compressor 1516:Reaction Engines SABRE 1365: 1345: 1318: 1285: 1254: 1227: 1197: 1110:thrust-to-weight ratio 1080: 884: 830: 751:, currently holds the 705: 626: 561: 541:airframe and flown by 475: 457:centrifugal compressor 439: 165: 10842:Steam (reciprocating) 10729:Ice protection system 10497:Variable cycle engine 10467:Propulsive efficiency 10078:Golley, John (1997). 9529:"Gas Turbine Engines" 9471:David Kalwar (2015). 8796:www.enginehistory.org 8235:May 25, 2008, at the 8093:Variable cycle engine 8078:Spacecraft propulsion 8073:Rocket turbine engine 8017: 8004:transpiration cooling 7792: 7619:propulsive efficiency 7611: 5741:at Mach 3.2 (Reheat) 2742: 2721: 2713: 2690: 2583: 2518: 2516:{\displaystyle v_{e}} 2491: 2471: 2446:propulsive efficiency 2436: 2380: 2349: 2309: 2285:propulsive efficiency 2275: 2240: 2229: 2163: 2119: 2084: 2054: 1994: 1963: 1921: 1876: 1822: 1768: 1562:A pump jet schematic. 1561: 1366: 1346: 1344:{\displaystyle A_{e}} 1319: 1286: 1284:{\displaystyle g_{0}} 1255: 1228: 1226:{\displaystyle F_{N}} 1198: 1078: 940:Further information: 882: 828: 695: 616: 580:axial-flow compressor 559: 470: 426: 307:Timeline of jet power 284:General Electric GE90 156: 10629:Flight data recorder 10391:Constant speed drive 10371:Afterburner (reheat) 10150:at Wikimedia Commons 9634:on 30 November 2010. 9549:Élodie Roux (2007). 9372:Élodie Roux (2007). 9268:on 11 February 2021. 8792:"AEHS Conventions 1" 8258:10.1115/GT2004-53211 8230:propeller efficiency 8121:center of mass frame 8068:Rocket engine nozzle 8063:Intake momentum drag 7659: 6528:Aviadvigatel PS-90A1 4046:, static, sea level 2598: 2530: 2500: 2480: 2453: 2392: 2362: 2328: 2291: 2257: 2175: 2145: 2098: 2066: 2010: 1973: 1945: 1885: 1831: 1777: 1747: 1478:Air-augmented rocket 1355: 1328: 1299: 1268: 1237: 1210: 1125: 663:Avro Canada Jetliner 596:Messerschmitt Me 262 444:RAF College Cranwell 410:Alan Arnold Griffith 46:being tested in the 10911:Thermodynamic cycle 10822:Pistonless (Rotary) 10812:Photo-Carnot engine 9455:on 11 January 2017. 8821:10.2514/6.2004-3923 8724:Mechanics of Flight 8618:Mattingly, pp. 9–11 7604:Comparison of types 6009:Honeywell TFE731-60 5883:Soloviev D-30KU-154 5819:Honeywell ALF502R-5 4450:Honeywell/ITEC F125 4416:Honeywell/ITEC F124 3543:Honeywell/ITEC F125 2786:energy efficiency. 1734:Thermodynamic cycle 1714:Thermodynamic cycle 1233:is the net thrust, 1103:landing on the Moon 1007:Caproni Campini N.1 785:Types of jet engine 651:fixed-wing aircraft 574:' engine division ( 480:Virgilio Leret Ruiz 370:were unsuccessful. 355:, and the Japanese 353:Caproni Campini N.1 346:Lagâri Hasan Çelebi 332:can be seen in the 10531:Propeller governor 9429:on 17 August 2021. 9144:2006-10-15 at the 8507:. Voyageur Press. 8488:The New York Times 8460:2013-12-02 at the 8252:. pp. 83–88. 8024: 7952:Altitude and speed 7787: 7614: 6916:Aviadvigatel PD-14 5002:Turbo-Union RB.199 4943:Turbo-Union RB.199 4383:RR Turbomeca Adour 4202:Snecma Atar 08K-50 4165:Snecma Atar 09K-50 3631:Snecma Atar 09K-50 3392:Turbo-Union RB.199 2753: 2724: 2716: 2685: 2591:And for a rocket: 2578: 2513: 2486: 2466: 2431: 2375: 2344: 2304: 2270: 2247: 2224: 2158: 2114: 2079: 2049: 1999:by increasing the 1989: 1958: 1916: 1871: 1817: 1763: 1741:thermal efficiency 1564: 1543:with nozzle, or a 1361: 1341: 1314: 1281: 1250: 1223: 1193: 1081: 885: 831: 764:marine powerplants 708:Jet engines power 706: 659:de Havilland Comet 627: 562: 476: 440: 318:Hero of Alexandria 280:de Havilland Ghost 166: 104:Dynamic compressor 10930:Energy conversion 10917: 10916: 10737: 10736: 10609:Annunciator panel 10595: 10594: 10510: 10509: 10401:Propelling nozzle 10146:Media related to 10126:978-0-262-11162-1 10108:978-0-201-14659-2 10089:978-1-85310-860-0 10082:. Crowood Press. 10070:978-1-872922-08-9 9865:"Turbofan Thrust" 9124:978-0-471-32642-7 8830:978-1-62410-037-6 8673:978-0-521-81983-1 8605:978-1-56347-779-9 8541:978-2-918590-95-8 8267:978-0-7918-4167-9 8053:Balancing machine 7939: 7938: 7765: 7720: 7685: 7601: 7600: 7242: 7241: 6745:777-200/200ER/300 5850:Soloviev D-30KP-2 5759:RR/Snecma Olympus 5679: 5670: 5627: 5626: 4231:Tumansky R-25-300 4087: 4078: 4037: 4036: 3453:Tumansky R-25-300 3372: 3363: 3316: 3315: 2851: 2842: 2683: 2670: 2639: 2576: 2573: 2489:{\displaystyle v} 2251:energy efficiency 1724:and formation of 1687:Jet engine thrust 1643:Propelling nozzle 1637:Propelling nozzle 1615: 1614: 1526: 1525: 1414: 1413: 1364:{\displaystyle p} 1311: 1247: 1172: 1150: 1099:space exploration 1057: 1056: 753:land speed record 720:. In the form of 503:Spanish Civil War 322:1st-century Egypt 241:propelling nozzle 151: 150: 120:Propelling nozzle 10982: 10764: 10757: 10750: 10741: 10740: 10724:Hydraulic system 10719:Bleed air system 10709:Air-start system 10572:Counter-rotating 10521: 10520: 10502:Windmill restart 10472:Specific impulse 10442:Compressor stall 10376:Axial compressor 10279: 10278: 10247: 10240: 10233: 10224: 10223: 10219: 10217: 10215: 10157: 10145: 10130: 10111: 10093: 10074: 10045: 10035: 10034: 10030: 10010: 9999: 9993: 9987: 9981: 9978: 9972: 9969: 9963: 9960: 9954: 9951: 9945: 9942: 9936: 9935: 9933: 9932: 9917: 9911: 9910: 9908: 9907: 9901: 9895:. Archived from 9894: 9886: 9880: 9879: 9877: 9876: 9867:. Archived from 9861: 9855: 9854: 9852: 9845: 9834: 9828: 9823: 9817: 9812: 9806: 9805: 9803: 9802: 9792: 9786: 9781: 9775: 9774: 9772: 9771: 9756: 9750: 9749: 9748:on 26 July 2011. 9744:. Archived from 9732: 9726: 9720: 9714: 9713: 9708: 9707: 9698:. Archived from 9692: 9686: 9685: 9683: 9682: 9667: 9661: 9660: 9658: 9657: 9648:. Archived from 9642: 9636: 9635: 9630:. Archived from 9618: 9612: 9611: 9609: 9608: 9593: 9587: 9586: 9574: 9565: 9564: 9546: 9540: 9539: 9533: 9525: 9512: 9511: 9503: 9494: 9493: 9486: 9480: 9479: 9477: 9468: 9457: 9456: 9440: 9431: 9430: 9425:. Archived from 9418: 9391: 9390: 9378: 9369: 9358: 9357: 9347: 9338: 9311: 9310: 9308: 9300: 9291: 9290: 9289:. 23 March 2017. 9279: 9270: 9269: 9264:. Archived from 9257: 9186: 9185: 9178: 9172: 9171: 9164: 9158: 9155: 9149: 9135: 9129: 9128: 9110: 9104: 9093: 9087: 9076: 9070: 9067: 9061: 9050: 9044: 9041: 9035: 9024: 9018: 9007: 9001: 8998: 8992: 8990: 8984: 8976: 8974: 8973: 8967: 8961:. Archived from 8960: 8952: 8946: 8935: 8929: 8918: 8912: 8901: 8895: 8884: 8878: 8875: 8869: 8858: 8852: 8841: 8835: 8834: 8806: 8800: 8799: 8788: 8782: 8771: 8765: 8754: 8748: 8747: 8745: 8744: 8733: 8727: 8720: 8714: 8708: 8702: 8684: 8678: 8677: 8659: 8653: 8652:Mattingly, p. 14 8650: 8644: 8643: 8625: 8619: 8616: 8610: 8609: 8591: 8585: 8584: 8582: 8581: 8566: 8560: 8559: 8552: 8546: 8545: 8525: 8519: 8518: 8514:978-1-61058434-0 8498: 8492: 8491: 8479: 8473: 8470: 8464: 8448: 8442: 8432: 8426: 8425: 8423: 8421: 8406: 8400: 8399: 8397: 8395: 8380: 8374: 8373: 8362: 8356: 8355: 8353: 8352: 8341: 8335: 8334: 8332: 8331: 8320: 8314: 8313: 8311: 8310: 8296: 8290: 8289: 8278: 8272: 8271: 8245: 8239: 8227: 8221: 8220: 8200: 8194: 8193: 8191: 8184: 8176: 8159: 8156: 8150: 8147: 8141: 8138: 8132: 8114: 8018:Airbus A340-300 7803: 7796: 7794: 7793: 7788: 7783: 7782: 7773: 7772: 7767: 7766: 7758: 7738: 7737: 7728: 7727: 7722: 7721: 7713: 7706: 7705: 7693: 7692: 7687: 7686: 7678: 7671: 7670: 7643:The net thrust ( 7267: 7266: 5677: 5668: 5629: 5628: 4605:RR Pegasus 11-61 4516:Saturn AL-41F-1S 4085: 4076: 4039: 4038: 3857:Saturn AL-41F-1S 3370: 3361: 3318: 3317: 3167:ECA upper stage 2849: 2840: 2801: 2800: 2769:specific impulse 2744:Specific impulse 2700:cycle efficiency 2694: 2692: 2691: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2681: 2680: 2671: 2669: 2668: 2656: 2644: 2640: 2638: 2637: 2625: 2615: 2610: 2609: 2587: 2585: 2584: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2574: 2569: 2568: 2559: 2547: 2542: 2541: 2522: 2520: 2519: 2514: 2512: 2511: 2495: 2493: 2492: 2487: 2475: 2473: 2472: 2467: 2465: 2464: 2440: 2438: 2437: 2432: 2430: 2429: 2417: 2416: 2404: 2403: 2384: 2382: 2381: 2376: 2374: 2373: 2353: 2351: 2350: 2345: 2343: 2342: 2322:cycle efficiency 2313: 2311: 2310: 2305: 2303: 2302: 2279: 2277: 2276: 2271: 2269: 2268: 2233: 2231: 2230: 2225: 2223: 2222: 2213: 2212: 2200: 2199: 2187: 2186: 2167: 2165: 2164: 2159: 2157: 2156: 2123: 2121: 2120: 2115: 2113: 2112: 2088: 2086: 2085: 2080: 2078: 2077: 2058: 2056: 2055: 2050: 2048: 2047: 2035: 2034: 2022: 2021: 1998: 1996: 1995: 1990: 1988: 1987: 1967: 1965: 1964: 1959: 1957: 1956: 1925: 1923: 