Relic - Knowledge

1644: 2085: 1308: 1165: 1258: 1629: 913:, "o the communities fortunate enough to have a saint's remains in its church, the benefits in terms of revenue and status were enormous, and competition to acquire relics and to promote the local saint's virtues over those of neighboring communities was keen." Local clergy promoted their own patron saints in an effort to secure their own market share. On occasion guards had to watch over mortally ill holy men and women to prevent the unauthorized dismemberment of their corpses as soon as they died. Geary also suggests that the danger of someone murdering an aging holy man in order to acquire his relics was a legitimate concern. 1056: 797: 1184: 1215: 1659: 55: 1036: 1048: 1585:) and to welcome and awe the large crowds of pilgrims who came to seek their help. Romanesque buildings developed passageways behind the altar to allow for the creation of several smaller chapels designed to house relics. From the exterior, this collection of small rooms is seen as a cluster of delicate, curved roofs at one end of the church, a distinctive feature of many Romanesque churches. Gothic churches featured lofty, recessed porches which provided space for statuary and the display of relics. 1235: 1601: 121: 2138:, there is, according to some scholars, an erroneous perception which persists both among some modern Muslims and Western observers opining that "the Islamic experience is marginal, because of the perceived absence of relics in Islam." It is, however, evident that "the historical reality of relics in Islam" was very different, and that the classical Islamic thinkers posed various reasons for why the veneration of the relics of prophets and saints was permissible. 621: 31: 349: 484: 410: 665:. These were initially not regular churches, but "covered cemeteries" crammed with graves, wherein was celebrated funerary and memorial services. It may have been thought that when the souls of the martyrs went to heaven on resurrection day they would be accompanied by those interred nearby, who would thus gain favour with God. 993:

famously remarked that there were enough pieces of the True Cross to build a ship from. A study in 1870 found that, put together, the claimed relics of the cross at that much later time weighed less than 1.7 kg. By the middle of the 16th century, the number of relics in Christian churches became

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of 1563 enjoined bishops to instruct their flocks that "the holy bodies of holy martyrs ... are to be venerated by the faithful, for through these many benefits are bestowed by God on men". The Council further insisted that "in the invocation of saints, the veneration of relics and the sacred use of

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are containers used to protect and display relics. While frequently taking the form of caskets, they have many other forms including simulations of the relic encased within (e.g., a gilded depiction of an arm for a relic consisting of arm bones). Since the relics themselves were considered valuable,

1350:, or secondary relics) were, however, scarce and did not provide most believers with ready access to proximity to the holy. The growth in the production and popularity of reproducible contact relics in the fifth and sixth centuries testifies to the need felt for more widespread access to the divine. 1353:

These contact relics usually involved the placing of readily available objects, such as pieces of cloth, clay tablets, or water then bottled for believers, in contact with a relic. Alternatively, such objects could be dipped into water which had been in contact with the relic (such as the bone of a

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In 2017, the Congregation for the Causes of Saints abolished the relics of the third degree, introducing a two-stage scale of classification of relics: significant (insigni) and non-significant (non insigni) relics. The first are the bodies or their significant parts, as well as the entire contents

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items directly associated with the events of Christ's life (manger, cross, etc.) or the physical remains of a saint (a bone, a hair, skull, a limb, etc.). Traditionally, a martyr's relics are often more prized than the relics of other saints. Parts of the saint that were significant to that saint's

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As holy relics attracted pilgrims and these religious tourists needed to be housed, fed, and provided with souvenirs, relics became a source of income not only for the destinations that held them, but for the abbeys, churches, and towns en route. Relics were prized as they were portable. They could

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And Elisha died, and they buried him. Now the bands of the Moabites used to invade the land at the coming in of the year. And it came to pass, as they were burying a man, that, behold, they spied a band; and they cast the man into the sepulchre of Elisha; and as soon as the man touched the bones of

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be possessed, inventoried, bequeathed, stolen, counterfeited, and smuggled. They could add value to an established site or confer significance on a new location. Offerings made at a site of pilgrimage were an important source of revenue for the community who received them on behalf of the saint.

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saint). These relics, a firmly embedded part of veneration by this period, increased the availability of access to the divine but were not infinitely reproducible (an original relic was required), and still usually required believers to undertake pilgrimage or have contact with somebody who had.

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where he died. If a saint travelled often, then the bones of his feet may be prized. Catholic teaching prohibits relics to be divided up into small, unrecognizable parts if they are to be used in liturgy (i.e., as in an altar; see the rubrics listed in Rite of Dedication of a Church and an

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A stupa is a building created specifically for the relics. Many Buddhist temples have stupas and historically, the placement of relics in a stupa often became the initial structure around which the whole temple would be based. Today, many stupas also hold the cremated remains or

597:. Dom Bernardo Cignitti, O.S.B., wrote, "he remains of certain dead are surrounded with special care and veneration. This is because the mortal remains of the deceased are associated in some manner with the holiness of their souls which await reunion with their bodies in the 3597:"Sectis corum corporibus, integra et indivisa gratia perseverat" appearing in Sermon on the Martyrs (de Martyribus), ch. 8, in, The Cure of Pagan Maladies (Cure of the Pagan Diseases; Cure for Hellenic Maladies; Cure of Greek Maladies; Cure of Pagan Ills). , (ante A.D. 449) 956:

in 1170. After Becket's death, his successor and the Canterbury chapter quickly used his relics to promote the cult of the as-yet-uncanonized martyr. The motivations included the assertion of the Church's independence against rulers, a desire to have an English (indeed

781:. These miracle tales made relics much sought-after during the period. By the Late Middle Ages, the collecting of, and dealing in, relics had reached enormous proportions, and had spread from the church to royalty, and then to the nobility and merchant classes. 873:

By venerating relics through visitation, gifts, and providing services, medieval Christians believed that they would acquire the protection and intercession of the sanctified dead. Relics of local saints drew visitors to sites like Saint Frideswide's in

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Ivory was widely used in the Middle Ages for reliquaries, its pure white color an indication of the holy status of its contents. These objects constituted a major form of artistic production across Europe and Byzantium throughout the Middle Ages.

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in 354, but, partly perhaps because Constantinople lacked the many saintly graves of Rome, they soon became common in the Eastern Empire, though still prohibited in the West. The Eastern capital was therefore able to acquire the remains of Saints

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As with the relics of Theseus, the bones are sometimes described in literary sources as gigantic, an indication of the hero's "larger than life" status. On the basis of their reported size, it has been conjectured that such bones were those of

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enormous, and there was practically no possibility to distinguish the authentic from the falsification, since both of them had been in the temples for centuries and were objects for worship. In 1543, John Calvin wrote about fake relics in his

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is also the term for something that has survived the passage of time, especially an object or custom whose original culture has disappeared, but also an object cherished for historical or memorial value (such as a keepsake or heirloom).

961:) saint of European reputation, and the desire to promote Canterbury as a destination for pilgrimage. In the first years after Becket's death, donations at the shrine accounted for twenty-eight percent of the cathedral's total revenues. 916:

Relics were used to cure the sick, to seek intercession for relief from famine or plague, to take solemn oaths, and to pressure warring factions to make peace in the presence of the sacred. Courts held relics since Merovingian times. St

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erected great basilicas over the tombs of Saints Peter and Paul. A distinction of these sites was the presence of holy relics. Over the course of the Middle Ages, other religious structures acquired relics and became destinations for

1573:, where bones of numerous saints, authenticated by the church's hierarchs, were stored, and pieces of them were prayerfully separated with hammer and chisel to be sent to the dioceses that needed to place them into new antimensions. 981:

ordered that "the false names of martyrs and the uncertain memorials of saints should not be venerated." The Fourth Lateran Council (1215) of the Catholic Church condemned abuses such as counterfeit relics and exaggerated claims.

