20:
2444:
168:). Refuge castles of this type belonged to unprotected farming communities and offered protection to the population of the local region in case of a hostile attack, whilst the settlements themselves usually fell victim to plundering and destruction by the aggressors. The large size of refuge castles enabled them to provide stores and supplies in the event of a
206:) also acted as refuge castles. They were primarily utilised as the village churches, but their fortifications also made them suitable for use as temporary places of refuge for the villages. The wall of the churchyard, which was actually designed to protect the cemetery, was upgraded in church castles into a defensible
92:
472:
built around 400 A. D., which had the task of protecting the road crossing in the
Gailtal valley, i.e. it was not primarily designed as a refuge castle. During excavations, as well as the defensive system, an early Christian church was discovered in the interior of the
175:
Later on during the Middle Ages this type of castle was also built by local farmers. These "farmers' castles" provided protection for country folk from marauding bands of troops. Their fortifications generally had little in common with the castles erected by the
75:, that is not permanently occupied but acts as a temporary retreat for the local population when threatened by war or attack. In former times such sites were also described as giant castles (German:
439:
1838:
369:
329:
334:
111:
sites surrounded by earthworks has been uncovered by archaeological excavations, many over 100 metres in diameter, that are understood to be refuge castles. Amongst
412:
392:
364:
263:
24:
452:
289:
165:
352:
478:
402:
272:
339:
310:
319:
305:
429:
375:
187:
Because the majority of refuge castles were not permanent settlements, archaeological excavations often produce little by way of finds.
551:
1654:
157:), the primary construction material being earth, but wood and stone were also used in a variety of construction methods.
2248:
1943:
2063:
1848:
2273:
1496:
1034:
544:
1833:
914:
1429:
1878:
1503:
2469:
2375:
1453:
233:
2422:
2197:
1903:
1898:
1818:
1615:
1562:
1532:
1289:
1219:
1163:
740:
537:
72:
2447:
2263:
1853:
1750:
1635:
819:
2400:
2238:
2020:
1773:
1510:
1333:
662:
418:
343:
2385:
1913:
1539:
1338:
1304:
704:
586:
434:
8:
2202:
1938:
1294:
672:
2324:
1933:
1908:
1893:
1888:
1738:
1718:
1515:
1076:
943:
687:
267:
2380:
2339:
2314:
2187:
1868:
1708:
1555:
1141:
1019:
697:
640:
80:
2354:
2329:
2258:
2182:
1783:
1778:
1713:
1264:
1068:
647:
323:
191:
2243:
2095:
2068:
2008:
1978:
1863:
1828:
1808:
1793:
1348:
1343:
1311:
1072:
1014:
1002:
984:
851:
832:
758:
735:
199:
138:
44:
2412:
2407:
2073:
2058:
1993:
1983:
1858:
1843:
1743:
1733:
1698:
1572:
1365:
1062:
1029:
993:
809:
667:
631:
465:
207:
142:
2463:
2417:
2370:
2278:
2268:
2222:
2192:
2177:
2127:
1988:
1928:
1883:
1798:
1757:
1567:
1200:
1195:
928:
891:
876:
827:
772:
560:
314:
237:
228:
120:
108:
28:
358:
2395:
2253:
2217:
2172:
2156:
2084:
2037:
2013:
2003:
1998:
1813:
1630:
1491:
1458:
1323:
1259:
1234:
1146:
1120:
1088:
1082:
1024:
963:
933:
781:
257:
160:
As a rule they have no towers, but occasionally superstructures resembling
381:
243:
2294:
2151:
2120:
2102:
2090:
2032:
2027:
1968:
1963:
1923:
1823:
1788:
1684:
1587:
1358:
1328:
1318:
1224:
1113:
730:
677:
495:
482:
406:
348:
146:
96:
19:
921:
423:
294:
277:
2319:
2139:
2111:
2042:
1918:
1873:
1803:
1723:
1620:
1525:
1465:
1424:
1402:
1353:
1299:
1249:
1244:
1229:
1188:
1136:
1094:
1039:
881:
797:
386:
161:
2299:
844:
1728:
1659:
1486:
1481:
1414:
1055:
968:
898:
856:
682:
652:
613:
579:
469:
456:
284:
253:
91:
2212:
2207:
2132:
1973:
1691:
1666:
1649:
1579:
1520:
1448:
1441:
1284:
1172:
1046:
866:
861:
837:
765:
745:
725:
692:
500:
300:
181:
177:
150:
130:
2344:
2309:
2304:
1642:
1625:
1610:
1594:
1546:
1474:
1419:
1409:
1377:
1279:
1254:
1239:
1009:
953:
871:
718:
711:
657:
529:
214:) and even the church tower could be given a defensive function.