1922: 1917: 1915: 1914: 1880: 1878: 1877: 1872: 1870: 1869: 1826: 1824: 1823: 1818: 1816: 1815: 1772: 1770: 1769: 1764: 1762: 1761: 1566: 1565: 1541:ducted propeller 1424: 1423: 1408:specific impulse 1374: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1367: 1362: 1350: 1348: 1347: 1342: 1340: 1339: 1323: 1321: 1320: 1315: 1313: 1312: 1304: 1293:standard gravity 1290: 1288: 1287: 1282: 1280: 1279: 1262:specific impulse 1259: 1257: 1256: 1251: 1249: 1248: 1245: 1232: 1230: 1229: 1224: 1222: 1221: 1202: 1200: 1199: 1194: 1187: 1186: 1174: 1173: 1170: 1163: 1162: 1152: 1151: 1143: 1137: 1136: 965: 964: 682:Edgar Buckingham 592:fighter aircraft 453:axial compressor 406:Maxime Guillaume 147:1791, 1928, 1935 33: 21: 20: 10992: 10991: 10985: 10984: 10983: 10981: 10980: 10979: 10945:Gas compressors 10920: 10919: 10918: 10913: 10904: 10891: 10873: 10773: 10768: 10738: 10733: 10697: 10680: 10671: 10667:Thrust reversal 10644:Engine controls 10638: 10601: 10591: 10567:Contra-rotating 10540: 10506: 10410: 10361:Accessory drive 10353: 10347: 10289:Air turborocket 10271: 10263: 10251: 10213: 10211: 10204: 10138: 10133: 10127: 10109: 10090: 10071: 10054: 10049: 10048: 10032: 10019: 10008: 10001: 10000: 9996: 9988: 9984: 9979: 9975: 9970: 9966: 9961: 9957: 9952: 9948: 9943: 9939: 9930: 9928: 9919: 9918: 9914: 9905: 9903: 9899: 9892: 9888: 9887: 9883: 9874: 9872: 9863: 9862: 9858: 9850: 9843: 9835: 9831: 9824: 9820: 9813: 9809: 9800: 9798: 9794: 9793: 9789: 9782: 9778: 9769: 9767: 9757: 9753: 9738: 9734: 9733: 9729: 9721: 9717: 9705: 9703: 9694: 9693: 9689: 9680: 9678: 9669: 9668: 9664: 9655: 9653: 9644: 9643: 9639: 9624: 9620: 9619: 9615: 9606: 9604: 9594: 9590: 9575: 9568: 9561: 9547: 9543: 9531: 9527: 9526: 9515: 9504: 9497: 9488: 9487: 9483: 9475: 9469: 9460: 9441: 9434: 9419: 9394: 9387: 9379:. p. 126. 9376: 9370: 9361: 9345: 9339: 9314: 9306: 9302: 9301: 9294: 9281: 9280: 9273: 9258: 9189: 9180: 9179: 9175: 9166: 9165: 9161: 9156: 9152: 9146:Wayback Machine 9136: 9132: 9125: 9111: 9107: 9094: 9090: 9077: 9073: 9068: 9064: 9051: 9047: 9042: 9038: 9025: 9021: 9008: 9004: 8999: 8995: 8978: 8977: 8971: 8969: 8965: 8958: 8956:"Archived copy" 8954: 8953: 8949: 8936: 8932: 8919: 8915: 8902: 8898: 8885: 8881: 8876: 8872: 8859: 8855: 8842: 8838: 8831: 8807: 8803: 8790: 8789: 8785: 8772: 8768: 8755: 8751: 8742: 8740: 8735: 8734: 8730: 8721: 8717: 8709: 8705: 8687:Reaction engine 8685: 8681: 8674: 8660: 8656: 8651: 8647: 8640: 8626: 8622: 8617: 8613: 8606: 8592: 8588: 8579: 8577: 8568: 8567: 8563: 8554: 8553: 8549: 8542: 8526: 8522: 8515: 8499: 8495: 8480: 8476: 8471: 8467: 8462:Wayback Machine 8450:Warsitz, Lutz: 8449: 8445: 8433: 8429: 8419: 8417: 8408: 8407: 8403: 8393: 8391: 8389:EL PAÍS English 8381: 8377: 8364: 8363: 8359: 8350: 8348: 8343: 8342: 8338: 8329: 8327: 8322: 8321: 8317: 8308: 8306: 8298: 8297: 8293: 8280: 8279: 8275: 8268: 8246: 8242: 8237:Wayback Machine 8228: 8224: 8217: 8201: 8197: 8189: 8182: 8178: 8177: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8162: 8157: 8153: 8148: 8144: 8139: 8135: 8131:takeoff begins. 8115: 8111: 8106: 8083:Thrust reversal 8048:Air turboramjet 8044: 8037: 8033: 8029: 8012: 7997: 7977: 7954: 7935:= Bypass Ratio 7918: 7903: 7888: 7873: 7858: 7846: 7837: 7826: 7811: 7778: 7774: 7768: 7757: 7756: 7755: 7733: 7729: 7723: 7712: 7711: 7710: 7698: 7694: 7688: 7677: 7676: 7675: 7666: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7656: 7649: 7626:de Laval nozzle 7606: 7361: 7336:SR-71 Blackbird 7287: 7253: 7247: 7184:RR Trent XWB-97 6470:GE CF6-80C2-B1F 6382:PowerJet SaM146 6251:CFE CFE738-1-1B 6077:CRJ700/900/1000 5676: 5666: 5650: 5539:RR Trent 970-84 5521:-200/200ER/300 5491:-200/200ER/300 4728:Soloviev D-30F6 4694:Kuznetsov NK-32 4260:Lyulka AL-21F-3 4136:Snecma Atar 09C 4084: 4074: 4058: 3945:Kuznetsov NK-32 3797:Lyulka AL-21F-3 3764:Soloviev D-30F6 3602:Snecma Atar 09C 3369: 3359: 3343: 3030:Kuznetsov NK-33 2848: 2838: 2822: 2758: 2749: 2676: 2672: 2664: 2660: 2655: 2645: 2633: 2629: 2624: 2616: 2614: 2605: 2601: 2599: 2596: 2595: 2564: 2560: 2558: 2551: 2546: 2537: 2533: 2531: 2528: 2527: 2507: 2503: 2501: 2498: 2497: 2481: 2478: 2477: 2460: 2456: 2454: 2451: 2450: 2422: 2418: 2412: 2408: 2399: 2395: 2393: 2390: 2389: 2369: 2365: 2363: 2360: 2359: 2335: 2331: 2329: 2326: 2325: 2298: 2294: 2292: 2289: 2288: 2264: 2260: 2258: 2255: 2254: 2244: 2218: 2214: 2205: 2201: 2195: 2191: 2182: 2178: 2176: 2173: 2172: 2152: 2148: 2146: 2143: 2142: 2105: 2101: 2099: 2096: 2095: 2073: 2069: 2067: 2064: 2063: 2040: 2036: 2030: 2026: 2017: 2013: 2011: 2008: 2007: 1980: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1970: 1952: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1942: 1892: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1882: 1838: 1834: 1832: 1829: 1828: 1784: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1774: 1754: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1744: 1722:Boundary layers 1694: 1689: 1683: 1645: 1639: 1620: 1596:For propelling 1537: 1531: 1419: 1356: 1353: 1352: 1335: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1325: 1303: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1296: 1275: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1265: 1244: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1234: 1217: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1207: 1182: 1178: 1169: 1165: 1158: 1154: 1142: 1141: 1132: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1122: 1085:reaction engine 1073: 1067: 1062: 1024:V-1 flying bomb 963: 948: 938: 936:Ram compression 929: 923: 877: 871: 829:Turbojet engine 823: 817: 805: 799: 787: 732:, and military 714:cruise missiles 690: 576:Junkers Motoren 507:Carlota O'Neill 433:Gloster E.28/39 309: 303: 297: 257:fuel efficiency 174:reaction engine 55: 42:engine for the 19: 12: 11: 5: 10990: 10989: 10978: 10977: 10972: 10967: 10962: 10960:Fluid dynamics 10957: 10952: 10950:Turbomachinery 10947: 10942: 10937: 10932: 10915: 10914: 10909: 10906: 10905: 10903: 10902: 10896: 10893: 10892: 10890: 10889: 10884: 10878: 10875: 10874: 10872: 10871: 10866: 10864:Thermoacoustic 10861: 10856: 10855: 10854: 10844: 10839: 10834: 10829: 10824: 10819: 10814: 10809: 10804: 10799: 10794: 10789: 10784: 10778: 10775: 10774: 10767: 10766: 10759: 10752: 10744: 10735: 10734: 10732: 10731: 10726: 10721: 10716: 10711: 10705: 10703: 10699: 10698: 10696: 10695: 10690: 10684: 10682: 10673: 10672: 10670: 10669: 10664: 10659: 10654: 10648: 10646: 10640: 10639: 10637: 10636: 10631: 10626: 10621: 10616: 10611: 10605: 10603: 10597: 10596: 10593: 10592: 10590: 10589: 10587:Variable-pitch 10584: 10579: 10574: 10569: 10564: 10562:Constant-speed 10559: 10554: 10548: 10546: 10542: 10541: 10539: 10538: 10533: 10527: 10525: 10518: 10512: 10511: 10508: 10507: 10505: 10504: 10499: 10494: 10489: 10484: 10479: 10474: 10469: 10464: 10459: 10454: 10449: 10444: 10439: 10434: 10429: 10424: 10418: 10416: 10412: 10411: 10409: 10408: 10403: 10398: 10393: 10388: 10383: 10378: 10373: 10368: 10363: 10357: 10355: 10349: 10348: 10346: 10345: 10340: 10335: 10330: 10325: 10320: 10315: 10310: 10305: 10300: 10291: 10285: 10283: 10276: 10274:jet propulsion 10265: 10264: 10250: 10249: 10242: 10235: 10227: 10221: 10220: 10202: 10197: 10192: 10180: 10175: 10170: 10165: 10151: 10137: 10136:External links 10134: 10132: 10131: 10125: 10112: 10107: 10094: 10088: 10075: 10069: 10055: 10053: 10050: 10047: 10046: 10017: 9994: 9982: 9973: 9964: 9955: 9946: 9937: 9912: 9881: 9856: 9853:on 2012-09-21. 9829: 9818: 9807: 9787: 9776: 9751: 9727: 9715: 9687: 9662: 9637: 9613: 9588: 9566: 9559: 9541: 9513: 9495: 9481: 9458: 9432: 9392: 9385: 9359: 9312: 9292: 9271: 9187: 9173: 9159: 9150: 9130: 9123: 9105: 9088: 9071: 9062: 9045: 9036: 9019: 9002: 8993: 8947: 8930: 8913: 8896: 8879: 8870: 8853: 8836: 8829: 8801: 8783: 8766: 8749: 8728: 8715: 8711:Jet propulsion 8703: 8679: 8672: 8654: 8645: 8638: 8620: 8611: 8604: 8586: 8561: 8547: 8540: 8520: 8513: 8493: 8474: 8465: 8443: 8427: 8414:Aerotendencias 8401: 8375: 8357: 8336: 8315: 8291: 8273: 8266: 8240: 8222: 8215: 8195: 8192:on 2016-10-22. 