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one of the most impressive collections in Christendom. An active market developed and relics entered into commerce along the same trade routes followed by other portable commodities. Matthew Brown likens a ninth-century Italian

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began to be built over the site of the burial. Since it was considered beneficial to the soul to be buried close to the remains of saints, several large "funerary halls" were built over the sites of martyr's graves, including

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declared, "We do not worship, we do not adore, for fear that we should bow down to the creature rather than to the Creator, but we venerate the relics of the martyrs in order the better to adore Him whose martyrs they are."

3360:. Volume VIII: "History Of The Reformation, 1517–1648". Third Book. The Reformation in French Switzerland, or The Calvinistic Movement. / Chapter XV. Theological Controversies. / § 122. Against the Worship of Relics. 1543. 1257: 1130:

contained oil collected from lamps burning before the major sites of Christ's life, and some reliquaries had holes for oil to be poured in and out again. Many people call the cloth touched to the bones of saints

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830, are housed. Santiago de Compostela remains a significant pilgrimage site, with around 200,000 pilgrims, both secular and Christian, completing the numerous pilgrimage routes to the cathedral in 2012 alone.

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In the early Church the disturbance of the remains of martyrs and other saints was not practiced. They were allowed to remain in their often unidentified resting places such as in cemeteries and the

1000:, in which he described the state of affairs with relics in Catholic churches. Calvin says that the saints have two or three or more bodies with arms and legs, and even a few extra limbs and heads. 969:

In the absence of real ways of assessing authenticity, relic-collectors became prey to the unscrupulous, and some extremely high prices were paid. Forgeries proliferated from the very beginning.

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Islam throughout the classical and medieval periods, with "the ubiquity of relics and ritual practices associated with them" becoming a mainstay of "the devotional life of the Muslims ... the

1164: 833:, the first with its familiar meaning of "sacred" or "holy", and the second as "the mystic potency emanating from the person or thing that is sacred... In a practical way the second word 617:, said, "Saints' relics help people overcome the abstract and make a connection with the holy ... Saints do not perform miracles. Only God performs miracles, but saints are intercessors." 3184: 69:

is an object or article of religious significance from the past. It usually consists of the physical remains or personal effects of a saint or other person preserved for the purpose of

836:... describes the uncanny, mysterious power emanating from the supernatural and affecting the natural... These points of contact and yielding are the miracles we continually hear of." 740:

that homage or respect is not really paid to an inanimate object, but to the holy person, the veneration of a holy person is itself honour paid to God. The Council decreed that every

1433:, the remains of the departed faithful are referred to as "relics", and are treated with honour and respect. For this reason, the bodies of Orthodox Christians are traditionally not 3760: 1154:. However, the Catholic Church permitted the sale of third-class relics. Relics may not be placed upon the altar for public veneration, as that is reserved for the display of the 1147:

The sale or disposal by other means of "sacred relics" (meaning first and second class) without the permission of the Apostolic See is now strictly forbidden by canon 1190 of the

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strictly refers to pieces of clothing that were touched to the body or tombs of the apostles. It is a term that is used only for such; it is not a synonym for a third-class relic.

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travelled to the shrine when he had contracted a serious illness. Later, as bishop of Tours, Gregory wrote extensively about miracles attributed to the intercession of St Martin.

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has little resemblance to the English usage of "relic". In most cases, "artifact", "archaeological site", "monument", or just plain "archaeology" would be a better translation.

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any object that has been in contact with a first- or second-class relic. Most third-class relics are small pieces of cloth, though in the first millennium oil was popular; the

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for those on earth. A number of cures and miracles have been attributed to relics, not because of their own power, but because of the holiness of the saint they represent.

605:(d. 1274) pointed out that it was natural that people should treasure what is associated with the dead, much like the personal effects of a relative. In an interview with 1558:

in new churches often necessitates continuous division of relics. An account of this process can be found in a treatise of the pre-revolutionary Russian church historian

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is not the same as incorruption). Sometimes even when the flesh does decay the bones themselves will manifest signs of sanctity. They may be honey-coloured or give off a

1019:, or by the local Bishop where the saint lived. Without such authentication, relics are not to be used for public veneration. The Congregation for Saints, as part of the 4002:

Head, Thomas. "The Cult of the Saints and Their Relics", The On-line Reference Book for Medieval Studies (the ORB), College of Staten Island, City University of New York

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Head, Thomas. "The Cult of the Saints and Their Relics", The On-line Reference Book for Medieval Studies (the ORB), College of Staten Island, City University of New York

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The veneration of the relics of the saints is of great importance in Orthodoxy, and very often churches will display the relics of saints prominently. In a number of

1268: 1023:, holds the authority to verify relics in which documentation is lost or missing. The documents and reliquaries of authenticated relics are usually affixed with a 3731: 308:. The accidental exposure of the bones brought a disaster upon the town of Libretha, whence the people of Dion had transferred the relics to their own keeping. 1588:

Historian and philosopher of art Hans Belting observed that in medieval painting, images explained the relic and served as a testament to its authenticity. In

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The Buddha's relics are used to show people that enlightenment is possible, to remind them that the Buddha was a real person, and to also promote good virtue.

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searched for the bones of Orestes and brought them home, without which they had been told they could not expect victory in their war against the neighboring

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Believers would make pilgrimages to places believed to have been sanctified by the physical presence of Christ or prominent saints, such as the site of the

699:, the inhabitants of these cities were ready to fight for his body, which the people of Tours managed to secure by stealth. Tours became the chief point of 1581:

Many churches were built along pilgrimage routes. A number in Europe were either founded or rebuilt specifically to enshrine relics, (such as San Marco in

2028: 1547:(Eucharist) without it. Occasionally, in cases of fixed altars, the relics are built in the altar table itself and sealed with a special mixture called 1144:

of the urn with the ashes preserved after cremation. The second includes small fragments of the bodies, as well as objects used by saints and blesseds.

1559: 1091:'s right forearm is especially important because of his status as a ruler. A famous theologian's head may be his most important relic; the head of St. 3782: 1513: 1911:

can be found in churches around the globe. Most contain only a fragment of the arm that allegedly touched Christ's side wound after the Resurrection.

1569:. According to Romansky, the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church operated a special office, located in the Church of Philip the Apostle in the 1214: 2976: 441:

and various sages are venerated. After the Buddha's death, his remains were divided into eight portions. Afterward, these relics were enshrined in

304:, his place of death and a major religious center. These too were regarded as having oracular power, which might be accessed through dreaming in a 2084: 1067:

In Catholic theology, sacred relics must not be worshipped, because only God is worshipped and adored. Instead, the veneration given to them was "

3439:"The High-Status Late Medieval Skull Shaped Relic in Turku Cathedral, Finland – a study of its origin with oxygen and strontium isotope analyses" 3243: 160:. Other venerable objects associated with the hero were more likely to be on display in sanctuaries, such as spears, shields, or other weaponry; 691:, and centered at a great church built just outside the walls of Tours. When Saint Martin died on November 8, 397, at a village halfway between 3129: 2851:: John Murray. p. 356 – via National Institute of Informatics - Digital Silk Road Project, Digital Archive of Toyo Bunko Rare Books. 2229:

has been recited next to these relics uninterruptedly since they were brought to the Topkapı Palace, but Muslims do not worship these relics.

1643: 1493:(canonization) of new saints. Sometimes, one of the signs of sanctification is the condition of the relics of the saint. Some saints will be 1051:

Second-class relics of Venerable Maria Teresa Spinelli, Venerable Santo of St. Dominic and Venerable Giovanni of St. William (Ex Indumentis)

823:, Ernest Brehaut analyzed the Romano-Christian concepts that gave relics such a powerful draw. He distinguished Gregory's constant usage of 2689: 1548: 3752: 2238: 2063: 1763:

contains four important relics: the nappy and loin cloth of Jesus, the dress of Mary and the decapitation cloth of John the Baptist. The

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Kochuparampil, Jose (2007). "Theology of 'Rāzē: The Mysteries of the Church in the East Syriac Tradition". In Maniyattu, Pauly (ed.).