180:
as residences, but often consisted just of earthworks and wooden
112:
2349:
1703:
1269:
1207:
1151:
1129:
1106:
1099:
975:
958:
790:
622:
604:
574:
224:
125:
68:
2390:
2334:
2078:
1603:
1434:
1274:
595:
247:
169:
129:, although they could also be permanent settlements. Similar
116:
115:
historical references to them are the refuge castles of the
1372:
1214:
1181:
1156:
948:
938:
907:
886:
184:
sited in easily defensible locations on hilltops or spurs.
2461:
71:-like defensive location, usually surrounded by
801:
1363:
1309:
1127:
973:
2018:
1748:
1577:
1553:
1170:
1161:
1118:
842:
638:
629:
545:
95:A presumed refuge castle: Krimmelburg in the
2137:
2118:
2109:
2100:
1689:
1664:
1640:
1601:
1592:
1544:
1530:
1501:
1472:
1463:
1439:
1400:
1205:
1186:
1104:
1053:
1044:
1000:
991:
982:
919:
905:
896:
779:
756:
788:
770:
716:
702:
620:
611:
602:
593:
584:
552:
538:
464:Near the refuge castle on a hillock was a
90:
18:
149:period. Such systems are also known as
145:tribes, the latter until well into the
79:) because their origin was ascribed to
2462:
23:Reconstructed Slavic refuge castle of
533:
223:Allersburg near Loiperstätt, between
137:) systems were built by the various
1944:Weapons Storage and Security System
13:
559:
14:
2481:
2443:
2442:
370:Late Roman hillfort, Katzenberg
107:In Europe a multitude of large
513:
322:(by Hermann's Monument in the
16:Castle-like defensive location
1:
1839:British "hedgehog" road block
506:
446:
217:
330:Heidenlöcher near Deidesheim
7:
2249:Cities with defensive walls
1834:Defensive fighting position
1749:
1554:
1364:
1310:
1171:
1162:
1128:
1119:
974:
489:
10:
2486:
519:Creighton, Oliver (2015).