8170: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8161: 8160: 8151: 8142: 8133: 8108: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8101: 8100: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8060: 8055: 8050: 8043: 8040: 8035: 8031: 8027: 8011: 8008: 7996: 7993: 7976: 7973: 7953: 7950: 7942:Rocket engines 7937: 7936: 7933: 7925: 7924: 7921: 7916: 7910: 7909: 7906: 7901: 7895: 7894: 7891: 7886: 7880: 7879: 7876: 7871: 7865: 7864: 7861: 7856: 7850: 7849: 7844: 7835: 7829: 7824: 7818: 7817: 7814: 7809: 7798: 7797: 7786: 7781: 7777: 7771: 7764: 7761: 7754: 7750: 7747: 7744: 7741: 7736: 7732: 7726: 7719: 7716: 7709: 7704: 7701: 7697: 7691: 7684: 7681: 7674: 7669: 7665: 7647: 7605: 7602: 7599: 7598: 7595: 7592: 7589: 7586: 7583: 7576: 7575: 7572: 7569: 7566: 7563: 7560: 7559:rocket engine 7553: 7552: 7549: 7546: 7543: 7540: 7537: 7526: 7525: 7522: 7519: 7516: 7513: 7510: 7509:rocket engine 7503: 7502: 7499: 7496: 7493: 7490: 7487: 7486:rocket engine 7480: 7479: 7476: 7473: 7470: 7467: 7464: 7463:rocket engine 7454: 7453: 7450: 7447: 7444: 7441: 7438: 7437:rocket engine 7431: 7430: 7427: 7424: 7421: 7418: 7415: 7408: 7407: 7404: 7401: 7398: 7395: 7392: 7386: 7385: 7382: 7379: 7376: 7373: 7370: 7355: 7354: 7351: 7348: 7345: 7342: 7339: 7328: 7327: 7324: 7321: 7318: 7315: 7312: 7305: 7304: 7301: 7298: 7295: 7291: 7290: 7283: 7280: 7277: 7249:Main article: 7246: 7243: 7240: 7239: 7236: 7233: 7230: 7227: 7222: 7219: 7216: 7210: 7209: 7206: 7203: 7200: 7197: 7192: 7189: 7186: 7180: 7179: 7176: 7173: 7170: 7167: 7162: 7159: 7156: 7150: 7149: 7146: 7143: 7140: 7137: 7132: 7129: 7126: 7120: 7119: 7116: 7113: 7110: 7107: 7105:A320neo family 7102: 7099: 7096: 7090: 7089: 7086: 7083: 7080: 7077: 7072: 7069: 7066: 7060: 7059: 7056: 7053: 7050: 7047: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7031: 7030: 7027: 7024: 7021: 7018: 7013: 7010: 7007: 7001: 7000: 6997: 6994: 6991: 6988: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6972: 6971: 6968: 6965: 6962: 6959: 6954: 6951: 6948: 6942: 6941: 6938: 6935: 6932: 6929: 6924: 6921: 6918: 6912: 6911: 6908: 6905: 6902: 6899: 6894: 6891: 6888: 6882: 6881: 6878: 6875: 6872: 6869: 6864: 6861: 6858: 6852: 6851: 6848: 6845: 6842: 6839: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6823: 6822: 6819: 6816: 6813: 6810: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6794: 6793: 6790: 6787: 6784: 6781: 6772: 6769: 6766: 6764:Progress D-18T 6760: 6759: 6756: 6753: 6750: 6747: 6742: 6739: 6736: 6730: 6729: 6726: 6723: 6720: 6717: 6712: 6709: 6706: 6700: 6699: 6696: 6693: 6690: 6687: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6671: 6670: 6667: 6664: 6661: 6658: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6642: 6641: 6638: 6635: 6632: 6629: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617:GE CF6-80C2-B2 6613: 6612: 6609: 6606: 6603: 6600: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6584: 6583: 6580: 6577: 6574: 6571: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6554: 6553: 6550: 6547: 6544: 6541: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6524: 6523: 6520: 6517: 6514: 6511: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6495: 6494: 6491: 6488: 6485: 6482: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6466: 6465: 6462: 6459: 6456: 6453: 6448: 6445: 6442: 6436: 6435: 6432: 6429: 6426: 6423: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411:CFM CFM56-7B24 6407: 6406: 6403: 6400: 6397: 6394: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6378: 6377: 6374: 6371: 6368: 6365: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6344: 6343: 6340: 6337: 6334: 6331: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6315: 6314: 6311: 6308: 6305: 6302: 6300:Global Express 6289: 6286: 6283: 6277: 6276: 6273: 6270: 6267: 6264: 6259: 6256: 6253: 6247: 6246: 6243: 6240: 6237: 6234: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6218: 6217: 6214: 6211: 6208: 6205: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6185: 6184: 6181: 6178: 6175: 6172: 6167: 6164: 6161: 6155: 6154: 6151: 6148: 6145: 6142: 6133: 6130: 6127: 6121: 6120: 6117: 6114: 6111: 6108: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6092: 6091: 6088: 6085: 6082: 6079: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6063: 6062: 6059: 6056: 6053: 6050: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6034: 6033: 6030: 6027: 6024: 6021: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6005: 6004: 6001: 5998: 5995: 5992: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5976: 5975: 5972: 5969: 5966: 5963: 5954: 5951: 5948: 5942: 5941: 5938: 5935: 5932: 5929: 5920: 5917: 5914: 5908: 5907: 5904: 5901: 5898: 5895: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5879: 5878: 5875: 5872: 5869: 5866: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5846: 5845: 5842: 5839: 5836: 5833: 5828: 5826: 5821: 5815: 5814: 5811: 5808: 5805: 5802: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5786: 5785: 5782: 5779: 5776: 5773: 5767: 5764: 5761: 5755: 5754: 5751: 5748: 5745: 5742: 5736: 5733: 5730: 5724: 5723: 5720: 5717: 5714: 5711: 5705: 5703: 5698: 5695: 5694: 5691: 5688: 5685: 5681: 5680: 5674: 5671: 5664: 5660: 5655: 5652: 5647: 5644: 5640: 5639: 5625: 5624: 5621: 5618: 5615: 5612: 5607: 5604: 5601: 5599:RR Trent 1000C 5595: 5594: 5591: 5588: 5585: 5582: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5566: 5565: 5562: 5559: 5556: 5553: 5547: 5544: 5541: 5535: 5534: 5531: 5528: 5525: 5522: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5505: 5504: 5501: 5498: 5495: 5492: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5475: 5474: 5471: 5468: 5465: 5462: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5445: 5444: 5443:103000–115000 5441: 5438: 5435: 5432: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5396: 5395: 5392: 5389: 5386: 5383: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5367: 5366: 5363: 5360: 5357: 5354: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5338: 5337: 5334: 5331: 5328: 5325: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313:PW F117-PW-100 5309: 5308: 5305: 5302: 5299: 5296: 5287: 5284: 5281: 5279:Progress D-18T 5275: 5274: 5271: 5268: 5265: 5262: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5242: 5241: 5238: 5235: 5232: 5229: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217:GE TF34-GE-100 5213: 5212: 5209: 5206: 5203: 5200: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5179: 5178: 5175: 5172: 5169: 5166: 5161: 5158: 5155: 5153:GE F118-GE-101 5149: 5148: 5145: 5142: 5139: 5136: 5131: 5128: 5125: 5123:GE F118-GE-100 5119: 5118: 5115: 5112: 5109: 5106: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5086: 5085: 5082: 5079: 5076: 5073: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5057: 5056: 5053: 5050: 5047: 5044: 5039: 5036: 5033: 5031:GE F101-GE-102 5027: 5026: 5023: 5020: 5017: 5014: 5009: 5007: 5004: 4998: 4997: 4994: 4991: 4988: 4985: 4980: 4977: 4974: 4972:PW F119-PW-100 4968: 4967: 4964: 4961: 4958: 4955: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4939: 4938: 4935: 4932: 4929: 4926: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913:GE F110-GE-132 4909: 4908: 4905: 4902: 4899: 4896: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880:GE F110-GE-129 4876: 4875: 4872: 4869: 4866: 4863: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851:RR Spey RB.168 4847: 4846: 4843: 4840: 4837: 4834: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4817: 4816: 4813: 4810: 4807: 4804: 4799: 4796: 4793: 4787: 4786: 4783: 4780: 4777: 4774: 4769: 4766: 4763: 4757: 4756: 4753: 4750: 4747: 4744: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4724: 4723: 4720: 4717: 4714: 4711: 4702: 4699: 4696: 4690: 4689: 4686: 4683: 4680: 4677: 4672: 4669: 4666: 4664:GE F414-GE-400 4660: 4659: 4656: 4653: 4650: 4647: 4642: 4639: 4636: 4630: 4629: 4626: 4623: 4620: 4617: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4601: 4600: 4597: 4594: 4591: 4588: 4583: 4580: 4577: 4571: 4570: 4567: 4564: 4561: 4558: 4553: 4550: 4547: 4541: 4540: 4537: 4534: 4531: 4528: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4512: 4511: 4508: 4505: 4502: 4499: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4475: 4474: 4471: 4468: 4465: 4462: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4446: 4445: 4442: 4439: 4436: 4433: 4424: 4421: 4418: 4412: 4411: 4408: 4405: 4402: 4399: 4391: 4388: 4385: 4379: 4378: 4375: 4372: 4369: 4366: 4364:Gripen A/B/C/D 4361: 4358: 4355: 4349: 4348: 4345: 4342: 4339: 4336: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4319: 4318: 4315: 4312: 4309: 4306: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4286: 4285: 4282: 