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with its contents, but the upheavals of the barbarian invasions relaxed the rules, as remains needed to be relocated to safer places.

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The bones were not regarded as holding a particular power derived from the hero, with some exceptions, such as the divine shoulder of

2721: 1808: 253:, whose cult was oracular and healing. Plutarch narrates transferrals similar to that of Theseus for the bodies of the historical 3058: 464:. A year after his death in 1987, his physical body was moved from France and placed in a stupa in one of his monasteries near 4011: 3509: 3275: 3207: 3164: 1307: 1234: 1016: 973:

already denounced impostors who wandered around disguised as monks, making a profit from the sale of spurious relics. In his

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and other marvels were attributed to relics beginning in the early centuries of the church. These became popular during the

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Smith, Judith M. H., "Portable Christianity: Relics in the Medieval West (c.700–1200)", Raleigh Lecture on History 2010

3822: 3534: 3095: 2597: 2291:("Commander of the Faithful"). Prior to this, the last time it had been removed had been when the city was struck by a 989:

were one of the most highly sought-after of such relics; many churches claimed to possess a piece of it, so many that

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Fiore, Davide; Human variation of a relic (original title: Variazione Umana di una reliquia); StreetLib, Italy; 2017

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Most of the trusts can be seen in the museum, but the most important of them can only be seen during the month of

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says that the Athenians were likewise instructed by the oracle to locate and steal the relics of Theseus from the

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were supposed to have been stolen or removed from their original resting place and reburied. On the advice of the

3374:"Instruction for Conducting Diocesan or Eparchial Inquiries in the Causes of Saints (Rome 2007) – Authentication" 2292: 844:

Rome became a major destination for Christian pilgrims as it was easier to access for European pilgrims than the

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Brown, Peter; Cult of the Saints: Its Rise and Function in Latin Christianity; University of Chicago Press; 1982

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Ekelund, Robert B.; Tollison, Robert D.; Anderson, Gary M.; Herbert, Robert F.; Davidson, Audrey B. (1996).

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should contain a relic, making it clear that this was already the norm, as it remains to the present day in

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and at the same time remains true to scriptural teaching (vis. 2 Kings 13:20–21) as understood by Orthodox

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The importance of relics in the Byzantine world can be seen from the veneration given to the pieces of the

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While various relics are preserved by different Muslim communities, the most important are those known as

195:. Miracles and healing were not regularly attributed to them; rather, their presence was meant to serve a 3337: 1964: 1004: 940:

was a popular destination for English pilgrims, who traveled to witness the miracle-working relics of St

722: 554:, written sometime from 150 to 160 AD. With regard to relics that are objects, an often cited passage is 1539:

upon him (i.e., granting him permission to celebrate the Sacred Mysteries). The antimens is kept on the

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One of the earliest sources that purports to show the efficacy of relics is found in 2 Kings 13:20–21:

3235: 2904: 1592:, Belting argued that the cult of relics helped to stimulate the rise of painting in medieval Europe. 2935: 2817: 2636: 2631:

4.14; Joseph Falaky Nagy, "Hierarchy, Heroes, and Heads: Indo-European Structures in Greek Myth", in

2413: 1786: 1707: 1663: 1343: 1170: 3086: 2013: 1628: 1478:); i.e., that worship which is due to God alone. Thus Orthodox teaching warns the faithful against 1206: 1060: 945: 778: 733: 657: 598: 545: 448:

Some relics believed to be original remains of the body of the Buddha still survive, including the

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in Greece, all of the relics the monastery possesses are displayed and venerated each evening at

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images, every superstition shall be removed and all filthy lucre abolished." There are also many

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churches. The veneration of the relics of the saints reflects a belief that the saints in heaven

749: 363: 278: 3399: 2686: 1055: 2532: 2200: 2048:, relics are less common than in other religions since the physical remains of most saints are 2032: 1734: 1699: 1633: 1509:. The absence of such manifestations is not necessarily a sign that the person is not a Saint. 1158:(host or prosphora and Eucharistic wine after consecration in the sacrament of the Eucharist). 1148: 858: 710: 504: 370: 297: 254: 24: 3570: 3023: 1616:

they were enshrined in containers crafted of or covered with gold, silver, gems, and enamel.

796: 4048: 3957: 3812: 3621: 3265: 3154: 2813: 1996: 1982: 1877: 1873: 1851: 1801: 1497:, meaning that their remains do not decay under conditions when they normally would (natural 1312: 1174: 862: 849: 606: 550: 133: 1520:(paten) in a church near the church that is to be consecrated, they will then be taken in a 1003:

Due to the existence of counterfeit relics, the Church began to regulate the use of relics.

3333: 3107: 2809: 2805: 2739: 1865: 1719: 949: 700: 669: 645: 555: 173: 3699: 3329: 1342:, or relics containing fragments of the True Cross. Other significant relics included the 8: 3983: 2418: 2332:, that is of historical and cultural value. However, this has some issues since the term 2269:. The Sacred Cloak is kept locked away, taken out only at times of great crisis. In 1996 1836: 1824: 1358: 953: 726: 305: 165: 2844:

The Book of Ser Marco Polo the Venetian, Concerning the Kingdoms and Marvels of the East

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and accompanied by a certificate of authentication, signed and sealed by someone in the

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reported that the bones of Orpheus were kept in a stone vase displayed on a pillar near

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to the new church, carried three times around the new structure and then placed in the

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The practice of venerating relics seems to have been taken for granted by writers like

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The relics of saints (traditionally, always those of a martyr) are also sewn into the

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of prominent Buddhists. In rare cases, the whole body is conserved, as in the case of

54: 3907: 3879: 3818: 3788: 3578: 3486:"Instruction "Relics in the Church: Authenticity and Conservation" (8 December 2017)" 3468: 3341: 3271: 3203: 3160: 3121: 3111: 3039: 3029: 2912: 2372: 2355: 2249:) believed to have belonged to the prophet Mohammed is kept in the central mosque in 2158: 1925: 1858: 1790: 1667: 1502: 1300: 1264: 1155: 1035: 653: 594: 500: 19:"Sacred Relics" redirects here. For the religious objects in the Topkapı Palace, see 3923:

Vauchez, Andre; Sainthood in the Later Middle Ages; Cambridge University Press; 1997

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might claim to possess, without necessarily displaying, the remains of a venerated

39: 3357: 281:, the startling discovery of which may have prompted the sanctifying of the site. 4038: 4006: 3969: 3962: 3717: 3293:(St. Augustine): "36...Some hawking about limbs of martyrs, if indeed of martyrs" 3199: 2693: 2388: 2368: 1960: 1895: 1814: 1703: 1691: 1292: 1284: 1198: 1040: 829: 745: 681: 461: 192: 157: 129: 3720:. American Schools of Oriental Research. March 7, 1974 – via Google Books. 2705:

Mangan, Charles. "Church Teaching on Relics", Catholic Education Resource Center

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declaring that "Grace remains entire with every part." In the West, a decree of

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to visit monastic fairs of northern Europe much like a contemporary art dealer.

609:, Fr. Mario Conte, executive editor of the Messenger of St. Anthony magazine in 3808: 2872: 2670: 2024: 1915: 1844: 1723: 1711: 1570: 1544: 1461: 1418: 1127: 1092: 1047: 890: 801: 737: 637: 625: 602: 571: 438: 322: 219: 196: 141: 3947: 2054: 4032: 3647: 3353: 3125: 2916: 2760: 2398: 2162: 1794: 1756: 1490: 1371: 1362: 1347: 1324: 1221: 1194: 1116: 1024: 958: 941: 773: 520: 496: 3290: 3043: 1749: 1678:

of Jesus are claimed by many churches around the world. The same applies to

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Relics and Reliquaries Collection, University of Dayton Special Collections

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by living the mystical life of the Church, and especially by receiving the

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Palace. His other relics were discovered in a Bulgarian monastery in 2010.