335:Heidenschanze near Sievern
86:
2433:
2363:
2287:
2231:
2165:
2051:
1956:
1879:Hardened aircraft shelter
1854:Entry control point (ECP)
1766:
1677:
1393:
1386:
818:
567:
2376:Continuity of government
2198:Motte-and-bailey castle
1904:Missile launch facility
1899:Main line of resistance
594:
453:Refuge castle near Duel
2274:Military installations
2138:
2119:
2110:
2101:
2019:
1690:
1665:
1641:
1631:Scarp and Counterscarp
1602:
1593:
1578:
1545:
1531:
1502:
1473:
1464:
1440:
1401:
1206:
1187:
1105:
1054:
1045:
1001:
992:
983:
920:
906:
897:
843:
802:
789:
780:
771:
757:
717:
703:
639:
630:
621:
612:
603:
585:
521:Early European Castles
398:Reitlingsbefestigungen
104:
101:Reitlingsbefestigungen
48:
32:
2043:Floating water castle
1774:Admiralty scaffolding
1067:Fortified buildings (
442:near Porta Westfalica
419:Schieder-Schwalenberg
344:Schieder-Schwalenberg
94:
22:
2386:Subterranean warfare
1339:Viking ring fortress
435:Wartberg (Heilbronn)
2203:Quadrangular castle
1939:Weapon storage area
1295:Quadrangular castle
190:In the Middle Ages
1934:Underground hangar
1719:Fire control tower
1516:Gunpowder magazine
944:Butter-churn tower
426:(Teutoburg Forest)
192:fortified churches
105:
33:
2457:
2456:
2381:Military urbanism
2315:Fortified gateway
2188:Concentric castle
1952:
1951:
1869:Fire support base
1709:Coastal artillery
1584:(Spanish America)
1178:
1020:Concentric castle
200:fortress churches
2477:
2446:
2445:
2439:
2330:National redoubt
2259:Fortified estate
2183:Circular rampart
2143:
2124:
2115:
2106:
2024:
1784:Anti-tank trench
1779:Air raid shelter
1754:
1714:Disappearing gun
1695:
1670:
1646:
1607:
1598:
1583:
1559:
1550:
1536:
1507:
1478:
1469:
1445:
1406:
1391:
1390:
1369:
1349:Bailey (or ward)
1315:
1220:Motte-and-bailey
1211:
1192:
1176:
1168:
1167:
1133:
1124:
1110:
1059:
1050:
1006:
997:
988:
979:
925:
911:
902:
848:
805:
794:
785:
776:
762:
722:
708:
648:Circular rampart
644:
635:
626:
617:
608:
599:
590:
554:
547:
540:
531:
530:
524:
517:
357:Hünenburg (near
324:Teutoburg Forest
283:Bummannsburg in
166:Bennigsen Castle
2485:
2484:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2474:
2470:Castles by type
2460:
2459:
2458:
2453:
2437:
2429:
2359:
2283:
2227:
2161:
2096:Imperial castle
2069:Coercion castle
2064:Coastal defence
2047:
2009:Promontory fort
1979:Hillside castle
1948:
1864:Fallout shelter
1829:Concertina wire
1809:Border security
1762:
1673:
1382:
1015:Coercion castle
1003:Cheval de frise
985:Chemin de ronde
833:Albarrana tower
814:
759:Schwedenschanze
736:Promontory fort
563:
558:
528:
527:
518:
514:
509:
492:
485:(Upper Austria)
449:
380:Monraburg near
353:Dortmund-Syburg
220:
89:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2483:
2473:
2472:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2451:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2415:
2413:Trench warfare
2410:
2408:Tunnel warfare
2405:
2404:
2403:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2264:Fortifications
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2116:
2107:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2081:
2076:
2074:Counter-castle
2071:
2066:
2061:
2059:Border barrier
2055:
2053:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1994:Lowland castle
1991:
1986:
1984:Hilltop castle
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1859:Electric fence
1856:
1851:
1849:Dragon's teeth
1846:
1844:Czech hedgehog
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1758:Wire obstacles
1755:
1746:
1744:Polygonal fort
1741:
1736:
1734:Martello tower
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1699:Border outpost
1696:
1687:
1681:
1679:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1671:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1599:
1590:
1585:
1575:
1573:Polygonal fort
1570:
1565:
1560:
1551:
1542:
1537:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1470:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1397:
1395:
1388:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1184:
1179:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1125:
1116:
1111:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1085:
1080:
1065:
1063:Flanking tower
1060:
1051:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1030:Counter-castle
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
998:
989:
980:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