4279: 4276: 4273: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4256: 4255: 4252: 4249: 4246: 4243: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4227: 4226: 4223: 4220: 4217: 4214: 4212:Super Étendard 4209: 4207: 4204: 4198: 4197: 4194: 4191: 4188: 4185: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4161: 4160: 4157: 4154: 4151: 4148: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4132: 4131: 4128: 4125: 4122: 4119: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4103: 4102: 4099: 4096: 4093: 4089: 4088: 4082: 4079: 4072: 4068: 4063: 4060: 4055: 4052: 4048: 4047: 4035: 4034: 4031: 4028: 4025: 4022: 4017: 4014: 4011: 4005: 4004: 4001: 3998: 3995: 3992: 3987: 3984: 3981: 3975: 3974: 3971: 3968: 3965: 3962: 3953: 3950: 3947: 3941: 3940: 3937: 3934: 3931: 3928: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3916:GE F404-GE-402 3912: 3911: 3908: 3905: 3902: 3899: 3897:Gripen A/B/C/D 3894: 3891: 3888: 3882: 3881: 3878: 3875: 3872: 3869: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3853: 3852: 3849: 3846: 3843: 3840: 3835: 3832: 3829: 3823: 3822: 3819: 3816: 3813: 3810: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3793: 3792: 3789: 3786: 3783: 3780: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3760: 3759: 3756: 3753: 3750: 3747: 3737: 3735: 3732: 3730:GE F110-GE-129 3726: 3725: 3722: 3719: 3716: 3713: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3697: 3696: 3693: 3690: 3687: 3684: 3675: 3673: 3670: 3664: 3663: 3660: 3657: 3654: 3651: 3638: 3636: 3633: 3627: 3626: 3623: 3620: 3617: 3614: 3609: 3607: 3604: 3598: 3597: 3594: 3591: 3588: 3585: 3579: 3577: 3574: 3568: 3567: 3564: 3561: 3558: 3555: 3550: 3548: 3545: 3539: 3538: 3535: 3532: 3529: 3526: 3520: 3518: 3515: 3513:GE F110-GE-132 3509: 3508: 3505: 3502: 3499: 3496: 3491: 3489: 3486: 3480: 3479: 3476: 3473: 3470: 3467: 3462: 3460: 3455: 3449: 3448: 3445: 3442: 3439: 3436: 3431: 3428: 3425: 3423:GE F101-GE-102 3419: 3418: 3415: 3412: 3409: 3406: 3401: 3399: 3394: 3388: 3387: 3384: 3381: 3378: 3374: 3373: 3367: 3364: 3357: 3353: 3348: 3345: 3340: 3337: 3333: 3332: 3314: 3313: 3311: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3299: 3294: 3288: 3287: 3284: 3281: 3278: 3275: 3261: 3259: 3256: 3250: 3249: 3246: 3243: 3240: 3237: 3227: 3224: 3221: 3215: 3214: 3211: 3208: 3205: 3202: 3192: 3190: 3187: 3181: 3180: 3177: 3174: 3171: 3168: 3150: 3148: 3145: 3139: 3138: 3135: 3132: 3129: 3126: 3116: 3114: 3109: 3103: 3102: 3099: 3096: 3093: 3090: 3072: 3070: 3067: 3061: 3060: 3057: 3054: 3051: 3048: 3038: 3035: 3032: 3026: 3025: 3022: 3019: 3016: 3013: 3007: 3005: 3000: 2994: 2993: 2990: 2987: 2984: 2981: 2976: 2973: 2968: 2962: 2961: 2958: 2955: 2952: 2949: 2943: 2940: 2937: 2935:Avio Zefiro 9A 2931: 2930: 2927: 2924: 2921: 2918: 2912: 2909: 2906: 2904:Avio Zefiro 23 2900: 2899: 2896: 2893: 2890: 2887: 2881: 2878: 2873: 2867: 2866: 2863: 2860: 2857: 2853: 2852: 2846: 2843: 2836: 2832: 2827: 2824: 2819: 2816: 2812: 2811: 2805:Rocket engines 2757: 2754: 2747: 2696: 2695: 2679: 2675: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2654: 2651: 2648: 2643: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2623: 2619: 2613: 2608: 2604: 2589: 2588: 2572: 2567: 2563: 2557: 2554: 2550: 2545: 2540: 2536: 2510: 2506: 2485: 2463: 2459: 2442: 2441: 2428: 2425: 2421: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2402: 2398: 2372: 2368: 2356: 2355: 2341: 2338: 2334: 2319: 2316:kinetic energy 2301: 2297: 2267: 2263: 2242: 2221: 2217: 2211: 2208: 2204: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2185: 2181: 2155: 2151: 2111: 2108: 2104: 2076: 2072: 2046: 2043: 2039: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2020: 2016: 1986: 1983: 1979: 1955: 1951: 1913: 1910: 1907: 1904: 1901: 1898: 1895: 1891: 1868: 1865: 1862: 1859: 1856: 1853: 1850: 1847: 1844: 1841: 1837: 1814: 1811: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1799: 1796: 1793: 1790: 1787: 1783: 1760: 1757: 1753: 1693: 1690: 1685:Main article: 1682: 1679: 1641:Main article: 1638: 1635: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1612: 1609: 1605: 1594: 1588: 1587: 1582: 1577: 1572: 1533:Main article: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1523: 1508: 1504: 1501: 1495:Precooled jets 1491: 1490: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1474: 1473: 1466: 1463: 1452: 1446: 1445: 1440: 1435: 1430: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1411: 1404: 1397: 1394: 1388: 1387: 1386:Disadvantages 1384: 1381: 1378: 1360: 1338: 1334: 1310: 1307: 1278: 1274: 1243: 1220: 1216: 1204: 1203: 1191: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1168: 1161: 1157: 1149: 1146: 1140: 1135: 1131: 1089:jet propulsion 1069:Main article: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1055: 1054: 1051: 1048: 1037: 1031: 1030: 1027: 1020: 1017: 1011: 1010: 1003: 1000: 993: 987: 986: 981: 976: 971: 962: 959: 937: 934: 925:Main article: 922: 919: 873:Main article: 870: 867: 819:Main article: 816: 813: 801:Main article: 798: 795: 791:jet propulsion 786: 783: 726:model rocketry 722:rocket engines 689: 686: 635:Gloster Meteor 631:Gloster E28/39 619:Gloster Meteor 602:aircraft, the 514:Hans von Ohain 472:Heinkel He 178 437:Gloster Meteor 399:Ægidius Elling 376:speed of sound 299:Main article: 296: 293: 199: 186:jet propulsion 149: 148: 145: 141: 140: 138:Hans von Ohain 127: 123: 122: 101: 97: 96: 91: 87: 86: 81: 77: 76: 71: 67: 66: 61: 60:Classification 57: 56: 34: 26: 25: 17: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10988: 10987: 10976: 10973: 10971: 10968: 10966: 10963: 10961: 10958: 10956: 10953: 10951: 10948: 10946: 10943: 10941: 10938: 10936: 10933: 10931: 10928: 10927: 10925: 10912: 10907: 10901: 10898: 10897: 10894: 10888: 10885: 10883: 10880: 10879: 10876: 10870: 10869:Manson engine 10867: 10865: 10862: 10860: 10857: 10853: 10850: 10849: 10848: 10847:Steam turbine 10845: 10843: 10840: 10838: 10835: 10833: 10830: 10828: 10825: 10823: 10820: 10818: 10815: 10813: 10810: 10808: 10805: 10803: 10800: 10798: 10795: 10793: 10790: 10788: 10785: 10783: 10782:Carnot engine 10780: 10779: 10776: 10772: 10765: 10760: 10758: 10753: 10751: 10746: 10745: 10742: 10730: 10727: 10725: 10722: 10720: 10717: 10715: 10712: 10710: 10707: 10706: 10704: 10702:Other systems 10700: 10694: 10691: 10689: 10686: 10685: 10683: 10679:and induction 10678: 10674: 10668: 10665: 10663: 10660: 10658: 10655: 10653: 10650: 10649: 10647: 10645: 10641: 10635: 10634:Glass cockpit 10632: 10630: 10627: 10625: 10622: 10620: 10617: 10615: 10612: 10610: 10607: 10606: 10604: 10598: 10588: 10585: 10583: 10580: 10578: 10575: 10573: 10570: 10568: 10565: 10563: 10560: 10558: 10555: 10553: 10550: 10549: 10547: 10543: 10537: 10534: 10532: 10529: 10528: 10526: 10522: 10519: 10517: 10513: 10503: 10500: 10498: 10495: 10493: 10490: 10488: 10485: 10483: 10480: 10478: 10475: 10473: 10470: 10468: 10465: 10463: 10460: 10458: 10455: 10453: 10450: 10448: 10445: 10443: 10440: 10438: 10435: 10433: 10432:Brayton cycle 10430: 10428: 10425: 10423: 10420: 10419: 10417: 10413: 10407: 10406:Turbine blade 10404: 10402: 10399: 10397: 10394: 10392: 10389: 10387: 10384: 10382: 10379: 10377: 10374: 10372: 10369: 10367: 10364: 10362: 10359: 10358: 10356: 10350: 10344: 10341: 10339: 10336: 10334: 10331: 10329: 10326: 10324: 10321: 10319: 10316: 10314: 10311: 10309: 10306: 10304: 10301: 10299: 10295: 10292: 10290: 10287: 10286: 10284: 10280: 10277: 10275: 10270: 10266: 10262: 10259: 10255: 10248: 10243: 10241: 10236: 10234: 10229: 10228: 10225: 10209: 10208: 10203: 10201: 10198: 10196: 10193: 10190: 10186: 10185: 10181: 10179: 10176: 10174: 10171: 10169: 10166: 10164:at Wiktionary 10163: 10162: 10156: 10152: 10149: 10144: 10140: 10139: 10128: 10122: 10118: 10113: 10110: 10104: 10100: 10095: 10091: 10085: 10081: 10076: 10072: 10066: 10062: 10057: 10056: 10043: 10039: 10028: 10024: 10020: 10018:9781510712843 10014: 10007: 10006: 9998: 9991: 9986: 9977: 9968: 9959: 9950: 9941: 9927:on 2016-02-12 9926: 9922: 9916: 9902:on 2009-09-29 9898: 9891: 9885: 9871:on 2010-12-04 9870: 9866: 9860: 9849: 9842: 9841: 9833: 9827: 9822: 9816: 9811: 9797: 9791: 9785: 9780: 9766: 9762: 9755: 9747: 9743: 9739: 9731: 9725:, RAND, 2002. 