1030: 640:; the folded papers on the left and right contain bone fragments of Saint 2270: 2254: 1976: 1768: 1683: 1532: 1445: 1430: 1391: 1383: 1020: 990: 978: 922: 768: 764: 685: 673: 334: 270: 262: 120: 3929:

Mayr, Markus (Hg); Von goldenen Gebeinen; Studienverlag, Innsbruck, 2001

2740:"Catholic News - Saints' Relics Help People Make Connection to the Holy" 73:

as a tangible memorial. Relics are an important aspect of some forms of

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Introduction by Earnest Brehaut (from his 1916 translation), pp. ix–xxv

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Mayr, Markus; Geld, Macht und Reliquien; Studienverlag, Innsbruck, 2000

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Holy Bones, Holy Dust: How Relics Shaped the History of Medieval Europe

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Introduction by Earnest Brehaut (from his 1916 translation), pp. ix–xxv

2006: 2002: 1968: 1876:'s reign yielded no bones, giving rise to the belief that his body was 1779: 1687: 1675: 1652: 1540: 1536: 1525: 1521: 1457: 1426: 1398: 1379: 1331: 1316: 1288: 1241: 1068: 1008: 986: 937: 854: 633: 590: 465: 250: 242: 70: 3001: 620: 3451: 3438: 2556: 2548: 2503: 2262: 2226: 2135: 2123: 2049: 2017: 1679: 1612: 1469: 1441: 1434: 1096: 1012: 970: 918: 894: 845: 488: 318: 266: 105: 86: 35: 30: 4022:

Treasures of Heaven: Saints, Relics, and Devotion in Medieval Europe

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A Comprehensive Collection of Information about the Catholic Church

1382:, and the division of bodies also began, the 5th century theologian 1346:, and pieces of the body or clothing of saints. Such relics (called 930:

named Deusdona, with access to the Roman catacombs, as crossing the

348: 2329: 2250: 2170: 2131: 2104: 2092: 2067: 2059: 2045: 2016:) relics are exposed in the Church of the Sacred Heart of Jesus in 1992: 1972: 1919: 1555: 1479: 1449: 1320: 1107: 1079:

Until 2017, the Catholic Church divided relics into three classes:

696: 434: 426: 422: 414: 231: 161: 74: 47: 2096: 1007:

required the authentication of relics if they were to be publicly

544:

Also cited is the veneration of relics from the martyr and bishop

2767:. Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 13 March 2014 2325: 2274: 2266: 2222: 2212: 2089: 2052:. The veneration of corporal relics may have originated with the 1869: 1535:

which is given to a priest by his bishop as a means of bestowing

1468:) of relics in the Orthodox Church is clearly distinguished from 1366: 1296: 1280: 805: 760: 582: 483: 469: 457: 285: 258: 235: 215: 211: 200: 125: 3088:

Portable Christianity: Relics in the Medieval West (c. 700–1200)

2479:

The Theban Plays: Oedipus the King, Oedipus at Colonus, Antigone

2114:

became an incredibly important part of devotional piety in both

2100: 1405:. As a natural outgrowth of the concept in Orthodox theology of 409: 2848: 2130:." With the latter-day influence of the reformist movements of 1933: 1840: 1727: 1715: 1605: 1582: 1517: 1474: 1249: 1202: 1111: 927: 875: 656:. These places were always outside the walls of the city, but 629: 563: 562:'s handkerchiefs were imbued by God with healing power. In the 338: 293: 289: 223: 188: 177: 109: 3878:. HarperCollins. First Perennial edition (2004), p. 38 and n. 3857:

Josef W. Meri, "Relics of Piety and Power in Medieval Islam",

3840:

Josef W. Meri, "Relics of Piety and Power in Medieval Islam",

3814:

When a Goddess Dies: Worshipping Ma Anandamayi after Her Death

3021: 1857:

St Matthew the Evangelist's relics are purported to be in the

1752:, Germany, by popes Zachary and Stephen II in the 8th century. 1106:

items that the saint owned or frequently used, for example, a

245:

was also supposed to protect Athens from enemy attack, and in

3059:"The Business of Bones: Relic Trafficking in the Middle Ages" 3002:"The pilgrimage routes to Santiago de Compostela in Pictures" 2876: 2280: 2206: 2194: 2115: 2111: 1944: 1904:

are contained in the Basilica of St Andrew in Patras, Greece.

1832: 1506: 1498: 1453: 1410: 883: 879: 813: 741: 692: 614: 610: 524: 442: 418: 227: 145: 94: 82: 3948:

Relics in the Church of St Charles Borromeo, Wrocław, Poland

3330:"Traite des reliques" Кальвина, его происхождение и значение 3194:(1 ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 169–192, 2977:"An Ancient Religious Pilgrimage That Now Draws The Secular" 1963:' relics are largely kept in a gilded chest and bust in the 1947:, with her body in Santa Maria sopra Minerva Church in Rome. 3836: 3834: 3753:"The Tomb of the Holy Great Martyr George from Lodd, Lydda" 3575:

Sensational Religion: Sensory Cultures in Material Practice

3025:

Sacred trust : the medieval church as an economic firm

2490:

Susan E. Alcock, "Tomb Cult and the Post-Classical Polis",

2119: 931: 688: 153: 3732:"St John the Baptist's bones 'found in Bulgarian monastery 3654:

What are holy relics and how their division is carried out

1489:

The examination of the relics is an important step in the

2188: 1954: 1269:

Hong Kong Catholic Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception

3831: 3185:"Sacred commodities: the circulation of medieval relics" 3156:

Furta Sacra: Thefts of Relics in the Central Middle Ages

3028:. Robert B. Ekelund. New York: Oxford University Press. 2328:" but can be extended to anything, including object and 1864:

St John the Evangelist's tomb is purported to be in the

882:. Instead of having to travel to be near to a venerated 3649:Что такое святые мощи и как совершается их раздробление 1031:

Classifications and prohibitions in the Catholic Church

472:

may view his body through a glass window in the stupa.

1918:' relics are contained in the Church of the Jacobins, 1417:—indeed, all Orthodox Christians are considered to be 861:

in Spain, in which the supposed relics of the apostle

273:

at Macedon, were treated with the deepest veneration.

3183:

Geary, Patrick (1986-04-30), Appadurai, Arjun (ed.),

2635:(Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990), pp. 210–212. 2333: 2311: 1516:. The consecrating bishop will place the relics on a 3392: 2648:

Pausanias 9.30.4–5, as cited and discussed by Nagy,

2286: 2278: 2244: 2062:, and burial practices became more common after the 1095:

was removed by the monks at the Cistercian abbey at

1087:

life are more prized relics. For instance, King St.

725:, it is consumed by a couple getting married in the 574:

6:56, those who touched Jesus' garment were healed.

