774:
924:
789:
808:
597:
212:
257:
679:
689:
98:, whose defensive walls were also the actual walls of the church. Although the terms are often used interchangeably without clear distinction, a fortified church properly refers to a single building whereas a fortress church is a building complex. Construction of defensible churches evolved over time. Earlier constructions included a church surrounded by barns in which a siege of several days could be endured. Then fortified cemeteries (
20:
881:
451:
355:
109:
Unlike the populations of towns and cities, villagers could not afford to build defences around an entire settlement. The fortress churches were often the only stone building in such places and so were the population's only refuge from the violence of the military conflicts, the local raiding and
156:
Fortress churches have not survived in North
Germany, most likely due to the re-use of their stone for other building purposes during period of scarcity of such materials. The only well-known fortress church in the coastal region of North Germany is the Church of St. Dionysius in
149:(Birthälm/Biertan in 1993, Kelling/Calnic, Wurmloch/Valea Viilor, Dersch/Darjiu, Deutsch-Weißkirch/Viscri, Keisd/Saschiz and Tartlau/Prejmer in 1999). These were established in order to defend against successive
509:
261:
235:
585:
240:
884:
475:
389:
1342:
368:
413:
434:
1306:
912:
898:
607:
142:
773:
710:
1224:
Michael
Weithmann: Wehrkirchen in Oberbayern. Eine typologische Übersicht, in: Schönere Heimat ISSN 0177-4492. 1992, Issue 4, pp. 211–222.
617:
590:
524:
705:
419:
230:
652:
378:
788:
545:
162:
50:
that, in addition to its religious functions is also used by the local population as a retreat and defensive position, similar to a
763:
Echternach: the former parish church of St. Peter and Paul was built inside Roman walls that protected it until the 18th century.
141:). Particularly in Transylvania, a historically German settlement area, there are well over a hundred fortress churches of which
1133:
1272:. – 527 fortress churches, all well known, are represented with floor plans and descriptions of their architectural history
1283:
57. Selbstverlag des
Instituts für Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeographie, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt, 1991.
1374:
1355:
110:
plundering that often accompanied military campaigns, as well as providing defence against nomadic bands of marauders.
1329:
Photo documentation of German fortress churches in HeidICON (photo data bank of the
University Library of Heidelberg)
1295:
1269:
1261:
1247:
1208:
1190:
1176:
1161:
1147:
1098:
1125:(= Hallesche Beiträge zur Kunstgeschichte 8), Halle, 2006 (elf Aufsätze zum Thema "Wehrhaftigkeit von Dorfkirchen").
1394:
862:
1128:
Norbert Klaus Fuchs: Das
Heldburger Land–ein historischer Reiseführer; Verlag Rockstuhl, Bad Langensalza, 2013,
1389:
1240:
Kirchenburgen in
Siebenbürgen : Abbild und Selbstdarstellung siebenbürgisch-sächsischer Dorfgemeinschaften
505:
766:
Luxembourg city: there is still a tower of the otherwise totally destroyed fortified monastery of Altmünster
560:
1379:
55:
1328:
1299:
908:
853:
146:
1341:
Expert institution for the preservation and maintenance of the religious and cultural heritage of the
952:
106:, to finally the fortress church. The fortress churches surviving today date from the 15th century.
1384:
550:
54:. A fortress church usually implies that the church is enclosed by its own fortifications, such as
529:
780:
627:
121:, former bishop's seats were designed as fortress churches. In Saxony they were referred to as a
932:
889:
150:
1277:
Kirchenburgen in
Siebenbürgen. Geographische Analysen, Kurzbeschreibungen, Bilddokumentation.
1215:„Wehrhafte Kirchen" und der „befestigte Kirchhof“ von Walldorf, Kreis Schmalkalden-Meiningen.
923:
8:
972:
373:
1235:
5/6 1995, pp. 226–239 - kritisch hierzu, insbesondere zu den
Publikationen von Kolb
1123:
Die mittelalterliche
Dorfkirche in den Neuen Bundesländern II. Funktion, Form, Bedeutung
1041:
126:
1291:
1265:
1257:
1243:
1204:
1186:
1172:
1157:
1143:
1129:
1094:
868:
183:
114:
1036:
1024:
957:
904:
725:
682:
394:
103:
95:
71:
1359:
1310:
59:
47:
39:
632:
310:
807:
83:
1352:
1368:
1007:
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429:
383:
51:
1322:
819:
642:
495:
485:
275:
265:
134:
130:
28:
596:
469:
1112:
Bemerkungen zur sogenannten
Wehrhaftigkeit mittelalterlicher Landkirchen.
987:
937:
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570:
444:
439:
399:
211:
166:
158:
63:
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in Transylvania (present day Romania), seven of them are located in the
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91:
67:
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1288:
Das wehrhafte Sachsenland. Kirchenburgen im südlichen Siebenbürgen.