917:
912:
903:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
840:
835:
830:
824:
822:
820:Post-classical
816:
815:
813:
812:
810:Vitrified fort
807:
795:
786:
777:
768:
763:
754:
749:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
714:
709:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
668:Defensive wall
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
636:
627:
618:
609:
600:
591:
582:
577:
571:
569:
565:
564:
561:Fortifications
557:
556:
549:
542:
534:
526:
525:
511:
510:
508:
505:
504:
503:
498:
491:
488:
487:
486:
479:Kreuzen Castle
475:
474:
466:Late Antiquity
461:
460:
448:
445:
444:
443:
440:Wittekindsburg
437:
432:
427:
421:
417:Skidroburg in
415:
410:
403:Ringwall Venne
400:
395:
390:
384:
378:
373:
367:
362:
355:
346:
337:
332:
327:
317:
308:
303:
298:
292:
287:
281:
275:
270:
261:
251:
241:
231:
219:
216:
208:defensive wall
103:fortifications
99:, part of the
88:
85:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2482:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2450:
2449:
2436:
2435:
2432:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2418:Urban warfare
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2371:Civil defense
2369:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2239:Bastion forts
2237:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2224:
2223:Z-plan castle
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2193:L-plan castle
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2178:Bridge castle
2176:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2147:Refuge castle
2145:
2142:
2141:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2128:Military base
2126:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2091:Hunting lodge
2089:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2004:Moated castle
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1989:Island castle
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1957:By topography
1955:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1929:Submarine pen
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1884:Hesco bastion
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1799:Blast shelter
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1676:
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37:refuge castle
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29:Lower Lusatia
26:
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2441:
2396:Siege engine
2364:Other topics
2288:Related word
2254:Defense line
2218:Tower castle
2173:Bastion fort
2157:Urban castle
2146:
2085:Ganerbenburg
2083:
2038:Water castle
2014:Ridge castle
1999:Marsh castle
1814:Bomb shelter
1794:Belgian gate
1767:20th century
1678:19th century
1616:Retrenchment
1588:Punji sticks
1497:Entrenchment
1492:Device Forts
1459:Counterguard
1394:Early modern
1324:Tower castle
1260:Powder tower
1235:Outer bailey
1147:Inner bailey
1121:Gulyay-gorod
1089:Ganerbenburg
1087:
1083:Fujian tulou
1025:Corner tower
964:Chamber gate
934:Bridge tower
782:Trou de loup
751:
520:
515:
459:(Carinthia):
397:
340:Herlingsburg
258:Wiehen Hills
234:Amelungsburg
211:
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195:
189:
186:
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164:occur (see
159:
154:
134:
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106:
100:
76:
64:
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56:
52:
40:
36:
34:
2295:Castle town
2152:Toll castle
2121:Lustschloss
2103:Kaiserpfalz
2033:Spur castle
2028:Rock castle
1969:Hill castle
1964:Cave castle
1924:Spider hole
1824:Bremer wall
1789:Barbed tape
1685:Barbed wire
1359:Witch tower
1329:Tower house
1319:Toll castle
1305:Shield wall
1225:Murder hole
1114:Guard tower
731:Pincer gate
678:Faussebraye
496:Cave castle
483:Bad Kreuzen
413:Sachsenberg
407:Kottenforst
349:Hohensyburg
311:Eiringsburg
196:Wehrkirchen
162:gate towers
147:Middle Ages
77:Hünenburgen
41:refuge fort
2320:Gatekeeper
2140:Ordensburg
2112:Landesburg
1919:Sentry gun
1874:Flak tower
1804:Blast wall
1724:Gun turret
1621:Sally port
1526:Kotta mara
1466:Couvreface
1430:Breastwork
1425:Blockhouse
1403:Abwurfdach
1354:Watchtower
1344:Wall tower
1300:Shell keep
1250:Portcullis
1245:Peel tower
1230:Neck ditch
1189:Landesburg
1137:Half tower
1095:Gate tower
1040:Drawbridge
882:Battlement
798:Wagon fort
641:Chengqiang
507:References
473:castellum.