886:, relics of the saint could be venerated locally. 3953:World tour of the relics of St. Therese of Lisieux 3784:Fiestas y creencias en Canarias en la Edad Moderna 3368: 3366: 100:, meaning "remains", and a form of the Latin verb 3984:Medieval Sourcebook, Gregory of Tours (539–594), 3668:"Relics and Reliquaries in Medieval Christianity" 2779:Medieval Sourcebook, Gregory of Tours (539–594), 2460: 2458: 2456: 2066:. One prominent example is the preserved body of 4030: 3159:(Revised ed.). Princeton University Press. 1807:St Paul's relics are allegedly contained in the 3363: 2481:(Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009), p. xii. 1886:'s skull, or parts of it, are venerated at the 1401:of relics continues to be of importance in the 703:in Gaul, a place for the healing of the sick. 3943:The First-class Relics of St. Maximilian Kolbe 3865:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), p. 98 3848:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), p. 97 3620:Tomov, Nikola; Dzhangozov, Januarius (Yanko). 2898: 2896: 2894: 2453: 2257:. According to local history, it was given to 2232: 2176:Muslims believe that these treasures include: 2070:in a separate shrine inside Srirangam Temple. 1543:(altar), and it is forbidden to celebrate the 540:Elisha, he revived, and stood up on his feet. 16:Object of religious significance from the past 2861: 2775: 2773: 2324:), a common Chinese word that usually means " 2317: 2310:"Cultural relic" is a common translation for 1985:'s skull is contained in a reliquary bust in 1528:(altar) as part of the consecration service. 325:and its scriptures offer no support of this. 2952: 2950: 2948: 2639:also depict the head of Orpheus prophesying. 2580:587–588, as cited by Fainlight and Littman, 1850:St Mark the Evangelist's relics are held at 1800:St Peter's Basilica in the Vatican contains 1444:, particularly those on the semi-autonomous 3619: 2902: 2891: 2837: 2798:"Gregory of Tours, Glory of the Martyrs 49" 2755: 2753: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2239:Mosque of the Cloak of the Prophet Mohammed 2012:Nun Maria Droste zu Vischering's (known as 1767:in the same church contains the remains of 1698:. Famous examples are the Holy Nail in the 1604:Reliquaries in the Church of San Pedro, in 377:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 292:, where it was enshrined and visited as an 3017: 3015: 2770: 2464:Gunnel Ekroth, "Heroes and Hero-Cult", in 2277:, took it out, displayed it to a crowd of 1943:'s head is stored in San Domenico church, 1872:in Turkey. The opening of his tomb during 112:that houses one or more religious relics. 3903:Relics: What They Are and Why They Matter 3450: 3316:Mémoire sur les instruments de la Passion 2945: 2879:: Ephrem's Publications. p. 264, 267 2510:1.46, as cited by Fainlight and Littman, 2141: 1971:, Netherlands. Some of his relics are in 1623: 397:Learn how and when to remove this message 288:was supposed to have been transported to 115: 3780: 3678: 3610:; p. 73; Burns & Oates, London, 1962 3548: 3436: 3080: 3078: 2750: 2709: 2161:, more than 600 pieces treasured in the 2083: 1657: 1642: 1627: 1599: 1306: 1279: 1054: 1046: 1034: 839: 795: 619: 482: 408: 119: 53: 29: 3817:. Oxford University Press. p. 71. 3646:Romansky, Nikolay (Николай Романский), 3568: 3380:. Congregation for the Causes of Saints 3263: 3257: 3178: 3176: 3012: 2732: 2682: 2680: 2678: 1809:Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Wall 1771:, who was locally venerated as a saint. 42:(St. Yves or St. Ives) (1253–1303), in 4031: 3807: 3562: 2698: 2477:Ruth Fainlight and Robert J. Littman, 2285:(religious scholars) and was declared 1706:, the Holy Lance that was part of the 636:: the bone fragment in middle is from 4012:Butterfield, Andrew. "What Remains", 3660: 3535:"Catholic Relics: Third Class Relics" 3227: 3182: 3152: 3146: 3084: 3075: 3056: 2974: 2865:East Syriac Theology: An Introduction 1827:the Evangelist's body is held at the 1737:is kept in a purpose-built chapel in 1708:Crown Jewels of the Holy Roman Empire 493:Pope St. John XXIII National Seminary 321:were venerated, but the tradition of 172:; and clothing. The sanctuary of the 3899: 3645: 3173: 3108:10.5871/bacad/9780197265277.003.0006 3102:(published 2012). pp. 143–167. 2675: 1647:Detail of the Girdle of Mary in the 1554:The necessity of provide relics for 1413:are considered to be transformed by 1275: 375:adding citations to reliable sources 342: 3781:González, Manuel Hernández (2007). 3629:Acta Morphologica et Anthropologica 1819:Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela 1817:' relics are reputedly held at the 1390:only allowed the moving of a whole 1267:, declared a saint in 2014, in the 736:in 787 drew on the teaching of St. 104:, to "leave behind, or abandon". A 13: 3893: 3096:Proceedings of the British Academy 2929: 2903:Butterfield, Andrew (2011-07-28). 2795: 2298: 1774:The Girdle of Mary is kept in the 1357:The earliest recorded removal, or 900: 767:. They were collected in books of 14: 4060: 3936: 3672:Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History 3358:"History of the Christian Church" 3233: 2962:Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History 2365:The Translation of Father Torturo 1995:'s remains were enshrined in the 1041:Servant of God Alfredo F. Verzosa 819:In his introduction to Gregory's 717:–a mixture made with the dust of 668:Some early Christians attributed 2802:Cult of Saints in Late Antiquity 2110:The veneration of the relics of 1512:Relics play a major role in the 1256: 1233: 1213: 1182: 1163: 721:'s tomb–for healing. Within the 568:Jesus healing the bleeding woman 450:relic of the tooth of the Buddha 347: 3990:(on the 6th century meaning of 3868: 3851: 3801: 3774: 3763:from the original on 2021-08-16 3745: 3724: 3710: 3692: 3639: 3613: 3600: 3591: 3527: 3502: 3478: 3459: 3430: 3417: 3347: 3320: 3308: 3296: 3284: 3246:from the original on 2022-02-05 3135:from the original on 2022-02-23 3050: 2994: 2968: 2958:"Pilgrimage in Medieval Europe" 2855: 2831: 2789: 2664: 2655: 2642: 2614: 2492:American Journal of Archaeology 2468:(Blackwell, 2010), pp. 110–111. 1928:'s relics are enshrined in the 1361:of saintly remains was that of 964: 478: 3700:"Relics of St Paul discovered" 2887:– via Malankara Library. 2587: 2566: 2542: 2517: 2497: 2484: 2471: 2431: 2153:Sacred Relics (Topkapı Palace) 2146: 2058:movement or the appearance of 1595: 878:, and San Nicola Peregrino in 445:wherever Buddhism was spread. 