992:
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1254:
Atlas der siebenbürgisch-sächsischen Kirchenburgen und Dorfkirchen
172:
125:
or "cathedral castle". Fortress churches are especially common in
62:. By comparison, a church with simple defensive features, such as
1348:
Project for the preservation of fortress churches in Transylvania
1347:
858:
539:
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409:
335:
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138:
24:
19:
997:
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967:
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200:
118:
667:
1183:
Wehrhaftes Franken : Burgen, Kirchenburgen, Stadtmauern
962:
1281:
Frankfurter wirtschafts- und sozialgeographische Schriften
1203:
14. Trautvetter & Fischer, Marburg an der Lahn, 1999.
450:
354:
1118:
12 (2003), pp. 119–149 - kritisch u.a. zu H. Müller
1290:
Deutsches Kulturforum östliches Europa, Potsdam, 2007,
70:
on the church itself, is usually just referred to as a
117:, especially in recently Christianised regions like
1221:
9 2000, pp. 127–149 - kritisch u.a. zu G. Seib
1074:Villages with Fortified Churches in Transylvania.
1064:, Imprimerie Saint-Paul, Luxembourg, 1991,163-164
1366:
913:villages with fortified churches in Transylvania
899:Villages with fortified churches in Transylvania
1091:Wehrkirchen in Europa: eine Bild-Dokumentation.
173:List of places with surviving fortress churches
82:The fortress church is typically surrounded by
1229:Neue Forschungen an fränkischen Kirchenburgen.
1242:2nd edn. Koehler und Amelang, Leipzig, 1991,
811:The fortress church in Capul, Northern Samar
779:Former parish church of St. Peter and Paul,
1171:. Oberlausitzer Verlag, Waltersdorf, 1992,
865:– a complete, Late Medieval fortress church
1169:Wehrhafte Kirchen in Sachsen und Thüringen
491:County of Neustadt/Aisch – Bad Windsheim:
875:
1154:Wehrkirchen und Kirchenburgen in Franken
922:
879:
806:
692:St. Michael in Hellingen fortress church
687:
677:
595:
449:
353:
255:
210:
77:
18:
1156:. 2nd edition. Echter, Würzburg, 1981,
16:Fortified church used also as a retreat
1367:
1219:Burgen und Schlösser in Sachsen-Anhalt
1116:Burgen und Schlösser in Sachsen-Anhalt
1076:UNESCO World Heritage Centre 1992-2010
1121:Dirk Höhne/Christine Kratzke (eds.):
1067:
1062:Burgbefestigungen der Stadt Luxemburg
169:curtain wall up to 3.60 metres high.
1323:Fortress churches and Saxon villages
1256:. Monumenta-Verlag, Hermannstadt,
219:
1334:History of churches in Transylvania
903:Among the dozens of well-preserved
820:San Ignacio de Loyola Parish Church
794:Tower of the old Altmünster Abbey,
13:
1343:Evangelical Church A.C. in Romania
1201:Beiträge zur hessischen Geschichte
927:The fortress church in Saint-Juvin
721:County of Schmalkalden Meiningen:
14:
1406:
1316:
1018:
816:San Agustin Church Cuyo, Palawan
787:
772:
458:tower of the fortress church at
165:, which is recorded as having a
1197:Wehrhafte Kirchen in Nordhessen
1142:. Carinthia, Klagenfurt, 1985,
658:
1054:
863:Village church of St. Arbogast
843:
802:
215:Laichingen in the Swabian Jura
1:
1339:Fortified Churches Foundation
1140:Kärntens schönste Wehrkirchen
1083:
1047:
757:
358:Kleinlangheim fortress church
316:County of Erlangen-Höchstadt
94:. It is a development of the
673:
7:
1233:Burgenforschung aus Sachsen
1103:Wolfram Freiherr von Erfa:
1030:
506:Bad Königshofen im Grabfeld
236:Merklingen (Weil der Stadt)
147:UNESCO World Heritage Sites
10:
1411:
1375:Fortified church buildings
1238:Hermann und Alida Fabini:
1105:Wehrkirchen in Oberfranken
909:UNESCO World Heritage Site
896:
854:UNESCO World Heritage Site
696:County of Hildburghausen:
251:
206:
194:
177:
46:) is a particular type of
1353:What is a fortress church
1302:Das wehrhafte Sachsenland
1264:; AKSL, Heidelberg 1999,
1185:. Carl, Nuremberg, 2000,
918:
911:inscribed in 1993 as the
826:
742:
501:County of Rhön-Grabfeld:
465:County of Main-Spessart:
291:County of Bad Kissingen:
1093:Echter, Würzburg, 1983,
145:have been designated as
1395:Vernacular architecture
1181:Ursula Pfistermeister:
1138:Hans u. Berta Luschin:
566:County of Schweinfurt:
416:fortress church museum)
260:The fortress church of
933:Saint-Brieuc Cathedral
928:
894:
876:Romania (Transylvania)
812:
693:
685:
603:
481:County of Miltenberg:
462:
359:
268:
216:
43:
31:
1390:Medieval architecture
926:
883:
810:
691:
681:
663:County of Osnabrück:
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530:Nordheim vor der Rhön
453:
357:
351:County of Kitzingen:
326:County of Forchheim:
281:County of Eichstätt:
259:
214:
78:Architectural history
22:
871:/VS: Valère Basilica
623:County of Würzburg:
341:County of Haßberge:
1380:Church architecture
885:Dealu Frumos, Sibiu
648:City of Nuremberg:
271:County of Kulmbach
102:) arose and simple
23:Fortress church in
1358:2017-04-06 at the
1309:2013-09-08 at the
1304:. Available online
1275:Heinrich Lamping:
1213:Reinhard Schmitt:
1060:Albert Jacquemin,
1042:Fortress synagogue
929:
905:fortified churches
895:
813:
747:County of Görlitz
694:
686:
638:County of Passau:
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463:
360:
269:
217:
104:fortified churches
96:fortified churches
32:
1300:Kurzbeschreibung
1134:978-3-86777-349-2
220:Baden-Württemberg
151:Turkish invasions
115:Early Middle Ages
1402:
1252:Hermann Fabini:
1107:. Kulmbach, 1956
1077:
1071:
1065:
1058:
1037:Fortified church
958:Monceau-sur-Oise
953:Sainte-Radegonde
893:
822:, Northern Samar
791:
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726:Rohr (Thuringia)
472:(newe der kirch)
430:Stadelschwarzach
400:Markt Herrnsheim
395:Markt Einersheim
72:fortified church
60:defensive towers
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1385:Castles by type
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1360:Wayback Machine
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1311:Wayback Machine
1227:Joachim Zeune:
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733:fortress church
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435:Tiefenstockheim
386:fortress church
306:Landkreis Cham
262:The Holy Spirit
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135:Transylvania
131:South France
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100:Wehrfriedhof
99:
81:
35:
33:
29:Transylvania
1152:Karl Kolb:
1089:Karl Kolb:
988:Englancourt
938:Saint-Juvin
888: [
844:Switzerland
803:Philippines
618:Zeilitzheim
591:Schleerieth
581:Geldersheim
571:Donnersdorf
525:Mittelstreu
445:Willanzheim
440:Wiesenbronn
167:field stone
159:Bremerhaven
88:wall towers
64:battlements
44:Kirchenburg
1369:Categories
1084:Literature
1048:References
796:Luxembourg
781:Echternach
758:Luxembourg
706:Streufdorf
701:Ummerstadt
613:Schwanfeld
601:Effeltrich
420:Nenzenheim
405:Marktsteft
374:Hüttenheim
331:Effeltrich
301:Fuchsstadt
231:Lienzingen
226:Laichingen
189:Maria Saal
92:wall walks
68:embrasures
1025:Tynemouth
978:Autreppes
973:Rocquigny
948:Chassiers
943:Quintenas
716:Hellingen
674:Thuringia
653:Kraftshof
586:Gochsheim
551:Stockheim
535:Oberstreu
520:Hollstadt
510:Althausen
390:Krautheim
379:Iffigheim
346:Aidhausen
127:Franconia
1356:Archived
1307:Archived
1031:See also
1003:Pérouges
993:Burelles
838:Ravanica
833:Manasija
737:Vachdorf
731:Walldorf
683:Walldorf
576:Euerbach
556:Unsleben
546:Serrfeld
515:Heustreu
470:Aschfeld
460:Vachdorf
369:Eichfeld
364:Abtswind
321:Hannberg
246:Weissach
241:Sülzbach
184:Eisenerz
163:Wulsdorf
1325:(Engl.)
859:Muttenz
850:Müstair
643:Kößlarn
540:Ostheim
476:Stetten
456:Hutturm
425:Segnitz
410:Iphofen
336:Hetzles
296:Diebach
286:Kinding
252:Bavaria
207:Germany
195:Croatia
178:Austria
139:Romania
123:Domburg
113:In the
25:Tartlau
1294:
1268:
1260:
1246:
1207:
1199:. In:
1189:
1175:
1160:
1146:
1132:
1097:
1013:Fligny
983:Archon
968:Aouste
919:France
827:Serbia
743:Saxony
201:Kutina
119:Saxony
48:church
40:German
892:]
861:/BL:
752:Horka
668:Ankum
143:seven
1292:ISBN
1279:In:
1266:ISBN
1258:ISBN
1244:ISBN
1231:In:
1217:In:
1205:ISBN
1187:ISBN
1173:ISBN
1158:ISBN
1144:ISBN
1130:ISBN
1114:In:
1095:ISBN
998:Woël
963:Wimy
869:Sion
454:The
133:and
90:and
66:and
58:and
412:- (
264:in
1371::
1298:;
915:.
890:ro
153:.
129:,
74:.
42::
34:A
27:,
1164:.
508:-
161:-
137:(
38:(
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