9724: 9719: 9712: 9702:on 2010-08-06 9701: 9697: 9691: 9677:on 2015-04-04 9676: 9672: 9666: 9652:on 2012-07-29 9651: 9647: 9641: 9633: 9629: 9625: 9617: 9603: 9599: 9592: 9584: 9580: 9573: 9571: 9562: 9560:9782952938013 9556: 9552: 9545: 9537: 9536:Aviation Week 9530: 9524: 9522: 9520: 9518: 9509: 9502: 9500: 9491: 9485: 9474: 9467: 9465: 9463: 9454: 9450: 9446: 9439: 9437: 9428: 9424: 9417: 9415: 9413: 9411: 9409: 9407: 9405: 9403: 9401: 9399: 9397: 9388: 9386:9782952938013 9382: 9375: 9368: 9366: 9364: 9355: 9351: 9344: 9337: 9335: 9333: 9331: 9329: 9327: 9325: 9323: 9321: 9319: 9317: 9305: 9299: 9297: 9288: 9284: 9278: 9276: 9267: 9263: 9256: 9254: 9252: 9250: 9248: 9246: 9244: 9242: 9240: 9238: 9236: 9234: 9232: 9230: 9228: 9226: 9224: 9222: 9220: 9218: 9216: 9214: 9212: 9210: 9208: 9206: 9204: 9202: 9200: 9198: 9196: 9194: 9192: 9183: 9177: 9169: 9163: 9154: 9147: 9143: 9140: 9134: 9126: 9120: 9116: 9109: 9102: 9101:0-521-59674-2 9098: 9092: 9085: 9081: 9075: 9066: 9059: 9058:0-582-44927-8 9055: 9049: 9040: 9033: 9032:0-632-06535-4 9029: 9023: 9016: 9015:0-7106-0426-2 9012: 9006: 8997: 8988: 8982: 8968:on 2016-05-09 8964: 8957: 8951: 8944: 8943:0-521-59674-2 8940: 8934: 8927: 8926:0-632-06434-X 8923: 8917: 8910: 8909:0-521-59674-2 8906: 8900: 8893: 8892:0-521-59674-2 8889: 8883: 8874: 8867: 8866:0-521-59674-2 8863: 8857: 8850: 8849:0-7106-0426-2 8846: 8840: 8832: 8826: 8822: 8818: 8814: 8813: 8805: 8797: 8793: 8787: 8780: 8779:0-521-59674-2 8776: 8770: 8763: 8759: 8753: 8738: 8732: 8725: 8719: 8712: 8707: 8700: 8699:, ions, etc." 8698: 8697:exhaust gases 8692: 8688: 8683: 8675: 8669: 8665: 8658: 8649: 8641: 8639:9780850451634 8635: 8631: 8624: 8615: 8607: 8601: 8597: 8590: 8576:on 2010-09-14 8575: 8571: 8565: 8557: 8551: 8543: 8537: 8533: 8532: 8524: 8516: 8510: 8506: 8505: 8497: 8489: 8485: 8478: 8469: 8463: 8459: 8456: 8454: 8447: 8440: 8436: 8431: 8416:. 9 June 2014 8415: 8411: 8405: 8390: 8386: 8379: 8371: 8367: 8361: 8346: 8340: 8325: 8319: 8305: 8301: 8295: 8287: 8283: 8277: 8269: 8263: 8259: 8255: 8251: 8244: 8238: 8234: 8231: 8226: 8218: 8216:9780810888883 8212: 8208: 8207: 8199: 8188: 8181: 8175: 8171: 8155: 8146: 8137: 8130: 8126: 8125:reaction mass 8122: 8118: 8113: 8109: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8045: 8039: 8021: 8016: 8007: 8005: 8000: 7992: 7988: 7986: 7980: 7972: 7970: 7965: 7961: 7959: 7949: 7947: 7943: 7934: 7932: 7931: 7926: 7920: 7919: 7911: 7905: 7904: 7896: 7890: 7889: 7881: 7875: 7874: 7866: 7860: 7859: 7851: 7848: 7847: 7839: 7838: 7828: 7827: 7819: 7813: 7812: 7804: 7801: 7779: 7775: 7769: 7762: 7759: 7748: 7745: 7742: 7739: 7734: 7730: 7724: 7717: 7714: 7707: 7702: 7699: 7695: 7689: 7682: 7679: 7672: 7667: 7663: 7655: 7654: 7653: 7651: 7650: 7641: 7637: 7633: 7631: 7627: 7622: 7620: 7610: 7581: 7578: 7577: 7558: 7555: 7554: 7536:first stage) 7535: 7531: 7528: 7527: 7508: 7505: 7504: 7485: 7482: 7481: 7462: 7459: 7456: 7455: 7436: 7433: 7432: 7413: 7410: 7409: 7391: 7388: 7387: 7368: 7365:with reheat ( 7364: 7360: 7357: 7356: 7337: 7333: 7330: 7329: 7310: 7307: 7306: 7302: 7299: 7296: 7293: 7292: 7289: 7276: 7275:rocket engine 7272: 7268: 7265: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7237: 7234: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7211: 7207: 7204: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7181: 7177: 7174: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7154:RR Trent 1000 7152: 7151: 7147: 7144: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7124:RR Trent 7000 7122: 7121: 7117: 7114: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7091: 7087: 7084: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7061: 7057: 7054: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7032: 7028: 7025: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7002: 6998: 6995: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6986:777-200/200ER 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6973: 6969: 6966: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6943: 6939: 6936: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6913: 6909: 6906: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6883: 6879: 6876: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6853: 6849: 6846: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6827:CFM CFM56-5C2 6825: 6824: 6820: 6817: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6798:CFM CFM56-5B4 6796: 6795: 6791: 6788: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6776: 6773: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6761: 6757: 6754: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6731: 6727: 6724: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6701: 6697: 6694: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6672: 6668: 6665: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6643: 6639: 6636: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6614: 6610: 6607: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6585: 6581: 6578: 6575: 6572: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6555: 6551: 6548: 6545: 6542: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6525: 6521: 6518: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6499:CFM CFM56-5A1 6497: 6496: 6492: 6489: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6467: 6463: 6460: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6437: 6433: 6430: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6408: 6404: 6401: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6379: 6375: 6372: 6369: 6366: 6363: 6360:B2/B4/C4/F4, 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6345: 6341: 6338: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6316: 6312: 6309: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6297: 6293: 6290: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6278: 6274: 6271: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6248: 6244: 6241: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6219: 6215: 6212: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6189:CFM CFM56-2B1 6187: 6186: 6182: 6179: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6156: 6152: 6149: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6137: 6134: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6125:CFM CFM56-2A2 6123: 6122: 6118: 6115: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6096:CFM CFM56-3C1 6094: 6093: 6089: 6086: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6064: 6060: 6057: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6048:DC-8 Super 70 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6038:CFM CFM56-2C1 6036: 6035: 6031: 6028: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6006: 6002: 5999: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5977: 5973: 5970: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5958: 5955: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5943: 5939: 5936: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5924: 5921: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5912:RR Tay RB.183 5910: 5909: 5905: 5902: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5880: 5876: 5873: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5847: 5843: 5840: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5816: 5812: 5809: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5787: 5783: 5780: 5777: 5774: 5771: 5768: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5756: 5752: 5749: 5746: 5743: 5740: 5737: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5725: 5721: 5718: 5715: 5712: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5696: 5692: 5689: 5686: 5683: 5682: 5672: 5667: 5661: 5659: 5641: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5622: 5619: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5596: 5592: 5589: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5567: 5563: 5560: 5557: 5554: 5551: 5548: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5536: 5532: 5529: 5526: 5523: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5506: 5502: 5499: 5496: 5493: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5476: 5472: 5469: 5466: 5463: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5446: 5442: 5439: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5397: 5393: 5390: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5371:CFM CFM56-3C1 5369: 5368: 5364: 5361: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5339: 5335: 5332: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5310: 5306: 5303: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5291: 