180:claimed to display the egg of 168:; furniture such as chairs or 21:Sacred Relics (Topkapı Palace) 1: 3958:Keeping Relics in Perspective 3730:Squires, Nick (August 2010). 3674:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 3577:. Yale UP. pp. 205–214. 2964:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2466:A Companion to Greek Religion 2424: 2404:Relics associated with Buddha 2341: 1793:contains the remnants of the 1409:, the physical bodies of the 1011:. They had to be sealed in a 866: 296:. The 2nd-century geographer 284:The head of the poet-prophet 59:Shrine of Saint Lachtin's Arm 3718:"The Biblical Archaeologist" 3573:. In Sally M. Promey (ed.). 3200:10.1017/cbo9780511819582.008 2637:Ancient Greek vase paintings 2409:Relics associated with Jesus 1890:in France, at the Church of 1843:; and a rib, at his tomb in 1452:. As with the veneration of 1197:, containing the remains of 1177:, Rome, a second-class relic 791:relics associated with Jesus 89:, and many other religions. 7: 3906:. Charlotte NC: TAN Books. 3900:Cruz, Joan Carroll (2015). 3876:The Sewing Circles of Herat 3556:"Venerating Relics at Mass" 3085:Smith, Julia M. H. (2010). 2382: 2334: 2312: 2287: 2279: 2245: 2233:Sacred Cloak of the Prophet 2039: 1965:Basilica of Saint Servatius 723:Assyrian Church of the East 624:A relic from the shrine of 328: 317:, the bones of the Persian 10: 4065: 3571:"Conversations in Museums" 3512:. Holy See. Archived from 3153:Geary, Patrick J. (2011). 2607:, English translations at 2236: 2150: 2077: 1835:, Italy; his head, in the 1696:Instruments of the Passion 663:Old Saint Peter's Basilica 558:19:11–12, which says that 530: 332: 241:The body of the legendary 18: 3704:Independent Catholic News 3465:The Catholic Source Book 3336:, №01 (1942) / Ежегодник 3270:. Yale University Press. 3264:Freeman, Charles (2011). 3192:The Social Life of Things 2818:European Research Council 2765:The Catholic Encyclopedia 2414:Shrine of the Three Kings 2318: 2217:Forearm and hand of Yahya 2088:Footprint of the Islamic 1930:Basilica of Saint Francis 1787:Shrine of the Three Kings 1664:Shrine of the Three Kings 1576: 1505:. Some relics will exude 1344:girdle worn by the Virgin 1063:(Reliqua Tertiae classis) 1039:First-class relic of the 199:function, as the tomb of 3874:Lamb, Christina (2002). 3437:Lahtinen, Maria (2022). 3057:Manns, D. (2015-04-13). 2633:Approaches to Greek Myth 2354:, Dedalus Ltd, UK 1994. 2099:(funerary mausoleum) in 2073: 2029:Church of the Conception 2014:Mary of the Divine Heart 1907:Reliquary arms of Saint 1514:consecration of a church 1207:Diocletianic Persecution 1061:Saint Therese of Lisieux 946:Archbishop of Canterbury 779:Caesarius of Heisterbach 734:Second Council of Nicaea 626:Saint Boniface of Dokkum 546:Saint Polycarp of Smyrna 261:. The bones or ashes of 3569:Clifton, James (2014). 3291:"Of the Works of Monks" 3100:Oxford University Press 2942:, Archdiocese of Boston 2273:, leader of the Afghan 1926:Saint Francis of Assisi 1892:San Silvestre in Capite 1829:Abbey of Santa Giustina 1746:Sandals of Jesus Christ 1403:Eastern Orthodox Church 1191:St. Raphael's Cathedral 1017:Congregation for Saints 950:assassinated by knights 3400:"AmericanCatholic.Org" 3334:Сборник «Средние века» 2692:July 17, 2012, at the 2533:Loeb Classical Library 2184:'s beard and footprint 2142:Relics of the prophets 2107: 2033:Santa Cruz de Tenerife 1735:Seamless robe of Jesus 1700:Iron Crown of Lombardy 1670: 1655: 1640: 1634:Seamless robe of Jesus 1624:List of claimed relics 1609: 1334:. Many great works of 1327: 1304: 1120:("from the clothing"). 1064: 1052: 1044: 859:Santiago de Compostela 816: 711:Nestorian Christianity 649: 542: 527: 430: 255:Demetrius I of Macedon 249:, that of the prophet 137: 116:In classical antiquity 62: 51: 25:Relic (disambiguation) 23:. For other uses, see 3986:History of the Franks 3427:, i, P.L., XXII, 907. 2814:University of Reading 2781:History of the Franks 2576:8.134 and Aeschylus, 2529:Bill Thayer's edition 2439:"Definition of relic" 2371:, Prime Books, 2005. 2167:Topkapı Palace Museum 2087: 1997:Abbey of Saint-Hubert 1874:Constantine the Great 1661: 1646: 1631: 1603: 1590:Likeness and Presence 1313:Sabbas the Sanctified 1310: 1283: 1265:Pope St. John Paul II 1175:San Pietro in Vincoli 1059:Third-class relic of 1058: 1050: 1038: 863:James, son of Zebedee 850:Constantine the Great 840:Relics and pilgrimage 821:History of the Franks 799: 676:of saints, including 623: 607:Catholic News Service 551:Martyrdom of Polycarp 537: 486: 412: 279:prehistoric creatures 132:in honor of Oedipus ( 123: 61:, 12th century, Irish 57: 33: 3443:Internet Archaeology 2975:Beardsley, Eleanor. 2810:University of Warsaw 2806:University of Oxford 2661:Dindorf, p. 67. 2578:Seven Against Thebes 1866:Basilica of St. John 1859:Cathedral of Salerno 1776:Basilica of Our Lady 1720:Holy Thorn Reliquary 1649:Basilica of Our Lady 1224:in the cathedral of 1104:Second-class relics: 701:Christian pilgrimage 684:was very popular in 646:Bernard of Clairvaux 371:improve this section 306:ritual of incubation 203:was said to protect 3608:Early Christian Art 3510:"Code of Canon Law" 3304:Traité Des Reliques 2759:Thurston, Herbert. 2419:Translation (relic) 2095:, preserved in the 1894:in Rome and at the 1878:assumed into heaven 1837:St. Vitus Cathedral 1429:). In the Orthodox 1124:Third-class relics: 1084:First-class relics: 975:Admonitio Generalis 810:St. Joseph's Church 727:Mystery of Crowning 425:, Pakistan, now in 413:Buddha relics from 38:and skull of Saint 3968:2009-05-13 at the 3963:A Place for Relics 3863:Relics and Remains 3846:Relics and Remains 3787:. Ediciones IDEA. 3006:Camino de Santiago 2936:"Relics of Saints" 2629:Life of Apollonius 2494:95 (1991), p. 447. 2108: 2080:Relics of Muhammad 2005:'s remains are in 1953:'s arm is kept in 1941:Catherine of Siena 1909:Thomas the Apostle 1902:St Andrew's relics 1852:St Mark's Basilica 1671: 1656: 1641: 1610: 1328: 1305: 1171:St. Peter's chains 1089:Stephen of Hungary 1065: 1053: 1045: 997:Treatise on Relics 817: 719:Thomas the Apostle 650: 642:Benedict of Nursia 528: 431: 314:Chronicon Paschale 138: 134:Apulian red-figure 63: 52: 3606:Eduard Syndicus; 3404:American Catholic 3277:978-0-300-16659-0 3209:978-0-521-32351-2 3166:978-1-4008-2020-7 3098:. Vol. 181. 