447:In Austria
387:Mettermich
372:near Mayen
359:Hedemünden
320:Grotenburg
306:Eringaburg
218:In Germany
155:Wallburgen
61:Bauernburg
53:Fluchtburg
2423:Guerrilla
2166:By design
1914:Revetment
1729:Land mine
1660:Star fort
1487:Crownwork
1482:Covertway
1415:Barricade
1056:Embrasure
969:Chartaque
899:Bergfried
857:Arrowslit
683:Gatehouse
653:City gate
614:Castellum
580:Acropolis
470:castellum
457:Paternion
409:near Bonn
382:Großmonra
376:Kukesburg
313:south of
285:Bergkamen
264:Barenburg
254:Babilonie
244:Amöneburg
212:Wehrmauer
182:palisades
151:hillforts
57:Volksburg
49:Fliehburg
2464:Category
2448:Category
2438:See also
2325:Loophole
2213:Ringwork
2208:Ringfort
2133:Obstacle
1974:Hillfort
1894:Loophole
1692:Barbette
1667:Tenaille
1650:Sea fort
1580:Presidio
1540:Magazine
1521:Hornwork
1454:Cavalier
1449:Casemate
1442:Caponier
1285:Ringwork
1173:Detinets
1142:Hoarding
1047:Enceinte
922:Bretèche
867:Bartizan
862:Barbican
838:Alcazaba
766:Stockade
746:Ringfort
726:Palisade
698:Landwehr
693:Hillfort
501:Hillfort
490:See also
424:Tönsberg
393:Plößnitz
365:Isenburg
301:Eresburg
297:(Hessen)
295:Dünsberg
278:Büraburg
268:Eldagsen
178:nobility
139:Germanic
135:Ringwall
131:ringwork
73:ramparts
25:Raddusch
2355:Vedette
2345:Schloss
2310:Festung
2305:Dungeon
2300:Château
2244:Castles
2052:By role
1909:Pillbox
1739:Outpost
1655:Station
1643:Schanze
1626:Sandbag
1611:Redoubt
1595:Ravelin
1563:Palanka
1547:Orillon
1533:Lunette
1475:Coupure
1420:Bastion
1410:Arsenal
1378:Zwinger
1290:Roundel
1280:Ricetto
1255:Postern
1240:Outwork
1164:Kremlin
1035:Curtain
1010:Citadel
994:Chemise
954:Caltrop
872:Bastion
845:Alcázar
741:Rampart
719:Oppidum
712:Nuraghe
658:Crannog
632:Castros
568:Ancient
468:period
430:Tüddern
280:(Hesse)
113:ancient
87:History
67:) is a
65:Vryburg
51:, also
2350:Trench
2340:Picket
1751:Sangar
1704:Bunker
1636:Sconce
1556:Ostrog
1504:Flèche
1387:Modern
1366:Yagura
1334:Turret
1270:Reduit
1208:Merlon
1152:Kasbah
1130:Gusuku
1107:Glacis
1100:Gabion
1069:church
976:Chashi
959:Castle
803:Laager
791:Vallum
748:(Rath)
623:Castra
605:Burgus
575:Abatis
389:(Rhön)
225:Dorfen
198:) and
143:Slavic
126:oppida
121:Caesar
81:giants
69:castle
45:German
2391:Siege
2335:Palas
2279:Walls
2269:Forts
2232:Lists
2079:Fence
2021:Rocca
1889:Kabal
1604:Redan
1511:Gorge
1435:Canal
1312:Shiro
1275:Ribat
1265:Qalat
1077:Dzong
1073:house
773:Sudis
705:Limes
663:Ditch
596:Broch
587:Agger
342:near
290:Döben
266:near
248:Hesse
170:siege
117:Gauls
2401:list
1819:Buoy
1373:Yett
1215:Moat
1182:Ksar
1157:Keep
949:Caer
939:Burh
915:Boom
908:Berm
887:Bawn
852:Amba
688:Gord
227:and
141:and
673:Dun
405:im
351:in
123:as
97:Elm
63:or
39:or
2466::
2440::
1075:,
1071:,
172:.
83:.
59:,
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47::
35:A
1177:)
1169:(
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800:(
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481:/
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246:(
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236:(
210:(
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153:(
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27:(
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