5288: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5276: 5272: 5269: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5246:CFM CFM56-2B1 5244: 5243: 5239: 5236: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5214: 5210: 5207: 5204: 5201: 5198: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5180: 5176: 5173: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5150: 5146: 5143: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5120: 5116: 5113: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5087: 5083: 5080: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5071:B-52H, NB-52H 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5058: 5054: 5051: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5028: 5024: 5021: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4999: 4995: 4992: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4969: 4965: 4962: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4940: 4936: 4933: 4930: 4927: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4910: 4906: 4903: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4877: 4873: 4870: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4848: 4844: 4841: 4838: 4835: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4821:Saturn AL-31F 4819: 4818: 4814: 4811: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4788: 4784: 4781: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4761:Snecma Larzac 4759: 4758: 4754: 4751: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4725: 4721: 4718: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4706: 4703: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4691: 4687: 4684: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4661: 4657: 4654: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4634:Eurojet EJ200 4632: 4631: 4627: 4624: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4602: 4598: 4595: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4572: 4568: 4565: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4542: 4538: 4535: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4526:Su-35S/T-10BM 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4513: 4509: 4506: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4476: 4472: 4469: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4447: 4443: 4440: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4428: 4425: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4413: 4409: 4406: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4392: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4380: 4376: 4373: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4350: 4346: 4343: 4340: 4337: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4323:Snecma M53-P2 4321: 4320: 4316: 4313: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4287: 4283: 4280: 4277: 4274: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4257: 4253: 4250: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4228: 4224: 4221: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4199: 4195: 4192: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4162: 4158: 4155: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4133: 4129: 4126: 4123: 4120: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4104: 4100: 4097: 4094: 4091: 4090: 4080: 4075: 4069: 4067: 4049: 4045: 4040: 4032: 4029: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4009:Eurojet EJ200 4007: 4006: 4002: 3999: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3976: 3972: 3969: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3957: 3954: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3942: 3938: 3935: 3932: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3917: 3914: 3913: 3909: 3906: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3883: 3879: 3876: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3867:Su-35S/T-10BM 3865: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3854: 3850: 3847: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3824: 3820: 3817: 3814: 3811: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3795: 3794: 3790: 3787: 3784: 3781: 3779: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3761: 3757: 3754: 3751: 3748: 3745: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3727: 3723: 3720: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3701:Saturn AL-31F 3699: 3698: 3694: 3691: 3688: 3685: 3683: 3679: 3676: 3674: 3671: 3669: 3666: 3665: 3661: 3658: 3655: 3652: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3639: 3637: 3634: 3632: 3629: 3628: 3624: 3621: 3618: 3615: 3613: 3610: 3608: 3605: 3603: 3600: 3599: 3595: 3592: 3589: 3586: 3583: 3580: 3578: 3575: 3573: 3572:Snecma M53-P2 3570: 3569: 3565: 3562: 3559: 3556: 3554: 3551: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3541: 3540: 3536: 3533: 3530: 3527: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3516: 3514: 3511: 3510: 3506: 3503: 3500: 3497: 3495: 3492: 3490: 3487: 3485: 3482: 3481: 3477: 3474: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3450: 3446: 3443: 3440: 3437: 3435: 3432: 3429: 3426: 3424: 3421: 3420: 3416: 3413: 3410: 3407: 3405: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3395: 3393: 3390: 3389: 3385: 3382: 3379: 3376: 3375: 3365: 3360: 3354: 3352: 3334: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3312: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3300: 3298: 3295: 3293: 3290: 3289: 3285: 3282: 3279: 3276: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3262: 3260: 3257: 3255: 3252: 3251: 3247: 3244: 3241: 3238: 3235: 3231: 3230:Space Shuttle 3228: 3225: 3222: 3220: 3217: 3216: 3212: 3209: 3206: 3203: 3200: 3196: 3193: 3191: 3188: 3186: 3183: 3182: 3178: 3175: 3172: 3169: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3151: 3149: 3146: 3144: 3141: 3140: 3136: 3133: 3130: 3127: 3124: 3120: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3110: 3108: 3105: 3104: 3100: 3097: 3094: 3091: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3073: 3071: 3068: 3066: 3063: 3062: 3058: 3055: 3052: 3049: 3046: 3042: 3039: 3036: 3033: 3031: 3028: 3027: 3023: 3020: 3017: 3014: 3011: 3008: 3006: 3004: 3001: 2999: 2996: 2995: 2991: 2988: 2985: 2982: 2980: 2977: 2974: 2972: 2969: 2967: 2964: 2963: 2959: 2956: 2953: 2950: 2947: 2944: 2941: 2938: 2936: 2933: 2932: 2928: 2925: 2922: 2919: 2916: 2913: 2910: 2907: 2905: 2902: 2901: 2897: 2894: 2891: 2888: 2885: 2882: 2879: 2877: 2874: 2872: 2869: 2868: 2864: 2861: 2858: 2855: 2854: 2844: 2839: 2833: 2831: 2813: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2799: 2796: 2792: 2787: 2785: 2779: 2777: 2776: 2771: 2770: 2765: 2764: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2734: 2730: 2720: 2712: 2708: 2705: 2701: 2677: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2649: 2646: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2617: 2611: 2606: 2602: 2594: 2593: 2592: 2570: 2565: 2561: 2555: 2552: 2548: 2543: 2538: 2534: 2526: 2525: 2524: 2508: 2504: 2483: 2461: 2457: 2447: 2426: 2423: 2419: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2400: 2396: 2388: 2387: 2386: 2370: 2366: 2339: 2336: 2332: 2323: 2320: 2317: 2299: 2295: 2286: 2283: 2282: 2281: 2265: 2261: 2252: 2239: 2235: 2219: 2215: 2209: 2206: 2202: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2183: 2179: 2169: 2153: 2149: 2138: 2135: 2132: 2128: 2109: 2106: 2102: 2093: 2074: 2070: 2060: 2044: 2041: 2037: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2018: 2014: 2004: 2002: 1984: 1981: 1977: 1953: 1949: 1939: 1935: 1933: 1927: 1911: 1908: 1905: 1902: 1899: 1896: 1893: 1889: 1866: 1863: 1860: 1857: 1854: 1851: 1848: 1845: 1842: 1839: 1835: 1812: 1809: 1806: 1803: 1800: 1797: 1794: 1791: 1788: 1785: 1781: 1758: 1755: 1751: 1742: 1737: 1735: 1731: 1730:Pressure drop 1727: 1723: 1717: 1715: 1709: 1707: 1703: 1697: 1688: 1678: 1675: 1671: 1669: 1664: 1662: 1658: 1652: 1650: 1644: 1634: 1632: 1627: 1625: 1610: 1606: 1603: 1599: 1598:water rockets 1595: 1593: 1590: 1589: 1586: 1585:Disadvantages 1583: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1573: 1571: 1568: 1567: 1560: 1556: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1536: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1496: 1493: 1492: 1487: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1464: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1451: 1448: 1447: 1444: 1443:Disadvantages 1441: 