2744:American Catholic 2159:The Sacred Trusts 2023:The shin of Pope 1791:Cologne Cathedral 1668:Cologne Cathedral 1323:Monastery in the 1276:Eastern Orthodoxy 1156:Blessed Sacrament 1151:Code of Canon Law 654:catacombs of Rome 595:Gregory Nazianzen 570:and again in the 499:, with relics of 407: 406: 399: 311:According to the 93:derives from the 4056: 3917: 3887: 3872: 3866: 3859:Past and Present 3855: 3849: 3842:Past and Present 3838: 3829: 3828: 3805: 3799: 3798: 3778: 3772: 3771: 3769: 3768: 3749: 3743: 3735: 3728: 3722: 3721: 3714: 3708: 3707: 3696: 3690: 3689: 3682: 3676: 3675: 3664: 3658: 3657: 3643: 3637: 3636: 3626: 3617: 3611: 3604: 3598: 3595: 3589: 3588: 3566: 3560: 3559: 3552: 3546: 3545: 3543: 3542: 3531: 3525: 3524: 3522: 3521: 3506: 3500: 3499: 3497: 3496: 3482: 3476: 3463: 3457: 3456: 3454: 3452:10.11141/ia.59.8 3434: 3428: 3421: 3415: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3396: 3390: 3389: 3387: 3385: 3370: 3361: 3351: 3345: 3324: 3318: 3312: 3306: 3300: 3294: 3288: 3282: 3281: 3261: 3255: 3254: 3252: 3251: 3234:Brown, Matthew. 3231: 3225: 3223: 3222: 3221: 3212:, archived from 3189: 3180: 3171: 3170: 3150: 3144: 3143: 3141: 3140: 3134: 3093: 3082: 3073: 3072: 3070: 3069: 3054: 3048: 3047: 3019: 3010: 3009: 2998: 2992: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2972: 2966: 2965: 2954: 2943: 2933: 2927: 2926: 2924: 2923: 2909:The New Republic 2900: 2889: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2870: 2859: 2853: 2852: 2835: 2829: 2828: 2826: 2824: 2793: 2787: 2777: 2768: 2757: 2748: 2747: 2736: 2730: 2729: 2724:. Archived from 2718: 2707: 2702: 2696: 2684: 2673: 2671:2 Kings 13:20–21 2668: 2662: 2659: 2653: 2646: 2640: 2618: 2612: 2591: 2585: 2582:The Theban Plays 2570: 2564: 2546: 2540: 2521: 2515: 2512:The Theban Plays 2501: 2495: 2488: 2482: 2475: 2469: 2462: 2451: 2450: 2445:. Archived from 2435: 2394:Hazratbal Shrine 2337: 2323: 2322: 2315: 2293:cholera epidemic 2290: 2288:Amir-ul Momineen 2284: 2248: 2182:Prophet Muhammad 2064:Muslim invasions 2003:Saint Willibrord 1888:Amiens Cathedral 1884:John the Baptist 1761:Aachen Cathedral 1748:were donated to 1568: 1560:Nikolay Romansky 1522:cross procession 1484:Sacred Tradition 1423:Sacred Mysteries 1336:Byzantine enamel 1311:Relics of Saint 1260: 1246:Decani Monastery 1237: 1217: 1186: 1167: 868: 786:Council of Trent 777:or the works of 707:Gregory of Tours 678:Gregory of Tours 674:dust from graves 587:Gregory of Nyssa 560:Paul the Apostle 548:recorded in the 437:, relics of the 429:, Myanmar (2005) 402: 395: 391: 388: 382: 351: 343: 259:Phocion the Good 40:Ivo of Kermartin 4064: 4063: 4059: 4058: 4057: 4055: 4054: 4053: 4029: 4028: 4016:, July 28, 2011 3970:Wayback Machine 3939: 3914: 3896: 3894:Further reading 3891: 3890: 3873: 3869: 3856: 3852: 3839: 3832: 3825: 3809:Aymard, Orianne 3806: 3802: 3795: 3779: 3775: 3766: 3764: 3751: 3750: 3746: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3716: 3715: 3711: 3706:. 28 June 2009. 3698: 3697: 3693: 3684: 3683: 3679: 3666: 3665: 3661: 3644: 3640: 3635:(1–2): 122–125. 3624: 3618: 3614: 3605: 3601: 3596: 3592: 3585: 3567: 3563: 3554: 3553: 3549: 3540: 3538: 3533: 3532: 3528: 3519: 3517: 3508: 3507: 3503: 3494: 3492: 3484: 3483: 3479: 3464: 3460: 3435: 3431: 3422: 3418: 3408: 3406: 3398: 3397: 3393: 3383: 3381: 3378:Vatican Website 3372: 3371: 3364: 3352: 3348: 3325: 3321: 3313: 3309: 3301: 3297: 3289: 3285: 3278: 3262: 3258: 3249: 3247: 3232: 3228: 3219: 3217: 3210: 3187: 3181: 3174: 3167: 3151: 3147: 3138: 3136: 3132: 3118: 3091: 3083: 3076: 3067: 3065: 3055: 3051: 3036: 3020: 3013: 3000: 2999: 2995: 2985: 2983: 2973: 2969: 2956: 2955: 2946: 2940:Boston Catholic 2934: 2930: 2921: 2919: 2901: 2892: 2882: 2880: 2868: 2860: 2856: 2847:. Vol. 2. 2836: 2832: 2822: 2820: 2796:Tycner, Marta. 2794: 2790: 2778: 2771: 2758: 2751: 2738: 2737: 2733: 2720: 2719: 2710: 2703: 2699: 2694:Wayback Machine 2685: 2676: 2669: 2665: 2660: 2656: 2647: 2643: 2619: 2615: 2592: 2588: 2571: 2567: 2547: 2543: 2535:translation at 2522: 2518: 2502: 2498: 2489: 2485: 2476: 2472: 2463: 2454: 2449:on May 6, 2021. 2437: 2436: 2432: 2427: 2389:Catacomb saints 2385: 2369:Brendan Connell 2344: 2301: 2299:Cultural relics 2241: 2235: 2155: 2149: 2144: 2082: 2076: 2042: 2027:is kept in the 2025:Saint Clement I 1987:Liège Cathedral 1975:, Belgium, and 1961:Saint Servatius 1896:Munich Residenz 1739:Trier Cathedral 1704:Monza Cathedral 1638:Trier Cathedral 1626: 1598: 1579: 1562: 1293:Sioni Cathedral 1285:Grapevine cross 1278: 1271: 1261: 1252: 1238: 1229: 1218: 1209: 1199:Saint Cessianus 1187: 1178: 1173:, preserved in 1168: 1033: 967: 903: 901:Economic effect 842: 682:Martin of Tours 533: 481: 462:Dudjom Rinpoche 403: 392: 386: 383: 368: 352: 341: 333:Main articles: 331: 156:as a part of a 130:Greek hero cult 118: 65:In religion, a 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4062: 4052: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4027: 4026: 4018: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3977: 3972: 3960: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3938: 3937:External links 3935: 3934: 3933: 3930: 3927: 3924: 3921: 3918: 3912: 3895: 3892: 3889: 3888: 3867: 3850: 3830: 3824:978-0199368631 3823: 3800: 3793: 3773: 3759:. 2010-04-21. 3744: 3723: 3709: 3691: 3677: 3659: 3638: 3612: 3599: 3590: 3583: 3561: 3547: 3526: 3501: 3490:www.vatican.va 3477: 3458: 3429: 3416: 3391: 3362: 3346: 3327:Radtsig, N. I. 3319: 3307: 3295: 3283: 3276: 3256: 3240:www.artnet.com 3236:"Dust to Dust" 3226: 3208: 3172: 3165: 3145: 3116: 3074: 3049: 3034: 3011: 2993: 2967: 2944: 2928: 2905:"What Remains" 2890: 2854: 2830: 2788: 2769: 2749: 2731: 2728:on 2016-03-01. 2708: 2697: 2674: 2663: 2654: 2641: 2613: 2586: 2565: 2541: 2516: 2496: 2483: 2470: 2452: 2429: 2428: 2426: 2423: 2422: 2421: 2416: 2411: 2406: 2401: 2396: 2391: 2384: 2381: 2380: 2379: 2362: 2352:Eça de Queiroz 2343: 2340: 2300: 2297: 2295:in the 1930s. 2265:, the Emir of 2237:Main article: 2234: 2231: 2219: 2218: 2215: 2209: 2203: 2197: 2191: 2185: 2151:Main article: 2148: 2145: 2143: 2140: 2075: 2072: 2068:Swami Ramanuja 2041: 2038: 2037: 2036: 2021: 2010: 2000: 1990: 1980: 1958: 1948: 1937: 1923: 1916:Thomas Aquinas 1912: 1905: 1899: 1881: 1862: 1855: 1848: 1845:Thebes, Greece 1822: 1812: 1805: 1798: 1783: 1782:, Netherlands. 1772: 1753: 1742: 1731: 1724:British Museum 1712:Hofburg Palace 1674:Relics of the 1625: 1622: 1597: 1594: 1578: 1575: 1571:Moscow Kremlin 1545:Divine Liturgy 1348:contact relics 1277: 1274: 1273: 1272: 1262: 1255: 1253: 1239: 1232: 1230: 1219: 1212: 1210: 1189:Main Altar of 1188: 1181: 1179: 1169: 1162: 1141: 1140: 1128:Monza ampullae 1121: 1101: 1093:Thomas Aquinas 1032: 1029: 985:Pieces of the 966: 963: 959:Norman English 944:, the sainted 902: 899: 891:Holy Sepulchre 841: 838: 802:Francis Xavier 759:Many tales of 738:John Damascene 680:. The cult of 670:healing powers 638:Saint Boniface 603:Thomas Aquinas 572:Gospel of Mark 532: 529: 480: 477: 452:in Sri Lanka. 405: 404: 355: 353: 346: 330: 327: 323:Zoroastrianism 220:Delphic Oracle 142:ancient Greece 117: 114: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4061: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4036: 4034: 4025: 4023: 4019: 4017: 4015: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3987: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3967: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3940: 3931: 3928: 3925: 3922: 3919: 3915: 3913:9780895558596 3909: 3905: 3904: 3898: 3897: 3885: 3884:0-06-050527-3 3881: 3877: 3871: 3864: 3860: 3854: 3847: 3843: 3837: 3835: 3826: 3820: 3816: 3815: 3810: 3804: 3796: 3794:9788483821077 3790: 3786: 3785: 3777: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3748: 3741: 3740:The Telegraph 3737: 3727: 3719: 3713: 3705: 3701: 3695: 3687: 3681: 3673: 3669: 3663: 3655: 3651: 3650: 3642: 3634: 3630: 3623: 3616: 3609: 3603: 3594: 3586: 3584:9780300187359 3580: 3576: 3572: 3565: 3557: 3551: 3537:. 27 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Retrieved 2801: 2791: 2780: 2764: 2743: 2734: 2726:the original 2700: 2666: 2657: 2649: 2644: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2621:Philostratus 2616: 2609:LacusCurtius 2601: 2594: 2589: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2568: 2560: 2552: 2544: 2537:LacusCurtius 2524: 2519: 2511: 2507: 2499: 2491: 2486: 2478: 2473: 2465: 2447:the original 2442: 2433: 2364: 2347: 2309: 2303: 2302: 2242: 2220: 2175: 2156: 2128:North Africa 2109: 2053: 2043: 2009:, Luxemburg. 1993:Saint Hubert 1951:Saint George 1765:Karlsschrein 1684:Holy Sponges 1618: 1611: 1589: 1587: 1580: 1556:antimensions 1553: 1530: 1511: 1488: 1473: 1465: 1439: 1415:divine grace 1396: 1356: 1352: 1340:staurothekes 1339: 1329: 1291:of Georgia ( 1226:Thessalonika 1150: 1146: 1142: 1136: 1132: 1123: 1115: 1103: 1083: 1078: 1073:Saint Jerome 1066: 1043:(Ex Ossibus) 1002: 995: 984: 974: 968: 965:Counterfeits 936: 915: 908: 904: 888: 872: 843: 834: 828: 824: 820: 818: 783: 772: 771:such as the 758: 731: 714: 705: 667: 651: 599:resurrection 576: 566:accounts of 549: 543: 538: 534: 479:Christianity 474: 454: 447: 432: 393: 384: 369:Please help 357: 312: 310: 283: 275: 240: 209: 186: 139: 128:depicting a 101: 97: 90: 79:Christianity 66: 64: 3988:, Books I–X 3686:"Reliquary" 3425:Ad Riparium 3314:de Fleury, 2839:Yule, Henry 2572:Herodotus, 2555:1032–1034; 2553:Heracleides 2271:Mullah Omar 2255:Afghanistan 2147:In Istanbul 2020:, Portugal. 1977:Quedlinburg 1769:Charlemagne 1692:Holy Thorns 1688:Holy Lances 1613:Reliquaries 1596:Reliquaries 1563: [ 1533:antimension 1503:sweet aroma 1446:Mount Athos 1442:monasteries 1392:sarcophagus 1384:Theodoretus 1359:translation 1205:during the 1021:Roman Curia 991:John Calvin 979:Charlemagne 923:Charlemagne 769:hagiography 765:Middle Ages 686:Merovingian 521:St. Stephen 505:St. Matthew 271:Perdiccas I 263:Aesculapius 174:Leucippides 166:figureheads 164:, ships or 4033:Categories 3861:103.5, in 3844:103.5, in 3767:2022-04-18 3541:2019-11-07 3520:2013-03-04 3495:2022-05-07 3384:23 October 3250:2022-04-18 3220:2022-04-18 3139:2022-04-18 3068:2022-04-18 2922:2022-04-18 2593:Plutarch, 2523:Plutarch, 2425:References 2342:In fiction 2259:Ahmad Shah 2199:Turban of 2180:Hair from 2078:See also: 2007:Echternach 1999:, Belgium. 1989:, Belgium. 1979:, Germany. 1969:Maastricht 1854:in Venice. 1811:, in Rome. 1780:Maastricht 1750:Prüm Abbey 1718:, and the 1694:and other 1680:Holy Nails 1676:True Cross 1653:Maastricht 1549:wax-mastic 1541:Holy Table 1526:Holy Table 1472:(λατρεια, 1464:; δουλια, 1458:veneration 1427:Sacraments 1419:sanctified 1399:veneration 1388:Theodosius 1332:True Cross 1317:Catholicon 1289:Saint Nino 1242:True Cross 1220:Relics of 1137:ex brandea 1133:ex brandea 987:True Cross 938:Canterbury 855:pilgrimage 658:martyriums 634:Warfhuizen 593:, and St. 591:Chrysostom 523:and other 517:St. Thomas 509:St. Philip 466:Boudhanath 387:March 2014 251:Amphiaraus 243:Eurystheus 102:relinquere 71:veneration 4044:Sainthood 3126:0068-1202 2917:0028-6583 2883:5 October 2823:5 October 2595:Demetrius 2584:, p. xii. 2574:Histories 2561:Eumenides 2557:Aeschylus 2549:Euripides 2514:, p. xii. 2508:Histories 2504:Herodotus 2348:The Relic 2263:Mured Beg 2243:A cloak ( 2205:Staff of 2193:Sword of 2187:Sword of 2136:Wahhabism 2124:Near East 2018:Ermesinde 1922:, France. 1537:faculties 1495:incorrupt 1470:adoration 1263:Relic of 1097:Fossanova 1013:reliquary 1009:venerated 1005:Canon Law 971:Augustine 919:Angilbert 895:Jerusalem 846:Holy Land 754:intercede 579:Augustine 513:St. Simon 501:St. James 489:reliquary 468:, Nepal. 358:does not 319:Zoroaster 298:Pausanias 269:, and of 267:Epidaurus 236:Dolopians 158:hero cult 150:sanctuary 106:reliquary 98:reliquiae 87:shamanism 36:reliquary 3966:Archived 3811:(2014). 3761:Archived 3423:Jerome, 3302:Calvin, 3244:Archived 3130:Archived 3044:34943197 2986:20 April 2841:(1903). 2761:"Relics" 2722:"Relics" 2690:Archived 2652:pp. 212. 2650:op. cit. 2627:5.3 and 2625:Heroicus 2383:See also 2330:monument 2251:Kandahar 2171:Istanbul 2132:Salafism 2105:Istanbul 2093:Muhammad 2060:Buddhism 2050:cremated 2046:Hinduism 2040:Hinduism 2035:, Spain. 1973:Tongeren 1936:, Italy. 1920:Toulouse 1861:, Italy. 1821:, Spain. 1815:St James 1480:idolatry 1450:Compline 1435:embalmed 1321:Mar Saba 1228:, Greece 1203:martyred 1201:, a boy 1108:crucifix 1025:wax seal 977:of 789, 948:who was 761:miracles 750:Orthodox 746:Catholic 697:Poitiers 470:Pilgrims 435:Buddhism 427:Mandalay 423:Peshawar 415:Kanishka 329:Buddhism 232:Plutarch 224:Spartans 197:tutelary 191:held at 162:chariots 75:Buddhism 50:, France 48:Brittany 44:Tréguier 3992:sanctus 2981:NPR.org 2602:Phocion 2531:of the 2525:Theseus 2326:antique 2275:Taliban 2267:Bokhara 2223:Ramadan 2213:Abraham 2211:Pot of 2165:of the 2090:prophet 2055:śramaṇa 1870:Ephesus 1825:St Luke 1804:relics. 1722:in the 1710:in the 1608:, Spain 1407:theosis 1372:Timothy 1367:Antioch 1315:in the 1301:Georgia 1297:Tbilisi 1135:". 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