1439: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1425: 1422: 1409: 1405: 1402: 1398: 1395: 1393: 1390: 1389: 1385: 1382: 1379: 1376: 1375: 1372: 1358: 1336: 1332: 1308: 1305: 1294: 1276: 1272: 1263: 1241: 1218: 1214: 1189: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1166: 1159: 1155: 1147: 1144: 1138: 1133: 1129: 1121: 1120: 1119: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1106: 1104: 1100: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1086: 1077: 1072: 1071:Rocket engine 1052: 1049: 1046: 1043:instead of a 1042: 1038: 1036: 1033: 1032: 1028: 1025: 1021: 1018: 1016: 1013: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1001: 998: 997:piston engine 994: 992: 989: 988: 985: 984:Disadvantages 982: 980: 977: 975: 972: 970: 967: 966: 958: 955: 953: 952:Brayton cycle 947: 943: 933: 928: 918: 916: 912: 908: 903: 901: 896: 894: 889: 881: 876: 866: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 827: 822: 812: 810: 804: 794: 792: 782: 780: 776: 772: 767: 765: 761: 756: 754: 750: 746: 742: 737: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 703: 699: 694: 685: 683: 679: 674: 672: 668: 667:piston engine 664: 660: 654: 652: 648: 643: 640: 636: 632: 624: 620: 615: 611: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 566: 558: 554: 552: 548: 544: 543:Erich Warsitz 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 519:Ernst Heinkel 515: 510: 508: 504: 500: 497: 493: 492:Hispano-Suiza 489: 485: 481: 473: 469: 465: 462: 458: 454: 449: 448:Frank Whittle 445: 438: 434: 430: 425: 421: 419: 415: 411: 407: 402: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 379: 377: 371: 369: 365: 362: 358: 354: 349: 347: 341: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 308: 302: 292: 290: 285: 281: 277: 272: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 235:powered by a 234: 229: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 197: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 172:is a type of 171: 163: 160: 155: 146: 142: 139: 135: 134:Frank Whittle 131: 128: 124: 121: 117: 113: 109: 105: 102: 98: 95: 92: 88: 85: 82: 78: 75: 72: 68: 65: 62: 58: 53: 49: 45: 41: 38: 32: 27: 22: 16: 10965:Aerodynamics 10935:Gas turbines 10882:Beale number 10837:Split-single 10801: 10771:Heat engines 10688:Flame holder 10662:Thrust lever 10652:Autothrottle 10482:Thrust lapse 10437:Bypass ratio 10269:Gas turbines 10261:gas turbines 10253: 10214:29 September 10212:. Retrieved 10206: 10188: 10183: 10160: 10116: 10098: 10079: 10060: 10052:Bibliography 10004: 9997: 9985: 9976: 9967: 9958: 9949: 9940: 9929:. Retrieved 9925:the original 9915: 9904:. Retrieved 9897:the original 9884: 9873:. Retrieved 9869:the original 9859: 9848:the original 9839: 9832: 9821: 9810: 9799:. Retrieved 9790: 9779: 9768:. Retrieved 9759:Wade, Mark. 9754: 9746:the original 9730: 9718: 9710: 9704:. Retrieved 9700:the original 9690: 9679:. Retrieved 9675:the original 9665: 9654:. Retrieved 9650:the original 9640: 9632:the original 9616: 9605:. Retrieved 9596:Wade, Mark. 9591: 9582: 9544: 9535: 9484: 9453:the original 9448: 9427:the original 9286: 9266:the original 9176: 9162: 9153: 9133: 9114: 9108: 9091: 9074: 9065: 9048: 9039: 9022: 9005: 8996: 8970:. Retrieved 8963:the original 8950: 8933: 8916: 8899: 8882: 8873: 8856: 8839: 8811: 8804: 8795: 8786: 8769: 8752: 8741:. Retrieved 8731: 8723: 8722:AC Kermode; 8718: 8706: 8694: 8690: 8682: 8663: 8657: 8648: 8629: 8623: 8614: 8595: 8589: 8578:. Retrieved 8574:the original 8564: 8550: 8530: 8523: 8503: 8496: 8487: 8477: 8468: 8452: 8446: 8430: 8418:. Retrieved 8413: 8404: 8392:. Retrieved 8388: 8378: 8369: 8360: 8349:. Retrieved 8339: 8328:. Retrieved 8318: 8307:. Retrieved 8303: 8294: 8285: 8276: 8249: 8243: 8225: 8205: 8198: 8187:the original 8174: 8154: 8145: 8136: 8128: 8124: 8120: 8116: 8112: 8025: 8001: 7998: 7989: 7981: 7978: 7966: 7962: 7955: 7940: 7929: 7928: 7914: 7913: 7899: 7898: 7884: 7883: 7869: 7868: 7854: 7853: 7842: 7841: 7833: 7832: 7822: 7821: 7807: 7806: 7799: 7645: 7644: 7642: 7638: 7634: 7623: 7615: 7334:jet engine ( 7288:weight ratio 7270: 7261:duct engines 7258: 7254: 7005:GE GEnx-1B76 6946:RR Trent 900 6910:63000–67000 6867:A340-500/600 6856:RR Trent 500 6734:RR Trent 800 6704:RR Trent 700 6675:IAE V2533-A5 6646:IAE V2525-D5 6090:52000–53000 5800:737 Original 5654:Application 5632: 5570:GE GEnx-1B70 5440:10500–11700 5434:0.307-0.344 4845:45300–53000 4802:Kawasaki T-4 4722:48000–49000 4658:44000–48000 4575:Klimov RD-33 4545:Snecma M88-2 4479:PW J52-P-408 4290:GE J79-GE-15 4107:GE J85-GE-21 4062:Application 4043: 4033:20400–21300 3979:Snecma M88-2 3827:Klimov RD-33 3668:GE J79-GE-15 3484:GE J85-GE-21 3347:Application 3292:NERVA NRX A6 3274:upper stage 3201:upper stage 3143:Snecma HM-7B 3012:upper stage 2826:Application 2788: 2783: 2780: 2773: 2767: 2761: 2759: 2732: 2728: 2725: 2699: 2697: 2590: 2445: 2443: 2357: 2321: 2284: 2248: 2170: 2139: 2136: 2061: 2005: 1940: 1936: 1928: 1738: 1718: 1710: 1698: 1695: 1676: 1672: 1665: 1653: 1646: 1631:duct engines 1630: 1628: 1621: 1584: 1579: 1574: 1569: 1538: 1442: 1437: 1432: 1427: 1420: 1380:Description 1205: 1117: 1114: 1107: 1096: 1093: 1082: 1045:deflagration 983: 978: 973: 968: 956: 949: 930: 915:bypass ratio 904: 897: 886: 837:engine is a 832: 806: 797:Airbreathing 790: 788: 768: 757: 738: 710:jet aircraft 707: 675: 655: 644: 628: 608:World War II 604:Arado Ar 234 575: 568:Anselm Franz 563: 511: 488:Manuel Azaña 477: 461:A.A.Griffith 441: 413: 403: 380: 372: 368:World War II 350: 342: 310: 273: 249:Jet aircraft 230: 169: 167: 15: 10940:Jet engines 10887:West number 10807:Minto wheel 10792:Gas turbine 10602:instruments 10557:Blade pitch 10552:Autofeather 10254:Jet engines 10148:Jet engines 9443:Ilan Kroo. 8420:2 September 8394:2 September 7094:CFM LEAP-1A 7064:CFM LEAP-1C 6976:GE GE90-85B 6886:CFM LEAP-1B 6392:Superjet LR 6319:GE CF34-10E 6262:Falcon 2000 6222:GE CF34-10A 6106:737 Classic 5669:(by weight) 5633:Jet engines 5509:GE GE90-94B 5479:GE GE90-85B 5400:GE CF6-80C2 5381:737 Classic 5090:RR AE 3007H 5061:PW TF33-P-3 4953:Tornado ECR 4836:0.666-0.78 4645:Eurofighter 4333:Mirage 2000 4300:F-4E/EJ/F/G 4077:(by weight) 4044:jet engines 4020:Eurofighter 3678:F-4E/EJ/F/G 3582:Mirage 2000 3362:(by weight) 3322:Jet engines 3069:liquid fuel 3034:liquid fuel 3003:liquid fuel 2971:liquid fuel 2841:(by weight) 2318:of the jet. 1743:, known as 1726:Shock waves 1661:afterburner 1575:Description 1553:gas turbine 1450:Turborocket 1433:Description 1383:Advantages 974:Description 911:high-bypass 847:centrifugal 839:gas turbine 779:helicopters 741:drag racers 730:spaceflight 724:they power 549:-Marienehe 429:Whittle W.2 395:John Barber 391:gas turbine 383:gas turbine 334:water wheel 326:steam power 261:aeroengines 162:Airbus A319 159:Germanwings 130:John Barber 90:Fuel source 80:Application 10924:Categories 10827:Rijke tube 10545:Principles 10524:Components 10516:Propellers 10415:Principles 10366:Air intake 10354:components 10352:Mechanical 10328:Turboshaft 10161:jet engine 9931:2010-03-26 9921:"Scramjet" 9906:2010-03-26 9875:2012-07-24 9801:2009-09-25 9770:2009-09-25 9706:2009-09-25 9681:2010-04-15 9656:2010-04-16 9607:2009-09-25 9583:AIN Online 8972:2016-05-16 8743:2010-03-26 8580:2010-03-26 8570:"ch. 10-3" 8351:2010-03-26 8330:2010-03-26 8309:2019-10-18 8166:References 7985:Mach waves 7946:hypersonic 7630:supersonic 7548:1,740,100 7521:1,773,000 7458:Rocketdyne 7286:Thrust-to- 7035:PW PW1400G 6907:6400–6800 6901:0.53-0.56 6087:5300–5400 6081:0.67-0.68 6067:GE CF34-8C 6019:Falcon 900 5980:GE CF34-8E 5961:CRJ100/200 5957:Challenger 5927:Fokker 100 5772:at Mach 2 5352:Boeing 757 4842:4620–5410 4839:18.9–22.1 4719:4900–5000 4713:0.72-0.73 4655:4400–4900 4649:0.74–0.81 4353:Volvo RM12 4146:Mirage III 4030:2080–2170 4024:1.66–1.73 3886:Volvo RM12 3612:Mirage III 3328:, static, 3045:Soyuz-2-1v 2939:solid fuel 2908:solid fuel 2876:solid fuel 2733:weak limit 1580:Advantages 1438:Advantages 1401:hypersonic 1041:detonation 979:Advantages 907:low-bypass 771:turboshaft 745:rocket car 702:Boeing 747 486:president 484:Republican 412:published 387:compressor 305:See also: 269:ram effect 267:) use the 204:such as a 198:jet engine 170:jet engine 100:Components 48:hush house 44:F-15 Eagle 24:Jet engine 10852:Aeolipile 10577:Proprotor 10427:Bleed air 10386:Combustor 10323:Turboprop 10027:992171581 9761:"RD-0146" 9598:"RD-0410" 9283:"Flanker" 8781:, p. 197 8693:(UK), or 8010:Operation 7958:scramjets 7763:˙ 7718:˙ 7708:− 7683:˙ 7580:Merlin 1D 7195:A350-1000 6927:MC-21-310 6588:PW PW4098 6558:PW PW2040 5946:GE CF34-3 5923:Fokker 70 5790:PW JT8D-9 5684:lb/lbf·h 5678:(by mass) 5449:EA GP7270 5342:PW PW2040 4772:Alpha Jet 4675:F/A-18E/F 4241:MIG-21bis 4175:Mirage IV 4092:lb/lbf·h 4086:(by mass) 3926:F/A-18C/D 3711:Su-27/P/K 3641:Mirage IV 3465:MIG-21bis 3377:lb/lbf·h 3371:(by mass) 3330:sea level 3264:Delta III 3258:cryogenic 3223:cryogenic 3189:cryogenic 3147:cryogenic 3112:cryogenic 2966:Merlin 1D 2856:lb/lbf·h 2850:(by mass) 2603:η 2535:η 2458:η 2420:η 2410:η 2397:η 2367:η 2333:η 2296:η 2262:η 2216:η 2203:η 2193:η 2180:η 2150:η 2103:η 2071:η 2038:η 2028:η 2015:η 1978:η 1950:η 1890:η 1836:η 1782:η 1752:η 1736:diagram. 1716:diagram. 1592:Water jet 1529:Water jet 1309:˙ 1176:− 1148:˙ 1105:in 1969. 893:airliners 888:Turbofans 851:combustor 775:turboprop 749:ThrustSSC 704:aircraft. 673:flights. 551:aerodrome 533:-fuelled 512:In 1935, 496:Francoist 442:In 1928, 314:aeolipile 265:scramjets 218:pulse jet 194:water jet 112:Combustor 74:Aerospace 10859:Stirling 10787:Fluidyne 10693:Jet fuel 10582:Scimitar 10452:Flameout 10396:Impeller 10318:Turbojet 10313:Turbofan 10294:Pulsejet 10258:aircraft 9796:"RD-180" 9142:Archived 9084:64-18757 9034:, p. 305 8981:cite web 8868:, p. 141 8851:, p. 203 8762:64-18757 8458:Archived 8233:Archived 8042:See also 7810: e 7594:185,000 7571:368,000 7545:7,740.5 7534:Saturn V 7498:933,000 7475:512,000 7426:318,000 7367:Concorde 7363:turbojet 7214:PW 1127G 7188:turbofan 7158:turbofan 7128:turbofan 7098:turbofan 7068:turbofan 7009:turbofan 6980:turbofan 6950:turbofan 6920:turbofan 6890:turbofan 6860:turbofan 6837:A340-211 6831:turbofan 6808:A320-214 6802:turbofan 6768:turbofan 6738:turbofan 6708:turbofan 6685:A321-231 6679:turbofan 6650:turbofan 6621:turbofan 6592:turbofan 6562:turbofan 6532:turbofan 6503:turbofan 6474:turbofan 6444:turbofan 6440:RR BR715 6415:turbofan 6386:turbofan 6352:turbofan 6329:E190/195 6323:turbofan 6285:turbofan 6281:RR BR710 6255:turbofan 6226:turbofan 6193:turbofan 6163:turbofan 6159:RR BR725 6129:turbofan 6100:turbofan 6071:turbofan 6042:turbofan 5990:E170/175 5984:turbofan 5950:turbofan 5916:turbofan 5887:turbofan 5854:turbofan 5794:turbofan 5770:Concorde 5763:turbojet 5732:turbojet 5603:turbofan 5574:turbofan 5543:turbofan 5513:turbofan 5483:turbofan 5453:turbofan 5437:8.7–9.7 5404:turbofan 5375:turbofan 5346:turbofan 5317:turbofan 5283:turbofan 5250:turbofan 5221:turbofan 5187:turbofan 5157:turbofan 5127:turbofan 5094:turbofan 5065:turbofan 5035:turbofan 5006:turbofan 4976:turbofan 4947:turbofan 4917:turbofan 4884:turbofan 4855:turbofan 4825:turbofan 4795:turbofan 4765:turbofan 4732:turbofan 4705:Tu-144LL 4698:turbofan 4668:turbofan 4638:turbofan 4609:turbofan 4579:turbofan 4549:turbofan 4520:turbofan 4483:turbojet 4454:turbofan 4420:turbofan 4397:retrofit 4387:turbofan 4357:turbofan 4327:turbofan 4294:turbojet 4272:, Su-22 4264:turbojet 4235:turbojet 4206:turbojet 4169:turbojet 4140:turbojet 4111:turbojet 4013:turbofan 3983:turbofan 3956:Tu-144LL 3949:turbofan 3920:turbofan 3890:turbofan 3861:turbofan 3831:turbofan 3809:, Su-22 3801:turbojet 3768:turbofan 3734:turbofan 3705:turbofan 3672:turbojet 3635:turbojet 3606:turbojet 3576:turbofan 3547:turbofan 3517:turbofan 3488:turbojet 3458:turbojet 3427:turbofan 3397:turbofan 3268:Delta IV 3236:stage 1 3153:Ariane 2 3125:stage 1 3089:stage 1 3075:Zenit-2M 3047:stage 1 2979:Falcon 9 2948:stage 3 2917:stage 2 2886:stage 1 2871:Avio P80 2791:Concorde 1602:jetboats 1535:Pump-jet 1458:such as 1456:oxidizer 1015:Pulsejet 991:Motorjet 946:Scramjet 875:Turbofan 869:Turbofan 863:turbofan 835:turbojet 821:Turbojet 815:Turbojet 809:turbofan 734:missiles 588:Jumo 004 565:Austrian 531:gasoline 527:hydrogen 499:Moroccan 364:kamikaze 338:windmill 336:and the 276:jetliner 222:scramjet 210:turbofan 206:turbojet 144:Invented 126:Inventor 94:Jet fuel 84:Aviation 70:Industry 40:turbofan 10797:Hot air 10681:systems 10308:Propfan 9086:, p. 39 8945:, p. 26 8928:, p. 64 8911:, p. 35 8764:, p. 48 8022:Display 7995:Cooling 7800:where: 7542:18,499 7515:21,500 7492:11,890 7449:22,000 7435:RD-0146 7420:10,188 7412:RD-0750 7403:20,500 7381:38,000 7350:34,000 7309:RD-0410 7282:Thrust 7225:A320neo 7135:A330neo 6897:737 MAX 6598:777-300 6480:747-400 6170:G650/ER 5893:Tu-154M 5831:BAe 146 5687:g/kN·s 5623:129000 5593:124100 5584:0.2845 5564:119700 5533:118700 5524:0.2974 5503:118500 5473:118000 5394:110000 5365:107000 5336:104000 5307:102000 5012:Tornado 4740:, S-37/ 4095:g/kN·s 3776:, S-37/ 3404:Tornado 3380:g/kN·s 3297:nuclear 3185:LE-5B-2 2859:g/kN·s 2751:speeds. 1260:is the 855:turbine 623:Allies' 572:Junkers 547:Rostock 389:. The 330:turbine 295:History 237:turbine 116:Turbine 10832:Rocket 10817:Piston 10600:Engine 10477:Thrust 10338:Rocket 10333:Ramjet 10123: 10105: 10086: 10067: 10025: 10015: 9557: 9383: 9182:"SSME" 9168:"NK33" 9121: 9099: 9082: 9056: 9030: 9013: 8941: 8924: 8907: 8890: 8864: 8847: 8827: 8777: 8760: 8670: 8636: 8602: 8538: 8511: 8264: 8213: 8129:before 7597:180.1 7588:1,030 7574:136.7 7568:1,638 7565:2,694 7562:1,222 7539:8,391 7518:7,887 7512:9,750 7507:RD-170 7495:4,152 7489:5,393 7484:RD-180 7472:2,278 7469:7,004 7466:3,177 7423:1,413 7417:4,621 7397:3,900 7394:1,800 7378:169.2 7375:7,000 7372:3,175 7344:6,001 7341:2,722 7323:7,900 7317:4,400 7314:2,000 7303:(lbf) 7238:76300 7229:0.463 7208:73900 7199:0.478 7178:69800 7169:0.506 7148:69800 7139:0.506 7118:69000 7088:69000 7058:69000 7029:69000 7020:0.512 7016:787-10 6999:67900 6970:67600 6961:0.522 6940:67100 6931:0.526 6904:15–16 6880:65100 6871:0.542 6850:64800 6841:0.545 6821:64800 6812:0.545 6792:64700 6783:0.546 6779:An-225 6775:An-124 6758:63000 6749:0.560 6728:62800 6719:0.562 6698:61500 6689:0.574 6669:61500 6660:0.574 6640:61300 6631:0.576 6611:60800 6602:0.581 6582:60700 6573:0.582 6552:59300 6543:0.595 6522:59200 6513:0.596 6493:58400 6484:0.605 6464:56900 6434:56300 6425:0.627 6421:737 NG 6405:56100 6396:0.629 6376:56000 6342:55000 6313:55000 6275:54700 6266:0.645 6245:54300 6216:54300 6203:RC-135 6183:53700 6174:0.657 6153:53500 6119:52900 6110:0.667 6084:19–19 6061:52600 6052:0.671 6032:52000 6023:0.679 6003:51900 5974:51200 5940:51200 5906:50100 5897:0.705 5877:49400 5868:0.715 5844:49000 5813:44100 5784:29500 5775:1.195 5753:18580 5701:Ramjet 5643:Model 5637:cruise 5620:13200 5614:0.273 5590:12650 5561:12200 5555:0.295 5530:12100 5500:12080 5494:0.298 5470:12000 5464:0.299 5391:11000 5362:10900 5333:10600 5304:10400 5298:0.345 5294:An-225 5290:An-124 5273:98000 5270:10000 5260:RC-135 5240:95000 5211:95000 5202:0.371 5177:94000 5168:0.375 5147:94000 5138:0.375 5117:91000 5084:67900 5055:62800 5046:0.562 5025:59000 5016:0.598 4996:57900 4966:55400 4957:0.637 4937:55000 4907:55000 4874:53500 4815:50400 4791:IHI F3 4785:49300 4776:0.716 4755:49300 4746:0.716 4738:MiG-31 4716:20–21 4709:Tu-160 4688:48800 4679:0.724 4652:21–23 4628:46500 4615:AV-8B+ 4599:45800 4586:MiG-29 4569:45100 4563:22.14 4560:0.782 4556:Rafale 4539:44700 4510:44700 4493:TA-4KU 4489:A-4M/N 4473:44100 4460:F-CK-1 4444:43600 4410:44000 4394:Jaguar 4377:42800 4368:0.824 4347:41500 4335:C/D/N 4317:41500 4284:41100 4254:36700 4245:0.961 4225:36400 4216:0.971 4196:36000 4187:0.981 4159:35000 4130:28500 4117:F-5E/F 4051:Model 4027:47–49 4003:21230 3997:47.11 3994:1.663 3990:Rafale 3973:21000 3960:Tu-160 3939:20300 3910:19830 3880:19410 3871:1.819 3851:19080 3838:MiG-29 3821:18980 3791:18950 3782:1.863 3774:MiG-31 3758:18580 3724:18010 3695:17970 3686:1.965 3662:17730 3653:1.991 3625:17400 3596:17220 3584:C/D/N 3566:17140 3553:F-CK-1 3537:16890 3507:16570 3494:F-5E/F 3478:16000 3469:2.206 3447:14400 3417:14120 3336:Model 3326:Reheat 3283:465.5 3280:219.1 3277:7.734 3176:444.6 3173:229.4 3170:8.097 3021:315.5 3018:323.2 3015:11.41 2998:RD-843 2957:295.2 2954:345.4 2951:12.20 2926:287.5 2923:354.7 2920:12.52 2815:Model 2809:vacuum 1681:Thrust 1657:Kelvin 1549:Diesel 1460:oxygen 1417:Hybrid 1392:Rocket 1246:sp,vac 1206:Where 1171:sp,vac 1065:Rocket 942:Ramjet 859:nozzle 857:and a 647:Soviet 600:bomber 594:, the 539:He 178 446:cadet 357:Tsu-11 214:ramjet 190:rocket 182:thrust 10282:Types 10009:(PDF) 9900:(PDF) 9893:(PDF) 9851:(PDF) 9844:(PDF) 9532:(PDF) 9476:(PDF) 9377:(PDF) 9346:(PDF) 9307:(PDF) 9103:p. 24 8966:(PDF) 8959:(PDF) 8347:. BBC 8326:. 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